Learn to drive

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Make learning interesting and fun

Are you ready!

How do you learn to drive safely - and get the very best from your driving lessons and your KISS Instructor. It’s very simple, just follow these basic rules :Relax and don’t try too hard to learn Allow yourself to make mistakes Don’t be afraid to say ‘I don’t know’ Develop your skills step by step Work through the briefings with your instructor Follow the simple on the move instructions Learn gradually and comprehensively Think of your brain working something like a computer. The hard disk (a storage area) performs the same function as your long term memory and the SDRAM (working area) does the same as your short term or working memory.

If you open too many windows on a computer it slows and could crash. Your brain will react in the same way if you give it too much to do. Similarly, your brain works well if it works through tasks one after another.

Also, your brain sends and receives signals to and from all parts of your body. Imagine these signals passing through an electrical cable that shrinks. Or worse, it closes completely (a mental block) due to nerves or simply trying too hard.

Finally, you’re in the shower and want to wash yourself with a sponge. If you squeeze it tight before holding it under the water it won’t be of much use. Now think of your brain being squeezed tight by anxiety, preventing the blood from circulating and restricting functionality.

When you are learning to drive and when you have passed, your brain controls your hands, feet and eyes! If your brain it’s working properly neither are your hands, feet and eyes.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Make learning interesting and fun

The structure of learning!

To measure the effectiveness of how you are learning to drive, first you need to understand the process. Think of it as delivering a heavy box to a friend on the top floor of a block of flats and the lift isn’t working. You will have to take the stairs, step by step and structure your progress.

As none of us knows how long it will take you to learn you may experience a range of feelings. You may well make good progress one minute then feel you have suddenly got worse.

The cause could simply be because your instructor is taking you up another level and you didn’t realise it.

This is likely to happen at several stages during the course. If you understand this you are less likely to be worried by it. As you prepare for the driving test this feeling can be at its most visible, usually due to nerves.

The best learning takes place when you are totally relaxed, motivated and enjoying the challenge. To achieve this, your instructor should structure your lessons to ensure there is a balance between relaxed practise and new challenges.

We can achieve this by setting realistic goals for each lesson and then using simple steps to achieve them. No doubt there will be a few feelings of ‘that was good’ to ‘oops’ along the way but hopefully nothing more.

Sometimes the problems may be because the area you are learning in, may not be ideal i.e. many parts of London. This just means your instructor needs to give you additional help.

This will help you become more skilled as a driver because of the added complexities you experience over the course.

Remember, the responsibility for guiding you through the learning process lies with your instructor. Make sure you let them know honestly how you are feeling at every stage.

This way it will help them to structure your lessons to achieve the quickest and most effective learning for you.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Cockpit Drill

Are you comfortable Now, ensure you and any passengers are safe, secure and comfortable. Follow this simple DSSSM process and you will quickly learn remember it.

When you get in the car first check the handbrake is on and the gear stick is in neutral.

D–S–S–S-M Doors

Doors – Why: You don’t want your door(s) to open and hit something or someone as you are driving !

How: 1. Give the door a good tug (making sure you pull it towards you with your inside hand.) 2. Check in the door mirrors to see if they are flush with the bodywork 3. Look at the interior light is off, and 4. Look for a light and/or alarm on the dashboard.

Seat – Why: 1. The height- see the road close to the car and see out of the windscreen clearly. 2. The base – reach the foot controls comfortably and unrestricted. 3. The back – your back needs to be comfortable, supported and your arms move freely.

4. The head restraint – adjusted so that in the event of an incident, injuries to the head and neck are minimised.

How: 1. Put your left foot down on the clutch pedal and look for your left leg to be slightly bent 2. Hold the steering wheel with one hand pull the leaver under the seat up and push the base forward or back 3. Wrists on top of the wheel, adjust back support for comfort so you can move your hands freely around the wheel 4. Look for your eyes to be level with the middle of the head restraint. Adjust up or down using a button on the side or the catch at the base.

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What: Be sure all doors are shut (including the boot).

Secure Not Locked Observation

Seat What: Four adjustments

1 Up -Down

Clutch Down 2

3 Wrists on Wheels

Eye Level 4

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Cockpit Drill

Steering Wheel

Steering Wheel –

What: Adjust the height and in/out positions.

Why: You must see all the lights and dials on the dash board and move your hands round it unrestricted.

How: Pull or push the leaver positioned under the steering wheel. Pull the wheel up/down and in/out, then lock the steering column back in place.

Hand Position Pull Push

Seat belt Seatbelts – Why: To stop us from going through the windscreen! In the event of an incident, you may suffer internal injuries or, if it’s loose, you will be thrown onto it rather than secured by it.

How: Using your right hand, reach for the seat belt, pull it out in front of you.

Check to make sure it is flat and that it is not twisted anywhere along it’s length.

Then place the buckle into the catch.

What: The seat belt is positioned slightly behind, top right of the driver seat.

Release Legal responsibility 14 years or over Mirrors

Mirrors – Why: Centre mirror is a flat mirror and this is what we call a ‘true image’. The door mirrors are convex so they give you a wider image, but will make things look further away than they actually are.

How: Use the thumb and forefinger of your left hand (so that you don’t restrict your vision and smudge the mirror). Keep your head in the driving position and adjust the centre mirror. Line up the top of the mirror with the top of the back window. Make sure your mirror is slightly off centre, so you can see a little of the left ear/head. Door mirrors, for both left/right, adjust by lining the dot on the bottom of the door mirror with the top of the back door handle.

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What: Adjust the centre mirror which is positioned in the top centre of the windscreen. Then adjust the right and left door mirrors.

Flat

Convex Movement View Blind Spots

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Controls

It’s all about control A safe driver knows how slow to drive and is always in control of the vehicle. This also means always being in the correct place and in the correct gear.

First you will need to learn how to use and coordinate your hands and feet. This will be a new skill for most pupils. Both hands and feet have to work in ways that you probably haven’t used them before.

Foot Controls What: You should use the right foot for the gas and brake and left foot for the clutch.

Clutch

Accelerator (Gas)

Gas

Accelerator (Gas) – Why: You should always aim to be at the appropriate speed at all times. !

How: 1. Try to read the road well ahead and imagine you don’t have any brakes. 2. Ease off the gas to assess when you see someone or something that is going to make you slow down or stop (e.g. traffic lights) 3. Look to keep the car moving as much as possible rather than stop and start as other motorists do. 4. Remember, your average speed is likely to be around 13 – 17 mph until normal driving conditions. 5. Imagine there is a glass of water on the dashboard, don’t spill it.

What: Use this pedal to speed up and slow down Feet Position Clutch

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Brake

Accelerator (Gas)

Brake

Brake – Why: 1. You need minimal use of the brake to ensure you make reasonable progress. 2.

It is not possible to stop the car when going downhill just using engine braking. 3. You will need the brake sometimes to ensure the vehicle is always under your control.

How: 1. Move your right foot from the gas to cover the brake and press gently. 2. Then progressively increase the pressure to reduce speed. 3. Aim to reduce the speed to under 10 mph. 4. Imagine you are stopping 1 -2 car lengths before the actual stopping point. 5.

Ease off the brake and come to a gentle stop whilst preparing the car to move off again.

Brake

What: Use your right foot on this pedal to slow and stop on flat roads and going down hill Feet Position Clutch

Brake

Accelerator (Gas)

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Controls

Clutch – Why: 1. You must push the clutch down in order to select first gear. 2. You need to use fine clutch control (ease and squeeze) to manoeuvre the car in tight situations. 3. When stopping you have to press the clutch down to prevent the engine from stalling.

How: 1. Press the clutch pedal down with your left foot. 2. Sloowwly bring your foot up to the point where you hear the engine tone change.

3. Lift your left foot up about the thickness of a pound coin and hold for a second. 4. Lift your foot up completely, count to one then 5. Place your foot on the foot rest on the left. Cover, don’t push the clutch down as you approach roundabouts. Do the same at junctions (major into minor) to maintain control of the speed.

Handbrake – Why: The vehicle will move back and forth when stationery if the car is in neutral and you are on a hill.

How: When it’s up, pull up, button in and hold.

Then push the handbrake down fully. When it’s down, push the button, hold it in, pull the handbrake up. Release the button and let go of the handbrake.

Gears – Why: You need to change up through the gears to make progress. Block change down (e.g. 4 to 1) when slowing down such as when you are stopping, moving off again and manoeuvering such as at roundabouts and junctions.

How: Always use the palming technique on the sides of the gear stick not the top. In normal driving a guide to the use of the gears would be: 1. 0 – 15 mph 2. 10- 25 mph 3. 20 -35 mph 4. 30 – 45 mph. Use more gas and delay the gear change when going uphill, there are more people in the car and when there is a need to increase speed by more than 20 mph. © KISS Driving 2014| Revision 1

Clutch What: Use this pedal to connect the engine too the wheels. Also, disconnect the engine from the wheels when changing up and down through the gears and when stopping.

Feet Position Clutch

Brake

Accelerator (Gas)

Handbrake What: This is used to secure the car only when it is stationery and it simply operates up or down.

Gears What: Use the gears to increase the speed of the car using the speed range of the engine.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Controls

Indicators – Why: You need to tell pedestrians, cyclists and other motorists you are moving off, turning left or right and changing direction and stopping.

You may also occasionally need to indicate to let others know you are manoeuvring the car.

How: Always check your mirrors and be aware of who is around, if anyone, before signalling.

You may just extend your index finger whilst still holding the wheel, alternatively, take your hand off the wheel and hold the stalk.

Wiper Blades – Why: You MUST have clear visibility through all of your windows when moving ahead and backwards so you can always drive safely.

How: To operate the front wiper blades extend your index finger and push up or down. To wash the front windscreen, pull the stalk back and hold.

To operate the read wiper you would normally twist the end of the stalk and to wash the screen twist further and hold.

Heater Controls – Why: You MUST have clear visibility through all of your windows when moving ahead and backwards so you can always drive safely.

How: To demist the windows you usually turn all of the dials as far to the right as possible.

Some cars will have touch buttons you operate to change the temperature and direction of the air. You often get air conditioning in cars and this is operated by pressing the a/c button and you must switch the fan on.

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Indicators What: Use the gears to increase the speed of the car using the speed range of the engine.

Wiper Blades What: You need to be able to use the wiper blades and wash the windows on the move.

Heater Controls What: You need to demist the windows and control the temperature inside the car.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Clutch Control

Clutch –

Clutch

Why: 1. If you fully engage your clutch the car will move forward or go back at around 5 mph.

2. When in tight situations, you need very good clutch control. 3. Aim to be ready to move off as you stop, finding the holding point quickly.

How: 1. You should understand how the clutch plates affect the speed of the car when you use the clutch pedal. 2. Feel comfortable in the operation of the clutch by, if possible dragging your heel backwards when operating it. 3. Your eyes should read the road well ahead (i.e. junctions on hills) and consider how you make progress in traffic situations (i.e. when moving slowly). 4. Understand the four movements of the left foot when changing gear to prolong clutch life. 5. Practice eco-friendly driving, by engaging the clutch before using the gas pedal.

What: Sometimes you will need to turn your car round in the road, reverse into a car park bay or a restricted gap. Similarly, coming out of a t-junction or emerging at a roundabout needs to be done at 2 mph.

Engine – Clutch – Gears – Wheels –

Separate the plates

Why: This needs to be done so you can select first gear and change up and down through the gears when varying your speed.

How: When you need to use the clutch, cover the left pedal with your left foot. It is then in the correct place when you need it. Using the clutch always press it fully down to the floor.

You can then select the gear you need to move the car or change the gear to progress.

What: When you press the clutch down fully you will separate the two clutch plates.

Feet Position Clutch

Brake

Accelerator (Gas)

Engage the plates Why: You must always have control of your vehicle. When preparing to move off the car should be ready before looking round, then signalling and moving. At junctions and roundabouts you need to be ready to go as you are slowing and/or stopping.

How: Find the ‘holding point’ by bringing the clutch up to the point where you either hear the engine tone change or feel a slight pull, then push down the thickness of a pound coin.

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What: When you want to move forward or backwards bring clutch up to ‘holding point’.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Clutch Control

Why: You need to feel comfortable with the noises and effects of what you are doing with the car. This helps you maintain control and it will help you look after your vehicle better.

How: The engine drives the car through the wheels through the clutch and gearbox in that order. The connection from the gearbox to the wheels is fixed. When you operate the clutch it connects/disconnects the engine and gearbox.

The car can then move of, progress and stop.

What: You need a basic understanding of how the engine connects to the wheels through the clutch and gearbox.

Why: This needs to be done to select first gear and change up and down through the gears. It is possible to change gear using the engine speed although this is a more advanced skill.

How: Using the clutch, press fully down to the floor. You can then select the gear you need to move the car or change the gear to progress by using the palming technique.

What: You need to separate the clutch plates to engage and change gears as necessary.

Why: To hold the vehicle stationery and ready to move off once it’s safe. It enables a smooth transition between gears on the move as well.

How: Find the ‘holding point’ by bringing the clutch up until you either hear the engine tone change or feel a slight pull, then push down the thickness of a pound coin.

What: Bring clutch up to ‘holding point’ to move off or change gear smoothly.

Why: This enables you to move off smoothly and steer the car comfortably if necessary.

How: From the ‘holding point’ lift the clutch by about the thickness of a pound coin gradually.

If you are turning left or right such as at T Junctions or roundabouts this should be done at 1 -2 mph the same as manoeuvres.

What: Ease clutch up thickness of a pound coin slowly to move the car at 1,2,3,4,5 mph.

Why: Once the clutch is engaged fully the pedal has no further function other than to help with the smoothness of the change.

How: Once the pedal has passed through the ‘biting point’ keep lifting until it reaches the top. If you are going to change gear again or you need it to manoeuvre then keep your foot over the clutch, otherwise rest it on the left.

What: Gradually lift clutch up to the top of its travel. If you don’t need clutch again then rest left foot on the left side.

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Clutch Pedal

Clutch plates

Gearbox

Engine

Clutch down

Drive Wheels Gear Lever

Left Foot

Separate

Car is stationary

Biting point Contact

Car held stationary

Biting point Contact

Clutch up

Car begins to move

Coupled

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Steering Control

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Steering Wheel

Steering – Why: Our roads are anything but straight, we also have a lot of roundabouts and junctions.

It is also necessary to manoeuvre the vehicle whilst reversing into restricted places.

How: When you need to use the wheel 80% of driving can be done with the right hand. When you are first learning this is simpler for our brain to deal with.

We need to use two hands to turn 90 degrees or more and whilst reversing. It will also help if we hit potholes or puddles as the wheel can snatch left or right suddenly.

It also helps us to brace ourselves if you need to do an emergency stop although only 5% of accidents cannot be anticipated.

What: The steering wheel enables the car to be positioned with reasonable accurately at all times. When you steer It only moves the front two wheels.

Hand Position Pull Push

Dry Steer

Turn Left

Turn Right

Slide left hand up

Slide right hand up

Left hand grip and PULL down.

Right hand slide down.

Right hand grip and PULL down.

Left hand slide down.

Right hand grip and PUSH up.

Left hand slide up.

Left hand grip and PUSH up.

Right hand slide up.

Left hand grip and PULL down.

Right hand slide down.

Right hand grip and PULL down.

Left hand slide down.

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Moving Off/Stopping

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Moving Off What: Some of us have to park on the side of the road. We all have to stop and move off regularly and we must always do this safely.

Why: If we move off unsafely we could easily have an accident at some point.

How: Take a little bit of time to use the LADA and MS(m)PSL routines when you move off and stop.

1.

4 Reference Point

Perform the two safety checks to ensure your handbrake is on and that the car is not in gear.

Normal Driving Position

2. Carry out the POM routine to get the car ready to move off safely: Prepare Clutch Down Palming technique 1st gear Set the gas (to hear the engine tone) Clutch up very slowly Observe Six point check (blind spot to blind spot) Move or Manoeuvre Clutch up thickness of a pound coin Car starts to move off

* 3 Quantify Steering 4’- 2’- 3’

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P O M

* * Clutch Gear Gas Bite H/brake Observe Signal

When you get into your car run through your cockpit drill. Make sure all of your doors are shut. You are sitting comfortably and can reach the controls uninhibited and see the dashboard clearly. Put your seat belt on and ensure your mirrors are folded and out and set properly.

*

3. Look well down the road, your hands follow Turn the wheel five minutes to the right.

Take the car to about 1 metre from the kerb.

Steer the wheel ten minutes to the left When the car is straight.

Steer five minutes to the right.

Safety H/brake Check Neutral

4. Establish the normal driving position reference point between the windscreen and the kerb

Mirrors I n t er- C o u n t y

MSM

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Recap Cockpit Drill D S S S M

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Moving Off/Stopping

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Stopping What: When we stop we need to let others know we are doing. We also have to park the car in Safe – Legal – Convenient places

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SAFE – Away from bends, the brow of a hill, and at least 10 metres from a junction regardless of which side of the road it is.

LEGAL – Consider parking restrictions for parking bays, such as permit holders, suspensions, any time restrictions and use of the correct payment metre.

CONVENIENT – You should not block a driveway when you stop or park. Also refuse trucks go down just about every road in the country every week.

Consider parked vehicles on the opposite side of the road, ask, can a refuse truck get through there.

Parking Position Feet still H/brake Neutral Signal

Reference Point Clutch Progressive Braking

*

*

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*

Quantify Steering 2’- 4’- 3’

* * MSM

5 Safe Legal Convenient

Why: Because far too often people drive too close behind us and may crash into us. It is increasingly difficult to stop and park legally. Others drivers are also careless when reversing and manoeuvring.

How: Understand the rules, use the LADA routine before you stop and/or park your vehicle.

* L.A.D.A

5.

When stop or park your vehicle you must use a routine known as LADA, which is: Look – ahead to consider where to stop Assess – Safe, Legal, Convenient Decide – Where you should stop Act – Ms(m) PSL

6. Mirrors, Signal: Look into centre mirror – left mirror – then signal (if needed to advise other road users) 7. Position: Your hands follow your eyes.

Turn the wheel five minutes to the left.

Parking reference point line up to edge of kerb.

Steer the wheel ten minutes to the right.

When the car is straight.

Steer five minutes to the left.

8. Stop: Cover the clutch, cover the brake. Clutch down and brake gently until you stop. Then keep your feet still, pull handbrake up, gear to neutral, take signal off if applied. Relax

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Approaching Junctions

Approaching Junctions What: You need to first identify where the junction is.

Why: We need to identify where the junction is so we can get our MS(m) PSL routine right. 1.

Check mirrors and signals properly. 2. Get the speed of approach right. 3. Look ahead and into the road we are turning into. 4. Choose the appropriate gear.

How: Use the LADA routine when you approach the junction.

1.

Look – find where the junction is, look for :            

Gaps in the buildings Gaps in the pavement Gaps in a row of cars Hazard lines get longer, gaps get shorter Hatch markings in the centre of road Traffic lights at the junction Trees, lamp posts in the new road Give way lines across the road Street names Signs in the new road Yellow box junctions Cars emerging or turning in

2. Assess – How many car lengths the junction is away from you and if there are any junctions or turnings before it.

3. Decide - When to start the MS(m)PSL routine, specifically the timing of checking the mirrors and completing the progressive braking.

4. Act – begin the MS(m)PSL routine Note: There are two fundamental differences with the routine when turning left and right. When turning right you will 1. Start checking the mirrors slightly (1 -2 car lengths) earlier because 2. You move close to the centre line as this is also a signal.

You check your mirrors in pairs and you must signal in the direction you intend to turn. Leave the gear change until you can see into the road. © KISS Driving 2015 | Revision 1

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Approaching Junctions

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

MS(m)PSL – Turning Left What: You need to go through the MS(m)PSL routine as you approach the junction.

L.A.D.A 6 to 8 car lengths

Why: 1. You must check your mirrors to be sure it is safe to do the manoeuvre. 2. Then you must tell other road users where you are going. 3.

The car has to be under control before getting to the turning point. 4. You can then decide which gear is needed and steer accurately. 5.

Finally, make sure you can react safely to the actions of others.

How: Mirrors - Check them in pairs starting with the centre mirror then the left mirror.

* Signal - Signal left straight away after checking the mirrors

* Position - Maintain your normal driving position (about 1 metre from the kerb)

*

Speed - Slow the car using progressive braking.

1. Press the brake gently 2. Progressively increase the pressure 3. Reduce the speed to below 10 mph 4. 10 mph 1 -2 car lengths b4 turning 5. Ease off as you approach junction

* *

LADA - Look into the junction to see what is there and check if it is safe to proceed. Only then select the gear you need to ensure: 1. You have the car under control and 2. You make progress as early as possible

(G)

Turn Left

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Note: Never put your car where your eyes haven’t been first (in this case about 30 metres into the road and don’t assume others will be driving to the same standard you do because they invariably approach too quickly and are on the wrong side of the road. What’s more they often don’t look properly before emerging.

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Approaching Junctions

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

MS(m)PSL – Turning Right What: You need to go through the MS(m)PSL routine as you approach the junction.

8 to10 car lengths

Why: 1. You must check your mirrors to be sure it is safe to do the manoeuvre. 2. Then you must tell other road users where you are going. 3.

The car has to be under control before getting to the turning point. 4. You can then decide which gear is needed and steer accurately. 5.

Finally, make sure you can react safely to the actions of others.

How: Mirrors - Check them in pairs starting with the centre mirror then the left mirror.

*

Signal - Signal left after checking the mirrors

*

Position - Close too but don’t cross the centre line (line up hazard lines 10 cm from right pillar)

* Speed - Slow the car down using progressive braking.

1. Press the brake gently 2. Progressively increase the pressure 3. Reduce the speed to below 10 mph 4. 10 mph 1 -2 car lengths b4 turning 5. Ease off as you approach junction

* * * *

(G)

LADA - Look into the junction to see what is there and to check if it is safe to proceed. Only then can you select the gear you need to ensure: 1. You have the car under control and 2. You make progress as early as possible

*

Slow, Swerve, Stop - You must not impede the progress of an oncoming vehicle. These are known as the three SSS’s.

Turn Right

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Hatch Markings - Ask two questions as you approach to ensure you don’t impede other drivers progress 1. Is it necessary to use them 2. Is it safe to use them

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Approaching Junctions

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Note: Never put your car where your eyes haven’t been first (in this case about 30 metres into the road and don’t assume others will be driving to the same standard you do because they invariably approach too quickly and are on the wrong side of the road. What’s more they often don’t look properly before emerging.

No Gaps - The roads around Britain are becoming more and more congested which leads to many of them being parked in streets.

When they are parked on both sides of the road this makes the street quite narrow. Often there is only enough room for one car to go up and down the road.

Too many drivers approach junctions from the major road and commit themselves into the gap without first looking down the road. Whilst it is not technically illegal to reverse from a minor into a major road it is considered potentially dangerous.

Clearance & Speed

No gaps

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3

So, always get yourself into a position you can see it is clear before committing your car into the gap. This is why we must always have our car under control before beginning the manoeuvre. Imagine a vehicle following close behind you with no margin for error. This is often why one vehicle runs into the rear of another!

Pedestrians - Be prepared to give way to them if they want to cross. Make eye contact and specifically when turning right, check over your right shoulder to see if anyone wants to cross.

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3

3 3

3 3

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Emerging at T Junctions

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Emerging at T Junctions What: You need to first identify where the junction is.

GIVE

Why: We need to identify where the junction is so we can get our MS(m) PSL routine right. 1. Check mirrors and signals properly. 2. Get the speed of approach right. 3. Look ahead and into the road we are emerging into. 4. Choose the appropriate gear.

How: Use the LADA routine as you approach the junction.

WAY

1.

Traffic Lights

STOP Stop unless unsafe

GO

Anticipate the possible dangers

Anticipate change

Filter Lights Go in the direction of the arrow if the way is clear.

Look – find out where the junction is, look for :          

Hazard lines in the middle of the road Give Way signs (max 20% have them) Stop Signs (very few around) Buildings/grass on other side of major road Vehicles going past on major road Cars emerging or turning in Traffic lights at the junction Trees, lamp posts in the new road Give way lines across the road Yellow box junctions

2. Assess – How many car lengths the junction is away from you and if there are any junctions or turnings before it.

3. Decide - When to start the MS(m)PSL routine, specifically the timing of checking the mirrors and completing the progressive braking.

4. Act – begin the MS(m)PSL routine

Uncontrolled

These are T junctions without any signs or road markings. When you approach these make sure you are on the correct side of the road and use the kerb line or joins in the tarmac as your guide for where to pause or stop

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Note: There are two fundamental differences with the routine when turning left and right. When turning right you will 1. Start checking the mirrors slightly (1 -2 car lengths) earlier because 2. You move close to the centre line as this is also a signal.

You check your mirrors in pairs and you must signal in the direction you intend to turn. Leave the gear change until you have slowed the car to under 10 mph 1 -2 car lengths from the junction.

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Emerging at T Junctions

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

MS(m)PSL – Emerging Left What: You need to go through the MS(m)PSL routine as you approach the junction.

L.A.D.A 6 to 8 car lengths

M

* *

S

Position Maintain your normal driving position (about 1 metre from the kerb)

*

(M)P

Signal Signal left straight away after checking the mirrors

*

S

How: Mirrors Check them in pairs starting with the centre mirror then the left mirror.

*

Turn Left

Why: 1. You must check your mirrors to be sure it is safe to do the manoeuvre. 2. Then you must tell other road users where you are going. 3. The car has to be close to the centre line on approach as a signal to others.4. The vehicle has to be under control before getting to the junction. 5. Select 1st gear, keep the wheel straight. 6. Mmake sure you can react safely to the actions of others.

(G)

Speed Slow the car down using progressive braking.

1. Press the brake gently 2. Progressively increase the pressure 3. Reduce the speed to below 10 mph 4. 10 mph 1 -2 car lengths b4 turning 5. Ease off as you approach junction Select 1st gear as 95% of T junctions will be classified as closed junctions.

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Open/closed junctions

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LADA Look into the new road left, right, left again as a minimum. Bear in mind 95% of T junctions in this country are classified as closed junctions.

Something (buildings, walls, fences, vehicles, people) is blocking our view in one or both directions. It is vital that we check if it is safe in both directions before we proceed.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Emerging at T Junctions

By following this routine you ensure: 1. You have the car under control and 2. You make progress as early as possible Note: Never put your car where your eyes haven’t been first (in this case far into the new road in both directions as vehicles will be travelling at speed).

Don’t assume others will drive to the same standard you do. They invariably drive too fast, cut corners and don’t look into the junction.

Slow, Swerve or Stop Slow, Swerve or Stop What: When you merge you must not cause another road user to do one of the three S’s.

Why: The highway code tells us we must give way when emerging therefore we should not impede another road users progress.

How: In the early stage of learning use the same judgment you would use to walk across the road. If you are turning left you imagine you are walking from the far side of the road.

Turning Point What: Our roads have sharp and sweeping corners when emerging left. You should not mount the kerb (sharp) or be wide (sweeping).

Turning Point Why: You could damage your tyres on a sharp corner.

You may mislead people into thinking you are turning right on a sweeping corner.

How: With a sharp corner, keep the wheel straight until you can line up the door mirror with the kerb in the new road. This way the back wheel will go round the kerb not over it, even in a narrow road.

To do this you need to be travelling at @2mph, the same as when you do one of the manoeuvres.

How: With a sweeping corner, keep the edge of the kerb in the bottom left corner of the windscreen. Your hands will follow your eyes and the nearside back wheel will be about 1 metre from the kerb.

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Emerging at T Junctions

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

MS(m)PSL – Emerging Right What: You need to go through the MS(m)PSL routine as you approach the junction.

L.A.D.A 8 to 10 car lengths

M

Turn Right

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S

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(G)

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S

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(M)P

L

Why: 1. You must check your mirrors to be sure it is safe to do the manoeuvre. 2. Then you must tell other road users where you are going. 3. The car has to be close to the centre line on approach as a signal to others.4. The vehicle has to be under control before getting to the junction. 5. Select 1st gear, keep the wheel straight. 6. Mmake sure you can react safely to the actions of others.

How: Mirrors Check them in pairs starting with the centre mirror then the left mirror.

Signal Signal left straight away after checking the mirrors Position Maintain your normal driving position (about 1 metre from the kerb) Speed Slow the car down using progressive braking.

1. Press the brake gently 2. Progressively increase the pressure 3. Reduce the speed to below 10 mph 4. 10 mph 1 -2 car lengths b4 turning 5. Ease off as you approach junction LADA Look into the junction to see what is there and to check if it is safe to proceed. Only then can you select the gear you need to ensure: 1. You have the car under control and 2. You make progress as early as possible

Lane Discipline Look for the hazard lines at around 10 cm from the bottom right corner of the windscreen. Now you can be sure you are on your side of the road on approach to the T junction.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Emerging at T Junctions

Stopping at the line Look just under the right door mirror. When you see the dotted line across the road stop. The front of the car is now just behind the line

Turning Point Look just under the right door mirror for when the hazard lines in the middle of the road appear. Start turning now as the front of the car is just about to go over it.

Peep and Creep You may find someone has blocking your view (a bus, or skip perhaps). In this case you need to lean forwards, creep out slowly (1 mph) and use the reflection off vehicles shops etc to help. Only when you are certain it is safe to do so should you bring your clutch up further and progress.

Note: Never put your car where your eyes haven’t been first (in this case about 30 metres into the road and don’t assume others will be driving to the same standard you do because they invariably approach too quickly and are on the wrong side of the road.

What’s more they often don’t look properly before emerging.

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Pedestrians Be prepared to give way to them if they want to cross. Make eye contact and specifically when turning right, check over your right shoulder to see if anyone wants to cross.

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Crossroads

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Emerging at Crossroads What: You need to first identify where the junction is.

GIVE

Why: We need to identify where the junction is so we can get our MS(m) PSL routine right. 1.

Check mirrors and signals properly. 2. Get the speed of approach right. 3. Look ahead and into the road we are emerging into. 4. Choose the appropriate gear.

WAY

How: Use the LADA routine as you approach the junction.

1.

Traffic Lights

STOP Stop unless unsafe

GO

Anticipate the possible dangers

Anticipate change

Filter Lights Go in the direction of the arrow if the way is clear.

Look – find out where the junction is, look for :         

Hazard lines in the middle of the road Give Way signs (max 20% have them) Stop Signs (very few around) Vehicles going past on major road Cars emerging or turning in Traffic lights at the junction Trees, lamp posts in the new road Give way lines across the road Yellow box junctions

2. Assess – How many car lengths the junction is away from you and if there are any junctions or turnings before it.

3. Decide - When to start the MS(m)PSL routine, specifically the timing of checking the mirrors and completing the progressive braking.

4. Act – begin the MS(m)PSL routine

Uncontrolled

These are junctions without any signs, road markings or where the lights have failed. When you approach these make sure you do so with caution.

Nobody has priority. Use the kerb line or joins in the tarmac as your guide for pausing or stopping.

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Note: There are only two differences with the routine.. When turning right you 1. Check the mirrors slightly (1 -2 car lengths) earlier because 2. You move close to the centre line as a signal.

You check your mirrors in pairs and you must signal in the direction you intend to go. Leave the gear change until you have slowed the car to under 10 mph 1 -2 car lengths from the junction.

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Crossroads

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

MS(m)PSL – Minor across Major What: You need to use the MS(m)PSL routine as you approach the junction.

Why: 1. Check your mirrors to be sure it is safe to do the manoeuvre. 2. Then tell others where you are going. 3. The car has to be close to the kerb as a signal to others and to ensure you use the left lane. 4. The vehicle has to be under control before getting to the junction. 5. Select 1st gear. 6. React safely to the actions of others.

How: Mirrors Check all three, centre mirror first.

Signal Use your brake lights to signal slowing down

(G)

Position Maintain normal driving position, approach in the left lane unless road markings or traffic conditions dictate otherwise)

30

Speed Slow the car down using progressive braking.

1. Press the brake gently 2. Progressively increase the pressure 3. Reduce the speed to below 10 mph 4. 10 mph 1 -2 car lengths b4 turning 5. Ease off as you approach junction Select 1st gear as 95% of Emerging at Crossroads will be classified as closed junctions.

LADA Look left, ahead, right, ahead and left again and continue this until it is safe to go. Remember when emerging 95% of crossroads are closed.

Minor crossing major – The road ahead can often appear as though it is part of the same road. It is very easy to approach too fast, worse still, you could try to drive straight across.

Speed bumps make it doubly difficult as the council use hazard lines to highlight these as well which is why you need to be especially aware of all the ways in which you can identify a junction.

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Crossroads

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Lane Discipline – Minor crossing Minor What: When approaching crossroads where there are two or more lanes, you normally approach in the left lane.

Why: Road signs or markings may dictate which lane you should be in to make progress. You must also take account of what is beyond the junction (parked vehicles, road works etc). If you are in the right lane some -one will overtake on the left. That could be your fault depending on the circumstances. If you are in the right lane crossing move to the left as soon as possible.

How: Look well ahead on approach for vertical signs or road markings which dictate lane discipline. Also, look well beyond the junction for any parked vehicles or road works etc.

Turning Right

Turning Right

What: You should: 1. Be in the right lane or left lane of two turning right. 2. Consider if you cross offside or nearside. 3. Know the car rule. 4. Watch for yellow box junction

Why: In the right lane you won’t impede others progress going ahead. It is safer to go offside to offside. Road markings, large vehicles, staggered junctions and others force us to pass nearside.

How: Look well ahead at the junction to see if anyone is crossing your path. Also look to determine which way to cross if someone else is crossing from the other direction.

* *

Exit

Exit

Offside to offside allows us to see ahead for oncoming traffic and into the road you are turning into. Nearside allows you to see clearly into the road you are entering but restricts your view of oncoming traffic, so be careful.

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Only two cars should wait in the middle in both directions, the third car should wait behind the stop or give way line.

Box Junctions Do not enter unless your exit is clear except when turning right and oncoming traffic prevents you from turning.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Crossroads

Crossroads – Major crossing Minor What: You must 1. Identify a crossroads, 2. Use the LADA routine on approach and 3. Anticipate what could happen..

Why: 1. You must check your mirrors to be sure it is safe to do the manoeuvre. 2. Then you must tell other road users where you are going. 3.

The car has to be close to the centre line on approach as a signal to others.4. The vehicle has to be under control before getting to the junction. 5. Select 1st gear, keep the wheel straight. 6. Make sure you can react safely to the actions of others.

How: Once you have identified a crossroads, check centre mirror, ease of the gas to slow the car by 1 – 2 mph to approach defensively.

Look Can you see into the junctions right and left. Is your view blocked by buildings, fences other obstructions.

Decide Is anyone waiting to emerge or could someone appear and shoot out in front of you.

Act Only proceed if you think it is safe to do so.

When you do just press gently on the gas to start making progress at the appropriate speed.

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Note: Never put your car where your eyes haven’t been first (in this case about 30 metres into the road and don’t assume others will be driving to the same standard you do because they invariably approach too quickly and are on the wrong side of the road. What’s more they often don’t look properly before emerging.

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Speed of approach This will vary according to how far into the junctions you can see and how busy the junction ahead is. Imagine two football fields either side.

Why slow down at all if visibility is good.ress the brake gently 1. Progressively increase the pressure 2. Reduce the speed to below 10 mph 3. 10 mph 1 -2 car lengths b4 turning 4. Ease off as you approach junction Pedestrians Be prepared to give way to them if they want to cross. Make eye contact and specifically when turning right, check over your right shoulder to see if anyone wants to cross.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Roundabouts

Identifying Roundabouts What: First you have to identify there is a roundabout ahead then judge how far away it is.

Why: The purpose of roundabouts is to keep the traffic flowing rather than pausing or stopping as we have to at junctions.

How: Use the LADA routine as you approach first by looking for the warning triangle. This tells you there is a roundabout ahead but it doesn’t tell you how far it is away.

You may also see the round blue sign with three arrows showing the way round the central markings. This sign is used for mini roundabouts and is at the roundabout. It is an order so, you must make every effort to go round the circle.

Finally, look for other ‘direction’ arrows and the black and white chevrons often used at roundabouts on faster roads. These are meant to indicate the sharp deviation to the left at speed.

What: Also, look for road signs that should show you how many exit there are and where they take you.

Why: You need to get from A to B safely and to do this you must be able to read road signs which tell you how to get to there.

How: Look on the left and the right side of the road as you are driving to identify where the signs are. As you get closer, check the sign at least twice if not more. Count how many exits there are then look to see where they take you.

Note: Instructions will be given from 50 to 100 metres away and tell you where you end up going. As you get close to the roundabout the road often sweeps to the left. This means the road ahead now looks like it is a right turn.

These instructions may vary such as ‘take the third exit’. Most people assume this will be a right turn. Look again at the instruction, the word right is not there. So, you are going ahead and you must not signal right.

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Beware: Not all of the exits are clearly shown. A road into a housing estate may just be a short stubby line. Near motorways and dual carriage ways the sign will show an exit and the next line is simply the entry point onto the roundabout.

The basic rules that apply to lane discipline on approach are: Approach in the left lane if you are turning left or going straight ahead. Right lane or the left lane of two lanes turning right.

The exceptions to this are when road signs or road markings state otherwise (often the case).

Arrows can be difficult to see when the road is wet, they are worn or close to the roundabout.

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Roundabouts

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

MS(m)PSL on Approach What: You must approach in the correct lane at the correct speed and with the aim of making just one gear change.

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How: The MS(m)PSL routine is exactly the same as for T junctions and Crossroads (going ahead).

The most important part of the routine is getting the speed of approach right. To do this you must look to the right early, scan ahead and left even before you start the MS(m)PSL routine.

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Why: You must approach using the MS(m)PSL routine and position correctly for the direction you intend to take.

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* * *

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You may see clearly or there may be houses or other things such as trees. Whatever you can or can’t see your brain should adjust the speed of approach appropriately. If you then leave your gear change until one car length from the roundabout, you will select the correct gear.

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The gear you choose is the gear you need to make progress once you leave the roundabout.

Manoeuvring round Roundabouts What: You must have good lane discipline as you manoeuvre round roundabouts.

In some circumstances you may get away with ‘straight lining’ a roundabout when going ahead as long as you check your mirrors first to make sure you are not impeding others progress.

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Why: Your position on the roundabouts should tell other road users where you going.

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5

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How: Stay in the left lane to go left and ahead unless signs or road markings tell you otherwise.

If you are turning right hug the roundabout or if there are two lanes turning right, use the left of the two lanes. Check your mirrors and signal as you pass the last exit before the one you are taking (not necessary on mini roundabouts).

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Unfortunately many motorists do not appear to understand the rules. They often ‘straight line’ them. Your positioning may confuse them and they may think you are turning left. This is simply because you are not doing what everyone else does, so be aware of what’s around you.

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Roundabouts

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Exiting Roundabouts What: Where there are two or more exits you should try to exit in the left lane. If you can’t (e.g. road markings make you exit in the right lane) move over as soon as its safe.

11a

* * *

Why: With up to as many as 95% of motorists prepared to speed you must try to make them overtake you on the right. If they overtake on your left this could be seen as your fault.

How: As you come round to the last exit before the one you want, check your centre and left mirror. As long as it is clear to do so, move gently over towards the left exit lane.

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*

* *

Traffic or road signs do force you to leave in the right lane sometimes. In this case, keep look to see where any hatch markings end, check your mirrors, signal left, move over when its safe.

Google Maps What: Roundabouts can be very confusing when you are learning to drive. You will be expected to go round them on test and you must navigate them safely.

Why: Road signs or markings are often not clear, may have faded or simply only provide you with a road number. So, you approach intending to head towards London then half way round it just says A3 on the road.

How: First, look at the roundabout from above on Google Earth to check where to position if you come from each direction, manoeuvre round and exit. Second, go round at 20 mph and let the traffic ahead of you get away from you.

This will give you time to read road markings and arrows on the road.

Spiral roundabouts are great once you get into the lane you need to exit. Unfortunately unless you know which lane to get into you can often only get 2 or 3 car lengths to read the road marking in the lane to the right.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Roundabouts If you are turning right at this roundabout the rules of signalling don’t work. Partly because the last exit before your exit is very close. Second, you approach in the right lane and as you come round it opens to four lanes. You cannot keep signalling right and move to the left as this will confuse other road users.

In some cases they are unique like the one below, only found in Swindon. This will take a lot of practice to ensure you enter and exit safely

Mini Roundabouts What: You must make every effort to go round mini roundabouts.

Why: It’s the Law, The Highway Code states you must go round the central markings on a roundabout. The blue sign is an order, you must go in the direction of the arrows.

How: In some cases you may need to slow the car to 5mph to manoeuvre round it. Be aware the majority of drivers go over the central marking especially when turning right.

If you try to use a car from the left to block a vehicle from the right you may well impede the vehicle from the right as they don’t go round. So, make sure there are two vehicles coming from the left turning right, you then have time to go.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Pedestrian Crossings

Pedestrian Crossings What: There are different types of crossings and you need to be able to recognise some of their features as you approach.

Why: You should be able to identify the type of crossing you are approaching. This will help you to understand the way in which you approach it.

ZEBRA

How: Look at the different types which are:

TRAFFIC LIGHTS

     What: You must first of all identify you are approaching a pedestrian crossing.

Zebra (island refuge is two crossings) Pelican (flashing amber) Puffin (infra red sensors aim at pedestrians) Toucan (pedestrians and cyclists) Equestrian (second yellow box for rider)

Why: You have to give way to pedestrians wanting to use the crossing. As you approach you must scan the area around the crossings to see if there are any pedestrians walking toward the crossing. You also need to consider where they could appear from to reach the crossing (shops etc) before you do.

Consider how quickly a person could sprint out of a shop or side road and get onto the crossing!!

How: Zebra Crossings: Look well ahead to see the orange beacons and black and white poles. Look for an island refuge as this makes it two crossings Pelican, Puffin, Toucan Crossings: Look for traffic lights and the yellow box the pedestrian presses to change the lights to red and get the traffic to stop.

Look – you may also be able to see :     

What: Once you have identified a crossing you need to approach with caution.

Warning triangle for a crossing ahead Zig - Zag lines (not always at Puffins) Black and White stripes across the road Vehicles slowing/stopping ahead Pedestrians body language

Why: As you assess what’s happening around the crossing you must be prepared to give way.

How: Ease off the gas slightly (a pound coin) from positive to defensive (28mph from 30mph) until you are certain it is safe to proceed. With a Pelican crossing in busy areas stay off the gas until 1 -2 car lengths, then go back on the gas if it is clear.

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Pedestrian Crossings

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

MS(m)PSL – when giving way What: You need to go through the MS(m)PSL routine when giving way to pedestrians.

Uncontrolled : ZEBRA Elderly/Young Teenagers on phones

st Re

Beacons

r ic

n tio

s

Awareness Anticipation

Overtake

Park Stop

L.A.D.A

How: Mirrors Check the rear view mirror to see how close the vehicles behind are.

Signal Use your brake lights as a signal to anyone behind to tell them you are slowing down.

Position Handbrake MSM when giving way

Uncontrolled : ZEBRA - Central refuge

Position Maintain your normal driving position in the middle of the lane and between the zig zag lines.

Island Refuge Two Crossings

Do not: Wave across Intimidate

Why: 1. You must check your mirrors to be sure it is safe to slow down. 2. Tell other road users what you are doing (brake lights). 3. Finally, be sure you can react safely to the actions of others.

Speed Slow the car down using progressive braking.

1. Press the brake gently 2. Progressively increase the pressure 3. Reduce the speed to below 10 mph 4. 10 mph 1 -2 car lengths b4 turning 5. Ease off as you approach junction

Move only when clear

Controlled: PELICAN Overtake

R

tio ric es t

One Crossing

ns

Park Stop

Stop Line

Staggered: Two crossings

Controlled: PUFFIN & TOUCAN Puffin has Pedestrian Sensors

At Councils Discretion

STOP

Stop Line

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Look Look at pedestrians on and around the crossing.

Before moving off in a busy (shopping/school) area check chin to shoulder to see if anyone is coming.

Don’t: 1. Stop or park on the zig zag lines.

2. Overtake the lead vehicle that is approaching the crossing.

3. Overtake the led vehicle that is stationery AND waiting for a pedestrian to cross.

4. Stop beyond STOP line.

5. Intimidate pedestrians whilst they are on the crossing.

6. Move off before the pedestrians are off the crossing.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Anticipation

Identifying Hazards What: You must be able to recognise the different types of hazards you will come across whilst driving around.

Why: To drive safely you have to recognise the different hazards early and respond to them appropriately, (centre mirror, ease off the gas).

Static hazards are those that are always there. Some WILL require you to change speed and or direction (roundabouts, traffic calming measures, road works, pedestrian crossings, junctions etc).

How: Look well ahead and look out for:  Static hazards  Potential hazards  Developing hazards

Potential hazards are those which MAY make you change speed and/or direction (vehicles, bikes, pedestrians).

Look at road signs and markings for information of what is ahead or round the bend. Triangle signs warn you of potential hazards. If there are two on a post then the top one should be first.

Developing hazards are those which WILL make you change speed and/or direction. (vehicles, bikes, pedestrians moving across your path). People are often creatures of habit i.e. they act without thinking first.

As you drive down the road keep asking yourself ‘What If’ this or that happened. It should be relatively easy to deal with hazards you can see.

‘What if’ an invisible child runs out between cars or a driver emerges quickly without looking.

What: When driving you will need to have good vehicle separation so you can see well down the road (1 metre per mph).

Why: You need to identify potential hazards as early as possible to enable you to control what is happening around you.

How: Understand how to identify limit points.

This is the furthest point to which you can see where the road ahead is going. This may be buildings, trees, lamp posts or over fences. Often this is to the left or right, not straight ahead.

When using the limit points you will see the road ahead invariably keeps moving. Now use the gas pedal to control your speed and eliminate much of the braking others have to do. If the road ahead doesn’t keep moving this is because you are approaching a sharp bend.

A lot of motorists don’t understand their average speed around town is usually just 9 – 13 mph.

Reading the limit points will enable you to reduce your fuel consumption by at least 15% compared to the average motorist. You will also reduce brake wear resulting in lower servicing costs!!

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Anticipation

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Other Road Users What: You must be able to identify and respond to what other road users are doing on the roads (pedestrians, drivers and cyclists).

Why: You need to identify as early as possible these potential hazards so you can track their development several times. You will then know how to respond to them appropriately.

How: Look for signs of people in their cars about to move off or exit such as :  Exhaust fumes in winter  Side/headlights on  Indicators come on  Brake lights on (buses, automatics)  Wheels turned out before moving off  Heads moving about in the car  Wiper blades on  Walking across and getting into a car

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Esta blish how to judge clearance

L.A.D.A Establish how to judge clearance

L.A.D.A

L.A.D.A Establish how to judge clea rance

Look to see where pedestrians can appear from quickly such as:  From behind walls/buildings/cars  Shops  Cars (look over, under round, through)  Buses (in front or behind)  Driveways Watch for cyclists weaving in and out of parked cars or coming off pavements. Be aware they could move left or right because of:  Manhole covers being wet/slippery  Potholes in the road causing damage  Weather conditions affecting stability

LADA: Look – Assess – Decide – Act You use this process continuously in life as well as when you are driving. When you focus on something, that spot of information goes to a spot on the lens at the back of your eye.

The other road users you need to consider are animals. Horses use the roads for a variety of reasons (police, ceremonial, pleasure, training etc). Livestock (cows, sheep etc) move around farmland and cross roads.

Now look around you and look at the world as a series of joined up dots. Now you need to look at 1340 spots of information around you every minute to drive skilfully. In doing so you will see potential hazards several times making it easier to judge what they are doing.

A skilled driver knows how slow to drive, to how fast. You should always be at the right place at the right speed and in the right gear.. If you see a potential hazard, check centre mirror, ease off gas slightly, 2mph. This changes your approach from a positive to defensive driving, one which enables you to slow and stop more easily.

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Meeting traffic

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Single Obstruction What: You must identify your options when approaching a single hazard parked on your side of the road.

Shaving Adequate

5 Clearance

1

Do not Impede

MSM

4

Why: To give you time to assess the speed of any oncoming traffic and determine what to do as you approach.

How: See if there are any vehicles approaching, if so look at the width of the road. You need to choose one of the following options :  Is the road wide enough for you to slow down and pass the hazard as the oncoming vehicle passes  Slow to allow the oncoming vehicle to come through  Stop 1 -2 car lengths from the hazard and allow the oncoming vehicle to come through

Gaps between parked cars What: You are driving down a road that has parked cars on both sides of the road. You need to identify where the gaps are on either side of the road.

Why: When another vehicle approaches from ahead you need to consider if you should move into a gap on the left or the oncoming vehicle moves into a gap on their left.

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Never assume priority (NAP) however you must judge correctly what to do and wherever possible make progress. If you have to stop try not to impede others progress unnecessarily by considering where the parked cars to your right.

Gap

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Gap

How: As you drive down a road assess where the gaps are. As a vehicle approaches from ahead, if they flash their lights don’t ignore that, judge the vehicles speed and positioning. You may also be able to make eye contact. The combination of all these will help you judge what to do.

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Meeting traffic

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

No Gaps

Clearance & Speed

What: You are going to drive into and along roads with cars parked solidly on both sides of the road. There may be barely enough room for oncoming vehicles to pass you.

Why: You need to identify this situation before you enter the road. You also need to recognise what options you have before another vehicle approaches in the opposite direction.

How: Look into the road you plan to enter and only proceed once you have seen 30 metres into the road. Once you are in the road look from side to side for the widest gaps. If necessary be prepared to stop and possibly turn your door mirror in to let the other vehicle pass.

Occasionally, vehicles approache too fast as they only see the gap next to you. To make them slow down and acknowledge you are there steer right to take the gap away as long as you have time.

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Whilst it is not illegal to reverse from a minor road into a major one, it is considered potentially dangerous because of the very limited visibility.

Insurance companies spend an average of ÂŁ410 million every year repairing vehicles due to reversing incidents.

2

Adequate Clearance

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Parked Vehicles What: You must give adequate clearance to parked vehicles on the left as you pass.

Passing stationary vehicles allow at least the width of a car door

Establish how clearance is judged

Shaving

Hold Back Position

What: You must give adequate clearance to the vehicle in front in slow moving traffic.

When stopping behind a stationary vehicle ensure you can see tyres and tarmac.

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How: As You approach Look for signs of people in their cars about to move off or exit such as :  Exhaust fumes in winter  Side/headlights on  Indicators come on  Brake lights on (buses, automatics)  Wheels turned out before moving off  Heads moving about in the car  Wiper blades on  Walking across and getting into a car Make sure you are about a doors width from the vehicle you are passing. If you can’t you should either pass at an appropriate speed or hold back. When you move off try to maintain at least 30 cm gap so as not to shave.

Remember: ‘Where there’s a van there’s a man’ and ‘where there’s a bus there’s a fuss’.

Slow moving traffic

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Why: As you approach you will not be able to see into the vehicle(s) to check if anyone is sat in the driver’s seat. You will therefore not be able to judge whether the vehicle is about to move off or if the door could suddenly open.

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Why: You may need to react to a number of situations that can occur at any time, such as:  The vehicle in front may roll back  The vehicle in front may break down  The vehicle behind may crash into you  An emergency vehicle may come from behind you How: You should be able to at least see the tyres and some of the tarmac behind them on the vehicle in front.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Adequate Clearance

Separation Distance What: You must make sure you maintain a safe distance from the vehicle ahead at all speeds up to the national speed limit.

Why: You must be able to read the road ahead so you can react to potential hazards well before they become developing hazards.

How: Look at the vehicle ahead and measure your separation distance in car lengths as follows:  1 metre for every mph  20mph would be 20 metres (5 cars)  30mph would be 30 metres (7.5 cars)  50mph would be 40 metres (10 cars)  70mph would be 70 metres (17.5 cars) * average car is 4 meters (The Highway Code)

Cyclists What: You must give adequate clearance to cyclists as you pass them.

Give cyclists plenty of room when overtaking. Ideally 2 metres

Why: Cyclists are vulnerable as they weave in and out of parked cars or come off pavements.

Be aware they move left or right because of:  Manhole covers being wet/slippery  Potholes in the road causing damage  Weather conditions affecting stability How: Look for them early and try to give them plenty of room (2 metres). If you can’t, you will need to make progress so pass with a metre clearance and at an appropriate speed. If you can’t give a metre then hold back until you can.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Overtaking

Is it Legal ?

What: You must be able to recognise when it is legal to overtake in all road conditions in order to make progress.

Why: You are not allowed to break the law in order to make progress. It is only possible to overtake generally when the vehicle in front is travelling at least 10 mph below the speed limit.

How: Look for any road markings and signs, plus you must be aware of the speed limits, making it illegal to overtake. You can legally overtake as long as you obey the following rules:  Don’t break speed limits  Don’t cross solid white lines on your side of the road unless passing a maintenance vehicle travelling at under 10mph  Don’t overtake where there is a sign that says ‘no overtaking’

Is it Necessary?

What: You must recognise if it is necessary to overtake in order to make progress. It’s necessary to think about overtaking if the vehicle in front is at least 10mph below the speed limit. If it is just 5mph below the speed limit then hold back.

Why: It is necessary to make progress wherever possible as driving too slowly can cause others to drive erratically to overtake you. You must be able to assess if it is legal to overtake. Also, you can only do it if it’s safe to do so.

How: You need to first of all find out why the vehicle in front is moving below the speed limit.

To do this you must use PSL:  Position to be able to see past the vehicle you are thinking of overtaking.  Your Speed should be at least the same or even greater than that of the vehicle in front.  You should Look for potential hazards ahead including obstructions the vehicle ahead may be about to pass.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Overtaking

Is it Safe ?

What: Having decided it’s both legal and also necessary to overtake. You must check if it’s safe to be able to progress.

Why: If the vehicle you are overtaking is 10mph below the speed limit it is not making progress.

With a 10mph difference of speed you are likely to cover about ½ mile to complete the move How: Look for static and potential hazards that make it unsafe to overtake such as:  The vehicle ahead may change direction ( passing a parked vehicle or turning)  Static Hazards (junctions, roundabouts, pedestrian crossings, bends and hills)  Other road users (vehicles emerging, approaching, pedestrians, cyclists)

How it’s done ?

What: Having decided it’s Legal, Necessary and Safe to overtake you need to use the MSM routine and then progress safely past the vehicle in front.

Why: When you are ready to overtake you must do it quickly without breaking the speed limit You must carry out the manoeuvre safely and this requires a structured MSM routine.

How: You may need a lower gear to enable the vehicle to accelerate. This will be dependent on the engine size relative to car size, number of passengers on board and the road (uphill).

As you overtake you must not move back to the left until you see the front of the vehicle you are overtaking in your centre mirror.

You should use the MSM routine:  Mirrors – Check your centre mirror followed by your right door mirror to be sure no-one is about to overtake you.  Signal – Indicate to let the vehicle ahead know and anyone else who will benefit that you are about to overtake.  Move – Add gas (If necessary) and steer to the right to give adequate clearance to the vehicle you are passing.

To move back check your centre mirror and left mirror. If it is a single carriageway there is no need to signal. On two lane/dual carriageways it is necessary to signal if there are vehicles in the overtaking lane behind you. You may need to signal early to inform others in the overtaking lane that you want to move back to the left lane.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Motorways/Dual Carriageways

Recognise the differences!

What: The most obvious difference when entering a motorway or dual carriageway is the colour of the signage. Another could be the entry point as dual carriageways often have short or no slip roads.

Why: The colour of the signs helps motorists to understand the differing rules that apply on each type of road. It should also help you think about the potential hazards you may encounter.

How: Look at the colour of the signs, Motorways have blue signs Dual Carriageways and A road signs are green.

Understand the difference!

What: It is important to understand how to drive on motorways and dual carriageways as they do differ considerably.

Why: Motorways generally have long slip roads when emerging onto and leaving them. These are often miles apart and on the left.

Motorways turn by up to 15 degrees at any point. Dual carriageways, because of their use, regularly pass through urban areas and as a result may have restricted visibility..

Dual carriageways will have lots of junctions and places (traffic light controlled or uncontrolled) to cross the path of oncoming traffic. You may also be able to cross both carriageways.

How: On motorways aim for steady progress at /around the speed limit by use of the gas pedal.

Steer to change lanes as necessary so others can join/leave the motorway and for overtaking.

On dual carriageways you must be more alert to others joining and leaving at places which may be clearly identified or controlled by traffic lights or may be little more than farm tracks.

Forward planning on roads such as these is done by continuous use of the LADA routine. Looking far ahead, bringing your eyes back to the car and checking behind. Continually Assessing the ever changing situation, making Decisions and Acting at the right time to make progress safely.

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Motorways/Dual Carriageways

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Emerging onto Motorways!

What: You must aim to join the motorway at or around the speed of the traffic which assuming it is travelling at the speed limit.

You must be aware of what other drivers on the slip road are doing and what those on the motorway already are doing, such as is anyone coming into the inside lane from the overtaking lanes.

Overtaking

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Why: You often can’t see the speed of the traffic on the motorway initially. You must therefore be able to merge with the traffic at the speed they are travelling at. If you are up to the speed limit you will then be able to reduce it a little if necessary and move into a gap safely.

How: Entering the slip road, look for the national speed limit signs. Assuming you are aware of what others are doing, accelerate as quickly as you can and delay the point at which you change gear, repeat the process until you reach 70 mph.

As you accelerate you need to do the MS(m) PSL routine, checking the right mirror several times.

Hug the solid white line on the left as long as you can, as you get closer to the motorway turn your head right so your chin reaches your shoulder.

At this point you should be able to judge if it is safe to emerge straight away or ease off the gas slightly to move out behind any vehicles. Do not look back over your shoulder at speed as this is dangerous and you will fail your driving test.

As you emerge onto the motorway you need to assess if you need to overtake. Lorries (LGV) and coaches (PSV) may be restricted to 55 mph and you must progress when it’s safe to do so.

Some motorways have five lanes and at the point you join you may find the slip road on the left comes into it’s own lane. In this case there will be no need to indicate but you will need to be aware of traffic moving in from the right.

Once on the motorway continue to use the inside lane whilst making progress unless you are overtaking slower moving vehicles.

It is an offence to ’lane hog’ which is to sit in one of the overtaking lanes when you are not in the process of overtaking. The penalty is a £100 fine.

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Motorways/Dual Carriageways

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Progressing on Motorways!

What: As you progress along a motorway you need to be alert to potential hazards that may affect your speed and positioning such as junctions which are numbered.

Why: In most cases when you approach an exit from a motorway there is an entry point. You are travelling at around 70 mph, the vehicles around you may be driving at the same or a higher speed. It is unlikely you will see vehicles approaching the motorway from the left until you are very close and they are doing 70 mph.

How: Approaching the exit, look in your mirrors to assess what is happening behind you and the options you have. Ask yourself if you could move into the lane on the right if it was necessary. You need to check several times as you get closer to the entry point where you then look to the left and assess what is happening.

If nothing is coming check your left door mirror as soon as possible. If need be, and it’s safe to do so, move to the next lane on the right.

Alternatively, judge the speed of traffic coming from the left and, if necessary, ease of the gas to allow others to emerge onto the motorway.

Progressing on motorways!

What: Motorways are used primarily to get from A to B quicker than you would using A roads. You need to plan your journey well for a number of reasons and recalculate as you progress along the way.

Why: Junctions and service areas are usually 15 to 25 miles apart and you are only permitted to stop on the hard shoulder if you have broken down. Your concentration will dip after a while and you need to stretch your legs and take on some refreshments, even if it’s just water.

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How: Make sure you have enough fuel for your journey or plan any stops well. Fuel at motorway services can be 10p a litre more expensive than at regular petrol stations. Keep an eye on your dashboard for any warning lights and make sure you understand how to react if they do come on.

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Listen for traffic updates on your radio which may alert you to problems ahead and consider if you can recalculate your route. If you have a sat nav in the car you can quickly change direction.

If possible think about the time you start your journey avoiding (if possible) peak hours.

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Motorways/Dual Carriageways

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Leaving Motorways!

What: As you get close to your destination you need to exit the motorway. This will be sign posted 1 mile and ½ mile before the exit and be numbered. You should then see the 300, 200, 100 yard markers.

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Ease off the gas (assuming you are at 70 mph) to use engine braking to slow the vehicle. Brake if it’s necessary (downhill) and as you approach the end of the slip road check for speed limit and/or direction signs.

There will normally be a junction or roundabout at the end of the slip road. Once you’ve emerged carry out regular checks of your speed as your perception of speed will have changed.

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How: The simplest way to be sure you get to where you are going, remember the number and track your progress towards it. If you have been there before you will be familiar with the layout.

If you are unfamiliar, progress towards the exit at normal speed until you reach the 300 yard marker. As you reach there, begin the MS(m)PSL routine telling others you aim to exit.

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Why: Because of the speed of the traffic you need plenty of advance warning of where the exits are to enable you to exit safely.

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Beware: Some exit and entry points can curve round by as much as 360 degrees and with these you need to modify your speed appropriately.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Motorways/Dual Carriageways

Emerging onto Dual Carriageways!

What: If you are emerging left you may not have much time and space to reach the speed of the traffic before being on the carriageway. You may also need to cross the first carriageway and wait in the central reservation to turn right.

Why: Some intersections may be controlled by traffic lights in which case you have plenty of time to emerge and reach the speed limit. Other junctions may emerge into fast flowing traffic (especially in peak hours).

How: Emerging onto motorways you should only need to look at what is happening ahead and to your right. Emerging onto dual carriageways, you need to look to the left to check the space you have to emerge and to the right to check for any approaching vehicles.

Although the speed limit may be lower, you may need to accelerate faster than when emerging onto motorways due to the limited space.

Leaving dual carriageways!

What: When leaving the dual carriageway it is essential you judge where your exit is. If the junction is not traffic light controlled you will need to judge the length (if any) of the slip road and manage your exit.

Why: Unlike motorways, dual carriageways have a large variety of exits, some are even potentially dangerous given the speed of traffic on them. As a result, each junction should be approached in a different way.

How: Use your skill at reading the limit points to judge your approach speed. Some may be straightforward as with motorways or they are simply controlled by traffic lights.

With other exits you need to be looking for any give way lines or roundabouts just after the exit.

Ask yourself can I reduce my speed as I exit or do I need to do it before.

Remember: It’s you exiting the carriageway, others may be travelling too close and too fast because they aren’t thinking about what you are doing or recognise the complexity of an exit they aren’t familiar with.

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If the turning is 90 degrees with no visibility you must slow vehicles behind you early to be sure they don’t crash into you when you turn.

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Turn in the road

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Safe, Legal, Convenient What: You must be able to recognise when you need to do this manoeuvre and where it is safe, legal and convenient to do it.

Why: You may sometimes find you are going the wrong way and need to turn around. You may also simply be in a road with only one exit. It is also very easy to get in the way of other vehicles and/or collide with obstacles.

How: If you are simply in a road called a ‘cul de sac’ or dead end’ there is only one way in/out. If you are just going the wrong way rather than doing it on a busy main road turn into a quiet road. Once there, consider if it is:  Safe – Well away from junctions, bends and hills  Legal – Not in a one way street  Convenient – Well away from other vehicles, (see and be seen). Consider where the street furniture is (trees, lamp posts etc)

POM, POM, POM What: You need to turn the car round to face the opposite direction using forward and reverse gears. It must be done under control, with effective observation using reasonably accuracy.

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How: First you must assess the site to determine if the road is flat/uphill/downhill. Then check to see if there is a camber which will affect the speed of the car as you are manoeuvring.

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Why: If you do things in a structured way then you will more likely develop the skill quickly.

Doing manoeuvres such as this one help develop excellent car control and observation.

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1. Prepare (first gear), Observe (six point check), Move slow (steer quick right) 2. Prepare, reverse (gear), Observe, (seven point check), Move back slowly. 3. Prepare (1st gear), Observe (six point check), Move slow (steer quick right).

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Turn in the road

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Control, Accuracy, Observation What: This manoeuvre, has to be done under control (use of pedals), reasonably accurately (hands), whilst using effective observation (eyes).

Biting point Contact

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Why: 1. Control – You must do this manoeuvre at no more than 2 mph to be sure you carry out the other two elements effectively. 2. Accuracy You must do this reasonably accurately so as not to impede or collide with objects or road users.

3. Observations - Carry out effective observation as you must not cause others to stop suddenly.

You may damage your vehicle if you don’t look where you are going. Your brain may also not know what to do with your hands if you don’t look back when reversing.

How: You need to ease and squeeze the clutch when you want to go forward or backward. If you need to use the brake then push the clutch fully down to the floor.

As you go forward, steer quickly and look under the door mirror to see where the kerb is. Going back look use the bottom of the offside B pillar.

Six point check, going forwards, up and down the road crossing, seven point check going back.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Reverse (parallel) Parking

Assessing the Site What: You must first assess the position you are going to park and be sure it is a suitable place to park.

CLUTCH CONTROL EFFECTIVE OBSERVATION REASONABLE ACCURACY

Why: The place you park your car should be safe, legal and convenient. You also have to consider how you are going to control the car whilst carrying out the manoeuvre.

How: Check to make sure you park your car:  Over 10 metres from a junction.  Well away from a bend  Away from the top of a hill Consider if the road is flat/uphill/downhill and if there is a camber on the road. Use either the clutch or the brake not both at the same time.

Positioning the car What: You will need to pull up alongside the car you want to park behind, ensuring you give it adequate clearance (1 metre).

Why: The other vehicle may move off as you pull up. It’s also impossible to see the front corners of your car so be sure you are not too close.

How: As you approach use your normal driving position reference point against the tyre where it meets the road. Your passenger could also open your passenger door.

Also, be sure you pull far enough forwards with the wheels straight so you can go straight back.

Line up the far end of the parked vehicle with the nearside B pillar.

Preparing to go backwards What: Prepare the car to reverse. Carry out effective observation and move (POM).

Why: You must complete the manoeuvre under control (pedals), reasonably accurately (hands) and with effective observation.

How: Select reverse gear, then put your hand on the handbrake, pull it up, push the button in and hold. Carry out a seven point check starting from your right shoulder, check your right mirror, ahead, centre mirror, left mirror, left blind spot, rear window. You are now ready to reverse.

You are now looking backwards and are ready to reverse in a straight line.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Reverse (parallel) Parking

First turning point What: Reverse back in a straight line until you can see the end of the vehicle you are reversing around.

Why: Do things one after another, so going back in a straight line will allow you to make sure your speed is correct (2 mph) before you get to your turning point.

How: Ease the clutch up to make sure you reverse at no more than 2 mph. You are looking to go back until you see the rear of the vehicle you are reversing around in the rear passenger window. Before you reach that point you should carry out an observational sweep around to be sure it is safe to steer left (front goes right)

Turning the wheel What: You need to reverse the car round to the left once the backs of the vehicles are lined up. Giving adequate clearance.

Why: You are reversing into a space no more than 2 car lengths (8 metres) without getting too close to the vehicle you are reversing around.

How: Turn the wheel one full turn (360 degrees) then put your thumbs on the top of the spokes so you don’t turn the wheel any further. Keep reversing until you can see the blind spot mirror line up with the edge of the kerb at about 8pm.

At this point turn the wheel full lock to the right (2.5 turns), the car will come round alongside the kerb (within a tyres width). Turn the wheel 1.5 turns to the right to straighten the wheels.

What: You need to make sure you can see the kerb line up with the side of the car.

Why: If any part of your car is protruding beyond the other cars it may be hit by another vehicle.

In extreme circumstances (50 centimetres) you can be prosecuted for not parking close enough to the kerb.

How: Try to leave your car within a tyres width of the kerb and reasonable parallel to it. Push your door mirrors in so they can’t be knocked off and leave your wheels straight.

Also, be sure to leave your vehicle roughly the same distance from both the vehicle in front and behind so you can get out again.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Bay Parking

Assessing the Site What: You must assess the bay are going to reverse into and the area round it. Consider if you are reversing on a flat surface or the bay is uphill or downhill.

Why: It is safer to reverse into a bay so, as you emerge, you can see easily to make sure it is safe. Cars may be parked badly in bays close to the one you intend to reverse into.

CLUTCH CONTROL

There may also be posts or other street furniture close by. You should also consider which pedal(s) you need to use when reversing into the bay.

EFFECTIVE OBSERVATION REASONABLE ACCURACY

How: As you approach the bays have a look to check if the road is flat or uphill/downhill. Also look at any vehicles parked in any bays next to the one you intend to reverse into.

Positioning the car What: You will generally pull up alongside the bays you intend to reverse into which will be either on the left or the right.

Why: Car parks often give you minimal space to drive around and park. The bays are often little wider than the car you are driving. This makes it essential you try to park in the middle of the bay.

How: Pull up alongside the bays to enable you to do a 90 degree turn. Stop about 2 metres from the edge of the bay to reverse around any vehicles only just in the bay before your bay.

If a vehicle in the bay before yours is further into the bay you can stop closer to the end but you must be at least 1 metre away.

Preparing to go backwards What: Prepare the car to reverse. Carry out effective observation and move (POM).

Why: You need to prepare the car first so that when you have completed the observations you can move straight away. You should also establish a reference point for turning.

How: Check your reference point, select which line you need to use to determine when to turn.

Select reverse, clutch up, find the holding point and get ready to go. Do a seven point check from right blind spot, right door mirror, ahead, centre mirror, left door mirror, left blind spot and end up looking out of the rear window.

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Bay Parking

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Turning point What: Reverse back in a straight line at 2mph until your reference point lines up with your chosen line. * Observation

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Why: You must understand when to turn and how much to steer to enable you to get into the bay first time.

How: Reverse back, when the reference point is in line with your chosen line, turn full lock (left/ right). Ease and squeeze the clutch to maintain 2mph until your car is in line with the bay.

When the car is nearly straight, turn the steering wheel one and a half turns to straighten the wheels and reverse into the bay

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Left Reverse

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Assessing the Site What: You must assess the road ahead, the corner and the road you intend to reverse into. Consider if you are reversing on a flat surface, uphill or downhill and is the corner either sharp or sweeping.

CLUTCH CONTROL EFFECTIVE OBSERVATION REASONABLE ACCURACY

Why: It is safer to reverse from a major into a minor road. You may also need to reverse into a driveway or other such restricted space. Look for posts, trees or other obstacles near the kerb.

How: This manoeuvre should be done in a timely fashion using effective clutch control as long as the road is flat. If it’s uphill/downhill think which pedal(s) you need to use.

At no point are you attempting to park your car close to the kerb when doing this exercise. Ideally you will stay in the middle of the lane.

Moving forwards What: You should do the POM routine and consider if it’s necessary to signal before moving. As you move forwards check if it’s safe to reverse into the minor road Three/Four Car Lengths Front & back reference points

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How: Before moving forwards you must prepare the car so you are ready to move as soon as you have carried out effective observation. Then ask yourself, ‘is it necessary to signal’.

You should only move forwards at 5mph. If a car is coming from:  Behind, wait, let them pass  Ahead, check, are they going ahead or turning into the minor road  Minor road, wait let them emerge

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Why: You must be fully aware of who is around you and what they are doing before moving. You must also be sure it’s safe and you have enough room to do the manoeuvre. Would you reverse if there were children playing in the minor road?

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Pull forward, look into the minor road, check for obstructions. As you move to the other side, pull up ½ metre from the kerb. Use a reference point to line the car up and straighten the wheel.

Stop 3 to 4 car lengths past the junction (look for the start of the corner in the bottom left corner of your rear view mirror). Immediately after stopping select reverse gear and if necessary keep your foot on the brake.

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Left Reverse

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Prepare to Reverse (straight) What: You need to establish a reference point so you can reverse back in a straight line. Go back until your back wheel lines up with the start of the corner.

Why: You need to be reasonably accurate when carrying out the manoeuvre. You also need to recognise if any part is going wrong and know when and how to correct it.

How: You should complete this manoeuvre in three modules. If it starts to go wrong at any point, simply go forwards to correct it. You could do this two or three times, you must carry out effective observation before moving every time.

Establish hand position on the wheel, 9 and 3 or one hand at 12 o’clock. Select reverse, clutch up, find the holding point, ready to go. Seven point check from right blind spot to the rear window.

Look for a straight line reference on your back window that lines up with the edge of the kerb.

Reverse in a straight line at 2 mph and your hand will follow your eyes. Every 2 car lengths check around to see it is safe to continue.

Stop when your nearside rear wheel lines up with the start of the corner. You should then establish a turning point on the rear passenger window (sharp, along the bottom. Sweeping, along the rear upright frame).

Turning reference points will vary according to your height and seat position. They also vary on sweeping corners depending on how long it is in terms of kerb stones.

Sharp corners are roughly 9 to 18 feet long Sweeping corners are 30 to 75 feet long in multiples of about 15 feet which allows us to quantify how much to steer the wheel.

Once you have established your turning point, go forward about one car length. This will allow you to complete the manoeuvre in a timely manner with effective clutch control.

Reverse back and before you reach your turning point, carry out a full observation sweep. Check up and down the road on the way to checking over your right shoulder.

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Sweeping

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Left Reverse

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Reversing round the corner What: You need to know how to reverse reasonably accurately around both sharp and sweeping corners. You must also know when you need to straighten the wheels.

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Why: You need to know how much to turn the steering wheel when reversing around obstacles safely. You must also be able to reverse safely as insurance companies spend £410 million a year repairing vehicles due to reversing incidents.

How: When you reach your turning point you need to turn the wheel (left hand down). It will be easier if you are able to quantify the steering as it is easy to lose track of where the wheels are. As a guide for most cars steer: Sharp corners – Full lock left hand down Sweeping corners – Begin by turning ¾ of a turn left hand down. Move back about a metre and a) If the back of the car moves away from the kerb turn ¼ turn left, b) if the back of the car moves into the kerb turn ¼ turn right, if it still moves into the kerb turn another ¼ right.

Ease and squeeze the clutch to maintain 2mph as your car reverses around the corner.

Straighten and reverse back What: You need to know when to turn the wheel to the right to straighten your car up in the new road. You also need to reverse away from the junction (3-4 car lengths).

Remember your hands will follow your eyes even when reversing. You don’t look backwards and go forwards, why look forward and reverse?

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Why: Imagine you are reversing between two brick walls. You wouldn’t want to hit them would you. Ideally you want to end up in the middle of the lane. You also need to reverse away from the junction to allow other vehicles to come round you and approach the junction safely.

How: As you come round the corner look out of the rear window. You will see the kerb appear into the window from behind the nearside rear pillar. As the kerb reaches 7.5 cm from your straight line reference point start to straighten the steering wheel. Then use your straight line reference point to reverse back 3-4 car lengths.

Door mirrors will make objects look further away than they really are. A blind spot mirror on your left door mirror will help you see kerbs relative to the back wheel or the back of the car.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Emergency Stop

Potential v Developing Hazards What: A potential hazard is something that may cause you to change speed and/or direction. A developing hazard will cause you to change speed and/or direction.

Why: A safe driver knows how safe to drive and reacts to potential not developing hazards. If you drive this way you will avoid the need to brake and stop suddenly.

INSURANCE COMPANIES CLAIM 95% OF COLLISIONS ARE DUE TO HUMAN ERROR ONLY 5% CAN’T BE AVOIDED

How: This simply begins with vehicle separation which is measured as 1 metre for every mph. So, at 20 mph that’s would be 20 metres (5 car lengths) 30 mph is 30 metres (7.5 car lengths).

Static hazards are always there. Some need you to change speed and/or direction (road works, traffic calming measures, pedestrian crossings, junctions etc).

You can then look well ahead for:  Static hazards  Potential hazards  Developing hazards

Potential hazards MAY need you to change speed and/or direction (vehicles, bikes, pedestrians, animals).

Look at road signs and markings for information of what is ahead or round the bend. Triangle signs warn you of potential hazards.

Developing hazards WILL make you change speed and/or direction. (vehicles, bikes and pedestrians moving across your path).

Understand how to identify limit points. The limit to which you can see the road ahead. This may be buildings, trees, lamp posts, over fences.

I’m a safe driver?

Far in the future may be left or right, not ahead.

What: Things happen on the road around you that you can’t anticipate. You need to be able to stop the car quickly, under full control and safely.

Why: You may encounter things such as other drivers losing control of their vehicle. An animal may run across the road. Lamp posts, trees etc can fall in front of you and you must try stop.

How: As you drive around ask yourself ‘what if’ something changes around me. Am I driving at an appropriate speed. Will I be able to react easily. If so, you will only have to do emergency stops for things you can’t anticipate.

Look at collisions reported on the daily news, ask yourself what caused it. Was it an incident or an unavoidable accident. If it was an incident how could it have been avoided.

Remember: Insurance companies offer a ‘no claims’ discount not a ‘no blame’ discount.

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Emergency Stop

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

How it’s done What: You must be able to stop the car in the event of an emergency. Examiners will carry out this exercise with one in every three candidates taking the driving test.

Emergency Stop

Feet still Hand Brake Neutral

ABS or Cadence Braking

POM Pull Over

Quick Reaction Firm Positive Brake Clutch last Both Hands firmly grip

When the Anti-lock brake system (ABS) works you will feel the brake pedal pulsing, it may sound like you are breaking the car.

This is the system sensing the wheels locking, releasing and reapplying them.

How: 1. You don’t have time to look in the rear view mirror. 2. Grip the steering wheel with both hands. 3. Every gear change, make sure your right heel stays on the floor and your clutch foot rests on the floor. 4. When you stop your right foot moves from the gas and pushes the brake firmly and positively. 5. Your left foot needs to put the clutch down to disconnect the engine.

When you stop, keep your feet still, put your hand brake on and gear to neutral. Relax, carry out the six point observation check, move off. If you have stalled that is ok because you have used maximum engine braking. It just means you can’t get out of the ten ton truck behind you.

If a vehicle approaches from behind and there is no time to check it’s safe to move, put your foot on the brakes and wait. If a vehicle approaches from ahead, use your left indicator. If then both vehicles wait for you to move off, do your six point check and pull over on the left.

What is skidding What: When your wheels lock you are now effectively riding on ice and you won’t be able to steer the car in any direction.

Why: Skidding happens for a number of reasons:  Driver error – Not reading the road well enough ahead.  Road condition – Wet, greasy, snow, ice, downhill, adverse cambers.  Vehicle condition – Under/over inflated tyres, worn tyres, defective brakes.

How: Your vehicles tyres need to grip the road and they do, but only to certain limits. When you skid, the tyres have lost their grip of the road. If this continues you will have no control of where the car goes, which is why ABS was developed.

Braking hard, moves the weight of your vehicle forward and the rear becomes lighter. If you try to steer to the left, the back will move round to the right. To recover control you need to steer ‘into the skid right’ and you MUST look to where you want to aim the car and your hands follow.

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Emergency Stop

On the Driving Test What: You are asked two questions, one of them SHOW ME the other TELL ME. Four of those questions cover tyres and brakes.

WHAT IS THE MINIMUM LEGAL TREAD DEPTH, HOW DO YOU CHECK THEM WHERE DO YOU FIND THE TYRE PRESSURES, HOW DO YOU CHECK THEM MOVE OFF, SHOW ME AND EXPLAIN HOW YOU CHECK YOUR BRAKES ARE WORKING HOW DO YOU KNOW IF YOUR ABS SYSTEM IS NOT WORKING

Examiners Actions What: If your examiner wants you to do the emergency stop exercise (1 in 3), they will ask you to pull over first. They then ask you to do the exercise and tell you ‘they look round first, put their hand up and say stop’.

Why: DVSA are looking to make sure new drivers understand basic maintenance checks to be sure your vehicle is always road legal and safe. Under inflated tyres deliver poorer fuel consumption.

How: Check your tyre tread using the tread wear indicators in the bottom of the treads. You should also check the sides for cuts and bulges.

The tyre pressures will be in the manufacturers manual or on one of the B pillars. You will need a reliable pressure gauge to check them.

As you move off (5 mph) press the foot brake to check the feel is normal. They must not feel spongy (air in system) or pull to the left or right, (fault on opposite side).

Why: You should not be surprised by anything you do on the driving test. Your instructor should have practised the way in which things are done so you know what to expect (but not the order).

How: Remember, you must keep both hands on the steering wheel between gear changes and position your feet to be certain your brake goes down first before the clutch.

When you are ready, move off:  As you would do normally  Drive at an appropriate speed, and  Don’t anticipate the call The examiner then says ‘thank you, I won’t ask you to do that again’. You MUST then complete your six point check to be sure it is safe to move away as you should be 1 metre from the kerb.

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STOP!!

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Driving Acronyms

TECHNIQUES

1.

Awareness and Anticipation

Look - To see where the junction is ahead Assess – To see where we should start the MSM(PSL) routine Decide – How far we need to be from the junction before we start the MSM9PSL) routine Act – Start the MSM(PSL) routine as you reach the point where you decided to do it 2.

The MSM(PSL) routine !

Mirrors – Centre Mirror, Left/Right Mirror Signal – Indicator Down/Up Manoeuvre – (Position Speed Look Assess Decide Act) Position – Normal driving position (Left) Close to centre line (Right) Speed – Progressive Braking Look – Assess – Decide – Act 3. Progressive Braking

Brake – gently apply pressure on the brake pedal Progressively - increase the pressure gradually to reduce the speed Reduce – Get the speed down too below 10mph Distance – Aim to reduce the speed by 1 – 2 car lengths from the junction Ease Off – Slightly come off the brake (take into account hills)

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Driving Acronyms

TECHNIQUES

4. The POsM routine

Prepare - Clutch down, First gear, Clutch up slowly to holding point, handbrake up, button in, hold

Observe – Take effective observation – Six point check Signal – If there is anyone to benefit

Move – Clutch up slowly – add gas as necessary to make progress 5. The Three S’s

Slow Down – Make someone ease off the gas and/or brake Swerve – Steer to go round you Stop – Brake and hold back to let you go 6. Open/Closed Junctions When emerging, most (95%) junctions in this country are classified as closed junctions because something, in one or both directions, is blocking your view. You need to approach in first gear as this is the only gear which allows you to go straight away if it is safe or wait and be ready to go. If you can’t see, keep looking as it is easy to miss motorbikes and pushbikes. If you can see right, left and right 3 -4 car lengths before the junction, you can treat it as an open junction.

7. Peep and Creep If you can’t see when you get to the junction because something is blocking your view, lean forwards, use the reflection of shops, vehicles and/or bus shelters and creep forwards.

Action Point As instruction is being given try to simply follow the order in which they are given one after another and you will more easily achieve them all 

LADA – MSM(PSL) – PROGRESSIVE BRAKING - LADA



CENTRE MIRROR – LEFT MIRROR – SIGNAL – POSITION – BRAKE, BRAKE, BRAKE, - EASE OFF – CLUTCH DOWN – FIRST GEAR – BITING POINT – STOP – HANDBRAKE ON



LADA - LOOK RIGHT – LEFT – RIGHT – IS IT CLEAR – BE 100% SURE



CLUTCH UP GENTLY – ON THE GAS – CENTRE MIRROR – NORMAL ROAD POSITION

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Use of Mirrors

TECHNIQUES

Well before changing speed.

Well before changing direction.

Before signalling.

Frequently and in a new road.

1.

Change of Speed (increase or decrease

Look – In all three mirrors starting with the Centre Mirror 2.

The MSM(PSL) routine !

Mirrors – In pairs starting with the Centre Mirror then Left or Right. This is when we are turning at Junctions and Roundabouts and moving off and stopping 3. Change of Direction

Mirrors – In pairs starting with the Centre Mirror then Left or Right. This is at any other time when we turn the steering wheel to the right or left. Examples are on bends, changing lanes, passing stationery vehicles and overtaking.

4. Frequently

5 – 10 seconds - Centre mirror then left or right as appropriate as you see other road users approach 5. New Roads

Look – In all three mirrors starting with the Centre Mirror

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Commentary Driving

This is used to develop greater concentration, thought processes, higher visual horizon, scanning aimed to develop superior hazard perception skills.

To begin with:  Talk about road signs, and markings (apart from the obvious road signs and markings consider road work scars)  Direction and gradient of road  Mud/debris on the road  Micro climates  Junctions on side of roads  Signs in distance even if you can’t read them Then add Mirror’s and speed changes: Use simple words to keep it simple, e.g. centre mirror right mirror, you don’t need to describe what is in them initially just say things like “1 close” or “clear”. Use words like “off the gas” and “on the gas” Include position and movements of other road users: Add some predictions and some anticipation, of what may happen e.g. “what if “ someone was to reverse out of a driveway. Look for observations links, e.g. mud on road = tractors/work vehicles could be nearby, or twin axle skid marks on a country lane telling us large vehicles use this road Finally, add your Position, Gear, and Plans: Position to the right for this left bend for better view, brake as necessary to achieve balance, second or third for this corner if I need power to accelerate out of it if it’s a national zone or third if it’s a thirty zone and don’t need power after the corner Useful sayings etc:       

You should be able to stop in the distance you can see it is safe to do so.

Rolling first gear Breaking to STOP looking to GO A closing gap situation I’m mindful of (BLANK) Using car as a pathfinder The difference between a good driver and a not so good driver is, a good driver knows how slow to drive.  Bike rider or cyclist, there is a difference

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Signs giving orders Signs with red circles are mostly prohibitive.

Plates below signs qualify their message.

Maximum speed

National speed limit applies

School crossing patrol

End of 20 mph zone Entry to 20 mph zone

Stop and give way

Give way to traffic on major road

Manually operated temporary STOP and GO signs

No cycling

No motor vehicles

No buses (over 8 passenger seats)

No overtaking

No vehicles carrying explosives

No vehicle or combination of vehicles over length shown

No vehicles over height shown

No vehicles over width shown

No right turn

No left turn

No U-turns

No vehicles except bicycles being pushed

No towed caravans

No entry for vehicular traffic

No goods vehicles over maximum gross weight shown (in tonnes) except for loading and unloading

Give priority to vehicles from opposite direction

Note: Although The Highway Code shows many of the signs commonly in use, a comprehensive explanation of our signing system is given in the Department’s booklet Know Your Traffic Signs, which is on sale at booksellers. The booklet also illustrates and explains the vast majority of signs the road user is likely to encounter. The signs illustrated in The Highway Code are not all drawn to the same scale. In Wales, bilingual versions of some signs are used including Welsh and English versions of place names. Some older designs of signs may still be seen on the roads.

Parking restricted to permit holders

No stopping during period indicated except for buses

No vehicles over maximum gross weight shown (in tonnes)

No stopping during times shown except for as long as necessary to set down or pick up passengers

No stopping (Clearway)

No waiting

Signs with blue circles but no red border mostly give positive instruction.

Ahead only

Turn left ahead (right if symbol reversed)

Turn left (right if symbol reversed)

Keep left (right if symbol reversed)

Vehicles may pass either side to reach same destination

Mini-roundabout (roundabout circulation - give way to vehicles from the immediate right)

Route to be used by pedal cycles only

Segregated pedal cycle and pedestrian route

Minimum speed

End of minimum speed

Buses and cycles only

With-flow bus and cycle lane

Pedestrian crossing point over tramway

Trams only

Contra-flow bus lane

One-way traffic (note: compare circular ‘Ahead only’ sign)

With-flow pedal cycle lane

Warning signs Mostly triangular

Dual carriageway ends

Road narrows on right (left if symbol reversed)

Road narrows on both sides Distance to ‘Give Way’ line ahead

Distance to ‘STOP’ line ahead

Crossroads

Junction on bend ahead

T-junction with priority over vehicles from the right

Staggered junction

Traffic merging from left ahead

The priority through route is indicated by the broader line.

Double bend first to left (symbol may be reversed)

Bend to right (or left if symbol reversed)

Roundabout

Uneven road

Plate below some signs

Two-way traffic crosses one-way road

Two-way traffic straight ahead

Opening or swing bridge ahead

Low-flying aircraft or sudden aircraft noise

Falling or fallen rocks

Traffic signals

Slippery road

Steep hill downwards

Steep hill upwards

Traffic signals not in use

Tunnel ahead

Gradients may be shown as a ratio i.e. 20% = 1:5

Trams crossing ahead

Level crossing with barrier or gate ahead

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Level crossing without barrier or gate ahead

Level crossing without barrier

Warning signs - continued

School crossing patrol ahead (some signs have amber lights which flash when crossings are in use)

Frail (or blind or disabled if shown) pedestrians likely to cross road ahead

Zebra crossing Pedestrians in road ahead

Overhead electric cable; plate indicates maximum height of vehicles which can pass safely

Available width of headroom indicated

Sharp deviation of route to left (or right if chevrons reversed)

Light signals ahead at level crossing, airfield or bridge

Miniature warning lights at level crossings

Cattle

Wild animals

Wild horses or ponies

Accompanied horses or ponies

Cycle route ahead

Risk of ice

Traffic queues likely ahead

Distance over which road humps extend

Other danger; plate indicates nature of danger

Soft verges

Side winds

Hump bridge

Worded warning sign

Quayside or river bank

Risk of grounding

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Vehicle markings Large goods vehicle rear markings Motor vehicles over 7500 kilograms maximum gross weight and trailers over 3500 kilograms maximum gross weight

Left

Right

Central The vertical markings are also required to be fitted to builders’ skips placed in the road, commercial vehicles or combinations longer than 13 metres (optional on combinations between 11 and 13 metres)

Hazard warning plates Certain tank vehicles carrying dangerous goods

must display hazard information panels

The above panel will be displayed by vehicles carrying certain dangerous goods in packages

The panel illustrated is for flammable liquid.

Diamond symbols indicating other risks include:

Toxic substance

Spontaneously combustible substance

Non-flammable compressed gas Oxidizing substance

Radioactive substance

Projection markers Side marker

Corrosive substance

Other

End marker

Both required when load or equipment (eg crane jib) overhangs front or rear by more than two metres

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School bus (displayed in front or rear window of bus or coach)

Direction signs Mostly rectangular Signs on motorways - blue backgrounds

At a junction leading directly into a motorway (junction number may be shown on a black background)

On approaches to junctions (junction number on black background)

Route confirmatory sign after junction

Downward pointing arrows mean ‘Get in lane’

The left-hand lane leads to a different destination from the other lanes.

The panel with the inclined arrow indicates the destinations which can be reached by leaving the motorway at the next junction

Signs on primary routes - green backgrounds

At the junction

On approaches to junctions

On approaches to junctions

Route confirmatory sign after junction

On approach to a junction in Wales (bilingual) Blue panels indicate that the motorway starts at the junction ahead.

Motorways shown in brackets can also be reached along the route indicated.

White panels indicate local or non-primary routes leading from the junction ahead.

Brown panels show the route to tourist attractions.

The name of the junction may be shown at the top of the sign.

The aircraft symbol indicates the route to an airport.

A symbol may be included to warn of a hazard or restriction along that route.

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Green background signs - continued

Primary route forming part of a ring road

Signs on non-primary and local routes - black borders

At the junction

Direction to toilets with access for the disabled

On approaches to junctions

Green panels indicate that the primary route starts at the junction ahead.

Route numbers on a blue background show the direction to a motorway.

Route numbers on a green background show the direction to a primary route.

Other direction signs

Picnic site

Ancient monument in the care of English Heritage

Direction to a car park

Direction to camping and caravan site

Advisory route for lorries

Recommended route for pedal cycles to place shown

Route for pedestrians

Tourist attraction

Route for pedal cycles forming part of a network

Symbols showing emergency diversion route for motorway and other main road traffic

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Diversion route

Information signs - continued

Tourist information point

Hospital ahead with Accident and Emergency facilities

No through road for vehicles

Traffic has priority over oncoming vehicles

Recommended route for pedal cycles

Home Zone Entry

Area in which cameras are used to enforce traffic regulations

Bus lane on road at junction ahead

Road works signs

Road works

Slow-moving or stationary works vehicle blocking a traffic lane. Pass in the direction shown by the arrow.

Loose chippings

Mandatory speed limit ahead

Signs used on the back of slow-moving or stationary vehicles warning of a lane closed ahead by a works vehicle. There are no cones on the road.

Temporary hazard at road works

Road works 1 mile ahead

Lane restrictions at road works ahead

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Temporary lane closure (the number and position of arrows and red bars may be varied according to lanes open and closed)

End of road works and any temporary restrictions including speed limits

One lane crossover at contraflow road works

Road markings Across the carriageway

Stop line at signals or police control

Stop line at ‘Stop’ sign

Stop line for pedestrians at a level crossing

Give way to traffic on major road (can also be used at mini roundabouts)

Give way to traffic from the right at a roundabout

Give way to traffic from the right at a mini-roundabout

Along the carriageway

Edge line

Double white lines See Rules 128 and 129

Centre line See Rule 127

See Rule 130

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Hazard warning line See Rule 127

Lane line See Rule 131

Along the edge of the carriageway Waiting restrictions Waiting restrictions indicated by yellow lines apply to the carriageway, pavement and verge. You may stop to load or unload (unless there are also loading restrictions as described below) or while passengers board or alight. Double yellow lines mean no waiting at any time, unless there are signs that specifically indicate seasonal restrictions. The times at which the restrictions apply for other road markings are shown on nearby plates or on entry signs to controlled parking zones. If no days are shown on the signs, the restrictions are in force every day including Sundays and Bank Holidays.

White bay markings and upright signs (see below) indicate where parking is allowed.

No waiting at any time

No waiting during times shown on sign

Waiting is limited to the duration specified during the days and times shown

Red Route stopping controls Red lines are used on some roads instead of yellow lines. In London the double and single red lines used on Red Routes indicate that stopping to park, load/unload or to board and alight from a vehicle (except for a licensed taxi or if you hold a Blue Badge) is prohibited. The red lines apply to the carriageway, pavement and verge. The times that the red line prohibitions apply are shown on nearby signs, but the double red line ALWAYS means no stopping at any time. On Red Routes you may stop to park, load/unload in specially marked boxes and adjacent signs specify the times and purposes and duration allowed. A box MARKED IN RED indicates that it may only be available for the purpose specified for part of the day (eg between busy peak periods). A box MARKED IN WHITE means that it is available throughout the day.

RED AND SINGLE YELLOW LINES CAN ONLY GIVE A GUIDE TO THE RESTRICTIONS AND CONTROLS IN FORCE AND SIGNS, NEARBY OR AT A ZONE ENTRY, MUST BE CONSULTED.

No stopping at any time

No stopping during times shown on sign

Parking is limited to the duration specified during the days and times shown

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Only loading may take place at the times shown for up to a maximum duration of 20 mins

On the kerb or at the edge of the carriageway Loading restrictions on roads other than Red Routes Yellow marks on the kerb or at the edge of the carriageway indicate that loading or unloading is prohibited at the times shown on the nearby black and white plates. You may stop while passengers board or alight. If no days are indicated on the signs the restrictions are in force every day including Sundays and Bank Holidays.

ALWAYS CHECK THE TIMES SHOWN ON THE PLATES. Lengths of road reserved for vehicles loading and unloading are indicated by a white ‘bay’ marking with the words ‘Loading Only’ and a sign with the white on blue ‘trolley’ symbol. This sign also shows whether loading and unloading is restricted to goods vehicles and the times at which the bay can be used. If no times or days are shown it may be used at any time. Vehicles may not park here if they are not loading or unloading.

No loading or unloading at any time

No loading or unloading at the times shown Loading bay

Other road markings

Keep entrance clear of stationary vehicles, even if picking up or setting down children

Warning of ‘Give Way’ just ahead

Parking space reserved for vehicles named

Box junction - See Rule 174

See Rule 243

Do not block that part of the carriageway indicated

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See Rule 141

Indication of traffic lanes

Light signals controlling traffic

Traffic Light Signals

RED means ‘Stop’. Wait behind the stop line on the carriageway

RED AND GREEN means AMBER means AMBER also you may go on ‘Stop’ at the stop means ‘Stop’. if the way is line. You may go Do not pass clear. Take on only if the through or special care if AMBER appears start until you intend to after you have GREEN shows turn left or right crossed the stop and give way line or are so to pedestrians close to it that who are to pull up might crossing cause an accident

A GREEN ARROW may be provided in addition to the full green signal if movement in a certain direction is allowed before or after the full green phase. If the way is clear you may go but only in the direction shown by the arrow. You may do this whatever other lights may be showing. White light signals may be provided for trams

Flashing red lights

Alternately flashing red lights mean YOU MUST STOP At level crossings, lifting bridges, airfields, fire stations, etc.

Motorway signals

You MUST NOT proceed further in this lane

Change lane

Temporary maximum speed advised and information message

Leave motorway at next exit

Reduced Lane ahead visibility ahead closed

Temporary maximum speed advised

Lane control signals Green arrow - lane available to traffic facing the sign

Red crosses - lane closed to traffic facing the sign

White diagonal arrow - change lanes in direction shown

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End of restriction

Information signs All rectangular

End of controlled parking zone Entrance to controlled parking zone

Parking place for solo motorcycles

End of motorway

Traffic on the main carriageway coming from right has priority over joining traffic

Advance warning of restriction or prohibition ahead

Entrance to congestion charging zone

With-flow bus lane ahead which pedal cycles and taxis may also use

Lane designated for use by high occupancy vehicles (HOV) see rule 142

Start of motorway and point from which motorway regulations apply

Additional traffic joining from left ahead. Traffic on main carriageway has priority over joining traffic from right hand lane of slip road

‘Countdown’ markers at exit from motorway (each bar represents 100 yards to the exit). Green-backed markers may be used on primary routes and white-backed markers with black bars on other routes. At approaches to concealed level crossings white-backed markers with red bars may be used. Although these will be erected at equal distances the bars do not represent 100 yard intervals.

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Vehicles permitted to use an HOV lane ahead

Appropriate traffic lanes at junction ahead

Traffic in right hand lane of slip road joining the main carriageway has prority over left hand lane

Motorway service area sign showing the operator’s name

Information signs - continued

Tourist information point

Hospital ahead with Accident and Emergency facilities

No through road for vehicles

Traffic has priority over oncoming vehicles

Recommended route for pedal cycles

Home Zone Entry

Area in which cameras are used to enforce traffic regulations

Bus lane on road at junction ahead

Road works signs

Road works

Slow-moving or stationary works vehicle blocking a traffic lane. Pass in the direction shown by the arrow.

Loose chippings

Mandatory speed limit ahead

Signs used on the back of slow-moving or stationary vehicles warning of a lane closed ahead by a works vehicle. There are no cones on the road.

Temporary hazard at road works

Road works 1 mile ahead

Lane restrictions at road works ahead

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Temporary lane closure (the number and position of arrows and red bars may be varied according to lanes open and closed)

End of road works and any temporary restrictions including speed limits

One lane crossover at contraflow road works

Official DSA Show Me/Tell Me Questions Below is a list of the questions which may be asked on the test (you will get 2)

SHOW ME how you would check that the direction indicators are working .

TELL ME how you would check that the brakes are working before starting a journey.

Identify where the windscreen washer reservoir is and TELL ME how you would check the windscreen washer level.

SHOW ME how you would check that the brake lights are working on this car. (I can assist you, if you need to switch the ignition on, please don't start the engine) .

SHOW ME and explain how you would check that the power assisted steering is working before starting a journey.

TELL ME where you would find the information for the recommended tyre pressures for this car and how tyre pressures should be checked.

SHOW ME how you would check the parking brake (handbrake) for excessive wear, make sure you keep safe control of the vehicle

Apply the hazard warning switch, walk around the car and check the functioning of all indicator bulbs. To effectively check them, use the Indicator stick. However, the Hazard lights are adequate for the test.

Apply pressure to the brake pedal, it should not feel spongy or slack. Brakes should be tested as you set off, the vehicle should not pull to one side.

Identify reservoir and explain how to check level. If there is no level gauge then top up regularly.

Switch on the ignition (Do NOT start the engine) Apply pressure to the brake pedal, ask the examiner to check the bulbs. (If alone you can make use of reflections in windows, garage doors, etc.)

Apply gentle pressure to the steering wheel, wheel should be stiff. Maintain pressure while the engine is started, the wheel should become looser and easier to move.(Avoid dry steering) Pressures are found in the manufacturer’s guide. Using a reliable pressure gauge, check the pressures when tyres are cold, remembering the spare tyre. Re-fit the valve caps.

Keep control by firmly applying the footbrake. Release the parking brake (handbrake) and then reapply it fully ensuring it secures itself, and is not at the end of the working travel.

Open the bonnet, SHOW ME where you would check the engine oil level and tell me how you would check that the engine has sufficient oil.

Identify the dipstick, remove it. Clean the dipstick, replace it.

Remove the dipstick and check oil level against the minimum/maximum markers.

Open the bonnet, SHOW ME where you would check the engine coolant level and tell me how you would check that the engine has the correct level.

Locate the engine coolant. Check level against the minumum/maximum markers.

Official DSA Show Me/Tell Me Questions

TELL ME how you make sure your head restraint is correctly adjusted so it provides the best protection in the event of a crash.

Open the bonnet, SHOW ME where the brake fluid reservoir is and tell me how you would check that you have a safe level of hydraulic brake fluid.

TELL ME how you would check the tyres to ensure that they have sufficient tread depth and that their general condition is safe to use on the road.

SHOW ME how you would check that the horn is working (off road only).

SHOW ME how you would clean the windscreen using the windscreen washer and wipers.

TELL ME how you would check that the headlights & tail lights are working. (No need to exit vehicle)

SHOW ME how you would set the demister controls to clear all the windows effectively, this should include both front and rear screens

SHOW ME how you would switch on the fog light(s) and explain when you would use it/them. (No need to exit vehicle)

TELL ME how you would know if there was a problem with your anti-lock braking system (ABS)

The head restraint should be adjusted so the rigid part of the head restraint is level with your eyes and ears, and as close to the back of the head as is comfortable. N.B. Some restraints might not be adjustable.

Locate the reservoir. Check level against the minumum/maximum markers.

Ensure that there are no cuts and bulges, Tread depth should be 1.6mm across the central ¾ (75%) of the entire outer circumference.

Apply pressure to the horn (this is permitted in test centre car parks).

Operate the control to wash and clear windscreen (turn ignition on if necessary).

Tell the examiner “Turn on the lights, then walk round vehicle.” (Note: this is a "Tell Me" question, there is no need to physically exit the vehicle to check the lights.)

Set all relevant controls including; fan, temperature, air direction and heated screen to clear windscreen and windows. You do not need to start the engine.

Turn on dipped headlights. Turn on fog light switch. Check warning light is on. Lights should be used when visibility is less than 100 meters.

An ABS warning light should illuminate if there is a fault. (This can be seen when the ignition is first switched on, but should clear immediately)

SHOW ME how you switch your headlight from dipped to main beam and explain how you would know the main beam is on whilst inside the car.

Switch on the Main beam, check using the warning light.

Part 1 – DL25A

4/12/03

9:59 am

Page 1

Driving Test Report

DL25A

Candidate

12 / 03 T

S

I declare that the use of the test vehicle for the purposes of the test is covered by a valid policy of insurance which satisfies the requirements of the relevant legislation.

Application Ref.

Dr./No.

D D M M Y Y

Date

H H M M

Time

Cat. Type

Examiner:

Auto

Examiner’s Signature

1

Ext

2

ADI / Reg

Total

S D

2 Controlled Stop

promptness

. .

control

3 Reverse / Left Reverse with trailer

. .

control observation

4 Reverse/ Right

. .

observation

traffic lights

. .

7 Vehicle checks

. .

traffic controllers

8 Taxi manoeuvre

control

. .

observation

9 Taxi wheelchair

. .

10 Uncouple / recouple

. .

11 Precautions 12 Control

necessary

control

6 Turn in road

9

0

V

C

S D

change speed

16 Clearance / obstructions 17 Response traffic to signs signs / signals road markings

obs.

Other

14 Use of mirrors- M/C signalling rear obs change direction

15 Signals

8

Total

lane discipline

timed

C

Int

7

control

observation control

ADI

6

safety

correctly

. .

5

23 Positioning normal driving

control

5 Reverse Park

4

Total 13 Move off

1b H/Code / Safety

R

3 Sup

1a Eyesight

Reg. No.

Staff / Ref. No.

DTC Code / Authority

✘ Signed:

D/C

S D

24 Pedestrian crossings 25 Position / normal stops 26 Awareness / planning 27 Ancillary controls 28 Spare 1 29 Spare 2 30 Spare 3 31 Spare 4 32 Spare 5 33 Total Faults

Pass

Fail

None

ETA

V

P

Survey

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

Route No.

other road users

18 Use of speed 19 Following distance 20 Progress appropriate speed undue hesitation

accelerator

21 Junctions approach speed

clutch

observation

gears

turning right

footbrake

turning left

parking brake / MC front brake

cutting corners

steering

22 Judgement overtaking

balance M/C

meeting

LGV / PCV gear exercise

crossing

Debrief

SN

Activity Code

I acknowledge receipt of Pass Certificate Number:

✘ Signed:

Lic. R’cd

PCV door exercise © Crown Copyright 2002

DSA – An executive agency of the Department for Transport

Form Ref. DL25 FCN177477/09

KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Top Ten Reasons for Failing

Nerves Quite simply if your brain isn’t relaxed its quite likely your hands feet and eyes won’t work properly.

The quickest way to fix this is to talk out loud about what you are doing and seeing, that way your brain is busy and can’t then get nervous. You may also want to consider using rescue remedy. Don’t try to be perfect as this creates more faults than if you are relaxed and make sure you are familiar with the area.

Moving away safely Yet again the problem here is simply observation. If you are not checking the mirrors and right blind spot properly before moving the vehicle you may fail the test. Again a few talk thru’s in the early stages of the test will help with the nerves and ‘make you do’ what you know you have too.

Use of mirrors Not checking the mirrors at all, in time or the appropriate mirror or combination of mirrors. You may be marked down for ‘checking the mirror but failing to act property on the information’. Make sure you can talk your routines through as you must always make sure it is safe to move in the road. You must always know what is going on behind and to the side, to make decisions about going forwards.

Lane Discipline The DSA have introduced Independent Driving as part of the driving test. This is your ability to read the road ahead and requires you to demonstrate your understanding of procedures and disciplines such as lane discipline on approach to roundabouts and Junctions. The general rule is drive on the left (or in the left lane) unless otherwise directed by road signs and markings. You will be expected to turn right at at least one roundabout and you MUST be in the right lane to do this.

Roundabout procedure Listen for the words LEFT or RIGHT on the approach then signal and position appropriately. If the instruction is ‘take the third exit’ many drivers think they have been told to turn right when in fact we are following the road ahead so YOU MUST NOT SIGNAL and you MUST STAY LEFT. Impeding others progress When emerging at T-Junctions and on to roundabouts you should not be seen to impede others progress. Often this can simply mean using your mirrors and putting your foot on the gas to reach the appropriate speed before the other driver catches you. You will have to demonstrate effective observation before emerging and in the case of roundabouts ‘keep checking’ as things change quickly.

Inappropriate speed Travelling too slowly or being hesitant. For the 'L' Test you should reach speeds which are no more than 10 to 15 per cent below that of the maximum for the road. Similarly an examiner is looking to see you recognise speed limit signs and more importantly stick to them, don’t worry if you go over as long as you correct it reasonably quickly. If in doubt look for repeater signs that remind us its 20 or 40 etc.

Incorrect positioning to turn right At junctions and in One Way streets. Look ahead-plan ahead. What are the dangers of cutting corners?

If you are coming to the end of a one way street and the instruction is turn right, you need to be in the right lane. Also make sure you understand how to deal with hatch markings and position correctly.

© KISS Driving 2015 | Revision 1

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KISS DRIVER TRAINING

Top Ten Reasons for Failing

Incorrect use of signals Not cancelling or giving misleading signals. You MUST tell other road users what you are doing when you are changing direction, (junctions, roundabouts etc). If you miss an examiners instruction they will repeat it if time permits if not, ask them to repeat it or KEEP GOING in the direction you are going. You MUST NOT change direction suddenly as this would be considered dangerous. This is what the Highway Code tells us to do and then ‘find your way back onto your route’ which your examiner will do.

Manoeuvres Reverse/Bay Parking Ineffective observation and/or a lack of accuracy. Be sure when doing these manoeuvres you are looking predominantly out of the rear window (70% of the entire time, and regular checks around throughout).You must also look around before turning the wheel to the left or right because the front of the car goes the opposite way to the rear. As for “lack of accuracy”, make sure you use reference points and talk it thru and if it starts to go wrong, make sure you know how to and do fix it.

The car must be inside the lines when 'bay parking' and reasonably parallel, if the white line is clearly underneath the car you must not allow the front wheels to enter the bay, ‘shunt’ forwards to correct it. The tyres are allowed to be on the lines but must not be outside the bay. You can go forward and back as many times as is necessary providing you are “making progress” each time. With the reverse park you should finish a tyre’s width from the curb, reasonably parallel and within two car lengths.

Reversing round a corner Reasonable accuracy could be considered to be no more than one metre from the kerb and in any case you must not cross the centre line. Of particular concern is your decision making ability when dealing with approaching traffic. Make sure you have practiced your manoeuvres in relatively busy areas.

© KISS Driving 2015 | Revision 1

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RULES & REGULATIONS

Parking Regulations

Understanding on-street parking restrictions TIP Always check the signs to make sure you're not breaking the rules On street parking restrictions and ‘controlled parking zones’ including white parking bays, meters and pay and display are set and regulated by local authorities.

That means they vary wildly from area to area and even street to street, as does the amount you will be fined if you get a ticket.

Single and Double Yellow Lines Contrary to popular belief. there are no standardised times for parking on a single yellow or red line so you'll need to check local signage.

Double lines are a bit more straight forward – you can’t park on a double at any time!

It’s all about your wheels If you’re parking in a bay or near a restricted area you need to make sure your wheels are entirely within the allowed area or you could still get a fine.

You can also get a ticket if you park more than 50cm from the kerb so take a moment to make sure you’re well positioned.

Make sure you display your ticket clearly It’s no good having a valid ticket or permit if the warden can’t see it – so make sure it's clearly displayed or you risk getting a fine.

Throw away old tickets once they’re no longer in use and keep your dash clear of rubbish and debris so it’s obvious that you have paid to park And never…

Never park in parking spaces reserved for specific users, such as Blue Badge holders, residents or motorcycles, unless you're entitled to do so. Even if there seem to be lots of free spaces, you’ll still get a fine if you’re parked in the wrong place.

© KISS Driving School 2014 Revision 1

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RULES & REGULATIONS

Parking Regulations

There are some hard and fast rules that do apply across the board and are worth remembering: You MUST NOT stop or park on 1. The carriageway or the hard shoulder of a motorway except in an emergency 2. A pedestrian crossing, including the area marked by the zig-zag lines 3. A clearway (stretches of road where parking isn't permitted) 4. Taxi bays as indicated by upright signs and markings 5. An Urban Clearway within its hours of operation, except to pick up or set down passengers 6. A road marked with double white lines, even when a broken white line is on your side of the road, except to pick up or set down passengers, or to load or unload goods 7. A tram or cycle lane during its period of operation 8. Red lines, in the case of specially designated ‘red routes’, unless otherwise indicated by signs.

Any vehicle may enter a bus lane to stop, load or unload where this is not prohibited If you’re parking in an area that doesn’t have any restrictions such as a rural or suburban area, there are still some rules that apply 1. Avoid parking near the top of a hill otherwise you may not be seen by approaching vehicles 2. For the same reasons, never park on a bend.

3. Ensure you're not on a red route clearway. If you can't see a red route clearway sign, or simply weren't looking for one, this generally means you cannot park on busy roads, so stick with residential streets or roads where many other cars are parked.

4. Don't park within ten metres of a junction.

5. Don't park where the kerb has been lowered to allow vehicles to access a driveway Don’t forget it’s not just police and traffic wardens that can issue a parking fine.

These days you can be caught on CCTV too, especially in major city centres, so don’t take the risk. If you do park illegally there are 3 types of ticket you could receive: 

The most common, the PCN issued by local councils and Transport for London



Fixed Penalty Notices (FPNs): issued by the police



Excess or Standard Charge Notices: issued by some local councils

The amount you have to pay will vary, but the good news is that generally you will pay 50% less if you pay within 14 days, and with the exception of some FPNs, usually issued for dangerous parking, you won’t get any points on your licence.

© KISS Driving School 2014 Revision 1

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