FIELDS OF EXPLORATION - LIMITS OF EXPLOITATION +
Master Studio in Landscape Architecture Oslo School of Architecture and Design Winter 2012 Knut Eirik Dahl Kjerstin Uhre Espen Røyseland Øystein Rø www.dahluhre.no www.0047.org www.aho.no http://www.fieldsofexploration.blogspot.com/
+
D&U
9 weeks, four themes
THE BIG PICTURE mapping the global system of mining the forces that drive mining the increased resource consumption mining’s global network and infrastructure
THE PERFORATED LANDSCAPE mining’s impact on the landscape modes of mining the life cycle of a mine and mining’s environmental impacts
THE MULTILAYERED LANDSCAPE the impact of mining on communities the indigenous dimension, the overlapping use of land and competing activities
REFLECTIONS Based on the mapping and study trips studentswill formulate critical reflections on themes identified in the course
and one grand tour
16
NÆRING
ONSDAG 4. JANUAR 2012
NORDLYS
NHO vil svekke lokal makt – Vi kaster bort både tid og penger på måten vi planlegger store veiprosjekter her i landet, mener NHO-sjef John G. Bernander. Han tar nå til orde for bruk av statlige reguleringsplaner for de største vei- og togprosjektene her i landet.
!
– Gjennomsnittlig tidsbruk for planlegging av de store veiprosjektene er på over ti år nå. Da er det åpenbart at vi skusler bort mye tid underveis og gjør prosessen unødvendig dyr, sier Bernander.
NÆRING
NORDLYS
Opptur
Oppturen fortsatte på årets andre handledag på Oslo Børs. Omsetningen var lav, men hovedindeksen løftet seg over 1 prosent for andre dag på rad. Hovedindeksen endte på 394,09 poeng, en oppgang på 1,18 prosent.
Sterkt bilsalg i Norge i fjor Finanskrisen har ikke gått ut over det norske bilmarkedet. Personbilsalget her i landet i fjor økte med 8,3 prosent sammenlignet med 2010. Til sammen ble det registrert 138.345 nye personbiler i 2011. Det er 10.591
flere biler enn året før, viser ferske tall fra Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken (OVF). 2011 er dermed det fjerde beste året OVF har registrert for nye personbiler. I fjor ble det importert 27.069 bruktbiler, nesten 2.000 færre
ONSDAG 4. JANUAR 2012
enn i 2010. Volkswagen topper listen med 15,1 prosent av nybilsalget. På annenplass ligger Toyota med 11 prosent. Deretter følger Ford og Volvo med henholdsvis 9,4 og 8,7 prosent. Tre firedeler av de
17
nye bilene har dieselmotor. Andelen på 75,7 prosent er den høyeste noen gang og 0,8 prosentpoeng høyere enn i 2010. Vel en firedel, 26,4 prosent, av bilene har firehjulsdrift, som er på samme nivå som året før.
Postkasseselskap har i det stille sikret seg rettigheterr til enorme områder i Nordland, Troms og Finnmark
MINERALRAID D I NORD Et postkasseselskap i Bærum har i det stille sikret seg rettigheter til mineraljakt i oppsiktsvekkende store områder i nord. Tekst: Bengt Nielsen bengt.nielsen@nordlys.no
I løpet av noen dager i månedsskiftet november/desember slo Kloster Rederi AS til i Troms, Finnmark og Nordland. Det sovende selskapet søkte Direktoratet for mineralforvaltning, og ble tildelt undersøkelsesrett i enorme områder: Det er snakk om til sammen 10.000-11.000 kvadratkilometer, fordelt på Pasvikdalen, Kautokeinovidda med en liten andel inn i Troms, store områder ved Karasjok, samt enorme arealer i Narvikområdet. – I norsk sammenheng er dette et voldsomt stort undersøkelsesområde. En av de største innenfor undersøkelsesrett som jeg har opplevd, sier direktør Bård Dagestad i Direktoratet for mineralforvaltning.
Gammelt cruiserederi Undersøkelsesrett innebærer at Klosters Rederi har sikret seg retten til å lete etter mineraler i områdene, samt retten til å søke utvinningsrett dersom de finner drivverdige forekomster. Selskapet kan sitte på retten i inntil syv år framover. I praksis kan de stenge andre leteaktører ute i områdene for lang tid framover. Framstøtet har kommet overraskende på mineraleksperter i nord. Klosters Rederi er helt ny aktør på mineralfeltet nordpå. Navnet bærer med seg tradisjoner fra cruisetrafikk og skipsfart, slett ikke av kobber, gull og malm. – Hvorfor vi gjør dette? Det er vel rimelig opplagt. Fordi man tror at det kan være mineraler av betydelig omfang i disse områdene, sier Bernt Stilluf Karlsen, eier av Kloster Rederi AS. Karlsen er i Osloområdet kjent fra vervet som styreleder i Oslo Havn. – Jeg tror du bare må se på dette som en indikasjon på interesse, opplyser han. Karlsen sitter i dag som hundre prosent eier av selskapet, som er papirrestene av det som
engang var et av verdens største cruiserederi. Da rederivirksomheten forvitret, overtok han selskapet - for å beskytte navnet, forteller han.
Mellomledd I flere år har selskapet i praksis ligget i søvn, med null omsetning. Firmaet har i dag ingen tilknytning til rederivirksomhet. Bernt Stilluf Karlsen er svært økonomisk med sine kommentarer rundt mineralframstøtet i nord. Men han bekrefter langt på vei at Klosters Rederi i denne sammenheng opptrer som et mellomledd. Etter det Nordlys forstår kan selskapet her operere på vegne av andre, foreløpig ukjente aktører. – Hvis man er et postkasseselskap, så er det jo interessant å se hvem som har huset bak postkassen. Det vil komme fram etter hvert. – Akkurat nå er det egentlig ikke noe mer å si, framholder Karlsen.
AVSLØRER
STORE OMRÅDER: Klosters Rederi har sikre undersøkelsesrett i store områder, blant a net på vidda ved Kautokeino. Kart: Direktoratet for mineralforvaltning
Må betale mer Ifølge Direktoratet for mineralforvaltning i Trondheim, har Klosters Rederi i løpet av den siste tiden søkt om, og i dels fått tildelt i alt 1164 leteområder i nord. Dette har så langt kostet selskapet over en million kroner i etableringsgebyr. Senere i januar må selskapet punge ut ytterligere over 10 millioner kroner for å kunne beholde leterettighetene. – Ønsker dere å gjennomføre leting i områdene, og betale dette? – Dere må vente og se til rundt 15. - 16. januar, svarer Bernt Stilluf Karlsen. Større interesse i nord Generelt registrerer Direktoratet for mineralforvaltning en større interesse for mineraljakt i nord. – Det er ikke noe bonanza, men det er en økt interesse. Ikke minst i form av interesse fra seriøse og tyngre aktører, opplyser direktør Bård Dagestad. Forklaringen ligger i at verden hungrer etter nye funn av mineraler og metaller. Samt at prisen på mineraler har flerdoblet seg de senere år. – Dette betyr at forekomster som man snuste på for ti år siden, kan være meget drivverdige i dag, sier Dagestad. SIKRET SEG: Det sovende selskapet Klosters Rederi har sikret seg leterett i enorme områder ved Kautokeino, Karasjok og i Paasvikdalen i Finnmark, øverst i Reisa i Troms og mellom Skjomen og Rombak ved Narvik i Nordland. Her ved Biddjovagge i Kautokeino.
Rognvald Boyd, NGU
Foto: Svein
PROJECT NETWORK Ivar Bjørklund, sosialantropolog, UiT Rognvald Boyd, geolog, NGU Karianne Bråten, biolog, UiT Jeff Corner, geolog, UiT Kelly Doran, arkitekt, Regional Architects Chrisopher Eads, senior editor, Economist Intelligence Unit Elisabeth Gammelsæter, Gen. Sek. Norsk Bergindustri Brynhild Granås, forsker, Høgskolen i Alta Siri Hermansen, kunstner Luba Kuzovnikova, daglig leder, Pikene på broen Hadi Lile, Senter for menneskerettigheter, UiO Harald Martinsen, Utviklingsdir. Sydvaranger Gruve AS Thomas Nilsen, Redaktør, Barents Observer Svein Helge Orheim, Daglig leder, Barents Institute Lina Persson, kunstner Philippe Rekacewicz, kartograf, Le Monde Diplomatique Øystein Rushfeldt, Direktør, Nussir Tore Tanum, Spesialrådgiver, UD Jack Ødegård, forsker, SINTEF Bente Aasjord, Spesialrådgiver, Fagforbundet Critics: John Palmesino, Territorial Agency / AA Ann-Sofi Rønnskog, Territorial Agency / AA
Early earth
The Big Picture
xistence human e
ATLAS
Ice Age began, ended 20k years ago. Ice caps in both poles began to grow Notable in the context of offshore oil drilling Chalk mineral found Calcium carbonate found Coal noticeable Sedimentary rock formed (Quartz and Feldspar)
Follow the Ore
250 Ma
a
2.5 M
23
Ma
Paleogene
Annisa Solihah, Follow the ore, Hao Liang, Xin Su
Triasic
Quaternary
a
0M
20
Follow the Money
CENOZOIC
35 Ma
Quaternary
Follow the politics
Neogene
MESOZOIC
Francisco Rodríguez Saa, Guðrún Lilja Jónsdóttir, Jingyuan Hu, Kari Havnevik, Jurassic
Annabel Danson, Follow the politics, Hanne Johnsrud, Kit Ting Karie Yu, Mathilde Grellier, Paleogene
“Future”
Ma
55
14 5.5
Follow the Flow
Cretaceous
Ma
Ingrid Aas, Irene Crowo Nielsen, Linn Riise Handal, Patrycja65Perkiewicz, .5 Ma
Prentice Hall,
Follow the Politics
Norway Arctic Policy 2011 The High North, Visions and Strategies 100 most used words
Norwegian foreign policy is based on the respect for international law and cooperation. As one of the five Arctic littoral states, Norway has a strong position in the Arctic Council and the strategy of cooperation has been confirmed by the establishment of a permanent secretariat for the Arctic Council in Tromsø.
Murmansk, 15. Sept. 2010. Norway and Russia signing the treaty on maritime delimitation and cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean.
The main drivers for the Norwegian arctic policy are: climate change - establishing northern Norway as a laboratory for climate change. A polar research hub resources - partly a consequence of the first, access to and knowledge about new resources become available. The expectations of oil and gas and consequences for regional development are only rivalled by the environmental concerns. relationship with russia - “Norway’s policy with Russia is based on pragmatism, interests and cooperation.”
Follow the Ore
Distribution of 14 Minerals
Coal
Cu
REE
Sn
Fe
Au
Ag
Pb
Al
Ni
Zn
Cr
Pt
U
10,000,000,000
World total production of 14 minerals (1941-2009)
80,000,000
6,000,000,000 Coal
60,000,000 40,000,000
2,000,000,000 0
World total production of the “others” minerals (1941-2009)
100,000,000
8,000,000,000
4,000,000,000
120,000,000
Iron Others
20,000,000 0
Source: British Geological Survey
2006 Northwest Territories British Columbia Ontario Michigan Nevada Saskatchewan Arizona
Bolivia Dominican Republic Venezuela Argentina Brazil Peru Chile Mexico
North America
South America
5 - 14 %
NW. Territ
13% of Net R. 2% of Net P.
Bri. Colum.
10 %
MI
2-5%
NV
5 % of Net P. 2%
3-4%
Ont.
2-7%
Europe 5%
0-3%
India Mongolia China Myanmar Papua New Guinea Philippines Indonesia
Ghana Mozambique Botswana Namibia South Africa Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe
Sweden Greenland
1-6%
Mining Royalties & Mining Taxation
Africa
Bo
3-12 %
0-3%
GM
Dom. R. Ve Ar
0,2 - 3 % Br Saskatch.
Pe Ch, M
AR
Northern Territories New South Wales Western Australia Queensland
Asian & Pacific Countries 3-10 %
B
5-10 %
N
Australia 0.4-20 %
India
2.5-7.5%
Mon
18 %
North. Territ. 4 - 7 % N. S. Wales
1- 4 %
Ch
Variable SA - V Ta 0-5%
1-7.5%
Mya
2%
Za
2%
N. Gui, Phi
0%
Zi
2.5-7.5% W. Aus. 2.7 %
Queensland
0% Sw, Gr
Unit Based Indo.
NW. Territ. Bri. Colum.
Saskatch.
Ont. Mon
MI NV
Ch
AR
India
Dom. R.
M
Mya Phi
Ve
G N. Gui Ta
Pe
Br
Za
Bo N
Indo
M Zi
B W. Aus.
Ch
Ar
North. Territ. Queensl.
SA - V
“Many nations impose royalty tax, but some nations -as diverse as Chile, Greenland, Mexico, Sweden, and Zimbabwe- do not. In most nations that impose royalty tax, policy nakers are interested in determining whether the level of royalty and its computational method are competitive and efficient.� Mining Royalties A Global Study of Their Impact on Investors, Government, and Civil Society.
Follow the Money
Follow the Flow
THE DEATH OF THE MINERAL
source: www.kristw.yellowpigz.com, British Geology Surveys on Minerals,
Follow the Flow
I WANT TO RIDE MY BICYCLE
Mined in Brazil as bauxite
Aluminium works in Swe-足 den
Made into tubes in Asia
Handlebar in the USA
Taiwan to be fit-足 ted to the bike
Europe for sale
urce : Abfahren magazine
FOLLOW THE FLOW BIKE FLOW -足 AN ALUMINIUM EXAMPLE
Follow the Flow
THE DARK SIDE OF MINERAL FLOW
Every cellphone and computer contains important minerals, several of these come from the ores in Kongo. Lot of these minerals are smuggled ille-足 gal across the borders to neighbouring countries. Smuggling points are controlled by armed groups (mafia), they earn money by tax and stealing .
From this point the minerals are mainly shipped il-足 legal out of Africa and towards Asia When reached desired destination the minerals are refined and mixed with other minerals. By doing this it is al-足 most impossible to trace the origin of the minerals and they are sent to countries all over the world for further developments of different components.
Follow the Money
WORLD BIGGEST GOLD MINE COMPANIES & MINES
10 biggest goldmines Other big goldmines
BARRICK COMPANY Barrick is the gold industry leader, with a portfolio of 26 operating mines located across five continents. The Company also has the largest reserves in the gold industry, with about 140 million ounces of proven and probable gold reserves. Barrick produced 7,765 millions ounce of gold in 2010. The Company is targeting growth in annual gold production to 9.0 million ounces within five year.
2010 Production
North America 40% Africa 8% Australia Pacific 25%
South America 27%
2010 Gold Reserves
Africa 9%
North America 40%
Australia Pacific11% South America 40%
Sources: www.gold.org, www.barrick.com, http://www.wealthdaily.com/articles/gold-mining-production-costs, http://www.theundergroundinvestor.com/2006/10/a-the-gold-timeline-a-history-of-gold-prices/, www.infomine.com, www.indexmundi.com.
Follow the Money
Energy and Coal
Real cost of coal
Coal burning has existed for centuries, and its use as a fuel has been recorded since the 1100s. It powered the Industrial Revolution, changing the course of first Britain, and then the world, in the process. In the US, the first coal-fired power plant – Pearl Street Station – opened on the shores of the lower East River in New York City in September 1882.1 Shortly thereafter, coal became the staple diet for power plants across the world.
in Process
thermal/ steam
electricity generation
metallurgical, coke
Value
steel production
Cost thermal/ steam
cement manufacture
mining
preparation
transport
type
use
in US The Annual Economically-Quanti!able Costs of Coal
Electricity
Emission
Land Disturbance: Carbon & Methane
$ 5.5B [Hg] Mercury Impacts
40%
However, coal combustion caused
In 2009, of the world electricity is generated by coal
2%
Chemical and petrochemical
2%
Iron and steel
7%
Cementation metallic mineral product
4%
Energy sector
3%
Residential
74%
Electricity transformation
3%
Other
80%
GHG emission in electricity generattion
$ 187.5B
$ 1.8B
$ 2.2B
$ 74.6B
Fatalities Among the Public Due to Coal Transporation by Rail
Public Healthy Burden in Appalachian Communities
Emissions of Air Pollutants from Combustion
$ 8.8B
$ 3.2B
Abandoned Mine Lands
Subsidies
$ 61.7B Climate Contribution from Combustion
$ 345B and More
Coal is pretty cheap on the electronic bill, however, in reality we are paying a much higher cost in the long run, if we look at the big picture. The whole process and its impact on human being and environment can somehow tell the true cost of coal.
30 coal miners dead in America in 2008, 3200 in China. The death rate of coal mining is much higher than imagined.
As in the graph, American actually spent a lot on different issues and problems that brought by coal mining. Though the number is roughly calculated, it reveals the truth behind the “cheap coal”. The high death rate of coal mining is also a serious problem.
Nuclear(4)
Oil(36)
Coal (161/TWh)
population coal consumption
1950
1965
1980
1995
2010
The Perforated Landscape
NUSSIR
CATALOGUE
Francisco Rodríguez Saa, Guðrún
SVEAGRUVA/LUNCKEFJELL (SVALBARD) Annisa Solihah, Hao Liang, Xin Su
BJØRNEVATN Mathilde Grellier, Hanne Johnsrud
BIEDJOVAGGI Jingyuan Hu, Kari Havnevik
KIRUNA Annabel Danson, , Kit Ting Karie Yu
REGIONAL CONTEXT Ingrid Aas, Irene Crowo Nielsen, Linn Riise Handal, Patrycja Perkiewicz
The Multi Layered Landscape MAGAZINE OF CHRONICLES
Xin Su: Threat or Opportunities? Irene Crowo Nielsen: First Come First Served? Ingrid Aas: Scars and Masses Patrycja Perkiewicz: Exhausted Landscapes Jingyuan Hu: Opportunity out of the extreme Francisco RodrĂguez Saa: Borders and Values Annabel Danson: Manifestations from the Sub Surface - on the destiny and effect of two lakes in the heart of Kiruna Annisah Solihah: Inside Svalbard - A Necessity of Preserving Coal Mining Industry Mathilde Grellier: Mine & City or Mine vs City Hao Liang: THE MINING TAKING PLACE IN THE CITY & THE CITY RELOCATING FOR THE MINEING SO, WHAT IS THE NEXT? Kit Ting Karie Yu: The Kiruna paradox Kari Sanne Havnevik: The environmental risks of mining in Finnmark Linn Riise Handal: There is no future in the future Hanne Johnsrud: Superimposed
THE PASSENGERS... WHERE WILL THE UPCOMING DEVELOPMENTS TAKE US TO?
Source: www.arctic-europe.com,ipy-nenets.npolar.no,eivind.npolar.no
NGU, Scandinavian Higlanders, the Oskal family siida, and the Målselv Film Camp
“The potential of improvement lies within the blurring of the line; that is to think outside the line of the lease“ Kelly Doran, architect
Helicopter (MaG RAD) NGU
Foto :: FilmCamp
Different readings of the Landscape
Nordfeltet
B- Deposit B- Deposit
B
“Waste treatment is one of the key challenges of future mining.“ Harald Martinsen, SVG
Nordfeltet Deposit Nordfeltet Deposit
Line of anrikningsverk Line of deponi for avgangsmasser Old gråberg New gråberg New gråberg on old storage Mineralisation Ore Old sand deponi Old opencast
Deposit for avgangsmasser D- Deposit
105 m
D- Deposit
D
http://www.arcticgold.se/Filer/dokument/ovrigt/ Vedlegg-2.-Presentasjon-fra-Rambll-pa-folkemtene-
68 m
Laura Deposit Laura Deposit
Laura
Bijovagge Mine
Deposit areas put into scale
WHaT TO DO WiTH THe WaSTe ?
The extraction of iron produce two diferent kind of wastes. The non-magnetic rejects, are separated at the Bjornevatn site and deposed around the mine, creating fan-like shapes when spreading out. after the crushing, the taillings are discharged in the sea. The seadeposit in Langfjorden was used until 1974 when the fjord reached capacity. a pipeline of 275m was constructed in 1973 to discharge taillings in Bjokfjorden.
Loussajärvi
These meänkieli names all say something about the different elements that the landscape is composed of.
The names of places in the landscape surrounding Kiruna are meänkieli and mean; yli, ylä - upper ala, ali - lower lombolo, lompola, lompolo - an expansion/opening of the river joki - river järvi – water, lake vaara – mountain
Jukkasjärvi / Torn river
These elements are gradually transforming and we can imagine the new names that will arise and that have already arisen in the landscape of Kiruna; Jänkkä, jänkä - bog kuru – cut, cleft, valley matala – shallow point in the lake/sea mella – sandbank, low bank on the river oja – stream, small river lantto - pond
Loussajoki Yli Lombolo Ala Lombolo
Annabel Danson
Loussakurn
Loussavaara
Loussajänka
Loussajärvi
Kiruna ?
Kiruna
Yli Lombolo
Kirunavaara
Ala Lombolo
Loussajoki
Loussaoja
Yli Lantto
Kirunakurn
Ala Lantto
BJĂ˜rnevaTn irOn Ore DePOSiTS
100m
0
-100m
-200m
-300m
-400m
Sources : independent technical report on the norwagian mineral properties of northern iron limited - rSg global
FROM MINING TOWN TO URBAN COMMUNITY 10919 10010
1st. World War and following depression led the industry in economic turmoil
1930s: rebuilding and rearmament in Europe means increased production
1911-1913 - plants finished and extended for full operation
1970s: Sydvaranger became the leading company in Norther-Norwegian Mining industry. 1530
1660
1450 1250
1906: A/S Sydvaranger established
2nd World War
1000
Population growth of Sør Varanger
179,63
2009: Restart mining as Sydvaranger Gruve
1980s: the iron ore at Kirkenes becomes unprofittable
1952: A rebuilt and modernised plant was ready 1000
Iron Ore Price $ per Metric Ton
1000 1969:starting pellet production 1996: AS Sydvaranger ends mining
1910, building the steam power station, Sydvaranger Dampsentral
Sydvaranger production facilities at Kirkenes after 4. July 1944. Kirkenes. Briquette works and rails. Bombed and burnt.
Bergen Group Kimek shipbuilding hall makes the steam central small.
398
Number of employees Showing the tendency
5 2010 2011 2012
1996 1997
1985
1982
1977
1975
1969
1952
1947
1945
19 1937 1938
1924 1925
1921
1915
1912
1906 1907
1900
Kirkenes at the turn of the century. The church at the penninsula.
240
2005
15,3
200
341
28,11
2002
390
380
60,8
2008
1960s: stagnation led to production of pellets to increase product prices.
1925-1927: Bankruptcy
1991
1910
Centre of Kirkenes today, no longer just a mining town.
Patrycja Perkiewicz
A
landscape is a complex system, similar to the human body. An organism that is affected by all of life’s effect. It breathes, grows, breeds and dies. It has the ability to memorize , to feel excitement as well as tiredness and disappointment. A system that due to human need of exploration and exploitation is wounded and suffers traumas. The mine as part of the landscape, is exposed to the same functions of life. Could we assume that the mine as well as the landscape could go through all different states of emotions? What it’s reaction to catastrophic events? People can adapt to critical situations. For centuries earth’s resources has been exploited, the landscape exposed to the depletion of the natural world. Due to personal experience we can prepare ourselves for uncertainty. Could we say the same about the landscape? The moment we step out of our safety zone and find ourselves in uncomfortable situations, could be a powerful force of creativity. People have a need to belong, to be part of something larger than ourselves. An identity that we can relate to, allow us to survive the destruction, the violence of any sort.
This drive to preserve the comfortable existence we inhabit, force us to treat the natural world as our very own smoere gos board. Very often this lead to the landscape being depleted voided. Eventually left broken and battered. A state it might never recover from. Observing the events, changes and trends in the mining industry similarities become very visible. Drilling is a traumatic event; human hunger and need of certain standard of living become a force for destruction and uncertainty. Mineral extraction takes away from landscape its identity. The same area that could be a potential new finding is a home for others. This illustrates the complexity of the system, which has the ability to all affect others, although always remain under their influence. Exposed to every change, without the possibility to take part in the decision making process. The natural world is our silent bystander.
COLLECTION OF REFLECTIONS
Xin Su: China in the Arctic. China in the world of minerals. Irene Crowo Nielsen: Drill drill drill Ingrid Aas: Scars and Masses Patrycja Perkiewicz: Cross Border Mining Jingyuan Hu: Opportunity out of the extreme Francisco RodrĂguez Saa: Cross-Border Stories in Kvalsund, Norway Annabel Danson: MINEOPOLIS Annisah Solihah: Upgrading Svalbard Mathilde Grellier: Mine & City or Mine vs City Hao Liang: The Northern Mining Landscape--- Type/Transformation/Reuse Kit Ting Karie Yu: Kiruna on the move Kari Sanne Havnevik: Chasing endorsment Linn Riise Handal: Hidden Complexity of the Northern Landscape Hanne Johnsrud: Confrontation Ahead
Xin Su
The Oriental Dragon Looks North
Xin Zu
Xin
Xin Zu
Xin Zu
How do they scan the ground?
Geophysical measurments are the foundation for finding mineral resources. The data are public and free. Helicopter (mag, rad, EM)
3.900 km2
Plane (mag, rad) 24.600 km2 Regional seismic surveys 2012
By the end of 2010 only 15 % of norwegian ground had coverage of high-resolution magnetic data. While Sweden had covered 90 % and Finland are now selling their gear because they have covered 100 %. Why are we so far behind? It looks like the government is asking the same question and gave 25 million NOK in 2011 with the promise of the equivalent for another 3 years.
(source: status i mineralkartleggingen MINN programmet, NGU, Sintef)
Irene Crowo Nielsen
When you know where the minerals are, then what?
Irene Crowo Nielsen
Mining Rights a quick introduction
Register a proprietorship Read the rules for exploration at www.dirmin.no or see drawing
(source: www.dirmin.no/rettigheter)
Pay the fee and you are ready to go!
Elisabeth Gammelsæter, Norsk Bergindustri: “ I don’t want the investors to wait until all competence has moved to other countries or professions” Øystein Rushfeldt, Nussir: “Every single NOK, that can be taken out, will be taken out of the country to lower taxated places“
Happy Prospecting!
Irene Crowo Nielsen
The explotion of mining rights in norway NGU starts detailed geophysical measurments
THE SUDDEN BOOM
Only 15% of norwegian ground has coverage of high resolution magnetic data
sweden
WHO ARE THEY?
UK
u
th
USA
w ag Au
Au, base metals WHAT ARE THEY LOOKING FOR?
Australia finland denmark
Cu
Norway REE chile
nb, + mo ti
canada
Cu, Au ni, cu,pge
FE Cu, Pb,ZN
fe, ti ,v
Finnmarksvidda: a booming example Applications for mineral rights
2007
2006 Alta
2008 Alta
karasjok
kautokeino
2010 Alta
karasjok
kautokeino
2011 Alta
karasjok
kautokeino
karasjok
kautokeino
No change in 2009
2012 Alta
Alta
karasjok
kautokeino
(sources: http://www.sintef.no/project/GeoNor-konferansen2011, dirmin.no)
EU publish the Raw The Act of Minerals Materials Initiative (01.01.10) - RMI
karasjok
kautokeino
...and it is only the end of march
Irene Crowo Nielsen
The canadian "gameplan" for the north
drill drill drill... target selection
Data acqusition/compilation
data analysis
...SEE FOR YOURSELF
ground truthing
“ It is a rare opportunity today to be able to assemble a dominant land position in a stable first world country, covering geological belts known to host major precious and base metal deposits.” Patrick Anderson, CEO Dalradian Resources
“Let The Treasure Hunt Begin...”
These five words starts the norwegian part of Dalradians investor presentation (march 2012) including the “famous” picture of Trond Giske holding up the norwegian mineral map. The canadian company must feel like they won the lottery, being able to have the mining rights for as much as 5% (approx. 11 000 km2 in north of Norway) of the norwegian land. They sure presents it as an adventure, with gold being one of the main minerals they are looking for.
They present their further steps almost as a strategic gameplan. They use words as “Boots on ground”, “Target selection” and “Drill Drill Drill”. They describe Norway as a mining friendly country with large population centers, paved highways and thin or absent forest cover and excellent infrastructure. They have only scratched the surface layer of what is there, what will happen now? Have this in mind: while Norway (Statoil) is looking for black gold in Canada (oilsands), Canada (Dalradian) is looking for real gold in Norway...
(source: www.dalradian.com/investor presentation march 2012)
Boots on ground
Ivar Bjørklund, UiT: “Flexibility in landscape use is key for the Sami herders.”
Linn Rise Handal
Limitations of grazing The limitation of grazing and the high preassure on the used herding areas is the main argument against a “new” mineral industry in the North. Why do they need these big areas? Reindeer herding has access to approximately 40% of land area in the Norway. The reindeers are adapted to an environment where almost nothing can grow, and this is why they are constantly on the move over large areas. They feed on different crops in different seasons, and the reason for this is the nutritional value the plants have according to the time of year, the climatic conditions whichvary from place to place, and the amount of insects which are different from place to place. This way of following natures processes is the reason why the reindeer industry is devided in eight pasture seasons.
The coastal mountains has - Green pastures - Cool and moist climate - Lots of snow and ice in winter - Few insects that irritates the animals
Spring is the starting period of a new year in the reindeer industry. In the spring time mooving of the animals is easy and goes fast, while in the atumn it takes more time. The landscape surroundings affects how the animals behave. For example in the calving period, in spring, they thrive in landscapes with small hills, no rivers and no steap slopes. When it gets warmer in the summer the animals gather in bigger groups while they move to higher terrain to reduce irritation from insects. The reindeer herder relates to the animals natural way of using the landscape. They know when to gather them for slaughter and when to move them to the winter pastures. The herders has a multifunctional way of using the landscape and they know where their own animas are allowed to graz related to the organization of the industry. Topographical conditions as well as lakes and rivers is the reason why mooving between pastures normally takes place through the same herding routes every year. The herding routes follow ancient traces, and this has given them a stong protection through § 22 Flyttleier (herding routes). In some places the animals will have to move through narrow passages or through built-up areas. Barring of a herding route may in worst case mean that adjacent pastures no longer can be used.
The Inland areas have - Sparse vegetation with lots of lichens - Dry climate and low rainfall - Cold winters - Hot summers - Lots of insects in summer
Today there is a great pressure on the animal’s grazing land. Intervention and interference in the grazing areas makes it hard for the animals to access areas where they have usually been eating. The Lichens pastures in the autumn and spring districts is completely dilapidated, while Lichens pastures in the winter districts is greatly reduced. Due to the grazing pressure the production of lichen resources are greatly reduced, which again affects the animals and the quality of the meat.
Bruk av land og vann i Finnmark i historisk perspektiv, Statens trykking, Oslo 1994 reindrift.no
Linn Rise Handal
BEING USED? WHY CAN THE REINDEERS NOT MOVE TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN?
Conflicting wishes?
http://www.sof.ntnu.no/SOF_R03_08.pdf http://www.eoearth.org/article/Climate_change_and_reindeer_nomadism_in_Finnmark,_Norway http://www.sametinget.no/ http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/ad/dok/regpubl/stmeld/2001-2002/stmeld-nr-33-2001-2002-/14.html?id=327466
Based on the national obligations under the Constitution § 110 a, international obligations under ILO Convention No. 169 concerning indigenous peoples, and UN conventions such as Convention on Civil and Political Rights, Article 27; reindeer herding is seen in a general Sami and social policy context. Reindeer policy is therefore based on both the industrial production policy and the politics regarding sami culture value.The Planning- and Building Act is the most important policy to secure the resource base in the reindeer industry. The Act states that the herders, through the herding district, must take part in discussions in the process of planning. Even though reindeer herders have the law to deffend them, the law does not deny development, which is the industries main challenge. The sum of many small interventions is here much bigger than each intervention would indicate. The fragmentation of pastures does not go together with the reindeers need for big free areas and tracks for mooving. As we see it is not only the big plans for future mining clustures that are threathening this traditional industry. The reindeer is extremely sensitive to anything foreign. Tourism, electricity lines, windmill parks and development such as roads are other threaths. While new development is interfering with the industry, the result of this is that also the reindeer industry develops and finds new strategies. Most of these are actually not for the best. To make the herding go easier use of snowmobile and also motorcycle has become normal. Driving on bare ground has led to increased wear on the nature and thus pastures. Another affect of development is the increased use of fences, which further damages the grass. The Sami parliament has hopes for development and new jobs; the reindeer husbandry is a growing industry, and the plans for northern exploration is only increasing. Is it only a question of time for this industry? We do not know where the limits of eploitation goes. Future planning in case of coexistence is strongly needed.
1950
1970
Servey work regarding reindeer herders in Sør-Trøndelag, Nord-Trøndelag og Vest-Finnmark
In Finnmark almost 35% of the reindeer habitat has been lost over the last 60 years. The future speculations is showing projected development of infrastructure, roads and houses. The scenario is based on the historical development of infrastructure, the distribution and density of the human population, the existing infrastructure, the known location of natural resources, distance from the coast, and vegetation type. Illustrations are based on maps made by The International Arctic Science Committee.
2000
2030
2050
Hanne Johnsrud
g
cin
fen
collecti ng area
One year is not another’s brother
tagging and slaughter
g rin sp
top og rap hic line s
much used sites for lĂĄvvu
her di n gr ou tes
fol low
re tu
s pa the
spring pasture: calving area, preferably hilly without cliffs and rivers, dry ground and open landscape
collecting area
reindeer herder cabins
Jahki ii leat jagi viellja. sami proverb The practice of reindeer herding has developed over time, as a flexible organisation in continous interaction with the variations in seasons, vegetation and precipitation and the number of animals. The choice of route followed between seasonal pastures are negotiated with topography, composition of the herd, availability of pasture, snow cover and customary agreements between herding families. Increased pressure on pastures and routes, motorized herding and fencing are changing the terms of this negotiation.
er
iv
ing
c fen
re stu
pa spring
a
n um ut
Kautok
rp a
In autumn, the reindeer migrate inward from the coast, feeding on pasture autumn grasses and mushrooms.
/winte
te win d r- an
stu
n ei
o
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res
vinter pasture: herds are split during winter to find food as the snow changes from light and dry to packed and icy. LANDSCAPE OF EIGHT SEASONS
Photo: Thomas Vermes, ABC Nyheter
In summer, the reindeer migrate towards the coast and higher ground. Does and calves travel separately from the bucks, more slowly across easier routes
Hanne Johnsrud Hanne Johnsrud
Any new map launches new realities. The resource mapping adds new pressure to the landscape. In order to confront this, we need to draw the alternative maps, launch the other realities, gather knowledge and make strategies for visualisation and democratisation. Kjerstin Uhre, 21.11.2011, Facebook
The lines we draw on a map The way we draw a landscape changes its story, adds a new narrative. The map of Finmark, with the superimposed grid of mineral exploration rights resembles colonial maps of north Africa or the American mid-west. The straight connecting lines of the point grid erase shape and scale of the landscape, and ignore the flows and traits of the lives lived in it. The grid renders a powerful and quantifiable terminology of landscape, of something that is, or is not. And the exploration map confronts us with the reading of Finnmark as a source of unlimited mineral exploitation.
Secti on 7. Categ In th ories is Ac t, “m of mi a) me inera neral tals ls ow s use with great ned b d in a spe er, i y the the A cific nclud vanad ct State gravi ing c ium, “ mea ty of h romiu iron, lead, ns: 5 m , n gramm ickel plati manga es/cm ,copp num, cadmi n e se, m 3 or er, z tin, um an o l ybden inc, zinc, d tho howev um, n silve rium, zirco er, s iobiu r, go nium, and o hall titan m, ld, c tungs res o not f ium a obalt t f a en, u ll wi nd ar such pyrit , raniu thin senic metal e.In m, the d , and s this . A ll mi l luvia efini ores Act, neral l t i o “ g o f miner old, n;b) s tha these nt to als o the m t are ;c) p the f wned etals yrrho not m irst etrol by a tite inera parag eum p lando and ls ow raph. ursua o exp wner“ ned b nt to Howev lorat means y the er, t the A ion a round State his s ct of nd ex on No pursu hall tract 4 May rwegi apter not a ion o 1973 an on 2. Se pply f pet N shore o . archi ction to r 21 re oleum terri ng 8. Ri l a l ting ocate tory. ght t y par d i o sea ty ma n the rch y sea nd, s rch f ubjec or mi t to er le neral the l gisla depos imita tion. lecti its o tions The r on of n ano set o ight miner pe of ther ut in to se als t party the A this arch hat f “s ct.A n, ex Act a does all o searc tract nd not i utsid h sha ion o s Act nclud e l r the p l not . opera e the u r o t p b i ion 9 ose a struc ons o . Sco nd t the f oth pe of er pa searc explo rties the r hing raight party pursu he la to se a may u nd as n t to arch ndert are n ral d ake s ecess eposi uch w ary t ts. M cance orks o est easur may n o n the ablis es th ot be wner h the at ma surfa imple and t y cau ce exist mente he us on 10 se da ence d wit er of . Dut mage of hout the l y to o earch f s t ighe co and. give ing p n n s o a e tice rty s ser o nt of hall f the the give land atest notic one w . Not e to eek b ice m r wri the l efore ay be tten andow a sea given notif ce, n ner a rch i orall icati otice nd s beg y or on wo may b paper un, a in wr uld c e giv that t iting ause en by is co earch . If u n reaso means mmonl in Fi n a y ble i of an nnmar ive w read nconk, th ritte annou in th e sea n not n e c Finnm e a m r ent i ea.In rchin ice t arkse n g par o the the c iendo er, a ty sh ase Samet mmen nd th all i ing ( (the e rel ndeer n add the S Finnm evant i manag a m a i r k Est area Parli ement see s ate) board a. Whe ectio where and d never n 51 to re it is istri pract of th indee ct bo icall e Act r man given a r y a d o g p f e ossib ment 15 Ju oral le, t (the ble, ne 20 notic he Reind and a 07 No e. No eer M t the . 40 tice anage reshall lates ment t two be gi stry Act), ven a weeks may i s ear ssue befor ce an ly regul e a s d exc ation earch eptio . Exp s con is ns fr lorat cerni om th ion o 1. Ag n g e t f h d reeme e dut uty. miner nt gr y to als o wishi antin w n ng to e d g an by a explo must explo lando re de enter ratio wner posit into ement n per s of an ag mit is re miner reeme ached acqui a ls ow n t wit , an sitio ned b h the appli n, se . Pil y a catio lando e sec ot ex n may wner. tion tract n to be ma 37. ion an ag de fo reeme equir r nt wi es a th th speci lot e e lan al pe xtrac downe rmit tion“ o ass r, pi from shall ess t lot e the D he co xmean pecia irect m extra merci l cas orate ction al vi es, a ted f of abili t permi or th h at is ty of t for e exa pilot depos it. extra Kilometers ction
0
25
50
75
100
Map data: ©Norges Geologiske undersøkelse / ©Statens kartverk
Hanne Johnsrud
The new mineral law has been followed by heavy investment in magnetic and radiografic exploration surveys on land and offshore. The swung geological lines are translated into point references. The green stone belts of Finnmark are marked in blue.
Looking beneath the surface. Geological maps exceed national borders, the timespan of human history and the scales of nature. As the quest for natural resources continues under ground, maps of fish stocks, fresh water streams, waterfalls, arable lands and bountiful forrests are replaced by magnetic and radiomagnetic maps of mineral deposits. Gradually changing the perceived reality
Hanne Johnsrud The grid of the exploration map is a snapshot of the rush for access to resources in the north. It is however placed on top of an already pressured landscape, where the definition and prioritisation of resourses and not least the rights to access them are highly conflictive. instead of a a slow process of negotiation and adaptation, there is a constant confrontation of values, interests and needs. Wherever the grid meets the ground, new confrontations will find place. This time with multinational corporations at the table, supported by strong national interests and governmental strategies.
The new mineral strategy must not be seen and written solely from the resource perspective of the mineral industry and government industrial strategies. The multi-layered interests already at play in the north, must be part of the discussion. A strategy for minerals can not only be about when,, how and where, but should also be strong enough to say, where not, how not, and why not. The mineral strategy sets the scope for mineralexploitation, it should also establish the limits of exploitation
Hao Liang
Hao Liand
Kit Ting Karie Yu
Kiruna Chuch
city hall
railway 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1965 1970
1900 Ore processing plants
Railway to Navik
1980
TODAY 2013
2000
2023 2033
2050
1990
2005 Exploration pass 1060m
1045m main haulage Sea level
Exploration drilling
1365m main haulage
2012
under the ground
+
stadshuset (city hall). Kiruna kyrka (church)
OUT!
CITY CENTRE
but where?
: une ! m om ng na K cracki out ! u r i s K nd i o move u o r t g ave h e w
BUT WH .... ERE ?
RESIDENCE FOR 18,000 ?
LKAB in favor of moving north
Kiruna Kommune decieded to move east 203
0
201
5
relocation of city centre
eve
n g n i
Mov
!
+
op t s r
under the ground
RESIDENCE FOR 18,000 ?
2030
OUT! WH
ERE
Deformation never stop after relocation of city centre and areas with higher threat. In 2060, half of the city space will be under deformation. The municipality needs to look for space to relo-
cate the ‘refugees’.
206
0
Kit Ting Karie Yu
?
NA OVE! U R KI HE M T ON
2090
Underground mining continues, deformation became more severe. The Old Kiruna will be totally “eaten up by crack�.
New Kiruna is on the threat.
Mines in different sites have started drilling for a while, and most of the neighboring area are bought by mining companies for explorations and drilling. Seems there is no save ground to move?
Kit Ting Karie Yu
Patrycja Perkiewicz
Patrycja Perkiewicz
Thomas Nilsen, Barents Observer “The skepticism towards Russia increases with the distance to the
Lina Persson, artist “Human influence on geology has reached the scale of a geologic chronological term; Anthropocene”
Tore Tanum, UD: ”Nobody wants another Klondyke. We want to secure a good future for this part of Norway. We want people to live there.”