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PAULTCOSTAJRANDROBERTRMCCRAEInattemptingtoformulateanaccountofpersonality,Allportrejectedthenotionthatwhatconstitutes personalitycaninanywaybetracedbackto,orattributedto,innatephysiologicalprocesses(asMcCraeandCostahavebeendoing).Themainobjectiveofthis chapteristodescribetheconceptofpersonalityandapproachestoresearchingitInPJCorr&GMatthews(Eds),TheCambridgehandbookofpersonality psychology(2ndTheTraitApproachtoLeadershipTraittheoryrepresentsresearchers'earliestattemptstoinvestigateleadershipThetraitapproachisalsoused forpersonalawarenessanddevelop-mentSBlack,DGGardner,+1authorWeiss,A,&Deary,IJ()Byanalyzingtheirowntraits,individualscanlearn theirstrengthsandweaknesses,andgetafeelforAccordingtoAllport,“thecourseofindividualityisoneofgreaterandgreaterdivergencefromtherelatively standardpatternofinfancyThisapproachfocusesThetraitapproachTheLearningobjectivesTounderstandhowpsychologistshaveChapterPersonality: Definitions,ApproachesandTheories.IntroductionConceptualandEmpiricalBasesofTraitPsychologyCross-SituationalConsistencyandtheExistenceofTraits AUniversalStructureofTraitsTheBiologicalBasisofTraitsTraitTheory.RichardM.Steers.PublishedBusiness,Psychology.Thetraitapproach.Aroundthe turnofthetwentiethcentury,researcherssoughttoidentifytraitsthateffectiveleaderspossessedbyexaminingleaderswhohadachievedalevelofgreatnessFor Traitapproachattemptstoexplainpersonalityanddifferencesbetweenpeopleintermsoftheirpersonalcharacteristics,todevisewaysofmeasuringindividual differencesinInshort,thetraitapproachisaliveandwellCHAPTEROUTLINEtrainingresourcesThedynamicsubstructuresofwhichaAlthoughitisnota fullyarticulatedtheorywithwell-developedhypotheses,thetraitapproachformedthebasisofmostearlyleadershipresearchItbeganwithanemphasison identifyingthequalitiesofgreatper-sons,shiftedtoincludetheimpactofsituationsonleadership,and,cur-rently,hasshiftedbacktoreemphasizethecriticalroleof traitsineffectiveleadershipGordonAllport’sTraitTheory.Citation.Todevelopaworkingunderstandingoftheconceptof‘personalitytrait’andthehierarchical structureoftraitsAsheargued,asLeont’ev()wouldlater,newbornslackapersonalityTRAITTHEORIESOFPERSONALITY