Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................ i List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... i Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................ iii Foreword ................................................................................................................................................... iv Note form Samdech kralahoam Sar Kheng, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Interior and Chairman of the National Road Safety Committee ....................................................................................................................... iv
xecutive Summary ..................................................................................................................................... vi I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 II. Data Sources ........................................................................................................................................... 1 III. Main Evolution of the Data................................................................................................................... 4 IV. Causes of Crashes and Fatalities .......................................................................................................... 6 IV.1 Individuals Involved ................................................................................................................... 6 IV.2 Time/Day/Month ...................................................................................................................... 6 IV.3 Gender and Age ........................................................................................................................ 7 IV.4 Occupation ............................................................................................................................... 9 IV.5 Types of Road Users .................................................................................................................. 9 IV.5.1 Motorbike Riders ............................................................................................................ 11 IV.5.2 Pedestrians .................................................................................................................... 12 IV.6 Types of Roads ........................................................................................................................ 15 IV.7 Types of Collisions ................................................................................................................... 16 IV.8 Contributing Factors ................................................................................................................ 16 IV.8.1 Speeding ........................................................................................................................ 17 IV.8.2 Drunk Driving ................................................................................................................. 19
V. Consequences of Crashes .................................................................................................................... 20 V.1 Emergency Response................................................................................................................ 20 V.1.1 First Aid .......................................................................................................................... 20 V.1.2 Transfer to Health Facility ................................................................................................. 21 V.2 Injuries ................................................................................................................................... 22 V.2.1 Nature of Injuries ............................................................................................................. 22 V.2.2 Severity of Injuries ....................................................................................................... 22 V.3 Use of passive protection .......................................................................................................... 23 V.3.1 Seatbelts......................................................................................................................... 23 V.3.2 Driving Licenses ............................................................................................................... 23
VI. Blackspots ........................................................................................................................................... 24 VII. Key Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 28 Glossary .................................................................................................................................................... 36 References ................................................................................................................................................ 39 Contacts .................................................................................................................................................... 40
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
List of Figures Figure 1: RCVIS Data Collection Flow, 2010 – 2014 ...........................................................................................................1 Figure 2: Percentage of Injuries and Fatalities Reported to RCVIS by Traffic Police and Health Facilities, 2014 ......................1 Table 1: Number of Health Centers, Hospitals, and District Traffic Police that Reported to RCVIS by Province and Year .........2 Figure 3: Evolution of Road Fatalities, Population and Vehicles in Cambodia, 2005 – 2014 (base 100 = 2005) .......................4 Figure 4: Estimated Number of Fatalities, 2011-2020 .......................................................................................................4 Figure 5: Fatality Rates by Population and Registered Vehicles, 2006 – 2014......................................................................5 Figure 6: Fatality Rates in Cambodia Compared to Lao PDR and Vietnam, 2014 ..................................................................5 Table 2: Breakdown of Casualties by Severity of Injury, 2011–2014 ...................................................................................6 Figure 7: Distribution of Fatalities by Time Category, 2014 ...............................................................................................6 Figure 8: Number of Fatalities by Main Holiday, 2011–2014 .............................................................................................7 Table 3: Number of Fatalities by Gender, 2011-2014 ........................................................................................................7 Figure 9: Number of Fatalities per 100,000 People by Gender and Age Category, 2014 .......................................................8 Table 4: Number of Fatalities by Age Category, 2011-2014 ...............................................................................................8 Table 5: Number of Fatalities by Occupation, 2011 - 2014 ................................................................................................9 Table 6: Number of Fatalities by Mode of Transportion, 2011 - 2014 .............................................................................. 10 Figure 10: Percentage of Fatalities by Mode of Transportion and Type of Road User, 2014 .............................................. 10 Table 7: Number of Motorbike Fatalities by Type of Road User, 2011 – 2014 .................................................................. 11 Figure 11: Distribution of At-Fault Motorbike Drivers by Age Category, 2014 .................................................................. 11 Table 8: Number of Pedestrian Fatalities by Gender, 2011 – 2014 .................................................................................. 12 Figure 12: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Time, 2014 ........................................................................................ 12 Figure 13: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Age Category, 2014 ............................................................................ 14 Figure 14: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Province, 2014................................................................................... 14 Figure 15: Percentage of Fatalities by Type of Road, 2014 ............................................................................................. 15 Figure 16: Percentage of Fatalities by Road Characteristic, 2014 .................................................................................... 16 Figure 17: Percentage of Fatalities by Type of Collision, 2014......................................................................................... 16 Table 10: Number of Fatalities Caused by Human Error, 2011-2014 ............................................................................... 17 Figure 18: Percentage of Fatalities due to Speeding by Time, 2014 ................................................................................. 17 Figure 19: Percentage of At-Fault Drivers in Speeding Crashes by Age Category, 2014 ..................................................... 18 Figure 20: Distribution of Fatalities in Speeding Crashes by Province, 2014 ..................................................................... 18 Figure 21: Distribution of Fatalities by Time, 2014......................................................................................................... 19 Figure 22: Percentage of At-Fault Drivers due to Drunk Driving by Age Category, 2014 .................................................... 19 Figure 23: Distribution of Fatalities due to Drunk Driving by Province, 2013 .................................................................... 20 Figure 24: Percentage of Casualties that Received First Aid by Type of First Aid Responder, 2014 ..................................... 20 Figure 25: Percentage of Casualties that Received First Aid by Type of Injury, 2014 ......................................................... 21 Figure 26: Duration to Arrive at the First Health Facility in Phnom Penh Versus Other Provinces, 2014 ............................. 21 Figure 27: Percentage of Casualties by Nature of Injury, 2014 ........................................................................................ 22 Figure 28: Percentage of Casualties by Severity of Injury, 2014 ...................................................................................... 22 Figure 29: Percentage of Four-Wheel Vehicle Driver Casualties Wearing a Seatbelt by Age Category, 2014 ....................... 23 Figure 30: Percentage of Four-Wheel Vehicle Driver Casualties Holding a Driving License by Age Categor, 2014 ................ 23 Figure 31: All Blackspot Locations along the Cambodian Road Network, 2014 ................................................................. 26 Table 11: Number of Fatalities by Capital and Province, 2010 – 2014 ............................................................................. 27
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Abbreviations ADB ASEAN Avg GPS HI IRTAD MoH MoI NR NRSC OECD RCVIS WHO
Asian Development Bank Association of South-East Asian Nations Average Global Positioning System Handicap International International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group Ministry of Health Ministry of Interior National Road National Road Safety Committee Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Road Crash Victim and Information System World Health Organization
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Foreword Note form Samdech kralahoam Sar Kheng, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Interior and Chairman of the National Road Safety Committee Currently, road crush continue occur which result fatalities, injury and disabled casualties as well as leaving a lot of tragedies and the impact on society, it is a sensitive issue to be concern. The road crash causing a direct impact no people, including losses of children, desperation childless parents, friends, money and national economic losses of hundreds of millions of dollars each year. Base on Road Crash Victim Information System in 2014, there were 4.645 road crash cases that caused 15.315 casualties. Among them, there were 2.226 fatalities and 6.005 were serious injured. On average there were about 6 fatalities and 17 serious injuries per day. Understanding the negative impact of road crash in Cambodia, National Road Safety Committee, NGOs and private sectors have foreseen key strategies, analysis of results and existing resources for the strategies from all active participation of all relevant parties, in order to prevent and minimize the number of fatalities of road crash at the lowest rate. These efforts are the important part and contribute in implementation of Rectangular Strategy Policies Phase 3 of Cambodia government to promote safety, wellbeing and poverty alleviation of people as well as sustainable national and societal economic development. National Policy on Road Safety and the National Road Safety Action Plan 2011-2020, which have been approved by the government on 21 February 2014, are a detailed strategic plan for effective prevention and reduction of fatality with eight man strategies as follow: Strategy 1 Focus on ensuring financial support to the implementation of the road safety action plan and technical capacity building for road safety officials. Strategy 2 Focus on engineering, especially where there are vulnerable road users. Strategy 3 Focus on strengthening transport safety as well as improving and strengthening technical inspection. Strategy 4 Focus on main risk factors: such as helmet wearing, speeding, drink driving. Education and awareness Strategy will be made with fine and punishment enhancement. Strategy 5 Emergency response in a timely manner and effectively to ethics of victims. Strategy 6 Focus on strengthening enforcement on major risk factors, provide provision of capacity building and materials for enforcement practice of the Road Traffic Law. Strategy 7 Focus on quality training and driving license test system, to ensure quality and guarantee that drivers get basic training on road safety issues before permitted them to drive on public roads. Strategy 8 Focus on the management and evaluation of road safety transport. Constantly measures to improve transport safety, transportation of passengers and goods to ensure the reliable safety. Through various measures to implement the National Action Plan, we are optimistic that the fatalities rate will be minimized by 50%, it means that we can save the lives of at least 7,350 people’s over the next 10 years. On behalf of the National Committee for Road Safety, I would like to express sincere compliments and appreciation to all concerned ministries between Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Health and iv
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Ministry of Public Transport for collected data on victim and road crash documented. That is valuable for analyzing and devised measures to prevent road crash and educational media to raise awareness of people about the Road Traffic Law in the public. I sincerely appreciated and highly valued support to active participation of relevant ministries, agencies, authorities at all levels, NGOs and the private sector that have made a good cooperation required by the National Road Safety Committee to prevent and minimize the tragedy on the roads in the Kingdom of Cambodia. National Road Safety Committee would like to appeal to all road users to participate in road crash alleviation law respect by wearing helmet and seatbelt, driving with speed limit, priority respect for pedestrians and not drink driving.
Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Interior and Chairman of the National Road Safety Committee
Samdech kralahoam Sar Kheng
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
xecutive Summary The RCVIS Annual Report 2014 reviews the main road crash trends in Cambodia compared to previous years and future estimations. The following figures of the report are based on the data collected by the traffic police and health facilities in 2014:
4,645 crashes1 and 15,315 casualties were reported. Among them, 2,226 were fatalities and 6,005 were serious injuries. On average, more than 6 people died and 17 were injured every day.
Over the last 10 years (2005-2014), the number of fatalities doubled. At the same time, the population increased by 15% and the number of registered motorized vehicles2 increased by 385%.
In Cambodia, there were 7.9 fatalities per 10,000 registered vehicles, a number higher than in Lao PDR (6.7) and Vietnam (2.0).
The peak of fatalities was from 6 pm to 8 pm (20%). Sunday represented the highest number of fatalities (18%), followed by Saturday (15%) and Friday (15%).
The peak of fatalities was found in people between tge ages of 20 and 24 (23%).
Male fatalities accounted for 83% of total fatalities, an increase of 20% compared with 2013.
Farmers represented the largest group of fatalities (42%), followed by workers (19%) and students (12%).
Motorbike riders3 accounted for 73% of the total number of fatalities, followed by pedestrians (10%) and those traveling by family cars (6%).
Only 12% of motorbike drivers and passenger casualties wore a helmet while involved in a crash.
Only 13% of four-wheel vehicle driver casualties wore a seatbelt during the crash.
52% of four-wheel vehicle drivers involved in crashes, including injured and non-injured, had a driving license.
69% of the fatalities within motorbike drivers and passengers suffered from a head injury in the crash.
70% of the total number of fatalities on national roads occurred on one digit national roads (National road 1 to National Road 9. Speeding was the leading cause of fatalities (43%), followed by drunk driving (17%).
Only 8% of casualties in Phnom Penh, and 10% in other provinces, could reach the first health facility in less than 30 minutes.
In Phnom Penh, and other provinces, most of casualties spent about 1-2 hours to reach a health facility (42%, 36%).
1
This number of crashes is based on data from traffic police only. It is estimated that there were 7,611 road crashes in 2012 based on the combination of data from the two sources. 2 Statistics of vehicles registered in 2012, Department of Land Transport, Ministry of Public Work and Transport. 3 Riders refers to both drivers and passengers.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
I. Introduction Reliable road crash surveillance data has been identified as a critical tool for assessing the burden of road traffic injuries, targeting policy responses, and evaluating the effectiveness of road safety interventions. The Road Crash and Victim Information System (RCVIS) in Cambodia has been implemented since 2004 by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MPWT), the Ministry of Interior (MoI), and the Ministry of Health (MoH), with the technical and financial support of Handicap International (HI). The RCVIS has been managed by the General Secretariat of the National Road Safety Committee (GSNRSC) since 2010, also with support from HI. This system provides road safety stakeholders (government and civil society organizations) with accurate, continuous, and comprehensive information for policy development, planning, and evaluation of the impact of road safety initiatives. Figure 1: RCVIS Data Collection Flow, 2010 – 2014
II. Data Sources Road crash data has been collected from the traffic police unit and from health facilities (hospitals and health centers). In 2014, the traffic police played a very important role in collecting data on fatalities: 96% of reported fatalities throughout Cambodia were reported by traffic police, and only 3% were reported by health facilities. However, health facilities reported 42% of injury data, and traffic police reported 55%. Figure 2: Percentage of Injuries and Fatalities Reported to RCVIS by Traffic Police and Health Facilities, 2014
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Injuries
Fatalities
3%
1%3%
42% 55%
96% Traffic Police and Hospital
Hospital
Traffic Police
Not all hospitals and health centers4 in the country reported data to the Ministry of Health, mainly, because the health centers were located in remote areas where human resources and equipment were limited. Table 1: Number of Health Centers, Hospitals, and District Traffic Police that Reported to RCVIS by Province and Year5
4
There were 957 health centres, 74 referral hospitals, and 95 hospitals in Cambodia in 2007 according to the Health Strategic Plan 2008-2015, Ministry of Health. This means that only 4% of health centres reported road traffic injury cases to RCVIS in 2012, while 29% of hospitals did. 5 Among reporting hospitals and health centres, some did not report for a whole year. Please note that provincial traffic police offices are included in the number of district police offices.
2
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
2012 Provinces Banteay Meanchey​​ Battambang Kampong Cham Kompong Chhnang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Kampot Kandal Kep Koh Kong Kratie Mondol Kiri Addar Meanchey Pailin Phnom Penh Preah Vihear Prey Veng Pursat Ratanak Kiri Siem Reap Preah Sihanouk Stung Treng Svay Rieng Takeo Total
2013
2014
Health District Health District Hospitals Hospitals Centers Polices Centers Polices 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 4 2 0 7 1 1 0 0 0 14 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 38
0 0 10 3 0 2 4 2 1 2 1 1 1 0 4 0 6 0 0 2 2 4 3 1 49
9 12 17 9 9 8 9 11 2 8 6 5 5 2 9 8 13 7 8 12 4 4 9 11 197
0 0 13 5 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 19 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 59
0 2 9 4 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 6 0 0 3 0 0 3 1 41
10 12 17 9 4 7 8 10 2 7 7 2 6 2 10 8 12 6 2 9 5 4 8 9 176
Health District Hospitals Centers Polices 3 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 25
3 3 9 3 0 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 4 1 1 1 0 3 2 0 3 1 41
10 12 17 8 5 7 8 10 2 7 7 3 6 2 10 8 13 6 2 12 4 5 8 9 181
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
III. Main Evolution of the Data Over the last 10 years (2005-2014), the number of fatalities doubled. At the same time, the population6 increased by 15% and the number of registered motorized vehicles increased by 387%7. In 2014, almost 90% of all registered vehicles were motorbikes. Figure 3: Evolution of Road Fatalities, Population and Vehicles in Cambodia8, 2005 – 2014 (base 100 = 2005)
600 500
400 300 200 100
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Population
Registrated vehicles
Fatalities
It was estimated that, unless additional road safety actions are taken, the number of annual fatalities in Cambodia will increase up to 3,200 by 20209. Therefore, the Royal Government of Cambodia has committed to develop a national road safety action plan 2011-2020 in order to reduce the number of road fatalities in 2020 by 50%, to 1,600 fatalities. This will save 7,35010 lives if the target is achieved. Figure 4: Estimated Number of Fatalities, 2011-2020
3200
3500
3000 2500 2000
1500
1600
1000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Fatalities: National target
Fatalities: without additional action
Fatalities: Reality
6
Population in 2010 based on the 2008 General Population Census of Cambodia Ministry of Public Work and Transport, 2012 8 Number of fatalities in 2005 were based on traffic police data only, and from 2006 to 2010 based on RCVIS 9 Number of vehicles is estimated to increase by 4 million in 2020 (compared to 2009). The calculation was made by the Institute for Road Safety Research (SWOV) in The Netherlands. 10 These 7,350 lives include all lives that can be saved every year, from 2011 to 2020. The calculation has been conducted by the Institute for Road Safety Research (SWOV) in The Netherlands. 7
4
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014 Over the last nine years (2006 to 2014), the fatality rate per 100,000 inhabitants11 increased from 9.6 to 14.7 On the other hand, the fatality rate per 10,000 registered vehicles12 decreased from 18.1 to 7.9. This decrease can be attributed to the increase in the amount of registered vehicles. Figure 5: Fatality Rates by Population and Registered Vehicles, 2006 – 2014 18.1
20.0
17.8
15.1
15.0
11.8
11.3
10.0
14.7
12.7
12.3
13.1 10.0
11.0
12.2
13.4 9.0
13.0
7.9
9.6
7.9
5.0 0.0 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Number of fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants
2011
2012
2013
2014
Number of fatalities per 10,000 registerred vehicles
In Cambodia, in 2014, there were 7.9 fatalities per 10,000 registered vehicles, a number higher than in Lao PDR (6.7) and Vietnam (2.0). The fatality rate per 100,000 inhabitants in Cambodia was 14.7, which was higher than in Vietnam (10.01), but lower than in Lao PDR (15.5), in 2012. Figure 6: Fatality Rates in Cambodia Compared to Lao PDR and Vietnam, 2014
20.0 15.0 10.0
15.5
14.7
10.0
7.9
6.7
5.0
2.0
0.0
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Number of fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants
Viet Nam
Number of fatalities per 10,000 register vehicle
11
Population in 2010 based on the 2008 General Population Census of Cambodia. Source: "Statistics of vehicles registered in 2014", Department of Land Transport, Ministry of Public Work and Transport. Registered vehicles in Viet Nam since 2000, National Traffic Safety Committee. Lao Vehicle registered in 2014, from HI Lao 12
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
IV. Causes of Crashes and Fatalities IV.1 Individuals Involved 4,645 crashes13 and 15,315 casualties were reported in 2014. Among them, 2,226 were fatalities and 6,005 were serious injuries. On average, more than 6 people died and 17 were injured every day. Compared to 2013, the number of fatalities increased by 14% and serious injuries increased by 6%. Table 2: Breakdown of Casualties by Severity of Injury, 2011–2014 2011
2012
2013
2014
2014 change over 2013
N
N
N
N
%
N
%
Fatalities
1905
1966
1950
2226
15%
276
14%
Severe injuries
5807
5349
5671
6005
39%
334
6%
Slight injuries
7661
7248
8109
6425
42%
-1684
-21%
0
0
166
105
1%
-61
-37%
Unknown injuries
1281
1052
331
554
4%
223
67%
Total
16654
15615
16227
15315
100%
-912
-6%
fatalities and injuries
No injuries
IV.2 Time/Day/Month In 2014, the highest percentage of fatalities occurred between 6pm to 8 pm (20%). Sunday represented the highest number of fatalities (18%), followed by Saturday (15%) and Friday (15%). The highest percentage of fatalities occurred in April (10%)14, November (10%) and January (9.9%). Figure 7: Distribution of Fatalities by Time Category, 2014 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2%
23:00 - 23:59
22:00 - 22:59
21:00 - 21:59
20:00 - 20:59
19:00 - 19:59
18:00 - 18:59
17:00 - 17:59
16:00 - 16:59
15:00 - 15:59
14:00 - 14:59
13:00 - 13:59
12:00 - 12:59
11:00 - 11:59
10:00 - 10:59
09:00 - 09:59
08:00 - 08:59
07:00 - 07:59
06:00 - 06:59
05:00 - 05:59
04:00 - 04:59
03:00 - 03:59
02:00 - 02:59
01:00 - 01:59
00:00 - 00:59
0%
The number of fatalities during the main holidays15 accounted for 12% of overall fatalities. Compared to 2013, there was an increase in fatalities during Water Festival16 (19%) and Khmer New Year (6%), while less fatalities were observed during Chinese New Year (2%). 13
This number of crashes is based on data from the traffic police only. It was estimated that there were 7,611 road crashes in 2012 if the data of the two sources had been combined. 14
There were many serious crashes in January due to Chinese New Year and International New Year celebrations. In April, there was the Khmer New Year celebration.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Figure 8: Number of Fatalities by Main Holiday, 2011–2014 100 90
80 70
Khmer New Year
60
Pchum Ben
50
Water Festival
40
Chinese New Year
30 20
2011
2012
2013
2014
IV.3 Gender and Age In 2014, male fatalities accounted for 83% of the total fatalities, an increase of 20% compared with 2013. Female fatalities accounted for 17%, a decrease of 7% compared with 2013. Male fatalities were 5 times higher than female fatalities in 2014. Table 3: Number of Fatalities by Gender, 2011-2014 2011
2012
2013
No
No
No
No
%
Change
%
Male
1510
1612
1549
1854
83%
305
20%
Female
389
353
398
370
17%
-28
-7%
Uknown
6
1
3
2
-
-
-
1905
1966
1950
2226
100%
276
14%
Gender
Total
2014
2014 Change over 2013
Figure 9 shows the differences between age categories of fatality rates per 100, 000 inhabitants by gender. The fatality rates for both sexes were high among people aged between 20 to 24 years old and lower those less than 4 years old. Male fatality rates show a peak between 20 and 24 years old, while female fatality rates were highest among elders (above 39 years old).
15
Khmer New Year, Pchum Ben, Chinese New Year and Water Festival. In this report, a period of each festival was 7 days. The Water Festival was cancelled in Phnom Penh in 2011 and 2012.
16
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Figure 9: Number of Fatalities in 100,000 People by Gender and Age Category, 2014
60.0
50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0-4
5-9
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 >=55
Male
Female
Both
In 2014, those between the ages of 20 and 24 years old accounted for the highest percentage of fatalities (23%); however, they represented only 11% of the total population. Fatalities aged over 54 years old accounted for 11% of the total fatalities. Table 4: The numbers of fatalities by age category, 2011-2014 2011
2012
2013
No
No
No
No
%
Change
%
0-4 5-9 10 - 14 15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 >=55 Unknown
35 72 51 234 391 301 171 137 125 95 96 185 12
36 65 55 246 409 327 180 135 106 116 100 188 3
37 79 35 240 419 267 213 129 117 112 112 190 -
54 63 58 186 515 328 231 174 120 141 122 234 -
2% 3% 3% 8% 23% 15% 10% 8% 5% 6% 5% 11% -
17 -16 23 -54 96 61 18 45 3 29 10 44 -
46% -20% 66% -23% 23% 23% 8% 35% 3% 26% 9% 23% -
Total
1905
1966
1950
2226
100%
276
14%
A ge gr oup
2014
2014 change over 2013
Children less than 15 years of age accounted for 8% of the fatalities, a number that increased by 16% compared to 2013. The following statistics are related to fatalities of children less than 15 years old: 61% of them were male. 42% of them were pedestrians, followed by motorbike riders (34%) and bicycle riders (11%). 49% of them were caused by speeding or not respecting the right of way (9%). Kampong Cham province accounted for 12% of children fatalities, followed by Kampong Thom (8%), Phnom Penh (7%), and Banteay Meanchey (7%).
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
51% of them occurred on national roads and 21% on local roads.
IV.4 Occupation Road crashes affect the most economically active part of the population, mostly youth, workers, and farmers. In 2014, farmers represented the largest group of fatalities (42%), followed by workers (19%) and students (12%). The number of farmer fatalities has increased from year to year, from 703 in 2011 to 932 in 2014. Among student fatalities, university students accounted for 40% followed by primary school students (30%), high school students (18%), and secondary school students (12%). Table 5: Number of Fatalities by Occupation17, 2011 - 2014 2011
2012
2013
2014
2014 change over 2013
No
No
No
No
%
Change
%
Farmer
703
757
753
932
42%
179
24%
Worker
336
338
371
422
19%
51
14%
Student
272
269
248
258
12%
10
4%
Child
47
43
51
69
3%
18
35%
House keeping/servant
52
47
21
15
1%
-6
-29%
Vendor/small business
56
77
89
118
5%
29
33%
Motor taxi driver
46
29
34
43
2%
9
26%
Car/Truck driver
45
38
46
43
2%
-3
-7%
Tourist/Expatriate
14
17
15
20
1%
5
33%
Government employee
126
141
132
107
5%
-25
-19%
Other
208
210
190
199
9%
9
5%
Total
1905
1966
1950
2226
100%
276
14%
Occupation
Tourists/expatriates who come to work or visit Cambodia represented 1% of overall fatalities. Compared to 2013, this number has increased by 33%. The following statistics are related to tourists/expatriate road fatalities: People between 30 and 54 years old accounted for 80%. 70% were motorbike riders, followed by family car riders (25%) and bicycles (5%). 20% of them occurred in both Phnom Penh and Preah Sihanouk province, followed by Kampong Speu (10%) and Rattanak Kiri (10%). 30% were due to overturned/fallen vehicles, followed by rear end collisions (25%) and head on collisions (20%). 55% were due to speeding, followed by dangerous overtaking (10%) and changing direction without due care (10%).
IV.5 Types of Road Users Motorbikes play a very important role in day to day lives of people and in transportion. Motorbikes accounted for around 85% of the overall vehicle fleet in 2014. At the same time, motorbike riders were the most vulnerable road user
17
Child aged between 0 and 5 years old.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
group, which accounted for 73% of total fatalities, followed by pedestrians (10%) and those traveling by family cars (6%). Table 6: Number of Fatalities by Mode of Transportation, 2011 - 2014 2014
2014 change over 2013
2011
2012
2013
No
No
No
No
%
Change
%
Motorbike
1262
1340
1351
1614
73%
263
19%
Pesestrain
254
207
246
223
10%
-23
-9%
Bicycle
51
77
45
66
3%
21
47%
Family car
144
155
132
128
6%
-4
-3%
Passenger vehicle
36
31
33
44
2%
11
33%
Goods vehicle
81
99
72
79
4%
7
10%
Agriculture vehicle
51
42
46
52
2%
6
13%
Other
26
15
25
20
1%
-5
-20%
Total
1905
1966
1950
2226
100%
276
14%
Tr ans por t c at egor ies
Drivers accounted for 64% of the total fatalities, followed by passengers (26%) and pedestrians (10%). The percentage of driver fatalities was higher than passenger fatalities among motorbike riders and bicyclists, but lower among passenger vehicles and good vehicles, as shown in Figure 10. Figure 10: Percentage of Fatalities by Mode of Transport and Type of Road User, 2014 35%
Agriculture vehicle
65%
32%
Goods vehicle
68%
25%
Passenger vehicle
75%
36%
Family car
64% 91%
Bicycle
9%
78%
Motorbike
0%
20%
40% Driver
22% 60%
80%
100%
Passenger
10
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
IV.5.1 Motorbike Riders Among all fatalities, motorbike riders outnumber than other vehicle riders. Form year to year, the number of motorbike fatalities increased significantly (Table 7). Compare to 2013, the number of motorbike fatalities increased 19%, motorbike driver 25%. Table 7: Number of Motorbike Fatalities by Type of Road User, 2011 – 2014 2014
2014 change over 2013
2011
2012
2013
No
No
No
No
%
Change
%
Driver
907
999
1002
1250
77%
248
25%
Passenger
331
334
347
357
22%
10
3%
Unknown
24
7
2
7
-
-
-
1262
1340
1351
1614
100%
263
19%
Mot or bik e r ider
Total
The majority of motorbike riders were killed during the day time rather than at night time.
In 2014, the vast majority of the motorbike fatalities were men (86%).
Speeding was the leading cause of motorbike fatalities, accounting for 41% of motorbike fatalities, followed by drunk driving (20%), dangerous overtaking (13%), and not respecting the right of way (8%).
62% of motorbike fatalities occurred on national roads. 29% of motorbike fatalities occurred in urban areas.
It is important to notice that 30% of at-fault motorbike drivers involved in a crash were suspected of driving under the influence of alcohol.
72% of all at-fault motorbike drivers were between the ages of 15 and 34. Figure 11: Distribution of At-Fault Motorbike Drivers by Age Category, 2014
30%
28%
25% 18%
20% 15% 15%
10% 10%
7%
5%
5%
5%
40-44
45-49
6%
4%
1%
0% 10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
50-54
>=55
This report also depicts the data analysis on helmet wearing among motorbike casualties in 2014 as below:
11
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
The percentage of motorbike casualties wearing a helmet was 12% in 2014. Compared to 2013, this number decreased by about (8%). The helmet wearing rate among motorbike driver casualties was higher than motorbike passenger casualties (20% and 3%, respectively). The helmet wearing rate among motorbike driver casualties at day-time was higher than at night-time (24% and 16%, respectively). Similarly, the difference between day-time and night-time helmet wearing rates among motorbike passenger casualties was 3% and 2%, respectively. During the crashes, the helmet wearing rates among male drivers was lower than among female drivers (19% and 25%, respectively). Among motorbike riders wearing a helmet during the crash, children less than 14 years old had the lowest helmet wearing rate (only 1%), compared to other age groups. 69% of motorbike fatalities suffered head injuries.
IV.5.2 Pedestrians Pedestrians are considered vulnerable road users because of the lack of sidewalks, traffic signs, traffic lights, and other safety measures. Pedestrians accounted for 10% of total fatalities in 2014. Compare to 2013, the number of pedestrian fatalities decreased 9%. In 2014, 73% of pedestrian fatalities were male. Table 8: Number of Pedestrian Fatalities by Gender, 2011 – 2014 2014
2014 Change over 2013
2011
2012
2013
No
No
No
No
%
Change
%
Male
157
140
152
163
73%
11
7%
Female
96
67
93
60
27%
-33
-35%
Unknown
1
0
1
0
-
-
-
254
207
246
223
100%
-23
-9%
Gender
Total
In 2014, pedestrian fatalities most often occurred from 6 to 8pm (16%). Most pedestrian fatalities occurred on Wednesday (18%) and in April (14%). Figure 12: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Time, 2014 10% 8% 6%
4% 2%
23:00 - 23:59
22:00 - 22:59
21:00 - 21:59
20:00 - 20:59
19:00 - 19:59
18:00 - 18:59
17:00 - 17:59
16:00 - 16:59
15:00 - 15:59
14:00 - 14:59
13:00 - 13:59
12:00 - 12:59
11:00 - 11:59
10:00 - 10:59
09:00 - 09:59
08:00 - 08:59
07:00 - 07:59
06:00 - 06:59
05:00 - 05:59
04:00 - 04:59
03:00 - 03:59
02:00 - 02:59
01:00 - 01:59
00:00 - 00:59
0%
12
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
A peak of pedestrian fatalities was noticed among children less than 9 years old (27%) and people older than 54 (23%). The percentages of female fatalities less than 4 years old and older than 54 year’s old were higher than male fatalities of the same age categories. Conversely, in other age groups, the percentage of male fatalities was higher than female fatalities.
13
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Figure 13: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Age Category, 2014 25%
23%
20% 16% 15% 11% 10% 6%
6%
6%
20-24
25-29
5%
8%
6%
5%
4%
7%
2% 0% 0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
>=55
Among pedestrian fatalities, 66% were killed along national roads, and 18% along local roads.
42% of all pedestrian fatalities were due to hit and run crashes where drivers escaped from the scene right after the crash.
39% of pedestrian fatalities were farmers, followed by students (19%) and children (15%). 95% of those students were between the ages of 6 and 14.
Speeding was the leading cause of pedestrian fatalities (56%), followed by not respecting the right of way (11%) and drunk driving (10%).
Kampong Cham province had the highest proportion of pedestrians fatalities (10%), followed by Prey Veng (9%) and Phnom Penh (8%). Figure 14: Distribution of Pedestrian Fatalities by Province, 2014 12% 10% 8% 6%
4% 4% 4% 4%
5% 5% 5%
6% 6% 6%
7% 7%
8%
9%
10%
4% 2%
1% 1% 1%
2% 2% 2%
0%
14
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
IV.6 Types of Roads National roads accounted for the largest percentage of fatalities (66%), followed by local roads (16%). Figure 15: Percentage of Fatalities by Type of Road, 2014
5%
3% 1% National Road
8%
Local road/track Provincial road
16%
Minor road in city Major road in city
66%
Other
70% of the total number of fatalities on national roads occurred on one digit national roads (National Road 1 to National Road 9). National Road 5 accounted for the highest number of fatalities (23%), followed by National Road 6 (15%). Compared to 2013, the highest increases in number of fatalities in 2014 were on National Road 8 (33%) and National Road 5 (29%). Table 9: Number of Fatalities on Main National Roads (National Road 1 to National Road 9), 2011 – 2014
2014
2014 change over 2013
2011
2012
2013
No
No
No
No
%
Change
%
National road 1
107
114
101
110
11%
9
9%
National road 2
38
59
49
60
6%
11
24%
National road 3
109
97
116
105
10%
-11
-10%
National road 4
129
137
139
138
13%
-1
-1%
National road 5
245
262
183
236
23%
53
29%
National road 6
187
194
168
158
15%
-10
-6%
National road 7
158
152
150
142
14%
-8
-5%
National road 8
42
58
46
62
6%
16
33%
National road 9
1015
1073
952
15 1026
1% 100%
74
8%
Main national roads
Total
Among fatalities on national roads, 34% were due to head on collisions, followed by rear end (18%) and right angle collisions (16%).
Speeding was the main cause of fatalities on all roads, accounting for more than 42% of fatalities. Drunk driving accounted for a higher percentage of fatalities on local roads (25%) and province roads (24%) than on national roads (15%).
15
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014 
80% of fatalities happened on straight roads, followed by curved roads (10%), as shown in Figure 16. 26% of fatalities on straight roads occurred in urban area. Figure 16: Percentage of Fatalities by Road Characteristics, 2014
3%
2% 3%1%1% Straight road Curve T-junction X-junction Bridge Slope Other
10%
80%
IV.7 Types of Collisions Head-on collisions accounted for 33% of the total fatalities, followed by rear-end collisions (16%), right-angle collisions (15%), and overturned/fell alone (12%). Figure 17: Percentage of Fatalities by Type of Collision, 2014
6%
3% 4% Head on 33%
11%
Rear end Right-angle Overturned/Fell alone
Hit pedestrian 12%
Slide swipe Hit object off road 15%
16%
Other
IV.8 Contributing Factors A road crash can result from many causal factors. It is very important to identify the contributing factors in a crash in order to be able to develop measures and actions to prevent and reduce the number of fatalities and injuries. In the data analysis, RCVIS divides contributing factors at the time of crashes into three categories: human errors, vehicle defects, and the road environment (road and weather conditions). Human errors include speeding, drunk driving, not respecting the right of way, etc. However, as there is no comprehensive analysis on the causes of road crashes due to the road environment, human errors scored very high and contributed to 95%
16
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
of crashes and fatalities, while vehicle defects accounted for 4.1%, and road environment accounted for 1.6%. The human factors are a very important issue and urgent measures are needed to reduce the number of fatalities and injuries. Specific targets need to be identified in order to change the risky behaviors of road users (as shown in Table 10). In 2014, speeding was the leading cause of fatalities (43%), followed by drunk driving (17%) and dangerous overtaking (11%). Table 10: Number of Fatalities Caused by Human Error, 2011-2014
2011
2012
2013
No
No
No
No
%
Change
%
Over speeding
978
1032
906
951
43%
45
5%
Drinking driving
272
254
290
381
17%
91
31%
Not respect right of way
141
175
187
184
8%
-3
-1%
Dangeriuos overtaking
136
182
222
246
11%
24
11%
Change lane without due care
57
26
65
77
3%
12
19%
Change direction without due care
32
28
48
96
4%
48
100%
Other
202
167
145
196
9%
51
35%
N/A
87
102
87
95
4%
8
9%
1905
1966
1950
2226
100%
276
14%
Human Error
Total
2014
2014 change over 2013
IV.8.1 Speeding Over the last 4 years (2011-2014), regarding human error factors, speeding was the leading cause of fatalities in Cambodia. The leading cause of fatalities could be attributed to the road improvements that took place throughout the country that allowed drivers to drive much faster and speed. Limited law enforcement and public knowledge about road safety are other contributing factors. Compared to 2013, the number of fatalities due to speeding increased by 5% in 2014. In 2014, fatalities due to speeding most often occured between 6 and 7pm (11%). Saturday Wednesday represented the highest percentage of fatalities (16%), followed by Sunday (15%). Figure 18: Percentage of Fatalities due to Speeding by Time, 2014 12% 10% 8% 6%
4% 2%
23:00 - 23:59
22:00 - 22:59
21:00 - 21:59
20:00 - 20:59
19:00 - 19:59
18:00 - 18:59
17:00 - 17:59
16:00 - 16:59
15:00 - 15:59
14:00 - 14:59
13:00 - 13:59
12:00 - 12:59
11:00 - 11:59
10:00 - 10:59
09:00 - 09:59
08:00 - 08:59
07:00 - 07:59
06:00 - 06:59
05:00 - 05:59
04:00 - 04:59
03:00 - 03:59
02:00 - 02:59
01:00 - 01:59
00:00 - 00:59
0%
17
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Head-on collisions represented 27% of fatalities due to speeding, followed by rear-end collisions (22%) and hiting pedestrains (14%).
69% of fatalities caused by speeding were motorbike riders. Pedestrians represented 13% of fatalities due to speeding.
12% of all at-fault drivers of speeding related crashes were suspected driving under the influence of alcohol. 39% of those at-fault drivers were farmers, followed by car/truck drivers (13%), workers (13%), and students (11%). Young adults, aged 15 to 34 years old, represented almost 70% of at-fault drivers.
Figure 19: Percentage of At-Fault drivers in Speeding Crashes by Age Group, 2014
23%
25%
22%
20% 15%
13%
12% 9%
10%
6%
5%
5%
4%
4%
1%
0%
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 >=55
National roads accounted for the highest number of fatalities due to speeding (66%). Among fatalities due to speeding on main national roads (National Road 1 to National Road 9), National Road 5 contributed the most to fatalities (26%), followed by National Road 6 (15%) and National Road 4 (15%).
The highest percentage of speeding related fatalities were observed in Kampong Cham province (11%), follow by Phnom Penh (10%) and Prey Veng (8%). Figure 20: Distribution of Fatalities in Speeding Crashes by Province, 2014
12%
10% 11%
10% 8% 6% 4% 2%
2% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1%
3%
6% 5% 5% 5% 4% 5% 5% 5% 5%
7%
8%
Kampong Cham
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Banteay MeanChey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kratie
Kampong Chhnang
Kandal
Takeo
Siem Reap
Pursat
Preah Sihanouk
Kampong Thom
Oddar MeanChey
Preah Vihear
Kampot
Svay Rieng
Rotanak Kiri
Stung Treng
Mondol Kiri
Koh Kong
Kep
0%
18
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
IV.8.2 Drunk Driving Drunk driving is the second major cause of road crashes and related casualties in Cambodia. The number of reported fatalities due to drunk driving increased by 31% in 2014 compared to 2013. In 2014, fatalities most often occurred between 7 and 8pm (15%). Sunday had the highest percent of fatalities (19%), followed by Friday (16%) and Monday (16%). The percentage of fatalities during night time (66%) was higher than during day time (34%). Figure 21: Distribution of Fatalities by Time, 2014
00:00 - 00:59 01:00 - 01:59 02:00 - 02:59 03:00 - 03:59 04:00 - 04:59 05:00 - 05:59 06:00 - 06:59 07:00 - 07:59 08:00 - 08:59 09:00 - 09:59 10:00 - 10:59 11:00 - 11:59 12:00 - 12:59 13:00 - 13:59 14:00 - 14:59 15:00 - 15:59 16:00 - 16:59 17:00 - 17:59 18:00 - 18:59 19:00 - 19:59 20:00 - 20:59 21:00 - 21:59 22:00 - 22:59 23:00 - 23:59
16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%
35% of fatalities were due to head-on collisions, followed by overturned/fell alone collisions (19%) and rearend collisions (12%).
45% of all at-fault drivers were farmers, followed by workers (18%), vendors/small businesses (9%), and government employees (8%).
73% of at-fault drivers in drunk driving crashes were motorbike drivers and family vehicle drivers (19%).
57% of all at-fault drivers were between the ages of 20 and 34. Figure 22: Percentage of At-Fault Drivers due to Drunk Driving by Age Category, 2014
30%
26%
25%
19%
20% 15% 10% 5%
12% 8%
11% 8%
8% 4%
5%
0%
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 >=55
19
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014 
National roads accounted for most of the fatalities due to drunk driving (57%), followed by local roads (24%). Among fatalities due to drinking driving on main national roads (National Road 1 to National Road 9), National Road 7 contributed the highest percentage of fatalities (24%), followed by National Road 5 (22%) and National Road 1 (19%).

Kampong Cham province had the highest number of fatalities due to drunk driving (12%), followed by Kandal (8%) and Kratie (7%). Figure 23: Distribution of Fatalities due to Drunk Driving by Province, 2013
14%
12%
12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2%
1% 1% 1%
2% 2% 2% 2%
3% 3% 3% 3%
4%
5% 5%
6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6%
7%
8%
0%
V. Consequences of Crashes V.1 Emergency Response V.1.1 First Aid 51% of casualties received first aid response after the crash. SAMU/ambulance and traffic police played an important role to provide first aid responses to road crash casualties. 42% of casualties received first aid response by traffic polices and another 20% by SAMU/ambulance. Figure 24: Percentage of Casualties that Received First Aid by Type of First Aid Responder, 2014
13% Traffic police 42% 25%
Samu/ambulance Other Unknown
20% 20
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Among casualties who received first aid during the crashes, 53% suffered from bleeding, 17% of the casualties had an open wound, and 9% were unconscious. Figure 25: Percentage of Casualties that Received First Aid by Type of Injury, 2014
Other
7%
Respiratory_emergency
1%
Burning
1%
Transfer_victim
7%
Broken_bond
8%
Unconsciousness
9%
Wound
17%
Bleeding
53% 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
V.1.2 Transfer to Health Facility 15% of the casualties were fatalities and 39% were severe injuries. Among fatalities, 69% of them died immediately at the scene of crashes, 24% died at a health facility, and 7% died during the transfer from the crash scene to a health facility. Only 24% of the casualties were transferred to a health facility by ambulance; 58% were transferred by the private transportation. Only 8% of casualties could reach the first health facility in less than 30 minutes in Phnom Penh municipality, while this statistic was 10% in other provinces
In Phnom Penh, and other provinces, most of the casualties spent about 1-2 hours to reach health facilities. Figure 26: Duration to Arrive at the First Health Facility in Phnom Penh Versus Other Provinces – 2014
100% 80%
34%
33%
33% > 2 hours
60% 40%
1 hour - 2 hours 42%
36%
37%
30-59 minutes
10-29 minutes 20%
0%
16% 8% Phnom Penh
21%
20%
9% 1% Provinces
9% 1% Cambodia
< 10 minutes
21
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
V.2 Injuries V.2.1 Nature of Injuries 59% of casualties suffered from head injuries, followed by fractures (36%). The percentage of head injuries among casualties increased from 37% in 2013 to 59% in 2014. Figure 27: Percentage of Casualties by Nature of Injury18, 2014 Other_injury
9%
Internal_Injury
2%
Abdominal
4%
Face
6%
Thorax
7%
Sprain_Dislocation
10%
Bruise_Superficial
17%
Burn
22%
Cuts_Open_Would
24%
Fracture
36%
Concussion_Neck
59%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
V.2.2 Severity of Injuries 15% of the casualties were fatalities and 39% were severe injuries. Among fatalities, 69% of them died immediately at the scene of crashes, 24% died at a health facility, and 7% died during the transfer from the crash scene to a medical facility. Figure 28: Percentage of Casualties by Severity of Injury, 2014
Slight injuries 42%
No injuries 1% Unknown 4%
Died on crash site 69%
Fatalities 15%
Severe injuries 39%
18
Died during fransferring 7%
Died at hospital 24%
Percentages may add up to more than 100% as a casualty may have injuries to more than one body region.
22
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
V.3 Use of passive protection V.3.1 Seatbelts The law enforcement on seatbelt wearing for both drivers and front seat passengers is very limited in Cambodia. Only 13% of four-wheel vehicle driver casualties wore a seatbelt during the crash in 2014. The percentage of seatbelt wearing among family car drivers was higher than for those in the front seat of passenger cars (40% compared to 26%). The highest percentage of seatbelt wearing in four-wheel vehicles casualties were aged between 30 and 39 years, aged between 45 and 54, and above 54 years. Low percentages of seatbelt wearing was noticed among driver casualties aged between 10 and 19 years old19. Figure 29: Percentage of Four-Wheel Vehicle Driver Casualties Wearing a Seatbelt by Age Category, 2014 100% 90% 80%
56%
70%
75%
60% 50%
100%
95%
93%
91%
78%
86%
78%
80%
22%
20%
50-54
>=55
40% 30% 44%
20% 25%
10% 5%
0%
10-14
15-19
7%
9%
22%
14%
20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 Wearing seatbelt Not wearing seatbelt
V.3.2 Driving Licenses The Cambodian traffic law requires all motorbike drivers and four-wheel vehicle drivers to have a proper driving license. It has been observed that enforcement on driving licenses is limited in Cambodia. Only 52% of fourwheel vehicle drivers involved in a crash, including injured and non-injured, had a driving license. 54% of the total of male drivers involved in a crash had a driving license, while only 25% of female drivers did. It is interesting to notice that only 2% of motorbike drivers involved in a crash, including injured and non-injured, had a driving license. Figure 30 : Percentage of Four-Wheel Vehicle Driver Casualties Holding a Driving License by Age Category, 2014
19
It should be noted that not all drivers have a driving licence in Cambodia. According to the traffic law, the minimum age to drive a vehicle is 18 years old.
23
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
19% 56%
52%
46%
44%
36% 53%
50%
47%
50%
50-54
>=55
85% 81%
44%
48%
54%
56%
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
64%
15% 15-19
Driving license holder
40-44
45-49
None driving license holder
VI. Blackspots A blackspot refers to a section of road of 300 meter long that has had at least 3 crashes with at least one person killed over a one year period. 29 locations were identified as blackspots on the road network in Cambodia, as following:
National Road 1, Kien Sang and Rub Kou Villages, SvayRieng and Prey Chhlak Communes, SvayRieng District, Svay Rieng Province. National Road 1, Ta Pov and Ta Boeb Villages, Bavet Commune, Bavet District, Svay Rieng Province. National Road 1, Bavet Kandal Village, Bavet Commune, Bavet District, Svay Rieng Province. Provincial Road 377, Srae Sdau and OuRuessei Ti Muoy Villages, OuRuessei Commune, Krachech District, Kratie Province. National Road 7, Kat Dai Village, Snuol Commune, Snuol District, Kratie Province. National Road 7, Chamkar Kor Village, Dar Commune, Memot District, Kampong Cham Province. National Road 7, Slab Kdaong Village, Chob Commune, Tboung Khmum District, Kampong Cham Province. National Road 7, Tuol Vihear Village, Chirou Ti Pir Commune, Tboung Khmum District, Kampong Cham Province. National Road 6, Kraom and Preaek Thmei Villages, Preaek Anhchanh Commune, Mukh Kampul District, Kandal Province. National Road 5, Baliley and Kbal Spean Villages, Paoy Paet Communes, Paoy Paet District, Banteay MeanChey Province. National Road 5, Stueng Bat and Baliley Villages, Paoy Paet Commune, Paoy Paet District, Banteay MeanChey Province. National Road 5, Kourothan and Kampong Svay and Chak Villages, Ou Ambel and Kampong Svay and Preah Ponlea Communes,Serei Saophoan District,Banteay MeanChey Province. 24
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014 National Road 5, Soben and Sala Lekh Pram Villages, Peani and Ou Ruessei Communes, Kampong Tralach District, Kampong Chhnang Povince. Phum 1 and Phum 2 Villages, Tonle Basak Commune, Chamkar Mon District, Phnom Penh. Phum 1 Village, Phsar Thmei Ti Muoy Commune, Doun Penh District, Phnom Penh. Provincial Road 33, Kampong Tralach Village, Prey Thum Commune, Kaeb District, Kep Province. Phum Buon Village, Buon Commune, Preah Sihanouk District, Preah Sihanouk Province. Phum Bei and Phum Buon Villages, Bei and Buon Commune, Preah Sihanouk District, Preah Sihanouk Province. Phum Muoy and Phum Pir Villages, Pir Commune, Preah Sihanouk District, Preah Sihanouk Province. Phum Ti Muoy and Phum Ti Pir Villages, Smach MeanChey Communes, Khemara Phoumin District, Koh Kong Province.
25
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Figure 31: All Blackspot Locations Along the Cambodian Road Network, 2014
26
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
In 2014, the highest number of fatalities was observed in Phnom Penh (249), followed by Kampong Cham (217) and Kandal (150). Compared to 2013, the number of fatalities in 2014 increased the most in Banteay Mean Chey (63), follow by Battambang (37) and Kampong Cham (30). Table 11: Number of Fatalities by Capital and Province, 2010 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2014
2014 Change ov er 2013
2014
Capital and Proivnces
2010
2011
2012
2013
#
#
#
#
#
%
Change
%
Banteay Mean Chey
89
98
84
82
145
7%
63
77%
Battambang
101
115
123
84
121
5%
37
44%
Kampong Cham
238
233
184
187
217
10%
30
16%
Kampong Chhnang
42
75
64
88
109
5%
21
24%
Kampong Speu
67
56
87
78
102
5%
24
31%
Kampong Thom
104
105
111
100
104
5%
4
4%
Kampot
57
60
57
77
86
4%
9
12%
Kandal
196
149
135
124
150
7%
26
21%
3
4
11
6
19
1%
13
217%
Koh Kong
25
27
34
21
21
1%
0
0%
Kratie
81
70
76
93
121
5%
28
30%
Mondol Kiri
26
22
17
15
18
1%
3
20%
Oddar Mean Chey
25
17
48
43
47
2%
4
9%
Pailin
10
9
19
17
16
1%
-1
-6%
Phnom Penh
189
278
296
282
249
11%
-33
-12%
Preah Sihanouk
62
87
73
83
78
4%
-5
-6%
Preah Vihear
27
35
45
48
55
2%
7
15%
Prey Veng
87
106
104
107
136
6%
29
27%
Pursat
61
74
81
62
69
3%
7
11%
Rotanak Kiri
38
35
42
61
46
2%
-15
-25%
Siem Reap
132
75
97
92
100
4%
8
9%
Stung Treng
28
20
20
29
32
1%
3
10%
Svay Rieng
44
56
66
64
77
3%
13
20%
Takeo
81
93
91
106
108
5%
2
2%
3
6
1
1
0
-
-
-
1816
1905
1966
1950
2226
100%
276
14%
Kep
Unknown Total
27
Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
VII. Key Recommendations
Speed up the approval of the National Road Safety Policy and the 2011-2020 National Road Safety Action Plan.
Speed up the revision and approval of land traffic laws.
Strengthen the RCVIS data collection system to ensure its accuracy.
Improve blackspot areas, improve pedestrian infrastructure, and set up slow speed zones and separate lanes for motorbikes.
Strengthen the traffic law enforcement, particularly on speeding, drunk driving, and helmet wearing.
Provide technical and financial support, relevant tools/equipment, and training to traffic police.
Strengthen the training and driving license application, and introduce a demerit point system.
Improve the effectiveness and efficiency of emergency medical services and ensure equal treatment for all casualties.
Promote road safety and traffic law public awareness campaigns and education in schools, universities, and communities, especially along national roads and other high risk areas.
Promote and integrate Road Safety Policy and Action Plans into local development plans with adequate resources for implementation.
Seek for other sources of funds to reinforce road safety program education in all aspects and increase the knowledge on road safety to all level of road user.
Integrate road safety awareness and enforcement based on concrete planning.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Table 12. Evaluation of Data by Year, 2010-2014 Fatalities information Population Registerred vehicles Number and rate of fatalities Fatalites rate per day Fatalities per 100,000 population Fatalities per 10,000 registerred vehicles Gender Male Female Unknown Age categories
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 >=55 Unknown Road user Driver Passenger Pedestrian Unknown Type of transport Mototrbike riders Pedestrian Family car Passenger vehicle Goods vehicle Bicycle Other Occupation Farmer Worker Student Child House keeper/servant Vender Mototr taxi driver Tourist/ expatriate Government employee Other Human error Over speeding Drinking driving Not respect right of way Dangerious overtaking Chang land without due care Change direction without due care Other N/A
2010 14,302,779 1,652,534 1816 5.0 12.7 11.0
2011 14,521,275 1,904,263 1905 5.2 13.1 10.0
2012 14,741,414 2,175,418 1966 5.4 13.4 9.0
2013 14,962,591 2,457,555 1950 5.3 13.0 7.9
2014 15,184,116 2,801,818 2226 6.1 14.7 7.9
1456 344 16
1510 389 6
1612 353 1
1549 398 3
1854 370 2
36 63 49 206 361 291 171 114 109 120 93 186 17
35 72 51 234 391 301 171 137 125 95 96 185 12
36 65 55 246 409 327 180 135 106 116 100 188 3
37 79 35 240 419 267 213 129 117 112 112 190 0
54 63 58 186 515 328 231 174 120 141 122 234 0
1057 524 18 0
1066 551 254 0
1182 563 207 0
1162 536 246 0
1425 569 223 9
1209 217 140 28 76 72 74
1262 255 144 36 81 51 76
1340 207 155 31 99 77 57
1351 246 132 33 72 45 71
1614 223 128 44 79 66 72
660 277 251 49 63 63 39 10 174 230
703 336 272 47 52 56 46 14 126 253
757 338 269 43 47 77 29 17 141 248
753 371 249 50 21 89 34 15 132 236
932 422 258 69 15 118 43 20 107 242
909 279 146 150 34 38 157 103
978 272 141 136 57 32 215 74
1032 254 175 182 26 28 167 102
906 290 187 222 65 48 145 87
951 381 184 246 77 96 196 95
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Table 13. Number of Casualties Reported by Referral Hospitals and Health Centers by Province and Month, 2014
Name Provinces
Name hospital/health center Paoy Paet Phnum Lieb Preah Net Preah Banteay MeanChey Provincial Hospital Srah Chik Svay Chek Total Emergency Battambang Sampov Luon Total Batheay Chamkar Leu Choam Treak Choeung Prey Kroch Chhmar Memut O Reang Ov Kampong Cham Ponhea Krek Prey Chhor Sraei Santhor Tang Krang Thmor Totung Stoeng Trorng Tbong Khmum Total Kampong Chhnang Kampong Tralach Kampong Chhnang Kampong Tralach Leu Boribour Total
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 76 66 27 34 53 15 49 35 13 14 25 0 0 31 111 79 41 59 53 15 80 3 5 3 11 7 0 1 6 5 15 0 4 5 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 17 11 26 27 18 55 6 6 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 15 5 9 21 0 0 0 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 22 14 11 14 12 2 7 30 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 21 21 0 1 16 0 117 70 100 113 57 55 80 8 9 1 8 16 3 0 31 20 21 22 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 8 40 21 29 38 20 3
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 41 41 62 22 27 21 0 24 33 68 62 62 24 55 7 3 0 0 6 4 6 7 9 6 0 0 0 0 0 33 25 25 24 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 17 14 19 16 1 6 2 5 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 54 59 49 61 69 2 6 17 14 14 1 23 20 25 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 5 0 0 0 3 34 37 39 35
Total 2 1 8 2 1 6 20 486 223 709 46 73 2 324 19 16 50 20 151 81 1 2 5 94 884 98 165 21 23 307
Note: Blank cells may be casualties who did not go to a hospital/health center or were not reported by the hospitals/health centers.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Months Name Total hospital/health center Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Angkor Chey 5 3 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 14 Chhouk 12 9 3 10 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 Kampot Kampong Trach 3 9 9 25 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 57 Provincial Hospital 49 48 40 16 36 47 0 0 0 0 0 0 236 Total 69 69 57 51 48 58 0 1 0 0 0 0 353 Angkoul 0 0 0 0 5 5 3 4 2 0 0 2 21 Kep 8 11 3 8 6 10 15 12 7 20 6 0 106 Ou Krasar 2 0 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 7 11 38 Kep Pong Teuk 0 0 0 0 8 5 8 9 0 0 9 4 43 Prey Thum 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 6 Total 10 11 4 9 22 21 30 29 13 23 22 20 214 Chhlong 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Kratie Svay Chreah 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Total 9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Oddar MeanChey Samraong 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 Calmette 87 100 78 82 83 33 74 98 104 98 131 47 1015 Kanthabopha 26 18 18 44 51 43 0 38 39 23 26 19 345 Phnom Penh Natiional pediatrician Hospital 9 8 7 6 2 0 0 0 7 7 6 4 56 Russei 0 0 0 0 0 26 30 20 2 0 0 0 78 Total 122 126 103 132 136 102 104 156 152 128 163 70 1494 Krong Preah Sihanou 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Preah Sihanouk Stoeng Hav 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Total 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 16 Makara Hospital 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 3 15 Boribo 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Chheb 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Chhnuon 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Kou Len 0 3 1 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 Preah Vihear Phnom Dek 3 0 2 2 3 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 16 Saang 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Sra'aem 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 Koh Kae 3 5 0 0 9 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 23 Chea Sim 0 0 6 6 0 1 0 0 9 7 0 0 29 Total 7 9 16 13 18 3 0 6 9 11 12 3 107 Name Provinces
Note: Blank cells may be casualties who did not go to a hospital/health center or were not reported by the hospitals/health centers.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Name Provinces Prey Veng Pursat
Siem Reap
Svay Rieng Takeo
Name hospital/health center Kamchay Mear Smaong Tboung Total Bakan Kralanh Provincial Hospital Puok Angkor Chom Total Chi Phu Provincial Hospital Romeas Hek Total Provincial Hospital
Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 3 3 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 7 9 6 5 1 70 56 60 134 85 65 0 9 7 4 9 1 8 0 10 12 11 20 4 9 0 93 80 82 172 96 87 1 14 1 7 43 13 13 7 21 27 30 44 31 44 21 4 1 1 2 1 0 1 39 29 38 89 45 57 29 37 36 26 31 25 4 0
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 11 13 13 12 0 10 10 5 7 0 100 59 52 90 0 5 8 9 7 0 6 2 6 5 0 121 79 72 109 16 5 2 6 5 27 30 19 24 26 0 5 0 0 6 43 40 21 30 37 0 0 0 0 2
Total 11 1 12 54 69 771 67 85 992 132 344 21 497 161
Note: Blank cells may be casualties who did not go to a hospital/health center or were not reported by the hospitals/health centers.
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
3. Data collection forms Two different data collection forms are currently used: the hospital data collection form, using the casualty as point of entry, and the traffic police data collection form, using the crash as the point of entry. Duplicate entries are checked using the name of the casualty, the date and time of the crash, and the location. Road traffic and Other Type of Injury Form
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Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System Annual Report 2014
Traffic Police Data Collection Form
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35
Glossary Agriculture vehicle
Vehicle used for farming. Sometimes, it is made locally, by combining with other machines or parts of another vehicle. Example: Ox-machine.
Blackspot
A section on the road, less than 300 meters long, that has the highest number of road crashes/fatalities/casualties over a one year period, in a selected area.
Taxi/truck/bus driver
Person who makes a living from driving a passenger/goods vehicle.
Casualty
Person that was killed or injured in a road crash.
Change direction without due care Going straight then turning left or right suddenly or U-turning without giving a sign to other road users. Change lane without due care Changing lane left or right while still proceeding in the same direction (going straight) without giving a sign to other road users. Child
Person whose age is less than 6 years old.
Damage only
Any road crash which does not result in any casualties.
Dangerous overtaking
Overtaking without examination of the traffic situation.
Died at hospital
Person who died after arriving at the hospital.
Died on scene
Person who was killed immediately during the road crash.
Died on the way to hospital
Person who died during the transfer to the hospital.
Driver
Operator of a motorized or non-motorized vehicle (including cyclists and people riding an animal).
Driving against flow of traffic
Drivers driving on the opposite side of the road.
Drunk driving
The accident involves a driver with a blood-alcohol level over the legal limit. Assumption made by the traffic police.
Farmer
A person who works on a farm.
Fatal crash
Any road crash resulting in at least one person killed immediately or dying within 30 days, as a result of the crash.
Fatality
Person who was killed immediately or died within 30 days, as a result of the crash.
Four-wheel vehicle
All kinds of passengers and goods vehicles, with 4 wheels.
36
Goods vehicle
A vehicle with more than four wheels and used to transport goods.
Head-on
The front of both vehicles collided with each other.
Hit and run
When the driver responsible for the crash intentionally escapes afterwards.
Hit animal
The moving vehicle collided with an animal.
Hit object off road
The moving vehicle collided with stationary object off the road (ex. tree, post…).
Hit object on the road
The moving vehicle collided with stationary object on the road (ex. barrier…).
Hit parked vehicle
The moving vehicle collided with a parked vehicle.
Hit pedestrian
The moving vehicle collided with a pedestrian.
Housekeeper
A person who stays home to look after the family or to clean other people’s houses.
Human error
A mistake in human judgement that may contribute to a road crash.
Local road/track
Road connecting a national/provincial road to a village/commune in the countryside or road outside urban areas.
Major road in city
Road located in the city with double central lines, but which is not a national or a provincial road.
Minor road in city
Road located in the city with no double central lines.
Motor taxi driver
A person who makes a living from driving a motor taxi.
Motorbike/two-wheel vehicle A motor vehicle with two wheels. National road
Major country road linking major population centers and provinces in different parts of the county, permitting speeds of 90km/h.
Not respecting the right of way Not giving the right of way to pedestrians or other vehicles on the roads, especially on junction roads. Not respecting traffic lights
Driving through traffic lights while it’s red.
Not respecting traffic signs
Driving without respecting the traffic signs.
Other government employee
All government employees, except police officers, soldiers, and teachers.
Speeding
All vehicles using speed over the legal limit or using a non-appropriate speed in relation with the weather, the geographical conditions, the traffic, their vehicles, or their vehicle’s load.
Overturned/single vehicle
Refers to single vehicle crashes.
37
Passenger vehicle
Vehicles with more than four-wheels used to transport passengers from one place to another (including minibus, bus).
Passenger
A person who travels in/on a vehicle, without operating it (e.g. the persons who sit at the back of a motorbike, tricycle, car, etc.).
Paved road
Roads covered by asphalt or asphalt with pebble.
Pedestrian
A person walking/standing on the road or on the footpath/sidewalk at the time of the crash. They are not in a vehicle.
Provincial road
Major road linking population centres within a province and/or developed and maintained by provincial public works and transport departments.
Rear-end
The front side of one vehicle collides with the rear side of another vehicle.
Right-angle
Angled impact where the front of the first vehicle collides with the side of the second vehicle.
Road conditions
Conditions of road on which happened the road crash.
Road environment
Combination of road and weather conditions that are linked to a road crash.
Serious crash
Any road crash resulting in at least one person who requires hospitalization for at least 6 days because of injuries sustained in the crash, while no one was killed.
Serious/severe injury
Person who was hospitalized for at least 6 days because of injuries sustained in the crash.
Severity of crash
The severity of the road crash, based on the most severe injury of any person involved.
Severity of injury
The injury severity level for a person involved in the crash.
Side swipe
The vehicle collided side by side while traveling in the same directions.
Slight crash
Any road crash resulting in at least one of the participants of the crash being hospitalized less than 24 hours or not being hospitalized, while no participant was seriously injured or killed.
Student
Someone who is attending school from primary school to university.
Superficial/Slight/minor injury Person who was injured and hospitalized for less than 24 hours or not hospitalized. Teacher
Someone who instructs students.
T-junction
A road that ends but has the possibility of going right or left, a T intersection.
38
Tourist/Expatriate
Foreigners who work or temporarily stay in the country and does not have a Cambodianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ID card.
Unemployed
Someone who is jobless or has no permanent job.
Unpaved/non-cemented
Roads that are not paved or cemented.
Urban area
Refers to a place where buildings or houses are built close to each other.
Using mobile phone
Using a mobile phone while driving without a hands free kit or without stopping the vehicle at the side of the road.
Vehicle defects
Vehicle defect which is a cause of the crash.
Vendor/small business
Someone who buys and sells goods.
Weather conditions
Weather at the moment of the road crash.
Worker
Someone who works at a particular occupation or activity, or someone who does manual or industrial labor.
Wrong use of high beam
Wrongly using high beams at night.
X-junction
Crossroads, a road intersection with four directions.
Y-junction
A triangle junction, where one road becomes two at a fork.
References 1. National Road Safety Action Plan 2006-2010, 2006. Phnom Penh, Royal Government of Cambodia National Road Safety Committee. 2. "Statistics of vehicle registered in 2012." Department of Public Work and Land Transport. 3. General Population Census of Cambodia 2008, Ministry of Planning. 4. Handicap International Belgium and the Institute of Mobility â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Hasselt University of Belgium. Cost Analysis of Road Crashes in Cambodia. Phnom Penh: Handicap International Belgium, 2012. 5. Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2005, National Institute of Public Health and National Institute Statistics Phnom Penh, Cambodia, December 2006
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Contacts Further analysis and additional information is available on request. Please do not hesitate to contact one of the following persons:
For information regarding the National Road Safety Action Plan H.E. Peou Maly Deputy Director General of the General Department of Transport, Ministry of Public Works and Transport Secretary General of the General Secretariat of the National Road Safety Committee Mobile: (855) 012 919 717 Email: peoumaly09@yahoo.com
For information regarding road crash statistics H.E. Major General Ty Long Deputy Director of the Public Order Department, Ministry of Interior Vice Secretary General of the General Secretariat of the National Road Safety Committee Mobile: (855) 012 934 534
For information regarding the national traffic law enforcement H.E. Major General HIM Yan Director of Order Department General Commissariat of the National Police Ministry of Interior Mobile: (855) 012 590 978 Email: himyan999@gmail.com
For information regarding emergency assistance: Dr. PRAK PISETH Raingsey Director of the Preventive Medicine Department Ministry of Health Mobile: (855) 012 862 022 Email: pisethsey@yahoo.com
For general road safety information and additional analysis/customized reports: Mr. Chhoun Voun Deputy Director General of the General Department of Transport, Ministry of Public Works and Transport Vice Secretary General of the General Secretariat of the National Road Safety Committee Mobile: (855) 016 886 464 Email: voun.chhoun@gmail.com
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Prepared by National Road Safety Committee Street 598, Sangkat Chrang Chamreh 2, Khan Russei Keo, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: (855) 23 865 082
rcvis@nrsc.gov.kh www.nrsc.gov.kh
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