Pragya 111

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o; cª\sdf e"sDk ljz]if cWoog k|f=8f= xl/x/ kf}8n] MM e"sDk / g]kfn÷!

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k|f=8f= dfwj k|;fb kf]v/]n MM cle3ft Joj:yfkgdf xf:oJoª\Uo ;flxTosf] e"ldsf÷%(

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kmf]g $@$!(@% -k|wfg ;Dkfbs_ ˆ ofS; )!–$@$!&*^

;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog k|f= df]xg/fh zdf{ MM n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;}4flGts kl/ro / s[lt ljZn]if0fsf] ¿k/]vf÷&&

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nf] s ;flxlTos cWoog 8f= w|j' k|;fb e6\6/fO{ MM sljt\sf] ;Gbe{k/s ljZn]if0f÷*&

ljljw cWoog an/fd clwsf/L MM ;flxlTos cg'jfb M ;[hgfTds k7g / n]vgsf] ;ª\ud÷!)! j;GtL cfrfo{ MM g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] ;Gbe{df å}wdfuL{ /0fgLlt÷!)* ∗∗∗

;DkfbsLo g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] lgoldt cw{jflif{s zf]wd"ns klqsf k|1fsf] k"0ff{ª\s !!! k|sfzdf NofPsf 5f}F . …e"sDk ljz]ifÚ gfddf cufl8 NofOPsf]] k|1fsf] k|:t't cª\s kf7sj[GbnfO{ cl3cl3sf cª\sx?eGbf s]xL gf}nf] h:tf] nfUg ;S5 . jf:tjdf of] gf}NofOF xfd|f] of]lht cu|;/tf geO{ kl/l:yltn] l;h{gf u/]sf] cGof}nsf] pTk|/|] 0ff xf] . cem egf},F cGof}nk|lt bfloTjaf]wsf] ;~rf/0f xf] of] . cjZo g}, …zlStzfnL e"sDk @)&@Ú l;t cfsl:ds hDsfe]6 x'g' xfdL s;}sf] klg of]hgfsf] s'/f lyPg, g t Tof] xfd|f] s'g} rfxgfsf] ljifo g} lyof] . t/ klg, ha PsfPs ;Dd'vdf Tof] cfOnfUof], To;nfO{ a]xf]g{' l;jfo c¿ s'g} pkfo /x]g xfdL;Fu . lj1sf ;'emfj, ;~rf/sf] ;hutf clg Oltxf;sf] cWoog cflb w]/} s'/fx?n] g]kfndf e"sDkLo hf]lvd ljb\odfg 5 eGg] s'/f ;ª\sl] tt eO /x]s} xf] tfklg ;Defljt b'36{ gfsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ cg'dfg ug{ g;Stf cyjf egf}F cg'dfg ug{ r'Stf xfdL ;a}n] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf 7'nf] rf]6 a]xf]g{' k¥of], /fi6«n] 7'nf] Iflt v]Kg' k¥of] . g9fFl6sg eGg] xf] eg], cfhsf] lbg;Dd klg zlQmzfnL e"sDkkl5sf k/sDkgx?sf] dfgl;s qf; xfdLn] a]xf]l/ /x]s} 5f}F . jf:tjdf e"sDkn] xfd|f ;Dkbfx?df, ef}lts ;DklTtx?df / xfd|f] dgMl:yltdf k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf] cfFsng ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g . ;DejtM jiff}; F{ Dd xfdLn] of] IfltnfO{ s'g} g s'g} ¿kn] a]xf]l/ /xg' kg]{ 5 . t/ To;f] eg]/ xfdL lg/fz aGg], cfkm\gf] st{Jo k'/f gug]{ / o; k|sf/sf k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 ef}lts / dfgl;s ¿kn] hf]lug] pkfo gug'{ emg\ 7'nf] bf]if x'g] 5 . hlt ;Stf] rfF8f] of] cj:yfnfO{ ;fdfGo kfg]{ tkm{ xfdL ;a} cfcfkm\gf] If]qaf6 st{Joaf]wsf ;fy nfUg' kg]{ vfFrf] casf] d'Vo rf;f] xf] . oxL tYok|lt ;hutf /fVt} xfdLn] k|1fsf] o; cª\sdf s]xL ;sf/fTds k|of; u/]sf 5f}F . zlQmzfnL e"sDkkZrft\ gofF o'udf hf] kbflk{t eof] x/]ssf] hLjg, :jefjtM hLjgnfO{ a'em\g / a'emfpg yk lrGtgzLn x'g' kg]{ kl/l:ylt cfO klb{of] . kl/0ffdtM l;h{gf, ;dfnf]rgf jf zf]wdf s;/L cleJolQm lbFbf cg'el" t oyfy{ / hLjGt eP/ cfpnf eGg] lrGtgdf kfsfb]lv gofF k':tfsf n]vsx¿ klg ;fd]n eP . cfFvf cl3sf] kl/l:ylt km]l/of], k'/fgf dfGotf / k|rngx? elTsP . zfGt / l:y/ dgMl:yltdf cfFwL h:tf] u/L cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] d"Noaf]wsf] cj:yf yk hLjGt eP/ cfof] . t/ afFrk] l5sf pkqmdx? t ug'{ g} 5 . st{Jon] afFlwPsfx? ;w}F lhDd]jf/

eO /xg' k5{ . casf] bfloTj s] xf] < ;dosf] kl5Nnf] ;Gb]z Tolt ;'vb\ lyPg . jiff}b{ l] v lgbfPsf] h:tf], lal;{Psf] h:tf], a]jf:tf ul/Psf] h:tf] xfd|} cfsf+Iffn] cf]em]ndf kfl/Psf] k|fs[lts lgodsf] gofF z[ªv \ nf xfd|f] lglDt r'gf}tL ag]/ pkl:yt ePsf] lyof] . xfdLn] gofF jif{nfO{ xif{n] l:jsf/ u/]/ ;':tfpg ;Dd klg kfPsf lyPgf}F zlQmzfnL e"sDksf] qf;n] xfdLnfO{ a]:;/L nv]6o\ f]] . tg / dg b'as } f] c;'/Iffn] efUg ;Dd efUof}F t/ 6f9f sxfF;Dd k'Ug ;SYof}F / xfdL Û hlt efu] klg cGttM km]l/ kmls{g] / a:g] 7fpF t cflv/ cfkm\g} cl:tTjsf] cfFug xf] . xfdL kmls{of}F cfkm\g} 7fpF . To;kl5sf xfd|f bfloTjx? lyP xfdL clxn] ltg}nfO{ k'/f ub}{ 5f}F . ltg} kfsf / gofF k':tfsf n]vsx?sf ;d;fdlos ljljw zf]wd"ns cleJolQmx?nfO{ o; cª\sdf :yfg lbPsf 5f}F . l;4fGttM e"sDk s] xf] < xfd|f] ef}ule{s cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 < oxfF e"sDksf] ;Defjgf s] slt 5 / To;af6 ;'/lIft /xg s] s:tf] pkfo tyf ;hutf /fVg' cfjZos 5 < cflb ljifodf e"sDk ljz]if1x?sf cflwsfl/s wf/0ffx?, g]kfnsf] ;DaGwdf e"sDk, e"sDkkl5sf] j:t'l:ylt / e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf /rgfx? ;dfj]z u/L ;DalGwt ljifoaf/] kf7snfO{ ;';l" rt ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf 5f}F . o; cª\sdf e"sDkn] xfd|f ;f+:+ s[lts ;Dkbfx?df s] slt gf]S;fg k'Ug uof] eGg]af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] n]vsf ;fy} e"sDkn] xfd|f] ;Dkbfdf k'¥ofPsf] Iflt / casf lbgdf xfdLn] lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ ljifodf ;+:s[ltljb\x?sf n]v ;d]t ;d]6g\ 5'6fPsf 5}gf}F . e"sDkkl5sf] xfd|f] qf;b\ dfgl;stfnfO{ ;xh / ;fdfGo kfg{ tyf hghLjgdf k/]sf] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;flxTo tyf snfn] lrlsT;sLo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 eGg] oyfy{nfO{ pRr :j/ lbg] cfzon] o; ;DaGwdf g]kfn k|1f– k|lti7fg ;dfnf]rgf tyf lgaGw ljefun] cfof]hgf u/]sf] …cle3ft Joj:yfkgdf xf:o Joª\Uo ;flxTosf] e"ldsfÚ ljifosf] uf]i7Ldf k|:t't sfo{kq tyf l6Kk0fL nufotsf ;fdu|L klg o; cª\sdf ;d]6L yk hfgsf/L u/fpg k|oTg u/]sf 5f}F . k|1fsf] o; cª\sdf e"sDk / To;sf k|efj;Fu hf]l8Psf ljz]if n]v–/rgfsf ;fy;fy} b]zsf] kl/ro;Fu hf]l8Psf ;+:+ s[lt ljifosf cGo ;f/k"0f{ n]vx?, n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGt ;DaGwL dxTTjk"0f{ n]v, …sljt\Ú sf] kl/ro ;d]l6Psf] nf]s ;flxTo ;Da4 n]v, cg'jfb l;4fGt / l;h{gfTds k7g Pj+ n]vgaf/]sf] n]vsf ;fy;fy} g]kfnsf] cy{tGql;t hf]l8Psf] n]v cflb klg ;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ljljw ljwfIf]q ;d]l6Psf oL ofjt\ zf]wd"ns n]vx? 1fglkkf;' xfd|f tdfd kf7ssf nflu cjZo g} ljz]if pkof]uL x'g5 ] g\ eGg] xfd|f] ljZjf; xf] . o; cª\ssf nflu cfkm\gf zf]wd"ns ljlzi6 n]v–/rgfx? pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ljåfg\ n]vsx¿k|lt xfdL cfef/L 5f}F . ef]lnsf lbgx?df klg lj1 n]vsx?af6 o:t} k|fl1s ;xof]usf] xfdL ck]Iff ub{5f}F . cGTodf, jiff}bF{ l] v g]kfnL hgtfn] rfx]sf] …g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@Ú xfdLnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . b]zsf] d"n sfg'gsf] ;Ddfg ub}{ o;sf] sfof{GjognfO{ klg Wofg lbg] / cfkm" ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg ePsf] cg'el" t ug]{ cj;/ xfdL ;a}n] k|fKt ug{ ;sf}F eGg] sfdgf ub{5f}F .

—k|wfg ;Dkfbs

k|1 f MM 4

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e"sDk ljz]if cWoog

e"sDk / g]kfn k|f=8f= xl/x/ kf}8n] k[YjLsf] ue{df lg/Gt/ eO/xg] xnrnsf sf/0f k[YjLsf] ;txdf sDkg x'g] lqmofnfO{ e"sDk elgG5 . ef}ule{s b/f/ jf e|z + sf] tndfly jf bfofFafofF /x]sf r§fgsf v08x¿ crfgs cfˆgf] :yfgaf6 lj:yfkg x'Fbf pTkGg x'g] zlQmnfO{ t/ª\ux¿n] hldgsf] ;txtkm{ af]s/] NofpF5g\ . s]xL jif{bl] v ;of+} jif{;Dd hDdf ePsf] ljzfn dfqfsf] To:tf] zlQm crfgs aflx/ lg:sFbf hldgdf sDkg pTkGg x'G5, ToxL g} e"sDk xf] . e"sDk k|fs[lts k|sf]k xf] t/ slxn], sxfF / sqf] cfpF5 eGg] s'/fsf] k|:6 ;ª\st] gb]lvg', c;/ tTsfn x'g,' o:n] ug]{ 8/nfUbf] ljgfz cflbn] ubf{ zlbof}bl] v o;nfO{ b}jL k|sf]ksf] ¿kdf lnOof] . jf:tjdf e"sDk dfgj hflts} ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] zq' dWo] Ps xf] . Oltxf;sf] ;'?b]lv g} k[YjLsf ljleGg efux¿df clgoldt ¿kdf 8/nfUbf sDkgx¿n] hldgleq ;+ l rt 7' n f] dfqfdf zlQmnfO{ lj;{hg u¥of] . ha o:tf] k|fs[lts k|sf]k dfgj j:tLsf] glhs} 36\g uof], Jofks dfqfdf wghgsf] Iflt eof] . k|frLgsfndf 6«fo] / 6fl;nfh:tf zx/df klg e"sDksf] zlQmnfO{ dxTTjk"0f{ :yfg lbPsf] s'/f u|Lssf k'/fsyfx¿df pNn]v 5g\ . cfw'lgs sfndf klg hfkfgsf] sf]j] / 6f]lsof], cd]l/sfsf] ;fg–k|mflG;:sf], O6fnLsf] d]l;gf, rLgsf] tfª\uzfg h:tf zx/nfO{ 7'nf e"sDkn] ljzfn Iflt k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . la;f}F ztfAbLdf k|z:t} k|fljlws ljsf;x¿ eP h;n] dfgjnfO{ tTsfn ljZje/L ;Dks{ ug{ ;Sg] ;~rf/, b|'t ultsf oftfoftsf ;fwg, cfsfz 5]8g\ ] cUnf ejgx¿, y'k}| eofjx /f]ux¿sf lj?4 cf}iflw Pj+ cg]sf}F ljzfn ;+/rgfx¿ lbof] t/ k[YjLe/L g} e"sDksf] vt/f eg] jzdf kfg{

;lsPg . tyflk la;f} F ztfAbLdf k| f Kt e"sDk;DaGwL 1fgn] To;sf] vt/f 6fg{ g;lsP klg To;af6 x'g] dfgjLo Iflt eg] sd ug{ ;lsg] s'/f l;sfPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd ePsf] cWoogn] k[YjLsf] s'g–s'g 7fpFdf e"sDk cfpF5g\, s'g 7fpFdf e"sDkLo hf]lvd a9L 5 yfxf ePsf] 5 . ;fy} e"sDknfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] dfkg ug{, ltgnfO{ gSzfª\sg ug{ / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] 5 . ;fgf] e"sDkn] vf;} c;/ ub}g{ . To;}n] 7'nf] e"sDkn] Iflt gu/];Dd o;af/] w]/} Wofg lbOPsf] kfOFbg} . e"sDkaf6 Hofgsf] ;'/Iff ug{ jf Iflt sd ug{sf nflu w]/} 7fpFdf cToGt} sd jf z"Go nufgL ePsf] b]lvG5 . lat]sf] ztfAbLsf] ;'?df hg;ª\Vof / 7'nf zx/ yf]/} lyP . PSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf cfOk'Ubf hg;ª\Vofsf] Jofks a[l4 ePsf] ufpF, gu/ / 7'nf zx/sf] cfsf/ / ;ª\Vof b'jd } f b|t' ultdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ lat]sf ztfAbLsf] h:tf] cj:yf clxn] 5}g . clxn] k[YjLsf] h'g;'s} efudf 7'nf e"sDk cfP klg To;n] wghgsf] Iflt u/fPs} x'G5 . jf:tjdf zx/ hlt afs\nf] / 7'nf] x'bF } hfG5, hf]lvdsf] dfqf plt a9\b} hfG5 . To;}n] e"sDkLo k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd dfgj Oltxf;df ;a}eGbf a9L clxn] ePsf] 5 / of] hf]lvd lg/Gt/ a9L /x]5 .

Dffgj j:tL, zx/ / ;+/rgfnfO{ e"sDkaf6 s;/L Iflt sd u/fpg] eGg] s'/fsf] ljsf; klg kl5Nnf] ;dodf b|t' ultdf ePsf] 5 . k|sl[ tn] lbPsf] of] r'gf}tLnfO{ s;/L ;fdgf ug]{ eGg] af/]df OlGhlgo/, zx/sf] of]hgfsf/, cy{ljb\, k|zf;s / ;/sf/n] 1fgsf] j[l4 u/]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf o;nfO{ ;DalGwt Ps kIfn] dfq k'/f ug{ ;Sg] s'/f 5}g . k|1 f MM 5

g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df ljut Psf;L jif{df uPsf ltgcf]6f 7'nf e"sDkn] Jofks hgwgsf] Iflt u/fPsf] cj:yf 5 . lj=;+= !(() df3 @ ut]sf] *=$ /]S6/ :s]nsf] dxfe"sDkdf g]kfndf *,%!( / ef/tdf &,!** u/L !%,&)& hgfsf] d[To' eof] . g]kfntkm{ *),*(# 3/ k"0f{ ¿kdf gi6 eP eg] !,)$,%@! 3/df 7'nf] gf]S;fgL eof] .

To:t} lj=;+= @)$% efb| % ut] laxfg ^=^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] pbok'/ s]Gb| ePsf] e"sDkdf g]kfntkm{ &@! hgfsf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] eg] s/La ^%,))) 3/df Iflt ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L lj=;+= @)&@ j}zfv !@ ut]sf] &=^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] zlQmzfnL e"sDk / To;sf b'O{ zlQmzfnL k/sDkgsf sf/0f g]kfndf *,&!@ sf] d[To' / @@,@@) 3fOt] eP %,)),&!& lghL 3/ k"0f{ ¿kdf Wj:t eP .

Kn]6 6]s6\ f]lgs -e"tTj kl§sf_ l;4fGt k| f s[ l ts ¿kdf pTkGg x' g ] clwsf+ z e"sDksf] sf/0f Kn]6 6]s6\ f]lgs l;4fGtn] JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . k[YjLsf] aflx/L cfj/0fdf s/La #% lsnf]ld6/ df]6f] 7f]; 9'ªu\ fhGo kbfy{n] ag]sf] tx 5 h;sf] df]6fO ;a} 7fpFdf Psgf;sf] 5}g . ;d'bd | f of] tx kfFr lsnf]ld6/ eGbf a9L df]6f] 5 eg] lxdfno / cfNk\; h:tf kj{tLo z[ªv \ nf ePsf 7fpFdf &) b]lv *) ls=ld;Dd df]6f] 5 . of] e"efu ljutdf ef}uf]lns xnrnsf sf/0f st} v'lDrPsf], st} vlK6Psf] 5 . ljleGg 7fpFdf ul/Psf k|fu–r'DasLo (Paleo-magnetic) Pj+ e" s DkLo t/ª\ u sf] cWoogn] d]G6n (Mantle) sf] dflyNnf] efudf g/d tx 5 h;n] pRr tfk / bjfasf sf/0f Knfli6shGo (Plasticity) Jojxf/ b]vfpF5 eGg] k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . d]G6nsf] dflyNnf] of] efu sl/a !%) ls=ld= df]6f] 5 o;nfO{ P:y]gf]:km]o/ (Asthenusphere) elgG5 . k[YjLsf] afx\o efu / d]G6nsf] dflyNnf] efu ldnL ag]sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ lnyf]:km]o/ elgG5 . of] lnyf]:km]o/ s/La s/La 7f]; cj:yfsf] 5 . of] eGbf tn t/n / tftf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] d]G6n 5 h;dfly lg/Gt/ of] tx rnfodfg 5 . k[YjLdf ePsf 7'nf / ulx/f

e|z + -Fault) x¿n] 5'§fP/ o:tf 7'nf–7'nf 6'qmfx¿ ag]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ lnyf]:km]l/s Kn]6 elgG5 . o:tf Kn]6 Ps csf{sf t'ngfdf lg/Gt/ rnfodfg 5g\ .

Kn]6 6]S6f]lgssf] cjwf/0ffn] g} k[YjLdf rnfodfg lnyf]:km]l/s Kn]6sf] ;+hfn ePsf] s'/fnfO{ yk k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . Kn]6 6]Sgf]lgssf dxTTjk"0f{ ljz]iftfx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M != Kn]6 r§fgx¿ ldnL ag]sf] cToGt} 7'nf] ;fx|f] tx xf], h'g P:y]gf]:km]o/ dfly la:tf/} rnfodfg 5 . @= ;d'b| tndf Kn]6sf] df]6fO z"Go b]lv bz lsnf]ld6/;Dd 5 eg] cGo 7fpFdf a9Ldf !)) b]lv !%) ls=ld=;Dd 5 . Kn]6sf] cfsf/ dxfb]z hq} 5 . #= Kn] 6 sf] ;ª\ V ofsf] af/] d f km/s km/s cjwf/0ff ePtf klg k[YjL s/La @) cf]6f lnyf]:km]l/s Kn]6 ldn]/ ag]sf] dflgFb} cfPsf] 5 . tL dWo] d'Vo ^ cf]6f Kn]6x¿ M Kofl;lkms Kn]6 o'/l] ;og Kn]6 cd]l/sg Kn]6 Ol08og Kn]6 clk|msg Kn]6 cG6fs{l6s Kn]6 x'g\ . oL 5 dWo] kfFrcf]6f dxfb]zsf e"–efu / ;d'bL| ;tx ldn]/ ag]sf 5g\ eg] Kofl;lkms Kn]6 ;d'bs | f] e"OaF f6 ag]sf] 5 . cd]l/sL ef}ule{s ;j]n { ] eg] k[YjLsf] cfj/0f * cf]6f 7'nf Kn]6 / s]xL bh{g ;fgf Kn]6x¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] eGb} cfPsf] 5 . $= Ps csf{ s f t' n gfdf Kn] 6 x¿ lg/Gt/ rnfodfg 5g\ . k[YjLdf x'g] clwsf+z e"sDkLo, Hjfnfd'vL / 6]S6f]lgs ultljlw log} Kn]6x¿ 7f]lsFbf ltgsf lsgf/fdf x'g] ub{5 . Kn]6sf] leqL efudf eg] e"sDkLo ultljlw cToGt} Go"g dfqfdf x'G5 . %= Kn]6x¿ Ps csf{tkm{ jf Ps csf{af6 6f9f ultdfg\ eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . dfkgaf6 ltgsf] ult k|ltjif{ ! b]lv ^ ;]=ld=;Dd e]l6Psf] 5 . e"sDk lj1fgsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmd e"sDk lj1fgdf cfw'lgs oGqx¿sf] k|of]usf]

k|1 f MM 6

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Oltxf; Tolt nfdf] 5}g . tyflk lrlgofx¿n] !#@ AD df e"sDkLo t/ª\usf] lbzf dfkg ug]{ Ps oGq agfPsf] pNn]v 5 . e"sDk lj1fgsf]] ;}4flGts ul0ftLo kIfsf] ;'?jft ;g\ !^^) df /j{6 x'såf/f k|ltkflbt k|Tofj:yf ;DaGwL x'ssf] lgod / To; ;DaGwL ;dLs/0fsf] ljsf; ;g\ !*@! lt/ gfleo/ / srLn] u/]kl5 eof] . t/ª\usf] ul0ftLo cWoogaf6 ;g\ !*#) df kf]Ohgn] k[YjLleq ;dfg :jefj ePsf] 7f]; kbfy{df b'O{ cfwf/e"t k|sf/sf t/ª\ux¿ ;~rf/0f x'g] s'/f b]vfP . s_ kL t/ª\u M cyf{t bafao'Qm t/ª\u h;n]] cfotgsf kl/jt{g NofpF5 . b|j kbfY{fdf of] Wjlg t/ª\u h:t} x'G5 . v_ P; t/ª\u M cyf{t\ lj¿k0f t/ª\u h;n] j:t'sf] cfotgdf s'g} kl/jt{g NofpFbg} t/ ¿kdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 . To;}n] of] b|jdf ;~rfng x'g ;Sb}g s]an 7f];df dfq k|jflxt x'G5 . oL b'j} k|sf/sf ultnfO{ j:t' t/ª\u (Body Wave) elgG5 lsgeg] tL k[YjLsf] leqL efuaf6 lxF85 \ g\ . kL t/ª\unfO{ k|f/lDes t/ª\u / P; t/ª\unfO{ låtLo t/ª\u klg elgG5 . kL t/ª\usf] ult P; t/ª\ueGbf a9L x'G5 To;}n] of] /]s8{ ug]{ :6]zgdf klxn] cfOk'U5 . ;g\ !**& df ul0ft1 /]n] (Rayleigh) n] k|Tofjt{ ultsf] ;dLs/0fsf ;dfwfg ub}{ :jtGq ;txaf6 ;~rf/0f x'g] csf]{ t/ª\u kQf nufP h;nfO{ /]n] t/ª\u elgG5 . of] t/ª\u kbfy{sf] ;txdf dfq ;~rf/0f x'G5 . o;}u/L ;g\ !(!! df csf]{ ;tx t/ª\u kQf nfUof] of] aflwPsf tx tx ePsf] 7f]; kbfy{df pTkGg x'g,] o;sf] nj (Love) t/ª\u gfds/0f ul/of] . o; t/ª\un] hldgnfO{ uf]n–uf]n rSs/df 3'dfpg] x'gfn] ;a}eGbf a9L ;+/rgfdf Iflt oxL t/ª\un] k'¥ofpF5 . /]n] / nj t/ª\ux¿ ;txL t/ª\u x'g\ . oL t/ª\ux¿ kL / P; t/ª\usf] kbfy{sf] ;txsf] cjl:ylt cg';f/ x'g] cGt{lqmofaf6 pTkGg x'G5g\ . oL t/ª\udf s0f -k/df0f'_ sf] ult leGg leGg k|sf/sf] x'G5 . oL ;a} k|sf/sf t/ª\ux¿sf] ult

k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 ulx/fO;Fu kl/jt{g x'g] kbfy{sf u'0fn] k|efljt x'G5g\ . e"sDk dfkg k[YjL l;lns]6 / kmnfdsf] of}lushGo kbfy{ ldnL ag]sf] 5, h;sf] u'0f cgf}7f] 5 . k[YjL leq rfk / tfkqmd klg Psgf;sf] 5}g, km/s km/s 5 . ha o:tf] kbfy{df afXo an k|of]u x'G5, o;n] nrstf o'Qm j:t'n] h:t} Jojxf/ b]vfpF5 . o;n] ubf{ crfgs an nfUbf, e|z + ePsf] 7fpFdf 9'ªu\ f df6f]sf] efu lrKng, ;s{g yfN5 . o;sf sf/0f k[YjLsf] leqL efudf sDkg ;'? x'G5 / Ps k|sf/sf] t/ª\u (Elastic Wave) ;+rf/0f x'g yfN5 . oL t/ª\ux¿ ef}lts kbfy{df x'g] ultsf ¿kdf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ ;]:df]ld6/n] /]s8{ u/L ;'/lIft /fV5 . o;}sf] j}1flgs ljZn]if0f u/L Tof] e"sDk ;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ Yffxf x'G5 . e"sDk dfkg oGqsf] ljsf; eGbf klxnf e"sDkn] u/]sf Ifltsf] ljj/0fnfO{ gS;fdf e/]/ e"sDksf] tLa|tf sxfF, slt lyof] kQf nufOGYof] . e"sDksf] o:tf] dfknfO{ tLa|tf :s]n (Intensity Scale) elgof] . ;g\ !(#! ;Dddf o;nfO{ Jofks ;' w f/ u/L kl/jlt{ t ds{ n L tLa| t f :s] n (Modified Mercelli Intensity Scale) eGg yflnof] . of] :s]ndf Ifltsf] cfwf/df a9\b} hfg] u/L I b]lv XII ;Dd ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . lj=;+= @)&@ j}zfv !@sf] e"sDkdf ;a}eGbf a9L Iflt ePsf] 7fpFdf e"sDksf] tLj|tf VIII / cGo 7fpFdf ;f]eGbf sd lyof] . k[YjLsf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgfsf af/]df cfh;Dd h] hlt hfgsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5, To;sf] cGo t/Lsf eGbf ;a}eGbf a9L e"–sDkLo t/ª\ux¿sf] cWoogaf6} ePsf] 5 . cGo e"–ef}lts t/ª\usf] t'ngfdf e"sDkLo t/ª\usf] t/ª\u nDafO 5f]6f] x'G5 To;}n] ljB'tLo, u'?Tjfs{if0fLo jf r'DasLo k4lteGbf s'g} ;fgf] 7fpFsf] e"sDkLo t/ª\uaf6 a9L ;l6s hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . hldg sDkgsf] ultnfO{ ;dosf] ;fk]Iftfdf (Function of Time) /] s 8{ ul/G5 h;nfO{ k|1 f MM 7

;]:df]u|fd elgG5 . To;nfO{ e"sDklj1x¿n] cWoogsf nflu k|of]u u5{g\ . hldgsf] sDkgnfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf dfkg ug{ tn–dfly, pQ/–blIf0f / k"j{–klZrd u/L ltgcf]6f ;dsf]0fLo ;DaG4 36sx¿df /]s8{ ul/G5 . t/ª\udf ePsf k|To]s tn / dfly uPsf wsf{x¿df sDkgsf] >f]t / sDkg ToxfFaf6 /]s8{ ug]{ :yfg;Dd cfOk'Ubf kf/ u/]sf] k[YjLsf] ;+/rgfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5 . km/s km/s k|sf/sf >f]t / ltgn] pTkfbg ug]{ ljleGg k|sf/sf t/ª\usf cfwf/df e"sDksf] dfkg ug]{ :s]n klg y'k}| k|sf/sf 5g\ . pGgfO;f}F ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ e"sDk n]vg oGq -;]:df]u|fkm_sf] cfljisf/ ePkl5 To;df lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g / ljsf; x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . clxn] cToGt} ;'Id e"sDkx¿ klg dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf pks/0fx¿ bf]ns -k]G8'nd_sf] l;4fGt cg';f/ agfOG5 . o; oGqdf bf]nsdf h:t} Pp6f ux|fF} j:t' ljz]if k|sf/n] em'G8fOG5 . ha e"sDksf] t/ª\u o; oGqdf k'U5, ejg, hldg / o; oGqsf] k|md ] klg xNng yfN5 . olb Tof] ux|fF} j:t'nfO{ s'g} l:y/ laGb'df em'G8fOof] eg] k[YjLsf] ultsf] /]s8{ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf lglDt Tof] ux|fF} j:t'nfO{ Ps ljz]if l:k|ªu\ df em'08fpg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ e"sDk cfpFbf km|d] ;Fu;Fu} l:k|ªu\ klg xNnG5 t/ ux|f}F j:t' eg] l:y/ /xG5 . clxn] o:tf pks/0fsf ult 36fpg ;lsg], cfj[lt kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg] / k[YjLsf] sDkgsf] ultnfO{ a9fP/ dfkg ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(#) sf] bzsdf rfN;{ /]S6/n] Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf :yfgLo e"sDknfO{ nfu"xg' ] u/L k"0f{tof pks/0fdf cfwfl/t gofF dfkg :s]nsf] ;'?jft u/] . of] dfknfO{ e"sDksf] DoflUgr'8 elgof] . o;n] e"sDk hfFbf k|zf/0f x'g] zlQm e"sDkLo t/ª\usf] la:tf/ -PlDKnr'8_ ;Fu nu :s]nsf] tj/n] ;dfg'kflts x'g] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dflgof] . o; dfkgsf] lglDt agfOPsf] ;dLs/0fdf :yfgsf] nflu b'/L cg';f/sf] crn / pks/0fn] t/ª\unfO{ slt u'0ff la:tfl/t jf sd u/]sf] 5 To;sf] klg u0fgf x'g] u/L agfOof] . /]S6/n] k|1 f MM 8

k|of]u u/]sf] p8–PG8/;g e"sDkdfkg oGqåf/f lgsflnPsf] kl/df0fnfO{ :yfgLo DoflUgr'8 elgG5, h;sf] cfj[lt )=* ;]s0] 8, cfj{wg @*)), :kGbg u'0ffª\s )=* / of] pks/0f e"sDksf] s]Gb|laGb' b]lv !)) ls=ld= 6f9f x'gk' g]{ dflgof] . olb of] pks/0f cGo b'/Ldf 5 eg] b'/L cg';f/ dfgfª\s kl/jt{g u/L dfk lgsfNg ;lsG5 . oxL dfknfO{ /]S6/ DoflUgr'8 elgof] . clxn] eg] e"sDk dfkgdf ljleGg :s]nx¿ k|of]u ul/G5 . s_ nf]sn DoflUgr'8 -ML_M 5f]6f] b'/Ldf uPsf cyf{t\ :yfgLo e"sDksf] dfknfO{ nf]sn DoflUgr'8n] hgfOG5 . v_ ;txL t/ª\u DoflUgr'8 -Ms_M hldgsf] ;txaf6 k|zf/0f x'g] t/ª\usf] cfwf/df of] dfkg ul/G5 . u_ lk08 t/ª\u DoflUgr'8 -mb_M k[YjLsf] leqL efuaf6 ;+rf/0f x'bF } cfOk'us ] f t/ª\u cyf{t\ w]/} 6f9fsf e"sDksf nflu of] dfkg k|of]u ul/G5 .

3_ 3"0f{g DoflUgr'8 -Mw_M 7'nf e"sDk hfFbf ;txL t/ª\usf] dfkg ;Dt[Kt eO{ sfd gug]{ ePsfn] To:tf] cj:yfdf of] dfkg k|of]u ul/G5 . e"sDkLo 3|0" f{g (Seismic Moment) eg]sf] ef}lts zlQmsf] dfqf xf], h'g e|z + sf] ;txL If]qkmn, r§fgsf] b[0ftf (Rigidity) / e|z + df ePsf] cf};t lj:yfkgsf] u'0fgkmnn] lbG5 . dfkg ug{ ;lsg] ;a}eGbf ;"Id e"sDksf] e"sDkLo 3|"0f{g 105 Go"6g hlt x'G5 eg] dxfe"sDkdf !)@# Go"6g dL6/;Dd ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . e"sDkLo t/ª\usf] ultsf] la:tf/ e"sDkLo 3|0" f{g;Fu ;dfg'kflts x'G5 . vfgL;DaGwL vf]h ug{sf nflu k|of]u x'g] e"efuLo t/ª\usf] cfj[lt @)) xh{;Dd 7'nf] x'G5 eg] 7'nf e"sDkhfFbf pTkGg x'g] t/ª\usf] cfj[lt s/La )=)))# xh{ / k[YjLdf x'g] Hjf/ef6fsf] cfj[lt )=))))@ xh{ hlt x'G5 . e"sDk / lxdfnosf] hGd e"ue{ lj1fgdf ljj{tgzf:q (Tectonics)

n] k[YjLsf] afXo efusf] :j¿ksf] kl/j{tg;Fu ;DalGwt k|so[ f, ;+/rgf / e"–agfj6nfO{ hgfpF5 . o;n] ;do;F u ;u} x' g ] e" – ;+ / rgfx¿sf] ljsf;qmdsf] hfgsf/L lbG5 . k[YjLsf] s'/f ubf{ dxfb]zx¿ / ;d'bt| nsf] hGd g} ljj{tg eP/ ag]sf ;a}eGbf 7'nf e"–agf]6x¿ x'g\ . If]qLo txdf x]bf{ kj{t / lxdz[ªv \ nfx¿sf] hGd / ljsf; tyf :yfgLo txdf x]bf{ e|z + , hldgsf] lr/f, 7f8f] tyf le/fnf] ;+/rgfx¿ ljj{tgn] hgfpF5 . lxdfno / blIf0ftkm{sf kj{t z[ªv \ nfx¿sf] lgdf{0f ^ s/f]8 jif{ klxn] ;'? ePsf] xf] . To;eGbf cufl8 pQ/tkm{ ;b}{ cfO/x]sf] ef/tLo e"–kl§sf / pQ/lt/sf] o'/l] ;og e"–kl§sfsf lardf t]lyh ;d'b| lyof] . ha oL b'O{ ljzfn cfsf/sf e"– kl§sfx¿ Ps cfk;df 7f]lsg k'u,] t]lyh ;fu/ nf]k eP/ uof] . cfhsf] OG8; ;fª\sf] ;'r/n] oL b'O{ e"–k§LsfnfO{ 5'§fpg] l;dfgfsf] sfo{ u5{ . ef/tLo e"–kl§sfsf] lg/Gt/ pQ/tkm{sf] ult / o"/l] ;og e"–kl§sfn] To;nfO{ k'¥ofPsf] cj/f]wsf sf/0f ef/tLo e"–kl§sfdf 7'nf–7'nf lr/fx¿ kg{ yfn] . lxGbs'z b]lv adf{;Dd km}lnPsf] em08} k"j–{ klZrd lbzfdf lr/fx¿n] leGg k|sf/sf e"– agf]6nfO{ 5'§fpg] sfo{ u/] . oL lr/fx¿df d]g ;]G6«n y|:6 (MCT), d]g afpG8«L y|:6 (MBT) / d]g km|G6n y|:6 (MFT) k|dv ' 5g\ . oxL 7Ss/ / ef/tLo e"–kl§sfsf] tNnf] efu efFlrP/ o"/l] ;og e"–kl§sfd'lg 3':g k'us ] fn] hldg prflnFb} uof] / lxdfno kj{tsf] hGd eof] . lxdfno If]qdf hfg] e"sDkx¿df log} lr/fx¿sf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . e"sDk hfFbf hldg ;ls{g,] lrlKng] sf/0fn] ubf{ hldgsf] e"–efu prflnFb} uP/ kj{tx¿sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] t/ o;sf nflu bzf}F nfv jif{ nfu]sf] 5 .

Pp6f dxfb]zsf] ljsf; x'g c/af}F jif{ nfU5 . 7'nf cfsf/sf ;d'b|tn aGg krf;f}F nfv jif{ nfU5, ;–;fgf kj{t z[ªv \ nf aGg bzf}F nfv jif{ nfU5 . 6fs'/f / t/]nLx¿ aGg nfvf}F jif{ nfU5 t/ s]xL e|z + x¿ eg] 7'nf e"sDkdf tTsfn} aGg] u5{g\ . o;/L aGg nfUg] ;do klg km/s km/s x'G5 . 7'nf e"sDkdf hldg lrl/g]

qmdsf] ult k|lt ;]s0] 8 s}of}F lsnf]ld6/ x'g ;S5 . ;g\ !(*# cS6f]a/ @* df cd]l/sfsf] af]/flksdf uPsf] ^=( /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDkdf ! ;]s0] 8eGbf sd ;dodf hldg lrl/P/ ! ld6/ dfly p7]sf] b]lvof] . o:t} !((( ;]K6]Da/ @! df tfOjfgdf &=^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk hfFbf k|lt ;]s0] 8 s/La ! ld6/df b/n] ;ft ld6/ cUnf] 7f8f] l9:sf] aGof] . o:tf b|t' kl/jt{g ;w}F eg] xFb' g} g . cf};tdf eg] k| T o] s jif{ s] x L ldlnld6/ b] l v s] x L ;]lG6ld6/;Ddf e|z + df ljrng eg] x'g] u5{ . ckmuflg:tfgsf] lxGbs'z b]lv DofGdf/sf] gfDr]a¿jf;Ddsf] s/La @%)) lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] lxdfno z[ ª \ v nf ;+ ; f/s} k| d ' v e" s DkLo ;+jb] gzLn If]qdWo] Ps dflgG5 . oxL lxdfno z[ªv \ nfsf] s/La larsf] Ps xhf/ lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] efudf g]kfn cjl:yt 5 . g]kfnsf dxTTjk"0f{ e|z + x¿M ef/tLo Kn]6 / o'/l] ;og Kn]6sf] bzf}F nfv jif{ b ] l vsf] lg/Gt/ 7Ss\ / , ef/tLo Kn] 6 sf] pQ/tkm{sf] ult Pj+ o; Kn]6sf] tNnf] efu efFlrP/ o'/l] ;og Kn]6sf] tn 3':b} hfg'sf] sf/0fn] g} ;Dk"0f{ lxdfnL If]qsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . o;n] ubf{ of] e'efudf hldg d'lg ljleGg lbzfdf ljleGg cfsf/sf lr/fx¿ kg{ uof], h;nfO{ e|z + elgG5 . oL e|z + x¿ To:tf sdhf]/ efux¿ x'g\ h;sf] bfoFf afofF jf tn dflysf] hldg e"sDk hfg] qmddf ljrn x'G5 / 7'nf] dfqfdf zlQm aflx/ lg:sG5 . g]kfnsf] k'/} e"efu lxdfnosf] dWo efudf kb{5 . ef}ule{s xnrns} sf/0f oxfFsf] hldg v'lDrP/ 8fF8f–sfF8f / lxdfn aGg k'us ] f] xf] . of] qmd lg/Gt/ rln/x]s} 5, oxL sf/0fn] oxfFsf] hldg d'lg y'k}| e|z + x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . em08} pQ/–klZrd b]lv blIf0f k"j{ lbzfdf km}lnPsf lxdfnosf ltg cf]6f k|dv ' e|z + x¿ pQ/df Pdl;6L, To;sf] s/La %) ls=ld= blIf0fdf Pdla6L / cem} blIf0ftkm{ PrPkm6L g]kfndf klg km}lnPsf 5g\ . oL dWo] lzjflns / t/fO{nfO{ 5'§fpg] blIf0ftkm{sf] PrPkm6L e"sDkLo b[li6n] a9L ;lqmo e]l6Psf] 5 . oL ;a} e|z + x¿ ;txsf] k|1 f MM 9

@%–#) ls=ld= tn k'u/] Pp6} ePsf 5g\ . oL 7'nf e|z + x¿ ;–;fgf cGo ;lqmo e|z + ;Fu s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf hf]l8Psf] kfOPsf] 5 . hfkfgL zf]wstf{ gfsftfn] ;g\ !(*@ / !(*( df k|sfzg u/]sf] zf]w kq cg';f/ g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qdf !% ls=ld= nfdf] wdf{ e|z + , !) ls=ld= nfdf] yflNk e|z + , @) ls=ld= nfdf] ltla|sf]6 e|z + , @) ls=ld= nfdf] wf}nflu/Ldf /x]sf] e|z + ;lqmo 5g\ . oL e|z + df hldgsf] ;ls{g] ult lg/Gt/ rnfodfg 5g\ . klZrd g]kfndf wdf{ e|z + , yfs\vf]nf e|z + / s/La 8]9;o ls=ld= nfdf] af/Lu9 e|z + k|dv ' 5g\ . dWokxf8L If]qdf eg] dxfsfnL / s0ff{nL gbL larsf] *) ls=ld= nfdf] /ª\ug' vf]nf e|z + , s/La !@) ls=ld= nfdf] ;'vt{] –3f]/fxL e|z + , s/La ^) ls=ld= nfdf] c?0fvf]nf e|z + , k"j{ – klZrd km}lnPsf] s/La $) ls=ld= nfdf] r'l/of / jfudtL g]/ /x]sf] x]6f}8f e|z + ;lqmo 5g\ . o;}u/L k"jd { f s/La *% ls=ld= nfdf] pbok'/ e|z + / w/fgaf6 d]lr;Dd km}lnPsf] ;Ktsf]zL– d]rL e|z + k|dv ' 5g\ . g]kfnsf cGo efudf afh'/fsf] ;'ªu\ /' vf]nf e|z + , h'Dnf e|z + , lemd¿s vf]nf e|z + , sNk'vf]nf e|z + , !) ls=ld= nfdf] s'nv ] fgL e|z + , ;'gsf]zL– /f]zL vf]nf e|z + ;lqmo dflG5g\ . oL afx]s pQ/– blIf0f t]l;{Psf y'k}| e|z + x¿n] g]kfnsf e"efunfO{ ;txd'lg v08–v08 kf/]sf 5g\ . olt 7'nf] ;ª\Vofsf e|z + x'gs ' f] sf/0fn] of] e'efu g} e"sDkLo b[li6n] a9L hf]lvd o'Qm ePsf] xf] .

e"sDk hfFbf lgM;[t x'g] zlQm e"sDk hfFbf 7'nf] dfqfdf hldg leq hDdf ePsf] zlQm aflx/ cfpF5 . k|To]s jif{ e"sDksf sf/0f ljZje/df lg:sg] zlQm !)@% b]lv !)@^ cu{ ;Dd x'g] u5{ . %=% /]S6/sf] Pp6f e"sDk hfFbf s/La !)@) cu{ zlQm lg:sG5 . ;g\ !($^ df lalsgLdf xflgPsf] adsf] zlQm s/La !)!( cu{ lyof] . t'ngf u/L x]bf{ Pp6f % /]S6/ Doflgr'8sf] e"sDk s/La !)))

6g 6LPg6L lj:kmf]6g a/fa/sf] x'G5 . To:t} ^ /]S6/ DoflUgr'8sf] e"sDksf] zlQm t'ngf ubf{ s/La #),))) 6g -#) lsnf]6g_ 6LPg6L gflesLo la:kmf]6g a/fa/sf] x'G5 . e"sDksf] dfk / zlQmlarsf] ;DaGw nu :s]ndf x'g] ePsfn] ! PsfO{ e"sDksf] dfkg a9\bf zlQm s/La #! u'0ff a9\g hfG5 . cyf{t\ % /]S6/ :s]nsf #! cf]6f e"sDk hfg' / ^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] Pp6f e"sDk hfg' zlQmsf lx;fan] p:t} xf] . e"sDksf t/ª\ux¿n] hldg leq ;+lrt zlQmnfO{ aflx/ NofpF5g\ . ha tL t/ª\u ejg;Fu 7f]lsG5g, zlQm k|jflxt x'bF f ejg xNng yfN5 .

e"sDksf r/0fx¿ ;fdfGotM 7'nf] e"sDksf ltg r/0f 5g\ .

7'nf] e"sDk cfpg' s]xL lbg cufl8b]lv s]xL ldg6 cufl8;Dd ;–;fgf e"sDkx¿ cfpF5g\ . To:tf e"sDknfO{ k"j{ sDkg jf k|f/lDes sDkg elgG5 . /fd|f; ] uF zf]w / ljZn]if0f ul/of] eg] k"j{ sDkgn] To;kl5 cfpg] k|dv ' e"sDksf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbPsf] kfOG5 . k"j{ sDkg kZrft cfpg] 7'nf] wSsfnfO{ k|dv ' sDk jf d'Vo e"sDk elgG5 . d'Vo e"sDkkl5 cfpg] cGo e"sDknfO{ k/sDkg elgG5 . d"n e"sDkn] ubf{ lrl/Psf] hldgsf] h'g;'s} efudf klg k/sDkg hfg ;S5 .

ljZjdf a9L e"sDkLo hf]lvd ePsf b]zx¿ e"sDkLo hf]lvd a9L ePsf b]zx¿ 5'§fpg] cfwf/ km/s–km/s x'g ;S5g\ . k|lt ju{ ls=ld= If]qkmndf a9L ;ª\Vofdf e"sDk uPsf] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg] xf] eg] 6f]uf+, lkmhL / OG8f]gl] ;of cufl8 b]lvG5g\ . e"sDksf sf/0fn] x'g] IfltnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] rLg, ef/t / 6sL{ cufl8 b]lvG5g\ . a9L e"sDk uO{ /xg] b]zx¿df hfkfg, rLg, OG8f]gl] ;of, 6sL{, d]lS;sf], ef/t, lkmlnlkG;, Os\j8] /, Pn ;fNef8f]/, g]kfn, kfls:tfg, adf{ cfbL x'g\ . e"sDkaf6 dfgj hLjgsf hf]lvd k[YjL el/g}

k|1 f MM 10

hldgd'lg ;+lrt zlQm aflx/ lg:sFbf h]–hlt afFsL /x]sf] 5, Tof] k/sDkgsf] ;dodf aflx/ cfpF5 . 7'nf] e"sDkkl5 k/sDkg cfpg] s'/f :jfefljs k|lqmof xf] .

5 . la;f}F ztfAbLdf *) cf]6f b]zdf !@$* cf]6f zlQmzfnL e"sDkdf !^ nfv *% xhf/ dflg;sf] d[To' eof] h;dWo] $) k|ltzt eGbf a9L Pp6} b]z rLgdf eof] . 7'nf] Iflt Pp6f dfq b]zdf geO{ y'k|} b]zdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ut ztfAbLdf dfgjLo Ifltsf lx;fan] 3fts @% e"sDkdf g]kfnsf] lj=;+= !(() df3 @ sf] dxfe"sDk -!) xhf/ & ;o dfgjLo Iflt_ @%cf}F :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . o;eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vof Iflt x'g] u/L rLgdf rf/ cf]6f, O/fgdf rf/cf]6f, ;f]leot ?;df ltg cf]6f, O6fnL / 6sL{df b'O–{ b'O{ cf]6f, hfkfg, k]?, kfls:tfg, lrnL, Ujf6]dfnf, ef/t, ckmufg:tfg, O08f]gl] ;of / df]/Ssf]df Ps–Ps cf]6f e"sDkx¿ uP . oL e"sDkx¿df df]/Ssf]sf] cuf8L/df uPsf] %=( /]S6/sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] -!@ xhf/ dfgjLo Iflt_ / ef/tsf] sfFu8fdf uPsf] *=^ /]S6/sf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] -@) xhf/ dfgjLo Iflt _ x'g\ . ;g\ @))& l8;]Da/df kmf]A;{ klqsfn] ^ jif{ nfdf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df ^ /]S6/ :s]n jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] e"sDk cfPdf dflg;sf] xtfxt x'g ;Sg] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df a9L hf]lvdo'Qm zx/ egL lgsfn]sf] ;"rL dWo] k|dv ' !% zx/ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M sf7df8f}F -g]kfn_– cg'dflgt d'To' ^( xhf/, O:tfga'n -6sL{_– cg'dflgt d'To' %% xhf/, gofF lbNnL -ef/t_– cg'dflgt d'To' #* xhf/, lScf]6f] -Os\j8] /_– cg'dflgt d'To' !% xhf/, dlgnf -lkmlnlkG;_– cg'dflgt d'To' !# xhf/, O:nfdfafb -kfls:tfg_– cg'dflgt d'To' !@ xhf/ % ;o, ;fg ;fNef8f]/ -Pn ;fNef8f]/_– cg'dflgt d'To' !! xhf/ % ;o, d]lS;sf] l;6L -d]lS;sf]_– cg'dflgt d'To' !! xhf/ % ;o, OlHd/ -6sL{_– cg' d flgt d' T o' !! xhf/ % ;o, hsftf{ -OG8f]gl] ;of_– cg'dflgt d'To' !! xhf/, 6f]lsof] -hfkfg_– cg'dflgt d'To' ( xhf/, d'DaO{ -ef/t_– cg'dflgt d'To' * xhf/, u'oflSjn -Os\j8] /_– cg' d flgt d' T o' $ xhf/ # ;o, jfª8' ª -OG8f]gl] ;of_– cg'dflgt d'To' # xhf/ ^ ;o / ;flG6ofuf] -lrnL_ @ xhf/ & ;o . o;n] s] b]lvG5 eg] Pp6} cfsf/sf] e"sDk

hfFbf dfgjLo Ifltsf] dfqf ljsl;t b]zdf sd x'G5 . t/ e"sDksf sf/0f x'g] dfgjLo Iflt w]/} s'/fdf e/ kb{5 . d'VotM e"sDk cfpg] ;do -lbg jf /ft_, e"sDksf] ulx/fO -sd ulx/fOdf eP a9L Iflt x'G5_, e"sDksf] s]Gb| -hg3gTj a9L ePsf] zx/af6 slt b'/Ldf 5_, hldgsf] agfj6, ejgsf] ;+/rgf, clu|d ;"rgf cflbn] dfgjLo Ifltsf] dfqfdf Jofks c;/ u5{ . e"sDksn] x'g] d'To'sf] &% k|ltzt eGbf a9L ejg elTsP/ x' G 5 eg] cGo sf/0fx¿df e"sDkkl5sf cfunfuL, ;'gfdL, klx/f], 9'ªu\ f v;]/, u'kmf elTsP/ cflb x'g\ . Ps cWoogn] ;g\ !(*% b]lv !((( ;Dd k|fs[lts ljklQsf sf/0f ;+j4[ zfnL b]zx¿df s/La b'O{ k|ltzt ;sn 3/]n' pTkfbg -hL8LkL_ sf] Iflt eof] eg] cljsl;t u/La b]zx¿df ;f]xL sf/0fn] cf};tdf !# k|ltzt hL8LkLsf] Iflt eof] . lj=;+= @)&@ j}zfv !@ ut]sf e"sDk / To;sf] k/sDkx¿sf sf/0f g]kfnsf] hL8LkLsf] #% k|ltzt eGbf a9L Iflt ePsf] 5 . ljut ;o jif{df lxdfno If]qdf uPsf rf/ dxfe"sDkx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M ;g\ :yfg /]S6/ :s]n dfgjLo Iflt !*(& l;nf]ª *=# !%)) eGbf a9L !()% sfFu8f *=) @)))) eGbf a9L !(#$ g]kfn–laxf/ *=$ !)&)) eGbf a9L !(%) cf;fd *=% !%&% eGbf a9L o; lxdfno If] q df kl5Nnf] ;dodf kfls:tfgsf] d'hˆkm/fafb glhs} ;g\ @))% cS6f]a/ * sf] laxfg *M%) ah] uPsf] &=^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDkdf k/L s/La *& xhf/ dflg;sf] d[To' eof] . &) xhf/eGbf a9L 3fOt] / @* nfv dflg; lj:yflkt eP . k/sDk k/sDksf] dfg ;w}F d"nsDksf] eGbf ;fgf] x'G5 . d"nsDksf] dfg hlt 7'nf] x'G5 k/sDk klg Tolt g} 7'nf x'G5g\ . ;do;Fu} k/sDksf] dfg ;fdfGotof 36\b} hfG5 . 7'nf] e"sDkn] lr/flr/f kf/]sf] hldgsf] leqL efu qmd};uF ldn]/ a:gsf nflu ;do nfU5, Tof] k"0f{¿kdf gldn] k|1 f MM 11

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;Dd k/sDkgx¿ uO /xG5g\ . j}zfv !@ ut] kl5 ;f]xL cg';f/ g]kfndf ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ j}zfv @( ut]sf] k/sDkn] crfgs dfg a9]sf] b]vfof] . To;}n] k|Zg p7\of]– d"nsDksf] ltg xKtf kl5 crfgs 7'nf] dfg ePsf] e"sDknfO{ lsg k/sDk dfGg] < k/sDkx¿ ;fdfGotof Exponantially 36\b} hfg] k4lt x'G5 t/ s]xL cj:yfdf km/s e]l6Psf] klg 5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf s]xL g s]xL c;fdfGo ePsf] x'gk' b{5 . jf:tjdf 7'nf k/sDkx¿ ;f]emf] t/Lsfn] 36\b} hfFbg} g\ . h:t}M ;'dfqfsf] lsgf/df ;g\ @))$ l8;Da/df uPsf] (=! /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDksf] b'Oc { f]6f &=@ sf k/sDkn] dfg 36\b} hfg] ;f]emf] t/Lsf b]vfPg . aª\ufnsf] vf8Ldf !@ clk|n @)!@ uPsf] *=^ /]S6/sf] e"sDk kl5 ;f]xL lbg ToxL e|z + df *=@ sf] k/sDk uof] . d'Vos'/f @)&@ j}zfv @( ut]sf] e"sDk j}zfv !@ s} e"sDk uPsf] e|z + df !&) ls=ld= k"jt{ km{ uof] . of] e|z + sf MCT / MBT sf] lardf k5{ hxfF lxdfnodf hfg] e"sDkdWo] ()Ü e"sDk hfG5 . t/ j}zfv @( ut]sf] e"sDkn] e|z + nfO{ cem cufl8 a9fpg] sfd u/]g . g t e|z + g} ;/]sf] b]lvof] . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] j}zfv !@ kl5 h] hlt zlQm afFsL lyof], k'/fg} e|z + sf] !&)– !*) ls=ld=sf] nDafOaf6 aflx/ lgl:sof] . e"sDksf] k"jf{gd' fg e"sDk sxfF, slxn] / slt 7'nf] cfpF5 eGg] s'/fsf] k"j{ 3f]if0ff ug{ ;lsFbg} . tyflk ljut krf; jif{df hfkfg, cd]l/sf, ;f]ljot ¿; / rLgdf Jofks ¿kdf e"sDksf] k"jf{gd ' fg ug{ ;lsG5 ls egL zf]w / cg';Gwfg ePsf] kfOG5 . oL zf]wn] Pp6} lgisif{ lg:sof]– ;a} 7'nf e"sDksf] s'g} g s'g} k"j{ ;ª\st] x'G5 . ljleGg 7fpFdf 7'nf e"sDk cfpg' cufl8 x'g] kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ Ps 7fpFdf hDdf u/L ltgsf] k6s k6s zf]w u/L k"j{ ;ª\st] x¿n] ;"rL tof/ eof] . tL dWo] s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M !_ hldg prflng' @_ ;dy/ hldg jf rp/ le/fnf] aGg' k|1 f MM 12

#_ Ogf/sf] kfgLsf] ;tx crfgs kl/jt{g x'g' $_ e"sDkLo t/ª\usf] ultdf kl/jt{g cfpg' %_ e"–r"DasLo If]qdf kl/jt{g ^_ 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf ;–;fgf k"js { Dkx¿ cfpg' &_ /]8g UofF;sf] dfqf a[l4 x'g' *_ hgfj/x¿sf] k|ltlqmof slt ;do cufl8af6 o:tf] k|sf/sf] kl/j{tg ePsf] 5, To;n] d"n e"sDksf] cfsf/nfO{ ;ª\st] u5{ . oL k"j{ ;ª\st] x¿ slxn]sfxLF Ps, b'Oc { f]6f dfq ge} w]/} klg dfkg ePsf 5g\ eg] slxn]sfxLF Pp6f klg dfkg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;fgf e"sDkdf o:tf k"j{ ;ª\s]tx¿ vf;} gb]lvP klg 7'nf e"sDksf] xsdf eg] k"j; { ª\st] x¿ k|;:t} e]l6Psf 5g\ . hfkfgn] ;g\ !(^% df e"sDksf] k"jf{gd' fgsf] /fli6«o sfo{qmd ;'? u/\of] . vf;u/L k[YjLsf] ;txdf hDdf ePsf] tgfa kQf nufpg hldgsf] ;j]{ ;xL t/Lsfn] ug{ ;Ifd b]lvof] . e|z + df o; k|sf/sf] tgfa e"sDk k"j{ / kZrft dfkg ul/of] h;sf] t'ngfn] r§fg efFlrg] ;Defjgf slt x'G5 kQf nfUof] . cd]l/sdf ;g\ !(&# af6 o:t} k|sf/sf] sfo{qmd ;'? eof] t/ To;nfO{ Iflt Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf cufl8 a9fOof] . ;fgPG8«; e|z + df ljleGg pks/0fx¿ h8fg u/L ;Defljt df]8nx¿sf] ljsf; ul/of] . ;f]leot ?;df e"sDkLo t/ª\usf] ultdf kl/j{tg, hldg d'lgsf] ljB'tLo cj/f]wdf kl/jt{g, kfgLsf] ;tx, /]8g UofF;sf] dfqf, e"rD' asLo If]qsf] cWoog u/L e"sDksf] k"jf{gd ' fg ug]{ k|of; ul/of] . t/ oL ;a} zf]wn] k[YjL el/ nfu' ug{ ;lsg] s'g} df]8n tof/ ug{ ;s]gg\ . rLgdf e"sDksf k"j{ ;ª\st] x¿sf] Jofks cWoog u/L ;g\ !(&% km/j/L $ df xfOrfªdf cfPsf] &=# /]S6/ :s]n e"sDksf] s]xL 306f cufl8 ul/Psf] k"j{ 3f]if0ffn] 7'nf] dfgjLo IfltnfO{ hf]ufpg ;kmn eof] . To;sf] b'O{ jif{leq ToxfF cfPsf & 7'nf e"sDkdWo] % cf]6fsf] k"j{ 3f]if0ff ug{ ;kmn eP . t/ ;g\ !(&^ h'nfO{ @* df 7'nf] cf}Bf]lus If]q tfg;fgdf cfPsf] &=* /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDkdf @ nfv %) xhf/ eGbf a9L dflg;sf] d[To' eof] .

;f] e"sDksf] k"j{ 3f]if0ff ug{ pgLx¿ ;kmn b]lvPgg\ . g]kfndf e"sDk dfkg g]kfndf e"sDk dfkgsf] Oltxf; rf/ bzs nfdf] klg 5}g . e"sDksf af/]df, e"sDkLo agf]6 / hf]lvdsf af/]df cWoog ug{ nfdf] ;do b]lvsf] e"sDk ;DaGwL tYofª\sx¿sf] cfjZostf k5{ .

To;sf nflu If]qLo / :yfgLo :t/df dfkg s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf x'g h¿/L 5 . o;}nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;g\ !(&* df vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu cGt{ut k]l/; ljZjljBfnosf] e"ef}lts k|of]uzfnfsf] ;xsfo{df sf7df8f}s F f] blIf0f efudf kg]{ km'nrf]sL 8fF8fdf e"sDk dfkg ug]{ pks/0f -;]:df]ld6/_ h8fg ul/of] . of] g} g]kfnsf] klxnf] e"sDk dfkg ug]{ pks/0f xf] . csf]{ jif{ ssgL / bfdgdf klg To:t} pks/0f h8fg u/L Pp6f g]6js{ tof/ eof] . s'g} klg e"sDksf] s]Gb|ljGb' kQf nufpg slDtdf ltgj6f :6]zg rflxG5, To;}sf] k"lt{ ;g\ !(*) df eof] . ;g\ !(*% ;Dd uf]/vf / u'Daf -l;Gw'kfNrf]s_ df yk b'O{ pks/0f h8fg u/L kfFrcf]6} :6];g dfkm{t\ tYofª\s OG6/g]6sf] dfWodaf6 -6]lnd]l6«s_ vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefudf /]s8{ x'g] Joj:yf eof] . la:tf/} e"sDk dfkg ug]{ :6]zgsf] ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} nu]/ ;g\ !((* df g]kfn k"/} 9fSg] u/L @! cf]6f k'¥ofOof], h'g xfn;Dd lqmoflzn 5g\ . tL dWo] yk ul/Psf Ko'7fg, 8fl;ª\u -sf:sL_, sf]N8fF8f -kfNkf_, lh/L -bf]nvf_, /ldt] -pbok'/_, cf]9f/] -wgs'6f_ / tfKn]hª' u\ u/L !@ j6f :6]zg u/]/ /]s8{ sf7df8f}s F f] /fli6«o e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|df x'g yfNof] . o;}u/L ;g\ !((# df lj/]Gb|gu/df -;'vt{] _ If]qLo e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eof], h;n] klZrd g]kfnsf x/]{ -;'vt{] _, d]3f -¿s'd_, jogf -aemfª_, uglh/L -a} t 8L_, 3G6] Z j/ -88]nw'/f_, a8]uf}hf -s}nfnL_, k':df -;'v]{t_, ufOg]8fF8f -;'vt{] _ / u}jGgf -b}nv ] _ u/L ( cf]6f :6]zgsf e"sDkLo tYofª\s /]s8{ u5{ .

g]kfnsf k|frLg e"sDkx¿ g]kfndf cflbsfnb]lv g} e"sDkx¿ lg/Gt/ uO /x] tfklg cflwsf/Ls /]s8{sf] Oltxf; ;ft ;ojif{ eGbf k'/fgf] 5}g . xfn;Dd hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf ljWj+;s k|frLg e"sDkx¿ b]xfo adf]lhd 5g\ . lj=;+= !#!@ cfiff9df uPsf] e"sDkdf k/L eQmk'/ b/af/ elTsFbf /fhf ceo dNnsf] d[To' eof] . y'k}| 3/ / b]jfnox¿df Iflt eof] . /fHosf Ps ltxfO dflg;x¿ d/] . e"sDkkl5 kGw| lbg;Dd k/sDkx¿ cfO/x] . lj=;+=+ !#!^ df /fhf hob]jsf] kfnfdf e"sDk hfFbf w]/} Iflt eof] . dflg; d/], dxfdf/L km}lnof] . lj=;+= !$)! cflZjg bz}s F f] km'nkftLsf] lbgdf t];f| ] k|x/df /fhf hof/L dNnsf] kfnfdf 7'nf] e"sDk uPsf] pNn]v 5 . lj=;+= !$^$ efb| !@ ut] /fhf zlQml;+xsf] kfnfdf 7'nf] e"sDk uof] . hldgdf lr/f k¥of] . dT:o]Gb|gfysf] b]jn, b]jfno / 3/x¿ eTs], y'k}| hgf/j/x¿ klg d/] . lj=;+= !&#* h]7df /ftsf] ;dodf 7'nf] e"sDk uof] . y'k}| 3/x¿ eTs] . lj=;+= !*^^ df /fhf uLjf{0fo'4sf kfnfdf c;f]hdf ;fFemkv 7'nf] e"sDk uof] . y'k}| 3/x¿ eTs], dflg; / kz'x¿ d/] . /ftel/df @! k6s e"sDk uO/Xof] . lj=;+= !*^* kmfu'g # ug] h'Dnfdf e"sDk hfFbf !$) dflg;sf] d[To' / !#% 3/ eTs]sf] Oltxf;df pNn]v 5 . lj=;++= !**) df odk~rdLsf lbg !& k6s;Dd e"sDksf] wSsf uO/x] klg w]/} wghgsf] Iflt ePg . lj=;+= !*() efb| !@ ut] ;f]daf/sf lbg ;fFem ^ ah] uf]/vf÷wflbª cf;kf; s]Gb|laGb' ePsf] s8f e"sDk uof] . dflg;x¿ 8/n] aflx/} a;], s/La kfFr 306fkl5 /ftL @#M %& df 7'nf] e" s Dk uof] . /fte/df @# cf] 6 f ;–;fgf k/sDkx¿ uof] . TotL a]nfsf] 6'lF 8v]nsf] 5]pdf /x]sf] k|l;4 huGgfysf] b]jnfo k"0f{¿kdf Wj:t eof] . sf7df8f}sf y'k}| dxn, dlGb/ / 3/x¿ eTs] . b]ze/df s/La !* xhf/ 3/ eTs] . of] k|1 f MM 13

e"sDksf] wSsf pQ/df s'tL;Dd / blIf0ftkm{ uf]/vk'/;Dd k'Uof] . pkTosfdf l7dL / efbufpFdf a9L gf]S;fgL eof] . lqz'nL –u08sLb]lv k"jt{ km{sf] g]kfnsf] e"–efu / pQ/L ljxf/df Jofks Iflt eof] . la|l6z sd{rf/L SofDkj]nsf cg';f/ Iflt sf7df8f}sf] k"j{ / klZrdtkm{ qmdzM sd x'bF } uPsf] / sf7df8f}d F f dfq $ xhf/ ejg, pQ/– k"jd { f /x]sf] Jofkfl/s gfsf s'tLdf ePsf ^ ;o 3/ dWo] % ;o krf; eTs] . 7Ls ;o jif{kl5 dxfe"sDkdf log} 7fFpdf k'gM 7'nf] Iflt eof] . lj=;+= !*(! cfiff9 %, cflZjg ^ / !@ ut]sf lbg 7'nf] e"sDk uof] . To; e"sDkn] klg y'k}| 3/, dxn, b/af/ eTsg k'u] . lj=;+=+ !(() df3 @ ut] dxfe"sDk uof] .

-JofVof tn ul/Psf] 5 ._ lj=;+= @)#& >fj0fdf ^=% /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk aemfªdf uof] . ;'b/' klZrd g]kfnsf a}t8L, aemfª / bfr'n { f lhNnf a9L k|efljt eP . !@% sf] d[To' / @$* hgf uDeL/ 3fOt] eP eg] !!^)$ 3/ k"0f{ Wj:t / !#$!$ ejgdf Iflt k'Uof] . 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf kz'kI+ fL klg dfl/P . lj=;+=+ @)$% efb| % ut] ^=$ /]S6/ :s]nsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk pbok'/ s]Gb|laGb' eO{ uof] .

-JofVof tn ul/Psf] 5 ._ lj=;+=+ @)^* c;f]hdf g]kfnsf] k"j{ ;Ldf glhs} l;lSsddf uPsf] ^=( /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDkn] g]kfndf ^ hgfsf] d[To' eof] eg] k"jL{ g]kfnsf] kxf8L efusf ejgx¿df Iflt k'Uof] . lj=;+= @)&@ j}zfv !@ ut] &=^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk uf]/vfsf] af/kfs s]Gb|laGb' eO{ uof] . -JofVof tn ul/Psf] 5 ._ oL ljgfzsf/L e"sDk afx]s 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf ;–;fgf e"sDkx¿ g]kfndf uO{ /x]sf 5g\ .

Oltxf;df ;g\ !%)% df d':tfª / ltAatsf] ;Ldfgfdf 7'nf] e"sDk uPsf] pNn]v 5 . ljgfzsf/L ltg e"sDkx¿ !_ !(() df3 @ ut]sf] dxfe"sDk lbpF;f] @M$% ah] *=$ /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk k"jL{ g]kfn / pQ/df ef/tdf 7'nf] c;/ ug]{ u/L

uof] . Ifltsf cfwf/df o;sf] hldgd'lg RofltPsf] efusf] If]qkmn @)) ls=ld= nDafO{ / !)) ls=ld= rf}8fO{ -@),))) ju{ ls=ld=_ cg'dfg ul/of] . s/La kfFr ldg6;Dd lg/Gt/ sDkgePsf] e"sDksf] tLa|tf ds{nL :s]ndf bz -X) dfkg ul/of] . o;sf] s]Gb|laGb' ;'?sf] cWoogsf cfwf/df l;/fxfsf] blIf0fdf kg]{ ef/tLo e'efudf, To;kl5 ;Kt/Ldf / kl5 ul/Psf] Jofks cWoogn] ;+vj' f;efdf ePsf] hgfOof] . lrl/Psf] 7fpFeGbf k/ b'O{ 7fpFdf Jofks Iflt eof] . !_ pQ/tkm{ sf7df8f}F pkTosf @_ blIf0ftkm{ d+u' /] . sDkg ;'? ePsf] ltg ldg]6 leq} efbufpF / d'ªu\ /] k"0f{tof Wj:t eof] . sf7df8f}F / kf6gsf] 7'nf] efudf Jofks Iflt eof] . l5d]sL ef/tdf ;Ltfd9Ldf Pp6f 3/ dfq aflª\ug / w:gaf6 afFsL /x]sf], d'hkm\km/k'/ / b/eª\uf larsf 3/x¿ eTs]sf, hldg 7fpF 7fpFdf dfly prflnPsf], hldg ;tx;Dd lrl/Psf], afn'jf / n]bf] kfgL hldg aflx/ lg:sFbf 3/x¿ efl;Psf lyP . k"l0f{ofdf (% k|ltzt 3/ a:g gx'g] u/L / %) k|ltzt 3/ k"0f{ ¿kdf Wj:t eof] . k6gf, dw'jgL / bflh{lnªdf klg ejgx¿ elTsP . k"jL{ g]kfnsf ef]hk'/, r}gk'/, tfKn]hª' df 7'nf] Iflt eof] . ef]hk'/ k"0f{¿kdf Wj:t eof] . d'hkm\km/k'/, df]ltxf/L, b/eª\uf / d'ªu\ /] df 7'nf] Iflt eof] . a|DxzDz]/sf] g]kfnsf] dxfe"sDk !(() sf cg';f/ o; e"sDkdf g]kfndf k'¿if # xhf/ * ;o %) / dlxnf $ xhf/ ^ ;o ^( u/L * xhf/ % ;o !( / l5d]sL ef/tdf &!** u/L hDdf !% xhf/ & ;o & JolQmsf] d[To' eof] eg] g]kfndf 3/, b]jfno / kf6Lkf}jf ;d]t u/L @)&&$) eTs] . To;dWo] *)*(# 3/ k"0f{¿kdf gi6 eP .

To;a]nf g]kfnsf] cfwf e"efudf gf]S;fg eof] . wgs'6f, pbok'/, l;Gw'nL, /fd]5fk, Onfd, ef]hk'/ nufot k"jL{ e"efudf 7'nf] Iflt ePsf] cg'dfg tL 7fpFdf afSnf] a:tL gx'bF f klg s/La $ xhf/ dflg; dg' { n ] hgfpF 5 . ljleGg ljb] z L j}1flgsx¿sf] zf]wkqx¿df of] dxfe"sDkdf k/L g]kfn / pQ/L laxf/df !) xhf/ & ;o dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] pNn]v eP tfklg ;f] ;ª\Vofdf

k|1 f MM 14

web source: www.khasskhass.com

g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f Onfsfdf ePsf] d[To'sf] ljj/0f 5'6s ] f] x'g' kg]{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|ToIfbzL{sf cg';f/ u'8u'8] cfjfh cfPsf], kfgLdf nx/ rn]em} hldgdf nx/L rn]sf], ;'?df sDkgsf] lbzf k"j–{ klZrd ePsf] t/ kl5 hldg rs\s/ vfO{ a6fl/g yfn]sf] / ToxL ;dodf w]/} 3/x¿ eTs] . 306f3/ / w/x/f b'O{ ltg 6'qmf eO{ 9n] . v]t / ;8sx¿ lr/flr/f eO{ kmf6\g uP, tL 7fpF a f6 kfgL lg:sg yfNof] . ;a} vf]nfgfnfx¿df af9L cfof] . v]tx¿ kfgLn] hnfDo eP . slt 7fpFdf tftf]kfgL / afn'jf lgl:sof] . ;a} h;f] ;8sx¿df lr/f k¥of] . gfufh'g{ b/af/, lji0f'dltsf] k'n elTsof] . n'e' / ;fgfufpFdf /x]sf ;a} 3/x¿ k"0f{¿kn] gi6 eP . /fhwfgLdf dfq &) k|ltzt -%%&#(_ 3/x¿df gf]S;fg k'Uof] . /fte/ l5g–l5gdf k/sDkx¿ uO /x]sfn] v]taf/L jf v'nf d}bfgdf dflg;x¿ af; a;] . df3sf] /ft lgs} hf8f] lyof] . k'l/Psf 7fpFaf6 w]/} dflg;x¿ lhpFb} lgsflnof] . snsQfsf] e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|n] df3 & ut];Dd @* cf]6f / lj=;+=+ !((! c;f]h;Dd ^% cf]6f k/sDk /]s8{ u/]sf] lyof] . tL ;a} 7'nf k/sDk lyP . @_ @)$% efb| % ut]sf] e"sDk k"jL{ g]kfnsf] r'/] kj{t z[ªv \ nfsf] blIf0fdf / t/fO{sf] pQ/L efudf kg]{ pbok'/ lhNnfsf] ufO{3f6 s]Gb|laGb' ePsf] ^=^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk uof] . o; e"sDksf] pb\udlaGb'sf] ulx/fO %& ls=ld= lyof] . tTsfnLg Ifltsf] ljj/0fx¿sf cfwf/df !(() sf] dxfe"sDk cem} pQ/tkm{ r}gk'/ glhs} s]Gb|laGb' ePsf] k|dfl0ft u/]sf]df @)$% ;fnsf] e"sDk o; If]qdf uPsf] xfn;Dds} 7'nf] e"sDk xf] . k"jL{ g]kfndf o; e"sDkn] 7'nf] Iflt k'¥ofof] eg] dWo g]kfn / l5d]sL laxf/ nufot bfh{lnª\u, ufGtf]s / v;f{ªu\ ;Dd klg Iflt eof] . ds{nL df]l8kmfO8 :s]ndf VIII tLa|tf ePsf] of] e"sDk s/La @%)) ju{ ls=ld=df cg'ej eof] eg] tLa|tf VII s/La &@)) ju{ ls=ld=;Dd km}lnPsf] e]l6of] . o; e"sDkdf g]kfndf &@!

sf] d[To' eof] eg] ^%%# hgf 3fOt] eP . ^$!&$ lghL 3/, $^* ;fd'bflos ejg / &() ;/sf/L ejgdf Iflt eof] . To; ;dodf % cj{ g]kfnL ¿k}ofF a/fa/sf] Iflt ePsf] dfkg ul/of] . of] e"sDkkl5 #( lbg;Dd !%% cf]6f k/sDkx¿ /]s8{ eP . s'g} k"j{ sDkg cfPsf] / k/sDk ultljlw Psgf;n] 36]sf] b]lvof] . !@ lbgleq $=# b]lv % /]S6/ :s]n;Ddsf ^ cf]6f k/sDkx¿ cfP h;sf sf/0f hn]Zj/ / nfxfgdf yk ejgx¿ rls{P . o;sf] sDkg pQ/ ef/t, lbNnL, adf{, e'6fg / aª\unfb]z;Dd dxz'; ul/of] . of] e"sDkdf ;txdf 7'nf] dfqfdf hldg lrl/Psf] st} e]l6Pg t/ klg le/fnf] 7fpFdf wfFhf kmf6]sf] b]lvof] h;n] kxf8L If]qdf ePsf gx/x¿df Iflt k'¥ofof] . k"jL{ g]kfndf l;Gw'nL, ef]hk'/ cflb a9L klx/f] hfg] lhNnfdf kb{5g\ . of] e"sDkkl5 7'nf] klx/f] uPsf] ge]l6P klg s]Gb|laGb'af6 !#) ls=ld= 6f9f;Dd kxf8L e"– efudf ;–;fgf klx/f] uPsf] / 9'ªu\ f v;]sf] kfOof] . l;/fxfdf 7fpF 7fpFdf hldgsf] t/nLs/0f ePsf] / n]bf] df6f] aflx/ lg:s]sf] lyof] . #_ @)&@ j}zfv !@ ut]sf] e"sDk uf]/vfsf] af/kfsnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' agfP/ &=^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk @)&@ j}zfv !@ ut] zlgaf/ lbpF;f] !! ah]/ %^ ldg6df uof] . tTkZrft xhf/f}s F f] ;ª\Vofdf k/sDkgx¿ uO/x] . of] lqmof cem} hf/L 5 . o; e"sDkdf hldgd'lg RofltP/ sdhf]/ ePsf] e"efusf] If]qkmn !@) ls=ld= nDafO / *) ls=ld= rf}8fO -(^)) ju{ ls=ld=_ eGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 . o; e"sDkdf k/L g]kfn leq *&!@ hgf, ef/tdf &* hgf, rLgdf &% hgf / aª\unfb]zdf $ hgf dflg;sf] d[To' eof] . o;n] w/x/f nofut Kofuf]8fz}nLsf s}of}+ d7– dlGb/, b]jfno / k'/fgf b/af/ Wj:t kf¥of] . o; d"n sDksf sf/0f bzf}F xhf/ eGbf a9L k/sDkx¿ uP tL dWo] @)&@ cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf 7'nf k/sDkx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M s_ @)&@ j}zfv !@ ut] !@M#) ah], ^=^ /]S6/ k|1 f MM 15

@)&@ j}zfv !@ ut]sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk :s]n, s]Gb|laGb' uf]/vf v_ @)&@ j}zfv !# ut] !@M%) ah], ^=* /]S6/ / To;sf k/sDksf sf/0f d'Votof rf/cf]6f ef}ule{s c;/ b]lvof] . :s]n, s]Gb|laGb' bf]nvf÷l;Gw'kfNrf]s !_ hldgdf wfFhf kmf6\g' u_ @)&@ j}zfv @( ut] !@M%$ ah], ^=( /]S6/ @_ hldgsf] :j¿kdf km]/abn :s]n, s]Gb|laGb' bf]nvf÷l;Gw'kfNrf]s #_ ;'Vvf klx/f] hfg' 3_ @)&@ j}zfv @( ut] !#M@! ah], ^=@ /]S6/ $_ hldgsf] t/nLs/0f . :s]n, s]Gb|laGb' bf]nvf o; e"sDkdf leqL lr/fsf] &%Ü eGbf sd ª_ @)&@ j}zfv @( ut] !#M)@ ah], %=* /]S6/ dfq ;txdf b]lvof] . hldg ;ls{P/ sf7df8f}F :s]n, s]Gb|laGb' bf]nvf r_ @)&@ j}zfv #) ut] )#M!) ah], %=( /]S6/ pkTosf g} blIf0f–klZrd lbzfdf em08} Ps ld6/ ;/]sf] e]l6of] . nfd6fª\u ufpF lxd:vngsf sf/0f :s]n, s]Gb|laGb' wflbª k' / } gi6 eof] . uf] / vf, g' j fsf] 6 , bf] n vf, 5_ % b]lv %=( /]S6/ :s]n;Ddsf $% cf]6f h_ $=% b]lv $=( /]S6/ :s]n;Dddf ^^ cf]6f l;Gw'kfNrf]s cflb lhNnfdf Jofks dfqfdf klx/f] em_ $ b]lv $=$ /]S6/ :s]n;Ddsf @#* cf]6f uPsf] / hldg rls{Psf] e]l6of] . e"sDkn] kxf8L e"–agf]6nfO{ cToGt} sdhf]/ agfPsfn] 9'ªu\ f / `_ $ /]S6/ :s]neGbf dflysf #%# cf]6f . uf]/vfb]lv bf]nvf;Ddsf] If]qdf s]Gb|laGb' klx/f] v:g] sfd tftf]kfgL, uf]/vf, /;'jf, wflbª, ] vf cflb 7fpFsf y'k}| uflj;x¿ pRr ePsf oL k/sDkx¿ dWo] bf]nvf s]Gb|laGb' ePsf g'jfsf]6, bf]n !)# cf]6f, l;Gw'kfNrf]s s]Gb|laGb' ePsf (& hf]lvddf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;'?df !@ cf]6f / kl5 cf]6f, g'jfsf]6 s]Gb|laGb' ePsf @& cf]6f, /;'jf s]Gb|laGb' ePsf @& cf]6f, uf]/vf s]Gb|laGb' ePsf dsjfgk'/ / cf]vn9'ªu\ f b'O{ lhNnf yk u/L !$ @) cf]6f, wflbª s]Gb|laGb' ePsf !^ cf]6f, lhNnfnfO{ a9L Iflt ePsf] cfwf/df Ps dlxgfsf sf7df8f}F s]Gb|laGb' ePsf !# cf]6f / l;Gw'kfNrf]s nflu ;ª\s6u|:t If]q 3f]if0ff u¥of] . tL lhNnfx¿df ePsf] Ifltsf] ljj/0f tn lbOPsf] 5 . ltAat l;dfgfdf klg s]Gb|laGb' /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnf d[To' 3fOt] ;/sf/L ejg ;/sf/L ejg lghL ejg lghL ejg k"0f{ Iflt cf+lzs Iflt k"0f{ Iflt cf+lzs Iflt sf7df8f}F !@@^ &(%@ *% @&& $#%)@ %^)@$ eStk'/ ### @!)! % %! !*,()) (,)%$ Nflntk'/ !*) #)%! @!& !(* !&$$$ *)^$ uf]/vf $$( (%@ @@& #^ %(%@& !#,$@* l;Gw'kfNrf]s #%#@ !%&# &!) #& ^#**% @&%! wflbª *&* !@!* (# %* *!#!# #)(@ g'jfsf]6 !!)( !)%) !% !$ &%%^@ $@)) /;'jf ^*) &&! * $ !!#^* @^& sfe|]knfGrf]s #!* !!&( $* #! $((## @#&!$ bf]nvf !&& ^^@ %!& – $***) #!@) /fd]5fk $@ !#$ %$ %^ @^&$# !#!&# dsjfgk'/ ## @@( $^ !&& @))#% !&#*# >f]t M cf]vn9'ª\uf @) ^! !* #* !))#! #!)& DRR, l;Gw'nL !% @#) (@ @#! !*!(& !))@* Nepal k|1 f MM 16

oL lhNnf afx]s lrtjg -!) d[To', !$# 3fOt]_, ;f]nv ' D' a' -@@ d[To', !)) 3fOt]_, ;'g;/L -( d[To', #% 3fOt]_, k;f{ -^ d[To', %) 3fOt]_, ndh'ªu\ -% d[To', $) 3fOt]_, dxf]Q/L -$ d[To', !^ 3fOt]_, /f}tx6 -# d[To', #* 3fOt]_, sf:sL -# d[To', #* 3fOt]_, df]/ª\u -@ d[To', %( 3fOt]_, af/f -@ d[To', ^@ 3fOt]_, ef]hk'/ -@ d[To', !# 3fOt]_, ;nf{xL -@ d[To', &) 3fOt]_ nufot afun'ª, :ofª\hf, wg'iff, u'NdL, DofUbL, gjnk/f;L, kfNkf, pbok'/, t]xy| d ' , l;/fxf, ¿s'd, lhNnfdf klg dfgjLo Iflt ePsf] 5 eg] 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf ejgx¿df gf]S;fgL k'us ] f] 5 . u[xdGqfno cGt{utsf] lhNNff b}jL k|sf]k p4f/sf]ifaf6 tTsfn d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt / Ifltk"lt{, k"0f{ / cf+lzs Iflt ePsf 3/nfO{

;xof]u, cf}ifwL pkrf/, af6f] vr{, c:yfoL cfjf; vfBfGg vl/b, lqkfn, 6]G6, knfli6s l;6 vl/b Pj+ cGo cfjZos vr{ ug]{ u/L !) ca{ %@ s/f]8 & nfv lgsf;f ePsf] hgfPsf] 5 . oL ltg cf]6f e"sDkdf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf a9L Iflt ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosf k|fu P]ltxfl;s sfndf kf]v/L ePsf]n] ToxfF /x]sf] afs\nf] / sdhf]/ df6f] o'Qm hldgdf sDkgx'bF f ejgsf] tf}n yfDg ;Sb}g . csf]t{ km{ To:tf] g/d df6f]df e"sDkLo t/ª\usf] ult sd x'G5 h;n] ubf{ a9L ;do;Dd sDkg x'gk'U5 / Ifltdf j[l4 x'G5 . uf]ª\ua', df5fkf]v/L nufotsf 7fpFdf sDkgsf] ysf{On] hldgsf] t/nLs/0f x'guO{ y'k}| 3/x¿ efl;g k'u] . ljleGg cWoogn] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf hf]lvdsf lx;fan] ljZjd} ;a}eGbf cufl8 /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;"rL A. 1.

2.

3.

English Bath, M., Introduction to Seismology, 1979, Birkhauser Verlag.

Bolt, B.A., Earthquake, 1999 (4th edn.), Freeman, Sanfrancisco.

Bullen, K.E. and Bolt, B.A., An Introduction to Theory of Seismology, 1985 (4th edn.), Cambridge University Press.

4. Coburn, A. and Spence, R., Earthquake Protection, 2002, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 5. Kearey P. and Vine, F.J., Global Tectonics, 1996 (2nd edn.), Blackwell Publishing.

6. Keller, E.A. and Pinter, N., Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift and Landscapes, 2002 (2nd edn.), Printice Hall.

7. Lay, T. and Wallace, T.C., Modern Global Seismology, 1995, Academic Press.

8. Paudyal, Harihar, Seismicity and Seismotectonics of Nepal and Adjoining Regions, 2008, Ph. D. Thesis, Banaras Hindu University, India (unpublished).

9. Richter, C.F., Elementary Seismology, 1958, Freeman, Sanfrancisco.

10. Rikitake, T. (Ed.), Current Research in Earthquake Prediction (Vol. I and II), 1981, Academic Press, Japan.

B.

g]kfnL

!= /f0ff a|Xdzdz]/ hª\uaxfb'/, g]kfnsf] dxfe"sDk, !((), @)&@ -t]=;=_ a's –lxn klAns];g, sf7df8f}F . @= g]kfn, lxdfn, sflGtk'/, gful/s, uf]/vfkq, cGgk"0f{–kf]:6 nufotsf @)&@ ;fn j}zfv !@ kl5sf b}lgs, ;fKtflxs kq – klqsfx¿ . k|f= 8f= kf}8n ] n] g]kfn / j/k/sf] If]qsf] e"sDkLotf / e"sDkLo agfj6 lzif{sdf jgf/; lxGb' ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;g\ @))* df ljBfjfl/lw u/]sf x'g\ .

∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 17

e"sDk ljz]if cWoog

g]kfndf e"sDk M jt{dfg ;Gbe{ / tYo 8f= slj/fh kf}8o\ fn != kl/ro k[YjLdf x'g] ljleGg k|sf/sf k|fs[lts k|sf]kx¿ o;sf lgoldt k|lqmof x'g\ . kxL/f], e"sDk, af9L, r6\ofª\u, cfFwL cflb k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . o:tf k|sf]kx¿ k|foM dfgj hut\ dfq geO{ ;a} ;lhj j:t'x¿sf nflu r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf b]lvG5g\ / xfd|f] lgoGq0f aflx/ 5g\ . sltko o:tf k| s f] k x¿cfˆgf] cfudgsf] k"j{ ;"rgf lnP/ cfpF5g\ t sltko k|sf]kx¿sf] xfdL cg'dfg;Dd ug{ ;Sb}gf}F . o:tf ljgfzsf/L 36gf lgDTofpg] zlQm / o;sf] ;do tflnsf b}jsf] uf]Ko 8fo/Ldf dfq 5 eGg] 7fg]/ xfd|f cu|hx¿n] o;nfO{ b}ljk|sf]k eGg ?rfP . cfhlxhf] j}1flgsx¿n] oL k|sf]kx¿af/] cWoog cg';Gwfg ub{} hfg] qmddf o;sf ljifodf w]/} j}1flgs tYox¿ kQf nufpg ;kmn eO{ k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 gfds/0f ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . k|fs[lts k|sf]kx¿ lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsP klg s]xL glhs;Dd k"jc { g'dfg ug{ tyf o;af6 x'g] c;/x¿ Go"gLs/0f ug{ eg] ;lsg] ePsf] 5 . k| s f] k x¿ dWo] ;a} e Gbf vt/gfs, ljgf;sf/L tyf lgoGq0f ug{ s7Lg e"sDk k|sf]k xf] . e"sDk Ps o:tf] k|sf]k xf] h;sf] eljiojf0fL xfn;Dd klg ;Dej x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . t/ k[YjLdf /x]sf s'g s'g :yfgx¿ e"sDkLo hf]lvdf 5g\ eGg] tYo eg] yfxf nfu]sf] 5 . zlQmzfnL e"sDkn] s]xL ;]sG] 8 b]lv Ps ldg]6;Ddsf] cGt/fndf nfvf}Fsf] hLjg ;DffKt kfg{ ;S5 / c/af}Fsf] ef}lts Iflt eO b]z / hgtfsf] cfly{s x}l;ot sdhf]/ kfb{5 .

7'nf e"sDksf] s]Gb|laGb' dfgjj:tLsf] glhs k/]df tyf e"sDk /ftsf] ;dodf uPdf l:ylt

cem eofjx / sxflnnfUbf x'g ;S5 . e"sDkaf6 3fOg] tyf ckfª\u e} afFrs ] f jf 3/af/ ljxLg x'g k'u]sf dflg;x¿ k[YjLdf oqtq e]l6G5g\ . e"sDkaf6 crfgs 7'nf] hg–wgsf] Iflt x'g] u/]sfn] o;sf] eljiojf0fLsf] rf/}lt/af6 cfjfh pl7/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] j}1flgs pQ/ lbg' e"sDkljb\x¿sf nflu Ps 7'nf] r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 . g]kfndf e"sDk hfg' eg]sf] Ps ;fdfGo tyf lgoldt k|fs[lts k|lqmof alg ;s]sf] 5 . ;fgf–;fgf e"sDkx¿ b}lgs uO/fv]sf 5g\ eg] demf}nf tyf 7'nf e"sDkx¿ nfdf] ;do cGt/df hfg] u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ef}ule{s lx;fan] e"sDkLo hf]lvd If]qdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] kl5Nnf] k|df0f ev{/} uf]vf{sf] jf/kfsnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' eP/ uPsf] e"sDk / To;;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf cgluGtL 7'nf– ;fgf k/sDkgx¿n] ;lhn} k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . a}zfv !@ ut] zlgjf/ dWofGx uPsf] e"sDkn] Ps bh{g eGbf a9L lhNnfx? k|efljt 5g\ . d'ns ' dxfljktdf km;]sf] 5 . u[x dGqfnosf] kl5Nnf] tYofª\s cg';f/ ;f9] cf7 xhf/ eGbf a9Lsf] Hofg uPsf] 5 eg] em08} ;q xhf/ 3fOt]sf] pkrf/ eO /x]sf] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . bh{gf}F JolQmx? a]kQf ePsf 5g\ . ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf :jb]z dfq xf]Og ljb]zL d'ns ' / ltgsf s}og ;ª\3 ;+:yfx? klg nfuL k/]sf 5g\ . of] ljkt\df jfFRg ;kmn ePsfx?n] klg cfˆgf glhssf cfkmGtnfO{ u'dfPsf 5g\ h'g lk8f zAbdf JoQm ug{ ufx|f] 5 . g]kfn e"sDksf] hf]lvddf dfq xf]Og pRr hf]lvddf 5 eGg] ;Gb]; d'ns ' df gePsf] eg] xf]Og . b]z ljb]zsf e"sDkljb\x?af6 o; ljifodf k6Ss} cg';Gwfg gePsf] klg xf]Og . cg';Gwfgn] k|:6 kf/]sf]

k|1 f MM 18

web source: www.khasskhass.com

lyof] ls g]kfnLx?n] ;r]tgf ckgfpg' kb{5 eg]/ . b]zdf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL e"–j}1flgsx?n] s}og uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ / 5nkmn u/]s} lyP . cg';Gwfgsf b:tfj]hx? klg 5flkPs} x'g\ (Molnar, 1990; Pandey et al., 1995; Power et.al., 1998; Thakur et. al., 1999; Rajaure et.al; 2006; Sapkota et.al.; 2006 Upreti 2006; etc.) . tL

;j} gfd rn]sf n]v /rgf / s[ltx? sfuhd} j;] . h] gx'g' lyof], cflv/ eP/} 5f]8o\ f] . k|To]s jif{ ljZjdf s/Lj ltg nfveGbf a9L e"sDk hfg] ub{5g\ . tL dWo] w]/h } ;f] e"sDkx? sd zlQmzfnL x'G5g\ . %=% /]S6/ :s]n eGbf ;fgf e"sDkx?n] ;fgf–ltgf 36gfx? Jffx]s 7'nf] c;/ b]vfpFbg} g\ . s'g} s'g} 7'nf e"sDkx? dfgj j;f]jf; gePsf] If]qdf kb{5g\ h;n] ubf{ hgwgsf] Iflt ePsf] xFb' g} . 7'nf / zlQmzfnL e"sDkx? nfdf] ;do cGt/fndf cfpg] ub{5g\ / Ps} l5gdf g;f]rs ] f] ljgfz lgDTofpF5g\ . cGo k|sf]ksf] t'ngfdf ljZjel/sf] tYofª\s x]bf{ e"sDkaf6 x'g] hgwgsf] Iflt cu|kl+ tmdf b]lvG5 . h'g s'/f e"sDkLo k|sf]kaf6 vt/fdf /x]sf b]zx?sf] ;ª\Vof cGo k|sf]kaf6 eGbf j9L /x]sf] tYon] klg k|:6\ofpF5 . log} k|;ª\udf e"sDk ;DaGwL hgdfg;df pAh]sf lgDgfg';f/sf k|Zgx¿nfO{ oxfF tYok/s pQ/ lbg vf]lhPsf] 5 . s= g]kfn lsg e"sDkLo hf]lvddf 5 < v= lj1fgn] JofVof u/]cg';f/ g]kfndf ljutb]lv jt{dfg;Dd e"sDksf] k'g/fj[lQ slQsf] ldNbf]hN' bf] 5 < u= s] clxn]sf] uf]vf{ e"sDk–@)&@ j}1flgsx¿n] cg'dfg u/]sf lyP < 3= lsg uf]vf{ e"sDk k"jL{ g]kfnlt/ tlGsof]< ª= e"sDk / o;sf] Iflt lsg ;a}lt/ Psgfz x'bF g} < clxn] sf] e"sDksf] Iflt sxfF sxfF s:tf] /x\of] < r= k/sDkgx¿ s] x'g\ / slxn] ;Dd cfpg ;S5g\ < 5= e"sDksf] k"j{ tof/L eg]sf] s] xf] < o;df s;–s;sf] s] s] e"ldsf /xG5 < h= ca eljiodf s] ug{] <

@= g]kfndf e"sDk j}1flgs sf/0f M s/La kfFr s/f]8 jif{ klxn] b'O{ 7'nf–7'nf ef}ule{s Kn]6x? -hldgsf 7'nf–7'nf lx:;fx?_ 7Ss/ vfPkl5sf] glthf :j¿k xfd|f] lxdfno kj{tsf] hGd ePsf] xf] (Dewey and Bird, 1970: Powell and Conaghan 1973) . tL ef}ule{s lx:;fx? x'g\ M

blIf0fdf Ol08of / pQ/df o"/l] zof . o"/l] zog lx:;fsf] blIf0fL efunfO{ æl6a]6g Kn]6Æ klg elgG5 . s/La kfFr s/f]8 jif{eGbf klxn] xfnsf] ef/tLo pkdxfåLk / ltAatsf] lardf t]ly; ;d'b| lyof] -lrq=g+= !_ .

lrq g+= ! s/La kfFr s/f]8 jif{ cufl8 k[YjLdf /x]sf e"v08 hf]8\g]x?sf] cjl:ylt M t]ly; dxf;fu/sf] ;do .

blIf0fL lbzfaf6 pQ/tkm{ lj:tf/} ;b{} cfO/x]sf] ef/tLo Kn]6 / pQ/df /x]sf] ltAatL Kn]6 Pscfk;df 7f]lSsPkl5 t]ly; ;d'b| nf]k x'g uof] -lrq g+= @_ .

lrq g+= @ s/La b'O{ s/f]8 jif{ cufl8b]lv t]ly; dxf;fu/sf] cGtM eO{ lxdfno kj{tsf] hGd ePsf] xf] . blIf0fdf lxGb dxf;fu/ cl:tTjdf cfof] .

k|1 f MM 19

ljutdf Ol08og Kn]6sf] pQ/L If]q l6a]6g Kn]6 d'lg l5/]sf] lyof] (Molnar and Tapponnier 1975; Patriat and Achakhe 1984) . cfhsf lbgdf klg pQm k|lqmof hf/L g} 5 . Pp6f Kn]6 d'lg csf]{ Kn]6 l5g{' ;lhnf] 5}g . l5g{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf r6\6fgx? aflª\uG5g\, km'65 \ g\ / vlK6G5g\ -lrq g+= #_ . k[YjLsf] ulx/fOdf /x]sf r6\6fgx? km'6b\ f zlQmzfnL t/ª\u k}bf x'G5 . ToxL t/ª\un] Nofpg] xnrnnfO{ e"sDk elgG5 . r§fg km'6g\ n ' fO{ b/f/ jf y|; klg elgG5 . e"sDksf] zlQm b/f/sf] ulx/fO, prfO tyf km}nfj6df e/ kb{5 .

lrq g+= # b'O{ 7'nf 7'nf e"–v08x?sf] 6s/fjsf] sf/0f ljZjd} cUnf] lxdfno kj{tsf] pTklQ ePsf] 5 .

o;af6 cGbfh ug{ ;lsG5 ls lxdfnosf] pTklQsf qmddf w]/} k'/fgf] ;do b]lv g} o; If]qdf e"sDk cfO g} /x]sf lyP . jt{dfgdf klg ef/tLo Kn]6 pQ/tkm{ ;g{] qmd hf/L g} 5, h;n] ubf{ gofF gofF b/f/x¿ klg alg /x]sf jf aGg] qmddf 5g\ . 7'nf] b/f/ jf e|; + af6 w]/} zlQm aflx/ cfpFbf a9L ljgfzsf/L e"sDk hfG5 eg] demf}nf jf ;fgf b/f/af6 lg:sg] sd zlQmsf e"sDkx¿n] ug{] Iflt sd jf guGo g} klg x'G5g\ . g]kfnsf] s'/f ubf{ xfd|f] e"–efu o'/l] zog gfdsf] ef}ule{s e"v08sf] blIf0fL efu ltAatLog Kn]6 / ef/tLo e"–v08sf] lardf s':tL e} /x]sf] hf]gL{ b]lv glhs -s]xL blIf0fdf_ /x]sf] 5 . ca g]kfndf /x]sf b/f/x¿sf] s'/f u/f}+ . xfd|f] e" v08df ltgj6f k|1 f MM 20

7'nf 7'nf k"j{ klZrd km}lnPsf b/f/x¿ 5g\ . tL x'g\ M d]g ;]G6«n y|i6 (Main Central Thrust, MCT), d]g afp08«L y|i6 (Main Boundary Thrust, MBT) / d]g k|mG6n y|i6 (Main Frontal Thrust, MFT) (lrq g+= $_. o;sf cltl/Qm y'k}| :yfgLo b/f/x¿ ;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . s'g} b/f/x¿ lg:s[o 5g\ eg] s'g} b/f/x¿ cfhsf lbgdf klg ;lqmo 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu tgx'F lhNnfdf gS;fª\sg ul/Psf] b'jª' y|i6 (Dubung Thrust) lgis[o 5 (Paudyal and Paudel; 2013) eg] g]kfnsf] u'NdL jfUn'ª\u If]qdf gS;flª\st j8Luf8 kmN6 (Barigad Fault) ;lqmo b/f/ dflgG5 . (Nakata, 1988) .o:tf ;s[o b/fx¿ xfd|f] jt{dfg / eljiosf hf]lvd If]qx¿ x'g\ . s'g If]q slt hf]lvd 5 eGg] tYo km]nf kfg{ nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] e"sDksf] j}1flgs clen]v x'gk' b{5 . g]kfnsf] vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu tyf k|mfG;sf] DASE af6 ;+oQ ' m ¿kdf ljut #% jif{b]lv ;Grflnt lxdfnosf] ;]:df]nf]lhsn (seismological) tyf e"–ef}lts (geophysical) cWoog cg' ; Gwfg tyf cGo lgsfox¿sf] cWoogaf6 ;d] t u/L g] k fn lxdfnodf ;]:df]6S] 6f]lgs (seismotectonic) cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; / ;f] cg';f/ e"sDk rqm (earthquake cycle) sf] ;DaGwdf s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ pknlAw xfl;n ePsf 5g\ . h;sf] u0fgf cg';f/ ;g\ !(!! b]lv ;g\ !((! lar g]kfn tyf g]kfnsf] ;Ldfaf6 !)) ls=dL= sf] If]qdf lgDg k|sf/n] e"sDkx¿ eP .

• %–^ l/S6/sf] e"sDk k|To]s @ jif{df, • ^–& l/S6/sf e"sDk k|To]s % jif{df, • &–&=% l/S6/sf e"sDk k|To]s * jif{df, • &=%–* l/S6/ e"sDk k|To]s $) jif{df, • * l/S6/ eGbf a9Lsf e"sDk k|To]s *) jif{df . jt{dfg ;dodf ljZjel/d} o:tf] vfnsf] Pp6f ef}ule{s Kn]6 d'lg csf]{ ef}ule{s Kn]6 3':g] k|so[ f Hofb} lqmoflzn eO{/x]sf] Psdfq :yfg lxdfno xf] . r§fgx? jfª\uLP/ prfO{ a9\g] tyf o;} qmddf km'6/] ;l~rt zlQm :vng e} e"sDk hfg] / r§fgx? vlK6g] qmddf e" v08 g} blIf0flt/

;g]{ vfnsf] cToGt /x:odo rnfodfg n] ubf{ xfd|f] lxdfnonfO{ ælhpFbf] kj{tÆ klg elgG5 . adf{bl] v lxGb'sz ' ;Dd sl/j @$)) ls=dL= nfdf] lxdfno klg km]/L @))–#)) ls=dL= sf ljleGg efudf lrl/P/ a]nf a]nfdf km'6\g] / kfn};Fu cfkm\gf] lx;fjn] lxF8\g] ub{5g\ . o; qm|ddf zlQmzfnL e"sDkx? lg:sG5g\ . lxdfnosf] k"jb{ l] v klZrd;Dd x]g{] xf] eg] ;g\ !(%) df OlG8ofsf] c5fd, ;g\ !(#$ df g]kfn–ljxf/ tyf ;g\

!()% df OlG8ofs} sfFu/f o;sf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . oL ;a} * /]S6/ :s]n dflysf lyP . k"jd { f g]kfn–ljxf/ e"sDk -;g\ !(#$, lj=;+ !(()_ / klZrddf OlG8ofsf] sfFu/f -;g\ !()%_ ljrsf] 7'nf] e"–efu cem j9L rrf{df lyof] . o;sf] sf/0f lyof] nfdf] ;dob]lv o; If]qdf -k"jd { f sf7df8f+} b]lv klZrddf b]/fb'g_ df 7'nf] e"sDk uPsf] lyPg . o;/L x]bf{ yfxf nfU5 ls g]kfn e"sDkLo hf]lvddf 5 .

lrq g+= $ M g]kfn lxdfnosf] ef}uf]lns k|fk] mfOnM d]g ;]G6«n y|i6, d]g afpG8/L y|i6 / d]g k|mG6n y|i6 h:tf e"sDksf ;|f]t jf b/f/x? b]vfOPsf] 5 . #= e"sDksf] k'g/fj[lQ P]ltxfl;s cfwf/x¿ M ljutsf s}o+ f} ztfAbLb]lv ;do–;dodf g]kfn 7'nf 7'nf e"sDkaf6 k|efljt 5 . xfdL;Fu w]/} k'/fgf clen]vx¿ geP klg lj=;= !#!) b]lv otfsf y'k}| e"sDkx?sf] clen]vx¿ k|fKt 5g\ -gsdL{, !((&_ . oL 7'nf t/ k'/fgf e"sDkx? ;j}sf] s]Gb| laGb' / dfg xfd|f] clen]vdf 5}gg\ . l;=g+ ldlt -lj=;+=_ :yfg :s]n != !#!) c;f/ sf7df8f}F &=& ceo dNnsf] zf;g sfn e"sDkdf dg{] /fgf @= !#!^ sf7df8f}F j/k/ ====== /fhf hob]j #= !$^$ efb| yfxf 5}g ==== -/fhf Zofd l;+x_ $= !&#& kf}if syg 5 clen]v 5}g ======================== %= !&#* h]7 ============== =====/fhf >L lgjf; dNn ^= !*@$ c;f/ sf7df8f}d F f @$ 306fdf @! k6s wSsf=======dx;'; k|1 f MM 21

&=

!*^^ h]7

sf7df8f}d F f @! k6s wSsf dx;'; ======= /fhf uLjf{0fo'4 ljqmd zfx *= !**) sflt{s sf7df8f+d } f !& k6s e"sDk uPsf] clen]v ======= =============== (= !*() efb| !@ -$) ;]s0] 8 nfdf] e"sDk sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf @# k6s wSsfx?, s]xL lbg;Dd k|ltlbg $) b]lv %) k6s ;Dd wSsfx?_ !)= !*(! c;f/ k"0f{ clen]v 5}g====== =========================== !!= !(&# g]kfnsf] ;'b/" klZrdf~rndf 7'nf] e"sDk uPsf] syg 5 . !@= !(() df3 @ r}gk'/ s]Gb| *=# g]kfnsf] dxfe"sDk !#= @)@# c;f/ ;'b/" klZrdf~rn If]qdf s]Gb|laGb' !$= @)#& >fj0f aemfª ^=% =================== !%= @)$% efb| pbok'/ ^=% =================== !^= @)^* zª\v'jf;ef ^=* =================== !&= @)&@ uf]/vf &=^ =================== pko{ ' Q m Oltxf;b] l v jt{ d fg;Ddsf e"sDkx?sf] clen]vaf6 g} k|:6 x'G5 ls xfd|f] e"–efu e"sDkLo hf]lvddf 5 . lj=;= !#!) b]lv xfn;Dd !& j6f 7'nf–7'nf ljgf;sf/L e"sDkx¿ uPsf 5g\ . cem sltko e"sDkx?sf] clen]v 5'6s ] f] klg x'g ;S5 . lj=;= !*() / lj=;= !(() -!)) jif{sf] cGt/_ df cfPsf b'O{ 7'nf dxfe"sDkx?sf jf/]df xfdL;Fu w]/} clen]vx?

5g\ . tL b'j} dxfe"sDkaf6 sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf 7'nf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= !(() ;fnsf] df3 @ ut] lbgsf] @ ah]/ @$ ldg]6 hfFbf g]kfnsf] k"jL{ efu r}gk'/df s]Gb| laGb' ePsf] pQm dxfe"sDkn] g]kfndf #*%) hgf k'?if / $^^( hgf dlxnf u/L hDdf *%!( hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] . o; dWo] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf leq dfq $@(^ hgfn] Hofg u'dfpg' k/]sf] lyof] eg] e"sDkaf6 3/jf;, b]jfno / kf6L kf}jf ;d]t u/L hDdf @,)&,&$) j6f ejg eTs]sf lyP . of] e"sDksf] ljifodf d]h/ hg/n a|Xd zDz]/ lnlvt æg]kfnsf] dxfe"sDkÆ lstfadf pNn]v ul/Psf] aofgsf] cfwf/df To;a]nfsf] l:ylt o; k6ssf] e"sDk eGbf klg ljs/fn ePsf] a'lemG5 -gsdL{, !((&_ .

DofUgLRo'8 @ eGbf dfly / % eGbf tnsf e"sDkx? t g]kfndf b}lgs *–!) j6f -jflif{s cg'kftdf_ u}/xG5g\ . To;}n] klg eGg ;lsG5 k|1 f MM 22

xfdL e"sDkLo hf]lvd If]qdf j:5f}F . ef}ule{s cjl:yltsf cfwf/df s'g} 7fpF csf{ eGbf s]xL yf]/} ;'/lIft x'g ;Snf t/ xfd|f] s'g} klg e"efu e"sDkaf6 k"0f{ ;'/lIft eg] 5}g . pQm P]ltxfl;s cfFs8f / g]kfnsf] ef}ule{s Oltxf; / e"sDk ;DaGwL j} 1 flgs wf/0ffsf ljrdf nueu ztk|ltzt d]n vfPsf] b]lvG5 . $= uf]vf{ e"sDk @)&@ M e"sDkljb\x¿sf] cGbfh leq e"sDk lj1fg Ps gofF lj1fg xf] hf] clxn] klg ljsf;sf] qmddf 5 . e"sDksf] eljiojf0fLsf] nflu xfn;Dd ePsf k|of;x¿ ck"/f 5g\ . 7'nf– 7'nf e"sDkx¿sf] k'g/fj[lQ x'g] ;do nfdf] x'G5 .

Ps JolQmsf] hLjgsfndf Pp6} 7fpFdf 7'nf] e"sDk k'gM bf]xf]l/P/ cfpg] ;Defjgf Hofb} Go"g x'G5 . clxn] ;Dd e"sDk lagf ;"rgf cfpF5 t elgPsf] 5 t/ o;n] lbg] ;"rgf xfd|f] lj1fgn] glrg]sf] klg x'g ;S5 lsgeg] of] lj1fgsf] gofF If]q xf] / of] jo:s x'g ;do nfU5 / afFsL 5 . e"sDksf] eljiojf0fLsf] nflu ljZjn] sfd ug{ yfn]sf] em08} $%–%) jif{ dfq ePsf] 5 . s'g} If]qdf 7'nf] e"sDk uO;s]kl5 l5§} -nueu *)–!)) jif{leq_ To:t} e"sDk cfpg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 . t/ pQm If]qsf] s]xL 6f9f cf;kf;df eg] o;sf] ;Defjgf a9]/ hfG5 . e"sDkLo hf]lvd If]qdf kg]{ s'g} e"v08df nfdf]

;do e"sDk uPg eg] To;nfO{ e"sDkLo z"Gotf jf ;]:dLs Uofk (seismic gap) elgG5 -lrq g+= %_ . o:tf] Uofk ePsf] If]q e"sDkLo hf]lvd If]q xf] / ToxfF j:g] hgtfx¿ o;sf lglDt ljz]if tof/Lsf ;fy j:g' kg{] x'G5 . ;g\ !()% df ef/tsf] sfFu/f -g]kfnsf] klZrd_ / ;g\ !(#$ -lj=;+= !(()_ df g]kfnsf] k"jL{ efudf 7'nf 7'nf -DofUg]r8' * eGbf 7'nf e"sDkx¿ uPsf t/ o;sf] lar v08df eg] ;g\ !%)% b]lv otf 7'nf] e"sDk uPsf] lyPg . To;}n] k"jd{ f sf7df8f}+ If]q b]lv klZrddf ef/tsf] b]/fb"g If]q larsf] e" efudf s/La %)! jif{sf] ;]:dLs Uofk e]l6G5 . To;}n] of] If]q pRr hf]lvddf lyof], cGttM @)&@ h]7 !@ ut] uf]vf{ s]Gb|laGb' eP/ 7'nf] e"sDk uof] .

lrq g+= % k"j{df sf7df8f}+b]lvklZrddf b]/fb'g ;Ddsf] If]qdf ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv e"sDk guPsf]n] hflvd If]qsf] ¿kdf lrlgb} cfPsf] 5 .

o;/L nfdf] ;dob]lv 7'nf] e"sDk ghfg'sf] cy{ pQm If]q hf]lvddf 5 eGg] t a'lemG5 t/ e"sDk hfg] ;dosf] cg'dfg ug{ eg] xfn;Ddsf cg';Gwfg x}l;ot aflx/ 5g\ . %= uf]vf{ e"sDk M k"jl{ t/sf] /x:ok"0f{ lj:tf/ k"jd{ f sf7df8f}F b]lv klZrddf b]/fb"gsf] lar efudf uf]vf{ eP klg l7s dWo efudf eg] 5}g . uf]vf{ eGbf cem klZrddf e"sDksf] s]Gb|laGb' x'g] ;Defjgf a9L lyof] , Tof] ePg . To;} n ]

e"sDkljb\x¿sf] nflu Pp6f 7'nf] r'gf}tL cfof] M s] dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;]:dLs Uofk (seismic gap) sf] zlQm Tof] If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L uf]vf{af6} lgl:sof] ls 5}g < 5}g eg] pQm e"sDkLo z"Gotfaf6 lg:sg] zlQm km]/L l5§} uf]vf{ b]lv klZrd b]/fb'g ;Ddsf] s'g} klg efuaf6 lgl:sg ;S5 Û o;sf] cg';Gwfg cjsf] Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ ljifo aGg]5 . uf]vf{af6 klZrdL efu htflt/ ;]:dLs Uofk lyof] ;f]xL lbzflt/ e"sDkaf6 ag]sf] lr/f (rupture zone) guP/ o;sf] lj:tf/ k"jl{ t/ x'g k'Uof] -lrq g+= ^_ . of] e"ue{ ljbx¿sf nflu Pp6f r'gf}tL / /x:odo aGg k'us ] f] 5 . o;sf] plrt lgisif{sf nflu 5'§} cg';Gwfgsf] h?/L 5 .

lrq g+= ^ uf]/vf M @)&@ sf] e"sDk rL/f k"jl{ t/ uPsf] tYo k/sDkgsf s]Gb|laGb'af6 b]vfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . ljutsf 7'nf e"sDkx? s]Gb|laGb' klg k"j{lt/} b]lvG5g\ .

Pp6f e"ue{ljbsf] x}l;otn] d}n] o;f] x'gs ' f] sf/0f ljutsf 7'nf tyf demf}nf e"sDkx¿ k"jl{ t/ uPsf / ltgn] jgfPsf lr/fx? k"jl{ t/ ePsf]n] ToxfFsf] ef}ule{s jgfj6 sdhf]/ /x]sf]n] uf]vf{af6 k"j{tkm{ hfg ;lhnf] k/]sf] x'g ;Sg] b]Vb5 . lj=;+= !(() ;fnsf] e"sDkn] agfPsf] lr/f l;t clxn]sf] lr/f e]6 eP ls h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 .

To;f] eP ca nfdf] ;do uf]vf{bl] v k"js { f] efu k|1 f MM 23

e"sDkaf6 ;'/lIft /xg' kb{5 . ^= e"sDksf] IfltM Ps}gf; x'bF g} e"sDkn] k|foM o;sf] s]Gb|laGb' glhsdf a9L c;/ ub{5 . e"sDksf] s]Gb|laGb'af6 lj:tfl/t x'g] t/ª\ux¿ zfGt kf]v/Ldf 9'ªu\ f kmfNbf o;n] pTkGg ug{] 5fn;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . e"sDkaf6 x'g] c;/ tyf Iflt lgDg s'/fx¿df e/ kb{5 M • e"sDksf] DofDg]r8' M hlt 7'nf] DofUg]r8' sf] e"sDk uof] plt g} c;/ a9L x'G5 .

• e"sDksf] s]Gb|laGb'M s]Gb|laGb' glhsdf a9L Iflt x'G5 / 6f9f sd .

• ef}ule{s cjl:ylt M s8f / df]6fO a9L ePsf r§fg /x] s f] :yfgeGbf sdnf] tyf bnbn]afn'jf jf df6f] ePsf] :yfgdf a9L Iflt x'G5 .

• e"sDksf t/ª\ux¿sf] ;+of]hg M t/ª\ux¿sf] wgfTds ;+of]hg ePsf] :yfgx¿df a9L Iflt x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu pkTosf / kxf8sf] l;df If]q hxfF kxf8af6 cfjt{g÷k/fjt{g ePsf t/ª\ux¿ d"n t/ª\u;Fu hf]l8g uO{ wgfTds ;+of]hg x'g] ub{5 .

• e"sDk uPsf] ;doM lbgdf eGbf /ftdf uPsf] e"sDkdf dflg;sf] xtfxt a9L x'G5 .

• ef}lts ;+/rgfM sdhf]/ ;+/rgf ePsf] 7fpFdf a9L Iflt x'G5 . o; k6ssf] e"sDkn] lgDTofPsf] Iflt klg ;dfgfGt/ b"/Ldf ;dfgfGt/ IftLsf] l;4fGt;Fu ldNbf]hN' bf] 5}g . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] e"–agf]6df Psgf; gx'g' cyf{t\ s'g} 7fpF le/fnf] 5 eg] s'g} 7fpF ;dy/ . s'g} 7fpFdf r§fg a9L 5g\ t s'g} 7fpFdf sdhf]/ df6f] . To;dfly o;sf] c;/ e"ldut hn;Fu klg ;DalGwt /xG5 . e"sDkn] agfPsf] d"n lr/f klg k"jl{ t/ tlGsof] / ;f]xL cg';f/ k6s k6ssf k/sDkgx¿ klg k"jl{ t/ g} uP -lrq g+= ^_ . kmn:j¿k uf]vf{bl] v k"jl{ t/ w]/} Iflt x'g k'Uof] . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf klg Iflt Psgf; /x]g . pbfx/0fsf nflu afnfh', uª\ua', gofF a;kfs{ , ;LtfkfOnf, /fdsf] 6 cf;kf;sf k|1 f MM 24

If]qx¿df v'sn ' f] anf}6] df6f] /x]sf] tyf e"ldut hn klg sd ulx/fOdf /x]sf]n] s]xL a9L Iflt ePsf] b]lvG5 . sf7df8f}s F f] jfg]Zj/, 7d]n, kf6g, sflndf6L cflb If]qdf s8f k|sf/sf] Sn] -k/t_ /x]sf] / kfgL ;'ss ] f] cj:yfdf em08} r§fgh:tf] u'0f b]vfpg] ePsf]n] t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd Iflt b]lvG5 . csf{tkm{ gfu9'ª\uf, g}sfk, sLlt{k'/, k'Nrf]s tyf rf]ef/ If]qdf r§fgx¿sf] tx ;txb]lv glhs ePsf]n] Iflt sd b]lvG5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf s/La %)) dL6/ jfSnf] r§fg alg g;s]sf] sdhf]/ df6f] -k/t tyf_ jfn'jf 5 . pkTosfsf] r§fgL lk+w klg ;dy/ 5}g . y'Dsf, vf]r + h:tf pj8–vfj8nfO{ k/t tyf anf}6] df6f]n] 5f]ks ] f] 5 . o:tf] df6f] sxfFaf6 cfof] eGg] ljifodf e"ue{ j]Qfx¿n] klxn] pkTosf /x]sf] 7fpFdf 7'nf] tfn /x]sf] / pQm df6f] tfndf hDdf ePsf] eGg] 7x/ u/]sf 5g\ . s8f r§fgdf eGbf pkTosfsf] tfn y]uf| ] /x]sf] kbfy{df 7fpF / df6f]sf] OlGhlgol/ª u'0fsf cfwf/df !) b]lv %) u'0ff ;Dd a9L hldg xlNnG5 . e"sDksf] t/ª\u hldg leqaf6 r§fg x'bF } ;txdf cfO k'Ub5 . olb ;txdf r§fg aGg g;s]sf] y]uf| ] jf sdhf]/ df6f]sf] jfSnf] tx 5 eg] o;n] r§fgsf] af6f] x'bF } cfPsf] t/ª\unfO{ PSsf;L a9fO lbG5 . o:tf] df6f]df t/ª\usf] ult s8f r§fgsf] t'ngfdf sd x'g] x'bF f t/ª\u w]/} g} lj:t[t (high amplitude) x'G5 . lj:t[t x'g] k|lqmof klg t/ª\u nDjfO, ;do / df6f]sf] afSnf]kgf cflbn] lgoGq0f ub{5 . xfd|f ejgsf] nDafO, rf}8fO, prfO tyf jgfj6 cg';f/ cf–cfˆgf] sDkg cjlw x'G5 . olb hldgaf6 cfPsf t/ª\usf] cjlw / ejgsf] sDkg cjlw wgfTds ePdf clt 7'nf] ljgfz x'g hfG5 . ljleGg cWoogx¿sf] cfwf/df x]bf{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] k|frLg tfnn] 9flsPsf] 7fpFdf )=@– )=% ;]s]G8 sDkg cjlwx¿df k|j]usf] 7'nf] lj:t[tL x'g] b]lvG5 . To;}n] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ubf{ To;sf] sDkg cjlw lx;fa u/L hldgsf] lj:t[tL ug{] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t Vofn u/L agfPdf e"sDkaf6 hf]ufpg d2t k'Ub5 -kf08], !(((+_ . ljleGg k|ltj]bgx¿af6 k|fKt j}1flgs cfwf/df jl/kl/sf

kxf8sf t'ngfdf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] tfn If]q leq @ a9L OG6]gl;6L x'gs ' f] sf/0f sdhf]/ df6f]sf] jfSnf] tx x'g' xf] (Dixit and others 1999) . csf{ pNn]v ug{} kg{] s'/f e"ldut hn / o;n] sDkgsf] j] n f anf} 6 ] df6f] n fO{ t/nLs/0f (liquifaction) u/fpg' xf] . e"sDkaf6 cfpg] t/ª\un] hldg leqsf] kfgLnfO{ bafa lbFbf pQm kfgL afn'jfdf /x]sf l5b|af6 k:g] qmddf s'g} laGb'df k'u] kl5 cfˆgf] ef/ axg Ifdtf u'dfpg k'Ub5 / To:tf] df6f] dfly agfPsf ;+/rgf efl;g] jf 9lNsg] x'G5g\ . of] jif{sf] e"sDkdf klg ;LtfkfOnf, /fdsf]6 If]qdf o:tf36gfx¿ km]nf k/]sf 5g\ . o; k|sf/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf dfq xf]Og g]kfnsf] t/fO{, leqL dw]z jf dWo e"– efudf /x]sf pkTosf ;d]t e"sDkaf6 a9L c;/ kg{] If]qdf kb{5g\ . kxf8L e"–efu t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;'?lIft x'G5 t/ e"sDkn] lgDTofpg ;Sg] eLdsfo klx/f]x¿ kxf8d} hfg ;S5g\, of] To; 7fpFsf] nflu csf{] vt/f xf] . DofUbLdf 7'nf] klx/f] v;]/ 306f}F ;Dd sfnLu08sL gbL k"0f{ ¿kdf 5]lsPsf] 36gf klg o;} ;fnsf] e"sDksf] c;/ g} xf] . aflx/ b]lvPsf ;a} IfltnfO{ ;f]em} ef}ule{s agfj6;Fu dfq t'ngf ug{ ;lsFbg} . dfgj lgld{t ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] alnof]kgf Ps csf]{ k|dv ' sf/0f xf] . clxn]sf] o; e"sDkdf klg 9'ªu\ f df6f] k|of]u ul/Psf / k'/fgf 3/x¿ cfw'lgs 9ª\un] 808L–l;d]G6 k|of]u u/L agfOPsf 3/x¿sf] t'ngfdf a9L Iflt ePsf 5g\ . To:t} sd;n afn'jf / l;d]G6 k|of]u u/L agfPsf 3/x¿ a9L rs{s ] f 5g\ . e"sDkn] lgDTofPsf klx/f]x¿ klg :yfg ljz]ifdf ;fgf 7'nf b]lvG5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df lj=;+= @)&@ j}zfv !& df sf7df8f}F cfPsf] …rfOgf Ps]8d ] L ckm ;fOG;];s \ f]Ú 6f]nLn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno / Ol;df]8sf lj1x¿;Fu ldn]/ k|sf]ksf] k|f/lDes glthf / Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf /0fgLlt tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . pQm k|ltj]bg k|sfzgdf cfO;s]sf] 5}g . & e"sDkkl5sf ;–;fgf wSsfx¿ M k/sDkgx¿ Pp6f 7'nf] e"sDk kl5 ;–;fgf e"sDkx¿

cfO/xg' lgoldt k|lqmof xf] . 7'nf] b/f/ aGg] k|lqmofdf o;sf] bfofF afFof / cf;–kf;df ;– ;fgf b/f/x¿ aGg k'Ub5g\ . To:tf b/f/af6 ;fgf] ;fgf] DofUg]r8' sf e"sDkx¿ cfO/xG5g\ . slxn]sfxLF t 7'nf] e"sDkn] jt{dfgdf ;s[o /x]sf b/f/nfO{ cem a9L ;s[o jgfOlbG5 / tL b/f/x¿ k6s k6s rnfodfg x'bF f e"sDk u} /xg k'Ub5 .

To;/L g} 7'nf] e"sDkn] glhssf] If]qdf laNs'n gofF b/f/x¿ klg agfOlbg ;Sb5 . h] xf];,\ Pp6f 7'nf] b/f/ aGg] k|lqmof Hofb} hl6n 5 / o;n] hldgsf] 7'nf] lx:;fnfO{ ljrlnt u/fpg] x'bF f o;sf] c;/ zfGt x'g s]xL lbg b]lv s]xL jif{;Dd klg nfUg ;Sg] ljZjsf cg'ejn] atfpF5g\ . of] jif{ s f] uf] v f{ e" s Dkkl5 o;sf k/sDkgx¿n] uf]vf{–bf]nvf If]q cf;kf;sf hgtfnfO{ qf; agfO/x]sf] 5 . !# j}zfv @)&@ df l;Gw'kfNrf]s s]Gb|laGb' -DofUg]r8' ^=*_ / h]7 @( ut] bf]nvf s]Gb|laGb' (DofUg]r8' &=#)/x]sf k|dv ' k/sDkgx¿ x'g\ / o;n] To; If]qdf 7'nf] wg–hgsf] Iflt u/]sf] 5 . DofUg]r8' $ eGbf 7'nf] k/sDkgdfq ljut # dlxgfleq #)) eGbf a9L e};s]sf 5g\ eg] $ eGbf;fgf t of] eGbf ;of}+ u'0ff w]/} x'G5g\ h;sf] clen]v k|fKt e};s]sf] 5}g . e"sDk lj1fgsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ ca of] uf]vf{–bf]nvf cf;kf;df tTsfn csf]{ 7'nf] e"sDk hfg] ;Defjgf 6/]sf] 5 . t/ k/sDkgx¿ eg] @–# jif{ ;Dd klg cfOg} /xg ;S5g\ . DofUg]r8' ^ eGbf 7'nf k/sDkgx¿sf s]Gb|laGb' a:tL glhs k¥of] eg] o;n] c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 . To;}n] of] If]qdf a:g] ;a}n] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' a'l4dfgL x'g5 ] . *= e"sDksf] tof/L M Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf pkfox¿ e"sDk xfd|f] e" v08sf] nflu Pp6f lgoldt k|lqmof g} ag]sf] 5 . xfdL e"sDk /f]Sg ;Sb}gf} . demf}nfb]lv 7'nf e"sDkx? b}lgs cfpFbg} g\ . ;fgf e"sDkx? b}lgs cfpg ;S5g\ . demf}nf e"sDkx? s]xL jif{df bf]xf]l/g ;S5g\ eg] 7'nf / zlQmzfnL e"sDkx? eg] s]xL bzs b]lv s]xL ztfAbLdf k|1 f MM 25

k'g/fj[lQ x'G5g\ . xfdLn] b]lv ;Sof},F ef]uL klg ;SofFM} e"sDksf ljklQ / kL8fx? . Pp6f 7'nf] e"sDkn] dflg;sf] d[To' xFb' f] /x]5 . jFfr]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t ckfª\u x'g] w]/} ;Defjgf xF'bf] /x]5 . cfkmGtx? u'dfP/ lg:;f/ lhGbuL latfpg' kbf]{ /x]5 . e"sDksf] dgf]j1} flgs c;/ p;sf] hLjge/ /xg ;S5 . Pp6f sfnv08df efUon] hf]luP/ a:g ;s] klg csf]{ 36gf k|lts'n x'g ;S5 . cfkm\gf] hLjgsfndf hf]lvd 6/] klg cfkm\gf ;Gtltsf nflu hf]lvd /xg ;S5 . To;}n] /fHo, ;dfh / Joltmn] e"sDk /f]Sg xf]Og To;sf] ljgf;;Fu h'Wg ;Sg] of]hgf agP/ To;nfO{ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s] dfq xfd|f] eljio ;'lglZrt x'g ;S5 . /fHon] ug{k' g]{ sfo{x¿ lxdfnL z[ª\vnfdf ljutdf uPsf cGo e"sDkx?sf] vf]hL u/L To:tf e"sDkx? k'g/fj[lQ x'g] ;do, :yfg / e"sDksf] dfg cflbsf] cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu bL3{hLjL ;f]r F /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf cfFs8fx?af6 e"sDkaf6 x'g ;Sg] k|sf]ksf] ;xL d"Nofª\sg u/L e"sDksf] c;/af6 x'g ;Sg] hLpm wgsf] IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;3fp k'Ub5 .

7'nf e"sDkx? ef}ule{s b/f/x?sf] s[ofzLntfaf6 pTkGg x'gF ] xFb' f To:tf b/f/x?sf] klxrfg ug{ cfjZos kb{5 . ;fy} To:tf b/f/x?sf] s[ofzLntfsf] k'g/fj[lQ ;d]t n]vfhf]vf ug'{ kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof e"sDksf] hlt 7'nf] dfg eof] plt nfdf] k'g/fj[lQ x'G5 . pbfx/0f :j¿k s/La * l/S6/ dfgsf] e"sDksf] k'g/fj[lQ ;do s/La #)) b]lv %)) jif{ ;Dd x'G5 . To;}n] nfdf] k'g/fj[lQ ePsf e"sDkx?sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ nfdf] cjlwsf] e"sDkLo cfFs8fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . xfdL;Fu lnlvt b:tfj]hsf] cefjn] ubf{ w]/} k'/fgf e"sDkx?sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{ ufx|f] 5 . To;sf nflu ljleGg kf}/fl0fs u|Gy, lznfkq, tfd|kq cflbsf] cWoog u/L P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] vf]hL ug{' kg{] x'G5 . vf]hsf] l;nl;nfdf cGj]if0ffTds pTvgg\ klg ug{' kg{] x'G5 -;fksf]6f, @))@_ . ljb\ofno tx b]lv g} k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf af/]df kf7\oqmd tof/L k|1 f MM 26

u/L ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ 1fg lbg' kb{5 . ljkb\sf a]nf dflg; s'g 7fpFdf x'G5 yfxf x'bF g} . To;}n] s'g 7fpFdf eP s] ug{] eGg] plrt 1fg lbg' ljb\ofnosf] lhDd]jf/L xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu 3/sf] e'OtF nf jf ltg tnf dfly /x]sf JolQmn] lng] ;fjwfgL km/s km/s x'G5 . e'OtF nfaf6 dflg; 3/ aflx/ jf v'nf rf}/df lg:sg EofpF5 eg] t];|f] tNnf jf Tof] eGbf dfly ePsf] JolQm 3/leqsf] ;'/lIft 7flgPsf] 7fpFdf j:g' kg{] x'G5 . v'nf rf}/df hfg] k|of;df ‰ofnaf6 xfd kmfNg] jf hf]8g] efUbf e¥ofªaf6 n8\g] h:tf b'36{ gf x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . To;/L g} efG5f sf]7f jf ljb\ofnodf sIff sf]7fdf eP 6]an ' jf vf6 d'lg u} 6fpsf] n'sfpg' ;'/lIft x'G5 . t/ clxn]sf] e"sDkdf ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ 6]an ' jf vf6d'lg hfg' k5{ eg]/ ljBfnodf jf 3/df l;sfOPsf]n] aflx/ v'nf rf}/df v]ln/x]sf ;d]t 3/leq k;L 6]an ' jf vf6 d'lg k:bf 3/ elTsP/ xtfxt eP eGg] va/x¿ k|;f/0f eP . o;af6 k|i6 x'G5 ls xfd|f] l;sfO ldn]g . vf6 jf 6]an d'lg hfg] sf/0f pgLx?df yfxf ePg .e"sDksf] af/]df /fd|f] tof/Lsf nflu e"ue{ljb\x? tyf e"sDkljb\x?sf /fo ;Nnfxdf e"sDk ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| vf]Ng' cfjZos b]lvG5 . To; s]Gb|n] :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lj1x¿af6 cg';Gwfg ug{ nufO{ xfd|f] e"– efudf /x]sf ;lqmo b/f/sf] gS;fª\sg ug]{ tyf tL b/f/x?sf] k'g/fj[lQ x'g] ;doaf/] yfxf kfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . clg To:tf b/f/n] pTkGg ug{ ;Sg] e"sDkLo dfg / tL b/f/x?sf] :yfgnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ xfd|f ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ . ;s];Dd s[ofzLn b/f/ If]q jf o;sf jl/kl/ 7'nf 7'nf zx/ j:tL jf lah'nLsf nflu afFw jf cGo To:t} ;+/rgf agfpg' x'bF g} / agfpg} k/]sf] v08df pSt e"sDksf] dfg;Fu k|lt/f]w ug{ ;Sg] u/L jgfpg' kb{5 . xfd|f ;lqmo b/f/x¿sf] k'g/fj[lQ yfxf kfpgsf nflu g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s tyf k"j–{ P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug{' kb{5 . o:tf] cWoog ;lhnf] 5}g . /fd|f] cWoog x'g ;s]df To:tf e"sDkx¿sf] pd]/ yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 / k'g/fj[lQ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

/fHon] o:tf] cg';Gwfgsf nflu dxª\uf] k¥of] eGg' xFb' g} . ljb\ofno txb]lv g} ljb\ofyL{x?df e"sDk k|sf]ksf af/]df 1fg lbO{ ;r]t agfpg' kb{5 . ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf nflu /fHon] cfrf/ ;+lxtf agfpg' kb{5 . e"–ue{ljb\x? tyf ljif]if1 OlGhlgo/x¿af6 ;tx jf ;txd'lgsf] df6f], r§fg tyf e"ldut hnsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L ;d]l6Psf] gS;fª\sg tof/ u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ ef}lts ;+/rgf jgfpgsf nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf nfu" ug{' kb{5 . o;df /fHo kIf nlrnf] / sdhf]/ aGg' xFb' g} . e"sDk k|lt/f]lw ;+/rgf g} e"sDkaf6 ljgf; sd ug]{ cfwf/ x'g\ . To;df klg c:ktfn, z}lIfs ;+:yfx? tyf k|sf]k p4f/ ;ª\3 ;+:yfx? t a9L g} e"sDk k|lt/f]wL agfpg' kb{5 . k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;DaGwdf 5'§} tof/L ug{' kb{5 . tflnd k|fKt ;}lgs, ;'/IffsdL{, :jo+;j] s, k|sf]ksf nflu yk cf}iflw, vfgf, a;f]af;, vfln 7fpFsf] 5gf}6, j}slNks xjfO{ dfu{ cflbsf] k|aGw ldnfpg' /fHosf bfloTjx¿ x'g\ . ;dfhn] ug'k{ g]{ sfo{x¿ ljleGg ;ª\3 ;:yfx?n] klg e"sDkLo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf 6]jf k'¥of{pg ;S5g\ . hgtfnfO{ r]tgzLn agfpg' pgLx¿sf] bfloTj xf] . ljleGg 5nkmn, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ cflbsf dfWodaf6 e"sDk k"j,{ e"sDksf] ;do / e"sDk kl5sf] tof/Lsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg'kb{5 . e"sDk kl5sf] dgf]lj1fg ljs/fn x'g;S5 . o;df klg ;dfhn] Wofg lbg'k5{ .of] e"sDk kl5 dflg;x¿df clgb|f jf a]nf a]nfdf eml:sg] jf 6f]nfO/xg] c;/x¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . jRrfx¿ cfkmGt ljgf sf]7fdf a:g / n]vk9 ug{ 8/fPsf b]lvG5g\ . @÷# dlxgfleqsf] w]/} ue{ t'lxFbf dlxnfx¿ dfgl;s /f]uL ag]sf va/x¿ 5g\ . hLjge/sf] sdfO ;'Dk]/ agfPsf 3/ ejgx¿ eTs]/ dflg;x¿nfO{ la;xf/f agfPsf] 5 . cfkmGtx¿ u'dfPsf] kL8f zAbdf JoQm ug{ ;lsFbg} . o:tf] c:yfdf ;dfhn] kLl8t ju{nfO{ dnd nufpg] sfd ug{' kb{5 . ;dfhn] lbg] x/]s

lsl;dsf] ;xof]u / ;fGTjgfn] dfq pgLx¿df dgf]an a9\g ;S5 .

JolQmn] ug'k{ g]{ sfo{x¿ x/]s JolQm /fHon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf dfkb08 k|lt ;w}F ;sf/fTds x'g' kb{5 . ejgsf] plrt OG;'/G] ; ug{k' b{5 . e"sDkk"j,{ e"s ' Dksf] j]nf / e"sDk kZrft 3/ kl/jf/ tyf k|To]s JolQmn] ug{k' g]{ cfrf/ ;+lxtf kl':tsf 3/df /fvL k9\g] / ;f]xL cg';f/ ug{k' b{5 . h:t} e"sDk cfpFbf ug{k' g]{ ;fjwfgL cGt{ut cf}iflwsf] ls6 aS;sf] tof/L, cltl/Qm vfgf, kfgLsf] k|aGw, 3/df sf]7fx?sf] Joj:yfkg cflb kb{5g\ . xfdLn] ;'Tg] vf6sf] jl/kl/ l;;f, uxf+} b/fh, b/fh dfly jfs; cflb /fV5f} h'g e"sDksf] j]nf v;]/ xfd|f] 6fpsf]df nfUof] eg] dflg; a]xf]; eO{ d[To' ;d]t x'g ;S5 . To:t} km"nsf udnfx? blng jf kvf{n dfly /fVg' x'bF g} . 3/sf] ;–;fgf] ;fjwfgLn] klg cfˆgf] / kl/jf/sf] Hofg aRg ;S5 . e"sDksf] tof/LnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ # efudf afF8g\ ;lsG5 M s= e"sDk k"j{ M o; cGt{ut lgDgfg';f/sf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg' kb{5 M • e"sDk k|lt/f]wL 3/ tyf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f, • ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] ;do–;dodf dd{t ;Def/ (retrofitting),

• 3/ leq e"sDksf] a]nf ;'/lIft /xg] :yfgsf] klxrfg u/L kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ lar 5nkmn tyf cEof;, h:t}Mljd lkn/sf] s'gf jf vf6 6]an ' d'lg a9L ;'/lIft x'G5 .

• 3/kl/jf/df lgoldt ;]jg ug{] cf}iflw, aRrf tyf j[4x¿sf] nflu cltl/Qm vfgf tyf jo:ssf nflu l5§} g;8\ g ] ;' V vf k|sf/sf]cltl/Qm vfgfsf] k|aGw -sDtLdf Ps xKtfsf nflu_ ug{ ;s]df e"sDksf] kl5 Hofg aR5 .

• k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /fHo jf ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿sf] plrt tof/L x'gk' b{5 cflb . v= e"sDksf] ;doM o; cGt{ut lgDgfg';f/sf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg ;lsG5 M k|1 f MM 27

• 3/jflx/ eP ;s];Dd v'nf rf}/df hfg], 3gf j:tLdf eP lah'nLsf] vDaf jf tf/af6 6f9f u} 6fpsf]nfO{ b'O{ v'§fsf] ljrdf /fvL u'8N' sf] kg{Ù] 3/leq e'OF tnfdf eP l56f] l56f] -;s];Dd #) ;s]08 leq_ aflx/ lg:sg] / dflysf tNnfdf eP klxn] g} klxrfg ul/Psf] alnof] :yfgdf a:g] . UofF; r'nf] aln/x]sf] eP aGb ug{] .

• ;jf/L ;fwg rnfO/x]sf] a]nf e"sDk dx;"; eP pQm ;jf/nfO{ 3/, lah'nL nfOg / k'naf6 6f9f nlu ;s];Dd v'nf 7fpFdf /f]Sg' k5{ . u= e"sDk kl5 M e"sDk kl5sf sfd st{Jox¿ Hofb} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . s]xL k|dv ' sfo{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M • cfˆgf] z/L/df rf]6 k6s 5 eg] ;fdfGo k|fylds pkrf/ u/L :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf hfg], • 3fOt] tyf ;ª\s6df /x]sf JolQm jf kl/jf/nfO{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{,] • 3/kfn'jf hgfj/sf] l:ylt x]/L x]/rfx ug{,] • cfˆgf] dgu9Gt] s'/f /f]Sg] tyf c?sf dgu9Gt] s'/fsf] kl5 gnfUg] . ;/sf/L cvaf/ jf lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf] dfq s'/f ;'Gg' kb{5 .

• dgf]/f]uLx¿sf] dgf]an pRr kfg{,' • p4f/ /fxtdf tyf k'glg{df{0fdf /fHonfO{ ;xof]u ug{' . (= e"sDksf] eljiojf0fL M ;Defjgfsf] glhs e"sDksf] eljiojf0fL u/]/ hg–wgsf] Ifltaf6 arfpg e"sDkaf6 a9L k|efljt x'g] hfkfg, cd]l/sf, rLg, tyf ?;n] lgs} k|of;x¿ u/]sf 5g\ . ljleGg b]zdf ul/Psf cWoogx¿af6 e"sDk hfg] If]qdf s/La $)) k|sf/sf e"sDksf k"j; { r " sx¿ kfOPsf 5g\ -/hf}/] @))(_. s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ k"j{ ;"rsx¿sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro tn lbOPsf] 5 . s= k"js { Dkg (Foreshocks) M 7'nf] e"sDk cfpg' cufl8 cfpg] ;–;fgf sDkgx¿nfO{ k"js { Dkg elgG5 . oL k"js { Dkgx¿ dflg;n] yfxf kfpg] b]lv lnP/ pks/0fx¿n] dfq yfxf kfpg] x'g ;S5g\ . ;g\ !(&% df rLgsf] bfOr]ªu\ df uPsf] e"sDksf] -DofDg]r8' &=#_ eljiojf0fL o:t} k|1 f MM 28

k|sf/sf k"js { Dkgdf cfwfl/t lyof] . h;sf] nuQ} k|zf;gn] zx/ vfnL u/fpg] cfb]z lbPsf] lyof] . o;af6 rLgdf 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf x'g ;Sg] dfgjLo xtfxtaf6 aRg k'Uof] . rf/ lbg b]lv cfPsf ; ;fgf sDkgx¿ k"j; { r " gfsf ;ª\st] ag] . t/ ;g\ !(&^ df rLgs} tfg;fFudf uPsf] e"sDk -DoflUgr'8 &=*_ cl3 eg] s'g} o:tf k"j{ sDkgx? guPsf]n] eljiojf0fL x'g ;s]g, kmntM @ nfv %) xhf/ eGbf a9L JolQmx? Ps} nf; x'g k'u] (Keller 1985) . ;g\ !*## df sf7df8f}s F f] pQ/df s]Gb|laGb' /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] sl/a &=& DoflUgr'8 e"sDksf] s]xL If0f cufl8 klg b'O{ zlQmzfnL k"js { Dkgx? uPsf] kfOPsf]n] dflg;x¿ 3/aflx/ a;]sf]n] 7'nf] dfgjLo Iflt ePsf] lyPg -/hf}/], @))(_ . o;kfnLsf] e"sDkdf klg dflg;n] yfxf kfpg] k"js { Dkgx¿ cfPgg\ / 7'nf] wg hgsf] Iflt Joxf]g{ k/]sf] 5 . v= hldgdf cfpg] e"–ef}lts tyf e"– /f;folgs d'0fdf kl/jt{gM e"sDk hfg' cl3 e"– ef}ltsLo (geo-physical) u'0fdf kl/jt{g cfpg] ub{5 . e"sDkaf6 d'Vo b'O{ k|sf/sf t/ª\ux¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ . tL x'gM\ k|fOd/L / ;]sG] 8/L j]e . x/]s e"sDkdf k|fOd/L j]e klxnf cfOk'U5 / To;kl5 ;]sG] 8/L . b/f/ aGg] k|lqmofsf] glhs gk'us ] f r§fgdf oL b'O{ j]esf] ultsf] cg'kft sl/a !=&# x'G5 eg] b/f/ aGg] k|lqmofsf] glhs k'Ubf pQm dfg 36]/ !=^) lt/ cfOk'U5 . s[ltd t/Lsfaf6 o:tf j]ex¿ k[YjLleq l5/fP/ e"sDk hfg' k"j{ b/f/ aGb} u/]sf] 5 5}g kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . of] cWoog sfo{ s]xL vlr{nf] eP klg k|efjsf/L 5 . To;}u/L 7'nf e"sDk hfg' cl3 e"sDksf] ;|ft] ePsf If]qdf /x]sf r§fgx¿sf] ljB'tLo (electrical) u'0fdf klg kl/jt{g cfpg] u/]sf] x'G5 . 7'nf] e"sDksf] b/f/ aGg' k"j{ ag]sf ; ;fgf lr/fx¿df kfgL l5g{ uO{ o;n] ljB'tLo cj/f]w 36fpFb5 . o:tf] cWoog ug{ s]xL ;:tf] / l56f] ePsf]n] xfd|f] b]zsf] nflu k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 . e"–/f;folgs u'0fdf cfpg] kl/jt{g dWo] /]l8of]wdL{ /]8f]g gfdsf] UofF; lgisf;gnfO{ k|dv '

dflgG5 . of] UofF;sf] lg:sf;gsf] b/ j9]df 7'nf] e"sDksf] k"j{ ;ª\st] x'g ;Sb5 . To;/L g} 7'nf] e"sDkk"j{ k[YjLsf ;txsf] prfOdf kl/tj{g cfpg ;S5 . ;fgf] kl/df0fdf cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ l6N6ld6/ (tiltmeter) h:tf] pks/0fsf] ;xfotfdf dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljsl;t d'n'sdf o:tf pks/0fx¿sf] k|z:t k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;kflnsf] e"sDkn] xfd|f] hldg ;f9] b'O{ dL6/ blIf0f klZrd ;/]sf] tyf s]xL ;]lG6ld6/ prfO ;d]t j9]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, e"sDk hfg' k"j{ e"ldut hnsf] cjl:yltdf ;d]t kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 . h;sf] sf/0f cgfof; hldgd'lg kfgLsf] ;tx a9\g] tyf kfgLsf] d'xfgdf kfgL PSsf;L a9\g\ ] jf PSsf;L 36\g] ub{5 . sltko :yfgdf eg] e"sDkkl5 dfq o:tf] x'g ;S5 . o;kfnLsf] e"sDkdf klg sf7df8f}d F f sltko ;'Vvf ePsf 9'ªu\ w] f/fdf kfgL cfPsf] yfxf eof] eg] sltko kfgL cfpg] Ogf/x¿ e"sDk kl5 ;'ss ] f 5g\ . u= hgfj/x?sf] c:jfefljs Jojxf/ hgfj/x¿sf] rfn rngsf] ;DaGwdf e"sDkk"j{ lgDg s'/fx¿ x'g] u/]sf] atfOG5 M s_ lr;f]sf] ;dodf klg ;k{ tyf d';fx¿ b'nf]aflx/ cfpg', v_ ufO{, e}; + L tyf xfQLx¿ cUnf] :yfgdf hfg vf]Hg', cfˆgf] al;/x]sf] uf]7df a:g gdfGg', u_ s's/' x¿ cgfof;} s/fpg', 3_ s'v/' fn] lgoldt lbg] c08f glbg', ª_ afv|fx¿ cfˆgf] vf]/df hfg gdfGg', r_ ;Fu' /' x¿ cgf}7f] u/L s/fpg', 5_ la/fnf, s's/' x¿ cfˆgf aRrfx¿ lnP/ 3/aflx/ hfg', h_ k/]jfx¿ cfsfzdf pl8/xg', jf;:yfgdf gkmls{g,' em_ 3/kfn'jf hgfj/x¿ 56\kl6g' / czfGt x'g,' `_ ;d'bs | f] glhsdf e"sDk hfFb} 5 eg] df5fx¿ kfgLsf] ;txdf cfpg' cflb .

rfOlghx¿ o;df a9L ljZJff; ub{5g\ . ;g\ !(&% df xfOr]ªu\ df e"sDk hfg' k"j{ Ps dlxgf cl3 b]lv hgfj/x¿sf cgf}7f Jojxf/x¿ ;dfrf/ ag] s f lyP . geGb} 7' n f] e" s Dk uof] .t/ k"j; { r " gfn] ubf{ hgtfsf] Hofg ;'/lIft eof] . o;}u/L ;g\ !(&^ df rLgs} tfg;fFudf e"sDk hfg' k"j{ pQm If]qsf] glhs} Ps s[ifsn] cfˆgf 3f]8f tyf vRr/n] cfxf/f vfg gdfg]sf], 56\kl6Psf] / cfkm"nfO{ afFws ] f] 8f]/L km':sfP/ efu]sf] atfPsf lyP t/ pQm Jojxf/nfO{ Vofn ul/Pg . g]kfnsf] o; k6ssf] e"sDkk"j{ hgfj/sf] k[ys\ Jojxf/ Vofn ul/Pg . t/ k/sDkgx¿ cfO/xFbf eg] sf7df8f}+ j/k/ y'k}| ;k{x¿ lg:s]sf lyP . h;sf] sf/0f dflg;x¿ rf}/df /flvPsf kfndf ;'Tg ;d]t 8/fPsf lyP . hgfjx¿n] lsg o:tf cgf}7f Jojxf/x¿ b]vfpF5g\ eGg] ljifodf j}1flgsx¿sf] Psdt dfGotf eg] 5}g . !) lgisif{ j}zfv !@ ut]sf] dxfe"sDk kl5 klg s]xL zlQmzfnL k/sDkgx¿ uPsf 5g\ . Pp6f 7'nf] e"sDkn] sdhf]/ agfPsf ef}lts ;+/rgfx? To:tf k6s k6ssf sDkgaf6 eTsg k'Ub5g\ . g]kfnsf] l;Gw'kfNrf]s / bf]nvfdf o:t} eof] . 7'nf] e"sDk kl5 cfpg] k/fsDkgx¿ s]xL lbgb]lv s]xL jif{;Dd g} cfpg ;S5g\ . To;}n] lzlyn eO;s]sf ;+/rgfaf6 ;r]t /xg' kb{5 . cfˆgf] 3/sf] ;+/rgf jf :jf:Yo s:tf] 5 eGg] lj1x¿af6 k/LIf0f u/fP/ dfq 3/df a:g' a'l4dfgL x'g5 ] . xfd|f] e"– efu e"sDkLo hf]lvddf 5, e"sDkn] xfdLnfO{ dfb}g{ , xfd|f sdhf]/ ;+/rgfn] g} xfdLnfO{ dfg{ ;Sb5g\ . ;+/rgf ;'wf/lt/ nfufF} . e"sDk k"j,{ e"sDksf] j]nf / e"sDk k5fl8 s] ug]{ eGg] ljifodf 1fg lnO{ xfd|f cfr/0f ;'wf/ u/f}+ .

;Gbe{;"rL gsdL{ dx]z -;g\ !((&_ M P]ltxfl;s e"sDkx? / g]kfndf e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0f . ;dfrf/ klqsf M g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfh, ef]n'd !$, k[i7 &@–&( . kf08] dfwj /fh -;g\ !(((_ M sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] e"sDk hf]lvd . ;dfrf/ klqsf M g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfh, ef]n'd !^, k[i7 ^^ –^& .

k|1 f MM 29

/hf}/] ;'wL/ -;g\ @))(_ M e"sDksf] eljiojf0fL tyf ;Defjgf ;dfrf/ . klqsfM g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfh, ef]n'd @^, k[i7 #(–$$ . ;fksf]6f ;f]dgfy -;g\ @))@_ M g]kfndf P]ltxfl;s tyf k"j{ P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] cWoog . ;dfrf/ klqsf M g]kfn ef}ule{s ;dfh, ef]n'd !(, k[i7 $&–$( .

Dewey, J. F., Bird, J. M. (1970). Mountain belts and new global tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 75, pp. 2625-2685.

Dixit, A.M.,Dwelley, L., Nakarmi, M., Basnet, S., Pradhanang, S.B., and Tucker, B. (1999).

Earthquake scenario An effective tool for development planning (a case study Kathmandu ValleyEarthquake Risk Management Project).

Keller, E.A. (1985). Envrionmental Gelogy Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company; A Bell and Howell Company, Columbus, Ohio 43216, pp 139.

Molnar, P. and Tapponnier (1975). Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: effects of a continental collision.

Science, v. 189, 4201, pp. 419-426.

Molnar, P. (1990). A review of the rates of active underthrusting and deformation at the Himalaya.

Journal Himalayan Geology, 1: 131-154.

Nakata, T., Iwata, S., Yamanaka, H., Yagi, H., and Maemoku,H. (1984). "Tectonic land forms of several active faults in the western Nepal Himalayas". Journal : Nepal Geological Society, Vol. 4, special issue, P. 177-200.

Pandey, M.R.; Tandukar, R.P.; Avouac, J.P.; Lave, J.; Massot, J.P.(1995).Interseismic strain accumulation on the Himalayan crustal ramp (Nepal). In: Geophysical Research Letters. v. 22, 751-754.

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Paudyal, K. R. and Paudel, L. P. (2013). Geological study and root zone interpretation of the Kahun Klippe, Tanahun, and central Nepal. Himalayan Geology, v. 34(2), pp. 93106.

Powell, C. McA., and Conaghan, P. J. (1973). Platetectonics and the Himalayas. Earth Planetary Science Letters, v. 20, pp. 1-12.

Rajaure, S.; Avouac, J.P., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S.N., Chitrakar, G.R., Pandey, M.R., Gautam, U, Tiwari, D.R., Shrestha, P.L., and Koirala, B. (2006).Seismicity and stress build up during interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya. Abstract: international workshop on seismology, seismotectonics, and seismic hazard in the Himalayan region. Published

by Department of Mines and Geology, Nepal and Department Analyse Surveillance Environment (DASE), France, p. 5.

Sapkota, S.N.; and Kafle, B. (2006). Abandoned fluvial terraces as a marker for the study of neotectonics in the Nepal Himalaya. Abstract: international workshop on seismology, seismotectonics, and seismic hazard in the Himalayan region. Published by Department of Mines and Geology, Nepal and Department Analyse Surveillance Environment (DASE), France, p. 22.

Thakur, V.C.; Virdi, N.S.; Purohit, K.K. (1999). A note on Himalayan seismicity. Landslide hazard mitigation in the Hindu Kush Himalaya. ICIMOD publication, esp. v.9, pp. 1729.

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k|1 f MM 30

web source: www.khasskhass.com

e"sDk ljz]if cWoog

e"sDksf] ljgfzsf] ;Gbe{n] :d[t eStk'/sf] Oltxf;–;+:s[lt leS6/ k|wfg != n]vsf] k[i7e"ld of] n]v lj=;+= @)&@ j}zfvdf uPsf] zlStzfnL e"sDksf !@ / @( ut]sf s8f wSsfaf6 k|efljt b]zsf ljleGg 7fpF dWo]sf] eStk'/ gu/ If]qdf g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] ;flxTo ;dfnf]rgf ljefu / uB ljefusf] ;lj|mo rf;f]df @)&@ h]7 @ sf lbg cfof]lht n]vs, d"ntM ;flxTo ;h{s, ;dLIfs / kqsf/x?sf] :ynut cjnf]sgsf] k[i7e"lddf cflnlvt 5 . cjnf]sg bz{gdf ;xefuL jfªdo;]jLx?sf] :j¿kn] b]zsf] ljgfzsf/L 36gfsf] k|efj hghLjgdf s;/L k¥of] eGg] b:tfj]h ;h{sx?af6, d"ntM ;flxTodf ljleGg sf]0faf6 clª\st xf];\ eGg] cjwf/0ff cfof]hs g]kfn k|1f–k|lti7fg / ;xof]uL :yfgLo ;flxlTos ;+:yf ;[hgf ;flxTo cleofg, eStk'/sf] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . e|d0f 6f]nLnfO{ eStk'/sf] P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfsf] hfgsf/L lbFb} e|d0fsf] g]tT[ j Oltxf;sf hfgsf/ j]Qf cf]d wf}e8]nn] ug'e { Psf] lyof] . of] n]v ;f] e|d0faf6 cg'et" efjgfsf] w/ftndf d"ntM cfk"mdf :d[t ePsf] eStk'/sf] ljut Oltxf; / ;+:s[ltsf l5/lnPsf ´´Nsfx? l;t ;DalGwt 5 . To;}n] n]vsf] dWodf e"sDkLo k|efjsf] ;Gbe{ x/fP/ d"n ljifoj:t'af6 n]v ljrlnt eP h:tf] kf7sLo cg'ej aG5, k/Gt' s'/f] To;f] xf]Og . @= cjnf]sg e|dsf] 8f]/6] f]sf] xNsf ´Nsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f eStk'/sf] dflyNnf] b/af/ rf]saf6 e"sDkn] eTsfP geTsfPsf ;Dkbfsf] cjnf]sg ub}{ To;sf] klZrd kl6\6sf krkGg ‰ofn] d"n b/af/ rf]s, To; klZrddf /x]sf] eStk'/ k|jz ] åf/ -xfn e"sDkn] k"0f{ eTsfPsf]_ aflx/ ljBfnosf] rp/df /x]sf] e"sDk kLl8t lzlj/ x'bF }

blIf0f lt/ nfu]/ k"jl{ t/ cw{ljQfsf/ ¿kdf kfFrtn] dlGb/, uM lxl6, uf] n d9L -lnR5lj sfnLg clen]v /x]sf] :yfg_ cflb x'bF } bQfqo k5fl8sf bfofFafofF / ;f]´f] Rofdl;ª hfg] uNnLsf ljWj:t 3/x?sf] cjnf]sgdf 6'lª\uPsf] lyof] . Tolt v]/ lghL 3/x? eTsfOFb} u/]sf] cj:yfdf lyP, af6f]df ar]/ lxF8g\ ' kYof]{ . sltko 3/ 6]jfn] c8fOPsf lyP . eStk'/ gu/sf klZrd v08sf uNnLx? k|foM ;kmf ul/;lsPsf lyP / Iflt ePsf 3/x? 6]jfn] c8fOPsf lyP . dWo efusf af6f ;fkm x'bF } lyP eg] k"jL{ efusf uNnLdf eTs]sf cjz]ifsf] y'kf| ] c´} c;/Nn cj:yfdf lyP af6fdf lxF8g\ } gx'g] l:yltdf . of] xf] e|d0fsfnLg cj:yfsf] ;+lIfKt ´ns . e"sDksf] Ifltsf] lkmxl/:t lbg] o; n]vsf] ceLi6 kIf xf]Og To;}n] e|d0fsfndf x]l/Psf Ifltu|:t ;f+:s[lts d"t{ ;Dkbfsf] lkmxl/:t o;df 5}g ljifo k|;ª\ujz rrf{ ul/Psf afx]s . #= eStk'/sf] :d[t Oltxf; / ;+:s[lt cfh g]kfnLsf] cfd dfg;df eStk'/sf] k| t Lssf] ¿kdf krkGg ‰ofn] b/af/ / ªftkf]n÷Goftkf]n -kfFr tn]_ dlGb/ k|ltlalDat 5g\ . efUojz oL b'j} ;Dkbf e"sDkdf s]xL ePgg\, l;jfo ªf-Gof_tkf]nsf] uh'/ 9Nsg' afx]s . ko{6sx?nfO{ oL ;Dkbf lgs} dxTTjsf ;fy b]vfOG5g\ . g]kfnsf ljBfnoLo kf7\ok':tsdf oL g} ;Dkbf eStk'/sf] P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/sf ¿kdf k|:t't 5g\ / ;f] :t/ cWoog ug]{ ;a} g]kfnLn] o;}nfO{ eStk'/sf] uf}/jdo Oltxf; a'´s ] f 5g\ . t/ P]ltxfl;s oyfy{ of] cw{ dfq xf] lsgeg] oL d"t{ ;f+:s[lts b[li6uf]r/ ;+/rgf eStk'/sf] zlbof}F nfdf] Oltxf;df gjLg x'g\ h'g k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] k|1 f MM 31

eStk'/ bvn -lj=;+= !*@^_ ug'{ eGbf ^) jif{ -bz j[QLo cfFs8f_ cl3 dfq ag]sf x'g\ . oL ;+/rgf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxl;t k/flht eStk'/sf /fhf /0fhLt dNnsf] l7s cl3Nnf] k':tfsf snfk|d ] L /fhf e"ktLGb| dNn -lj=;+= !&#!–!&&( M /fHosfn !&%#–!&&(_ n] agfPsf x'g,\ cyf{t\ cfheGbf #)) jif{ -bz j[QLo cfFs8f_ cl3 ag]sf x'g\ . o; s'/fnfO{ cl3 ;fgf{sf] dg;fo oL ;Dkbf gofF x'g\ k|frLgtd xf]Ogg\ eGg] 5Nof{pg] b'/fzo xf]Og k/Gt' ;'cfzo s] xf] eg] xfdLn] c´ k|frLgtd d"t–{ cd"t{ ;Dkbfx?sf] vf]hL / ;+/If0f lt/ eGbf ;xh pknAw oL d"t{ ;Dkbfx?d} dfgf}F olt g} xfd|f k|frLg ;Dkbf x'g\ ´}F u/L cfd g]kfnLn] a'‰g' / To;df uf}/jaf]w ug'{ / Toltd} ;Gt'i6 /xg' plrt xf]Og eGg] ;ª\st] ug'{ xf] . eStk'/ gu/sf jt{dfg clwsf+z d"t{ ;f+ : s[ l ts ;Dkbf j:t' t M ljj| m dsf] ;f] x | f } F ztfAbLb]lvsf x'g\ . ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnL hgdfg;df afudtL pkTosfdf dNn /fhfx?n] sflGtk'/, eStk'/ / nlntk'/df 5'66\ f5'66\ } /fHo ug]{ u/]sf] plxn] plxn] slxn] xf], xhf/f}F jif{ klxn]bl] v xf] ´}F nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf oIf dNn -lj=;+= !$^%– !%#*_ sf] d[To' kl5 !%$) sf] bzsb]lv dfq oL nufot ltg ;x/ g]kfn -jfudtL pkTosf_ df ljleGg ;dodf 5'66\ f5'66\ } /fHosf] :yfkgf ePsf lyP, cyf{t\ To;f] ePsf] cfheGbf kfFr ztfAbL %)) ;o jif{_ cufl8 dfq xf] . o;/L pkTosf leqsf j}ejzfnL ltg k|dv ' k'/sf clwsf+z d"t{ ;Dkbfx? tL gu/ 5'66\ f5'66\ } /fHosf /fhwfgL gu/df kl/0ft ePkl5 Pscfk;sf] O{iof{ / k|lt:kwf{df cfk;L n8fGteL8Gts} larf]lar ag]sf lyP h'g ;Dkbfdf uf]/vf g/]z k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx nf]lePsf lyP . nlntk'/sf] k|l;4 lzv/ z}nLsf] s[i0f dlGb/ ljj|mdsf] !^(# df l;l4g/l;+x dNn lj=;+= !^^#–!&^& M /fHosfn !^&%–!&!&_ n] cfˆgf] /fhb/af/sf] cufl8 agfPsf lyP eg] To;}sf] cg's/0fdf eStk'/df klg b/af/sf] cl3lNt/ g[To jT;nfb]jLsf] lzv/ z}nLsf] dlGb/ /fhf lhtfldq -/fHosfn lj=;+= !&@(– !&%#_ n] /fhb/af/sf] lj:tf/sf] ;fy;fy} !&%@ df, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] k|1 f MM 32

eStk'/ ljho eGbf &$ jif{ cl3 agfP, /0fhLt dNnsf] l7s b'O{ k':tf cl3 -o; kflnsf] e"sDkdf oL b'j} lzv/ z}nLsf ;Dkbf Wj:t eP_ . k/Gt' o:tf ;Dkbf lgdf{0f sfn eGbf eStk'/ nufot l;ª\uf] jfudtL 3fF6L -pkTosf_ sf] Oltxf; lgs} k'/fgf] xf] h;sf uf}/jdo d"t{ / cd"t{ ;Dkbf eStk'/d} klg c´ 5g\ / x'g' k5{ eGg] cfzon] oL s'/fsf] p7fg ul/Psf] xf] . afudtL 3f6L jt{dfg l;ª\uf] g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ;jf{lws k|frLgtd ;fdu|L af]s]sf] P]ltxfl;s :yn xf] hxfF O;fk"j{ cf7f}F ztfAbLdf gu/ al;/x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . >d0f uf}td a'4sf] hLjgsfn O;fk" j { 5} 6 f} F ztfAbL_ df oxfF ;fy{jfxx?sf] lg/Gt/ cfphfp x'g] Jofkfl/s gu/ x/]sf] af}4 ;flxTo -;jf{l:yjfb_ n] hgfpF5 eg] Tof] gu/ lgZro g} cfhsf] eStk'/ rflxF lyPg eGg] klg ljleGg sf/0fn] cg'ldt x'G5 oBlk Tolt v]/ oxfF sxfF gu/ a;]sf] lyof] eGg] s'/f rflxF olsg eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . tblk Tof] gu/ ;DejtM ;fFv' jf Totflt/ st} x'g' k5{ eGg] o; n]vssf] k|fSsNkgf 5 . of] ;do g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] ls/ft sfn kb{5 h'g sfnsf lnlvt b:tfj]h s]xL klg g]kfn leq pknAw 5}g . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df lnlvt b:tfj]hx? lnR5lj sfnsf] pQ/f4{bl] v cyf{t\ ljj|mdsf] 5}6f}F ztfAbLb]lvsf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ -dfgb]jsf] rfFug' f/fo0fsf] clen]v lj=;+= %@! M :d/0fLo 5 rfFug' f/fo0f xfn eStk'/ lhNnfdf k5{ / of] eStk'/ gu/ / k|frLg ;fFv' gu/sf] lardf k5{, eStk'/ gu/sf] glhs} klZrd– pQ/df_ . g]kfndf lnR5lj sfnsf] cf/De ;DejtM O;fk"j{ t];f| ] ztfAbL jf lglZrttM O;fsf] klxnf] ztfAbLb]lv ;'? x'G5 . eStk'/ gu/ leq uf]nd9Ldf /fhf lzjb]j k|yd -ljj|mdsf] ;ftf}F ztfAbL_ sf] lnR5lj sfnsf] lnlvtd b:tfj]h pknAw 5 hxfFsf] lznfn]vdf eStk'/nfO{ vf]kª[ elgPsf] 5 . o;n] lnR5lj sfndf eStk'/sf] gfd vf]kª[ lyof] eGg] sf]/f tYo phfu/ u5{ -eStk'/ / efbufpF rflxF pkTosfdf ;+:s[t / v; efiffsf] k|efj a9] kl5 ag]sf gofF gfdx? x'g_\ . o; sf]/f tYon] sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf w]/} s'/f

vf]tNg / ;Tok|foM oyfy{ cg'dfg ug{ ;3fpF5 o; af/] cln tn oyf:yfg rrf{ ul/g] 5_ . jt{dfg eStk'/ gu/ If]q lnR5lj sfnLg ›ª\u gu/d'vL u|fd÷6fpg÷u|fDo ahf/_ dfq lyof], /fhwfgL gu/ lyPg . lnR5lj sfnsf] ;b/ zf;g ;DejtM ljzfngu/–b]jkQggu/sf] cf;kf;af6 rNYof] eg] lnR5lj sfnsf] kl5Nnf] ;do lt/ zf;g nlntk'/ -kf6g_ sf] j[Qfsf/ 6f/af6 x'g] u/]sf] a'l´G5 . ToltGh]n rflxF eStk'/ Jojl:yt gu/ alg;s]sf] / /fhwfgL gu/ kf6g -nlntk'/_ af6 ;~rflnt zf;gsf] k|ltlglw -/fhkl/jf/s} ePsf] x'bF f h;nfO{ hgtfn] /fhf g} eGy]_ n] eStk'/df /fHo ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] s'/f g]kfn ;+jt\sf] yfngL -lj=;+= (^^÷(^&_ l;t ;Da4 k'/fsyfaf6 hlgG5 h;df eStk'/sf /fhf -/fh k|ltlglw zf;s_ n] Hof]ltifLsf] ;Nnfxdf cfˆgf >lds el/ofx?nfO{ sflGtk'/df /x]sf] jfudtLsf] ;xfos gbL lji0f'dtL / To;sf] ;xfos gbL n'v F ' tLy{ bf]efgaf6 kl5 ;'g x'G5 elgPsf] afn'jf z'ed"xt' d{ f lng k7fPsf] k|;ª\u cfpF5 . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df dWosfn g]kfn ;+jt\sf] yfngL -lj=;+= (#& sflQs z'Sn k|ltkbf÷O:jL ;+jt\ *&( cS6f]a/ @)_ b]lv k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf] sflGtk'/ ljho -lj=;+= !*@%_ ;Ddsf] *** jif{nfO{ dfGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] o; sfnnfO{ klg k"jd{ Wosfn eg]/ g]kfn ;+jt\sf] yfngLb]lv -ho_ l:ylt dNnsf] k"0ff]b{ o lj=;+= !$#& -jf oIf dNnsf] /fHosfn lj=;+= !$^%–!%#*_ ;Dd / To; kl5 pQ/ dWosfn k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] sflGtk'/ ljho;DdnfO{ dfGg] ul/Psf] 5 . k"jd{ Wosfnsf] cf/De tfsf eStk'/n] ljsl;t k'/sf] ¿k lnO;s]sf] b]lvP tfklg of] /fhwfgL gu/ alg;s]sf] lyPg eg] pQ/ dWosfndf of] /fhwfgL gu/df kl/0ft eO;s]sf] lyof] . k"j{ dWosfnsf] Oltxf; klg lnR5lj sfn h:t} vf;} ;':ki6 5}g . Oltxf;df lnR5lj sfn eGg] gfds/0f ul/P klg lnR5lj sfne/ lnR5ljx?sf] dfq Ps 5q /fHo rn]sf] lyPg . s'g} lnR5lj /fhf sdhf]/ x'g] lalQs} lnR5lj eGbf cl3b]lv zf;g;Qfdf ;lj|mo u'Ktx?n] zf;g cfˆgf] xft kfg]{ u/L lnR5lj / u'Ktx?sf] cg]s k|sf/n] å}w

zf;g rln/x]sf] lyof] eg] lnR5ljx? ;Qfdf cfO;s] kl5 pgLx? ;Fu;Fu} h:tf] pkTosf k;]sf dNnx? klg la:tf/} u|fd–k|wfg cflb x'bF } b/af/df klg k|jz ] ul/;s]sf lyP / k"j{ dWosfnsf] zlSt l5gf´k6Lsf] a]nf s'g ;8\sf] dNnn] zf;g Psnf}6L kf/] . ljj|mdsf] !# cf}F ztfAbLb]lv dNn zf;g rNn yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . !$ cf}F ztfAbLdf lj=;+= !#*! df g]kfnsf] jt{dfg af/f lhNnfdf kg]{ If]qsf] /fHo l;d|fg} u9 -l;d/f–cf}g–u9_ sf s0f{f6s j+zL clGtd 8f]o /fh xl/l;+xb]j lbNnLsf afbzfx uof;'bb\ Lgsf] kmf}hsf] k|ltcfj|md0fdf pN6} cfk"m k/flht eO{ pQ/ kxf8}kxf8 efUg] j|mddf pgsL /fgL b]jnb]jL g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL gu/ eStk'/ l:yt /fhb/af/ cfP/ cfˆgf gftfs'6D' ax?sf ;fy al;g\ . pgn] cfˆgf] ;fydf NofPsL Oi6b] j L tn] h ' -t' n hf_ -g]jf/efiffdf 8f]odfh'÷8f]o–dfF–h'_ klg b/af/ glhs :yflkt ul/g\ / eStk'/ b/af/sf] /fhsfhdf cfˆgf] k|eT' j hdfOg\ -pgn] :yfkgf u/]sf] t'nhf ejfgL clxn] klg oyf:yfg l5g\ / ;f] dlGb/ e"sDkn] s]xL ePg_ . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df pQ/ dWosfn :yfkgf ug]{ -ho_ l:ylt dNn logs} gfltgL HjfOF lyP . oxfF o; s'/fsf] :d/0f ug's { f] vf; pb\bZ] o oltGh]n eStk'/ j|mdzM ljsl;t x'bF } b]zs} /fhwfgL gu/ alg;s]sf] lyof] eGgnfO{ xf] / s–s;}n] jfudtL pkTosfsf ltg k|dv ' gu/ a]Unfa]Un} /fHosf /fhwfgL gu/ aGg' cl3;Ddsf /fhf oIf dNnsf] ;do;DdnfO{ pQ/ dWosfn dfGg] u5{g\ eg] pgsf] ;do;Dddf eStk'/sf] klZrd 5f]/df /x]sf] bQfqo dlGb/ alg;s]sf] / cGo y'k}| o:tf ;Dkbfx? v8f eO;s]sf lyP / cfhsf] eStk'/ gu/sf] d'Vo efu h;/L k"jd{ f b/jf/ rf]ssf] 9f]sf -xfn e"sDkn] eTs]sf]_ b]lv klZrd Rofdl;ª l:yt 9f]sf;Dd k}mn]sf] 5 Tolt g} Onfsfdf logsf] kfnfd} eStk'/ gu/ lj:tf/ eO;s] s f] a' l ´G5 -Rofdl;ª l:yt eStk'/ gu/sf] klZrd 9f]sf ;Fu} h;f] bQfqo dlGb/ 5 / To; ;Fu} tn]h' eGbf cl3sL, eStk'/sL Oi6 b]jL dfg]Zj/Lsf] dlGb/ 5 h;sf] rrf{ tn cfpg] 5_ . ;+ejtM oltGh]n;Dddf eStk'/ k'/nfO{ rf/}lt/af6 k/vfnn] 3l/;]ss ] f x'g' k5{ . k|1 f MM 33

oL eP Oltxf;af6 /]vflª\st x'g ;Sg] eStk'/ gu/sf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; j|md / d"t{ ;Dkbfsf s]xL ´ns t/ eStk'/sf] ue{df jfudtL ;Eotfsf pTvggLo cd"t{ ;Dkbf cyfx 5g\ eGg] s'/f] Oltxf; l;4 oL g} 8f]/6] fx? k5\ofpFbf ´NsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] yfngL d k'gM vf]kª[ zAbsf] rrf{ bf]x¥ofpFb} u5{' . jfudtL ;Eotfsf] ljsf;df lnR5ljx?sf] cfudg Ps dxfo'usf] ;dflKt / csf]{ o'usf] yfngL xf] h;n] Ps ;Eotfsf] cGTo u/L gofF ;Eotfsf] cf/De u/]sf] 5 / Tof] gj ;Eotf g]jf/ ;Eotf xf]Ù dfgf}F Tof] df]xg] hf]8f8f]sf] ;Eotfsf] cGt eP/ uª\uf t6df cfo{ ;Eotfsf] lj:tf/ eP h:t} . o'u kl/jt{gsf] of] pbfx/0f lgZro g} cltzof]lStk"0f{ 5 tblk kl/jt{gsf] k|jl[ Q pxL jf p:t} /x]sf] sf/0f cltzof]lSt g} eP klg of] pbfx/0f lbg] 3[i6tf ug{ ;lsG5 / 3[i6tf lsg klg pko'St 5 eg] a'hs '| n] o;af6 h'uF f rNof] s'/f a'‰of] ´}F w]/} s'/f ;"qfTds a'‰g ;S5g\ . lnR5ljx? cfk"m dfq pkTosf k;]sf lyPgg\ ;fy;fy} dNnx? klg k;]sf lyP . ltgLx? eGbf klxnf zfSo j+zsf] k|jz ] eO;s]sf] lyof] . oL /fhj+zx?sf] pkTosf k|jz ] sf] sf/0f pQ/ ef/tdf ePsf] tTsfnLg /fhg}lts pynk'yn lyof] . a'4sfndf uª\uf d}bfgdf b'O{ /fh;QfTds /fHo duw / sf]zn cfˆgf] k|eT' j k}mnfO{ /x]sf lyP . tL /fHosf pQ/L l5d]sdf lnR5lj, dNn / zfSox?sf] u0ftGqfTds /fHox? lyP . ljb]x -/fhtGqfTds_ klg lyof] . ljb]x, dNn / zfSo /fHosf s]xL efu jt{dfg g]kfnsf] t/fO{df klg lyof] . tL ;a /fHo >d0f uf}td a'4sf] hLjgsf] clGtd k|x/lt/b]lv pgsf] d[To' kl5sf] s]xLsfn leq duw lsDjf sf]zn ;fd|fHodf ljnog eP . a'4s} hLgsfndf pgsf] j+zLo /fHo / hGd–gu/ slknj:t' sf]zndf ljnog eO;s]sf] lyof] oBlk Tof] Ozfk"j{ ;ftf}F ztfAbLb]lv sf]znsf] l/of;t /fHo g} lyof] . k/Gt' O;fk"j{ kfFrf}F ztfAbLdf sf]znsf o'jf g/]z, zfSoj+zLo efGhfaf6 cfˆg} l/of;tsf zf;s dfdf}nL vns dfly xdnf u/L hftLo pRrtfdf 3d08 ug]{ zfSo j+zsf] cfd xTof eof] . Hofg hf]ufpg efufefu u/]sf zfSo hTyfsf] s]xL v08 k|1 f MM 34

afudtL pkTosf cfP . a'4sf] lgjf{0fsf] s]xL ;do kl5 ljb]x, dNn / ljR5ljx?sf] /fHo klg of] jf Tof] b'O{ 7'nf ;fd|fHodf ljnog eP . o;/L /fHo x/fPsf zf;s ju{ lnR5lj / dNnx? pQ/ kxf8 lt/ klg nfu] . ltgLx? zfSox? h:tf] Hofg hf]ufpg /ftlbg u/L efu]sf lyPgg\ . logLx? gofF P]Zjo{sf] vf]hdf rf/} lt/ ef}tF f/]sf lyP . To;}n] logsf] ;fydf bnan g} lyof] cfˆgf ;dy{s, cf>osf x?jfr?jf / k5'jf /}tLb'lgofF klg cg]s 6f]nLdf pkTosf k|j]z u/]sf lyP . tL dWo] lnR5ljx? l56} zf;g;Qfdf k'u] eg] dNnx? lj:tf/} ;Qfsf] e/]ª r9\b} pSn] . zfSox? rflxF ;Qfsf cfsf+IfL ePgg\ . logLx? pkTosf l5/]/ ljleGg 7fpFdf a;f]jf; u/]sf] s'/f oxfFsf :yfggfd / Oi6 b]jb]jLx?af6 b]lvG5 . logLx?n] ;DejtM hftLo cxd\sf sf/0f cfk"mn] kfPsf] uf]tfaf6 kf7 l;s] / cfˆg} j+zh dxfg\ >d0f uf}td a'4sf] zflGtsf] kynfO{ dxfg\ ky dfg] . cfk"mx? k|jl| ht leIf' geP klg logLx?n] pkTosfdf cfP/ cfk"mx?nfO{ zfSoleIf' eGg yfn]af6 pgLx? cfˆgf j+zh dxfg\ a'4sf cg'ofoL u[x:y af}4 pkf;s ag] / To;} wd{sf] ;Da4{gdf ;dlk{t eP eGg] s'/f] a'l´G5 . logLx? dNn jf lnR5lj h:tf] ;Qfsf] cfsf+IfL gx'g,' pkTosfsf] hghLjgdf a'4wd{ JofKt x'g' / logLx?n] …leIf'Ú y/ u|x0f ug'd{ f tfbfTDo 5 . o;/L pkTosfdf af}4 wd{sf] Jofks k|efj / k|rf/ lxGb' wd{sf] eGbf s]xL cl3 uof] . t/ lxGb' wd{ oxfF lyPg eGg] xf]Og . ;fy{jfx 6f]nLsf] cfphfpaf6 / 1fg / zflGtsf] vf]hLdf cflbd sfnd} pQ/ lxdfno kj{t pSn]sf Clif–d'lgx?af6 oxfFsf] pkTosf nufot kxf8af;Ln] lxGb' wd{sf] /d/d uGw cl3af6} kfO;s]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

O;fk"j{ @,))) jif{ cl3af6} uª\uf d}bfgdf ;uaufO/x]sf] j}lbs cfo{ ;Eotf lg:;[t lxGb'wd{df O;fk"j{ !,))) b]lv ljs[ltx? klg b]vf kb}{ O;fk"j{ &)) ;Dddf lxdfno kj{tdfnfsf] blIf0fL lsgf/ cyf{t\ r'/] kj{t z[ªv \ nfsf] k]mb;Dd k}mln;s]sf] lyof] . j}lbs wd{sf] ljs[ltsf] lj/f]wdf h}g / a'4 wd{x? b]vf k/] . t/ pQ/ ef/tdf a'4 wd{sf] rfF8} gfz ePaf6 oxfF cg]s ¿kdf lxGb' wd{sf] Jokfstf

/Xof] . xfd|f] ;Gbe{ rflxF slt dfq xf] eg] lnR5ljx?sf] pkTosf k|jz ] ;Fu;Fu} lxGb' wd{n] klg Jofkstf kfof] . lnR5lj, dNn / zfSo ko{Gtsf] d"n pb\ud ;|ft] h]h:tf] ;'s} eP klg -cyf{t\ o; af/] cg]s dt eP klg_ logLx? O;fk"j{ ;ftf}F ztfAbL lt/} cfo{ k/Dk/fg';f/ Iflqo sxnfO;s]sf hflt lyP . dg' :d[ltn] lnR5lj / dNnnfO{ j|fTo eg]sf] 5 . lnR5lj / dNnx?sf] /fHo sfod /xFbf Tof] If]q g} >d0f a'4sf] d"n sd{ If]q klg /x]sf]n] tL /fhkl/jf/n] a'4 wd{nfO{ >4fsf ;fy ckgfP klg To; wd{ k|lt zfSox?sf] h:tf] j+zfg'ut cfTdLotf ltgLx?sf] lyPg . o; ;Gbe{df h}g wd{sf k|jt{ s dxfjL/ jw{dfg lnR5ljx?sf dfdf lyP eGg] s'/f] klg la;{g' x'Gg cyf{t\ ljR5ljx?sf] h}g wd{ k|lt klg >4f lyof] / oL lnR5lj / dNnx? zf;gf?9 x'g] k[i7e"ldsf] Iflqotf j|fTo g} lsg gxf];\ cfo{–lxGb' ;Gbe{sf] lyof] . o;/L zfSo, lnR5lj / dNnx?sf] cfudg / ltgLx?sf] cf8e/f];sf] cfzdf kl5;Dd x'bF } u/]sf] cg] s y/3/sf] cfudgsf] k| e fj jfudtL pkTosfsf] ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fdf uDeL/ k/]sf] 5, pbfx/0f …vf]kª[ Ú zAb klg xf] . lnR5ljx?sf] k|jz ] cl3 oxfF nf}lss hLjgdf s'g} cgfo{ ls/fFt cyf{t\ ef]6ad]n { L kl/jf/sf] efiff k|rngdf lyof] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ;Gb]x 5}g cGoyf jt{dfg\ eStk'/ Toltv]/ vf]kª[ x'g] lyPg . lnR5lj sfnsf] dWo lzjb]j k|yd–c+zj' df{_ sf] ;do;Dd …vf]kª[ Ú / …lv|kª' Ú -tTsfnLg vf]kª[ b|f0] fs} glhssf] s'g} u|fd_ jt{dfg eStk'/sf] t'nf5]_F h:tf gflzSo ª–sf/ Wjlg k|of]udf lyP . Toltv]/sf] /fhsfhsf] efiff ;+:s[t eO;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n] lnR5lj sfnLg lznfn]v ;+:s[tdf 5g\ . o;af6 s] l;4 x'G5 eg] Toltv]/ /fhwfgL gu/ / j/k/sf k'/x?df ljsl;t x'bF f], dWosfndf g]kfnefiffsf] gfddf /fli6«o jf /fhsfhsf] efiff ag]sf], zfx sfndf g]jf/ hfltsf] efiff elgg yflnPsf] / jt{dfg kl/j]zdf efiffj}1flgs b[li6n] g]jf/efiff elgg' plrt hFlrPsf] Toltv]/ s'g} Ps k|frLg ls/ft efiffdf /fhefiff ;+:s[tsf] a9\bf] k|efjsf] sf/0f ef]6jd]n { L kl/jf/sf] eflifs k|jl[ Qsf Wjlgx?df kl/jt{g cfpFb} u/]sf]

lyof] . kmn:j¿k To; efiffdf …vf]kª[ Ú zAb …vf]kÚ df kl/0ft x'bF f] lyof] . o;/L lnR5lj sfnb]lv g} gfu/Lo g]jf/efiffdf /fhefiff ;+:s[tefiffsf] k|efj / jfudtL pkTosfdf cfk|jf;L cg]sg y/3/sf ls/fFtt] / cfo{x? g]jf/–;ª\u7gsf d"ntM /fhsfhLo b/jfl/of, lzNkL–Joj;foL / >lds dWo] s'g} cg'sn " txdf cfˆgf] /f]lh/f]6L cg';f/ ;dflxt x'bF } cfˆgf] lha|fn ] ] lbP cg';f/ nf}lss g]jf/efiff u|x0f ug]{ j|mddf ª, `, Xn, X0f, Xd h:tf kflZj{s, dxfk|f0f, :kz{ / gfl;So Wjlgx?df kl/j{tg x'bF } lyof] . cfhsf] s]›Lo jf dfgs g]jf/efiff sf7df8f}F gfu/Lo efiff xf] / cfhsf] sYo / n]Vo b'j} g]jf/L efiffsf zAbx?sf] Jo'TklQ ;|ft] kGrfgAa] k|ltzt eGbf a9L ;+:s[t d"n -kfnL ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L_ sf 5g\ . cfhsf] dfgs s]G›Lo g]jf/efiffdf Wjlg kl/jt{sf] of] cj:yf /fd|l} ;t b]lvP klg c´};Dd u08sL / sf]zLsf kxf8sf ahf/ -lnR5lj zAb ;fk6 lnP/ eGg] xf] eg] ›ª\u_ If]qdf ar]sf g]jf/eflifsfsf Wjlgx?x?df k|frLg Wjlgsf cjz]if dhfn] afFrs ] f] kfOG5 . h:t}, s]G›Lo g]jf/sf] dfF -cfdf_ u08sL If]qdf …dfªÚ / sf]zL If]qdf …cDdfFÚ sfod 5 …u08sL If]qsf] g]jf/eflifsfsf] gd'gf M cf:ofª -cf;] ofª_ dfª lh jfofª Rjfgf w]ª Ö cf;] wofF dfF lh jof Rjgf wofF Ö kv g cfdf d cfpFb} eG5' t .Ú vf]kª[ zAbdf tflgP/ nx/f] tfGbf kx/f] uh]{ h:tf] u/L n]vsf] d"n ljifoaf6 ljrlnt eP h:tf] j|mdnfO{ oxL cGt ub}{ k'gM eStk'/sf] ue{leq ;Defljt cd"t{ ;Dkbfsf] af/] rrf{ yfN5' . of] rrf{ ca b'O{ r/0fdf ug]{ 5' != pkTosfdf lnR5ljsf] cfudg k"js { f ;Defjgfsf] gd'gf / @= eStk'/ /fhwfgL gu/ ePkl5sf ;Defjgf . lnR5lj sfn;Dd eStk'/ ufpF g} lyof] eGg] s'/f] dfly rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5 . gu/ ljsf; x'g] j|mddf o;n] j|mdzM l5d]sL ;d[4 gu/ / cfk|jf;Lx?sf] ;d[4 ;+:s[ltx?af6 k|efj u|x0f ug'{ ljsf; / ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fsf] l;4 lgod xf] . eStk'/ gu/ eP/ axg] xg'dGt vf]nfsf] xg'dfg 3f6sf] pbfx/0f lbFb} l;NefF n]eLn] s;/L cfo{x? k"jt{ of/ -/]l8d]8_ syf lnP/ cfˆgf] wfld{s k|1 f MM 35

;f+:s[lts k|efj cgfo{ If]qdf k}mnfpFb} l;ª\uf] ef/tjif{df k}mn]sf lyP eGg] s'/f cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . j}lbs cfo{x? l;t j]b, k'/f0f, /fdfo0f, dxfef/tsf o:tf k"jt{ of/ syfx? lyP h;sf] cf8 lnP/ pgLx? cfk"m k}mn]sf] 7fpFl;t ldNbf]hN' bf] syf sy]/ ToxfF cfˆgf] k|efj hdfpFy] h;af6 :jefjtM cfo{ ;Eotfsf] lj:tf/ / cfˆgf] jr{:j :yflkt x'GYof] . /fdn] xg'dfgnfO{ lxdfnoaf6 cd's h8L Nofpg cx|fpFbf xg'dfgn] h8L lrGg g;s]/ lxdfno kj{t g} af]s/] nu] . of] /fdfo0f k|l;4 36gf xf] . of] 36gf oxfFsf cfo{n] xg'dGt] vf]nf l;t s;/L hf]8] eg] xg'dfgn] lxdfno lnP/ kmls{/x]sf] a]nf clt ysfOnfu]/ of] xg'dGt] vf]nfsf] lsgf/df cf]Xn]/{ Ps l5g ;':tfP, Tof] 7fpF oxL xf] . o;/L lxdfno kj{t af]s/] kms]s { f] a]nf xg'dfg st} c8]sf] k|;ª\u d"n /fdfo0fdf cfpFbg} . t/ ;';:+ s[t cfo{x?n] tTsfnLg ufpFn] eStk'/x] ?nfO{ /fdfo0fsf] ;'nlnt syf ;'gfP/ dVv kfb}{ cfˆgf] k|efj hdfP/ cfˆgf] ceLi6 k"/f ug{ :yfgLo e"ufnnfO{ hf]8/] pksyfsf] hf]l8lbP . To;/L /fdfo0f l;t hf]l8Psf] 7fpF cfh xg'dfg 3f6sf] gfdn] tLy{ aGof] / o;sf] ls/ftsfnLg v', s' jf bL cflb ;lxtsf] x'g' kg]{ k'/fgf] gfd lj:d[t eof] . l;NefF n]eLn] eStk'/sf af/]df s] klg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ eg] of] gu/ t'ngfTds ¿kdf lxGb'do 5 ha ls kf6g -nlntk'/_ rflxF af}4do . pgL sf7df8f}s F f af/]df s]xL eGb}gg\, t/ s'/f] s] xf] eg] sf7df8f}F rflxF ldl>t 5 . pgL s] klg lgrf]8 5 eg] g]kfnsf] Oltxf; eg]sf] ef/tsf] ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;sf] n3' ¿k -ldg]r/_ dfq xf], ToxfF h] h:tf 36gf h;/L eP ToxL cg';f/ oxfF ;+lIfKt ¿kdf 36]sf 5g\ . l;NefF n]eLsf oL l6Kk0fLx? lgs} dxTTjsf 5g\ . Oltxf;sf] sfn ljefhgdf pkTosfdf lnR5ljx?sf] k|jz ] cl3 ls/fFt sfn lyof] . To; cl3 uf]kfn / dlxifkfn j+zL /fhf lyP . t/ lnR5lj sfn eGbf cl3 g]kfndf s'g} lnlvt b:tfj]h gkfOg] ePsf] x'bF f oltv]/sf ;a} s'/f s;}n] eGb}df csf]n { ] dflgxfNg] l:ylt alg/x]sf] 5}g cyf{t\ o; ;DaGwdf cg]s ts{ljts{ 5g\ . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf j+zfjnLx? k|1 f MM 36

ljj|mdsf] rf}wf}F ztfAbLb]lv ;Qfg;Lg /fhs'nn] cfk"mnfO{ cg'sn " x'g] u/L n]vfOPsf x'g\ / oL klg k|frLgtd sfnsf af/] slQ klg ;':ki6 5}gg\ .

To;}n] ef/tjif{ cyf{t\ blIf0f Pl;ofsf] dfGo Oltxf;sf] cfwf/df oxfFsf] Oltxf;sf] cg'dfg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ef/tjif{df cfo{x?sf] k|jz ] k"j{ cyf{t\ df]xghf]8f8f]sf] ;Eotfsfnd} lxdfnosf] blIf0f kfvf]df ls/fFt hfltsf] a;f]af; lyof] . tL ls/ft cfhsf h:tf lnDa", vDa", ofSvf cflb k"jn {] L s]xL kxfl8of hflt dfq geO{ jt{dfg sfZdL/b]lv Dofgdf/;Ddsf] blIf0fL kfvf]df a;f]af; ul//x]sf tdfd cgfo{ k|frLg kxfl8of hftL kb{y,] tTsfnLg k|frLg oIf, uGwj{, lsGg/ nufot cgfo{ g]jf/ / Oltxf; lz/f]dl0fsf] egfOdf yf? ko{Gt . o; cj:yfdf k|frLg eStk'/ cyf{t\ vf]kª[ lt/ cfo{x?sf] jr{:j sfod eO;Sbfsf] k|f/lDes cj:yfdf j/k/sf lgs6:y pkTosfnL ;dyn If]qdf tfdfªx?sf] af]nafnf lyof] . eStk'/ gu/df cfo{ /fhf -yfg], y'd] /fhf_ x'bF f klg lgs6:y If]qdf tfdfª /fhf -yfg], y'd_] /x]sf] / tL lar zlSt k|bz{gdf xf]8 rNg] u/]sf] tyf eStk'/s} la:s]6 hfqf / k"js { f] ;fNkf kf]v/L cflb l;t ;Da4 k'/fsyfdf o; If]qdf gfuhfltsf] a;f]af; / jr{:j /x]sf] ;ª\st] ldN5 . gfu hflt cfo{x?n] uª\uf d}bfgdf j}lbs cfo{ wd{, ;Eotf / ;Qfsf] lj:tf/sf] j|mddf lgs} k|lt/f]wL zlStsf ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] zlStzfnL hflt lyof] . jfudtL pkTosf klxnf gfux|b -gfubx_ lyof] / oxfF w]/} gfux?sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] k'/f syfx? kfOG5g\ . of] nfdf] k|;ª\u oxfF lsg p7fOPsf] xf] eg] eStk'/ gu/ If]qdf c´} cfˆgf] y/ gfu eGg] hflt 5 oBlk clxn] Tof] g]jf/sf] Hofk" ju{df ;dflxt 5 . st} tL y/wf/Lx? oxfFsf] k|frLg gfu hfltsf] cjz]if ;Dkbf t xf]Ogg\ eGg] h:tf k|frLgtd ;f+:s[lts cd"t{ ;DkbfnfO{ plwGg afFsL s'/f eStk'/df w]/} 5g\ htflt/ xfdLdWo] JolSt ljz]if ;|ft] ;fwgsf] cefjdf / /fHo;Qfsf] rflxF Totflt/sf] csd{0otfn] ubf{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gf}F . gu/ ljsf;s} j|mddf eStk'/df lelqPsL b]jL dgdfg]Zj/Laf6 klg oxfFsf] ljsf;sf] :j¿knfO{ s]xL ´NsfpF5 . logsf] :yfkgf eStk'/df t'nhf ejfgLsf] :yfkgf k"j{ g} ePsf]

hfgsf/L cjnf]sg e|d0fdf cf]d wf}e8]nn] lbP . dgdfg]Zj/Lsf] dlGb/ k|frLg lnR5lj sfnLg g]kfnL ljxf/ z}nLdf bQfqo dlGb/sf] afofF rf]s leq 5 . of] lnR5lj sfndf g} eStk'/ lelqPsL b]jL x'g\ dfg]Zj/Lsf] d"n ynf] sf7df8f},F xfF8LufpF xf] . eStk'/ lj:tf/sf] j|mddf oL b]jL lnR5lj sfndf ljzfngu/–b]jkQg /fhwfgL gu/ 5Fb} lelqPsf] c8sn x'G5 -xf8LufpF ToxL ;Ldfsf] kl/lwdf k5{_ . lnR5lj sfndf ›ª\u vf]kª[ df j}lbs cfo{ ;f+:s[ltsf] k}mnfj6 ;lhn} ePsf] b]lvG5 hals /fhwfgL ljzfngu/–b]jkQg gu/af6 lnR5ljx? kf6g nlntk'/_ lj:tf/sf] l;nl;nf rflxF Tolt ;lhnf] g/x]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . P]ltxfl;s tYoaf6 kSsfkSsL k|dfl0ft eOg;s] tfklg lnR5ljx?sf] kf6g lt/ lj:tf/sf j|mddf cgfo{ -ls/ft_ x? l;t 7'nf] ;ª\3if{ ePsf] nf}lss sygaf6 a'l´G5 . elgG5 kf6gsf] jt{dfg Rof;n 6f]ndf lnR5ljx?af6 cf7 ;o ls/ftx? dfl/Psf lyP / ;f] 7fpFsf] gfd Rof;n–Ö cf7;o_ /xg uof] . x'g klg Tof] ef}uf]lns ¿kdf b]jkQggu/ -jt{dfg\ kz'klt If]q_ lt/ af6 kf6g k|jz ] ug]{ j|mddf kf6g 6f/ pSnFbf yf]/} k"j{ lt/ k5{ . To;}n] o; ;Gbe{n] uª\uf d}bfgdf cfo{x? k}mng] j|mddf ;'?df o'4 / ansf] k|of]u ePsf] / kl5 Tof] c;fWo 7fgL :yfgLo hfltl;t} 3'nldn eP/} cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt cgfo{ ;d'bfodf k}mnfpFb} u/]sf] eGg] Oltxf;sf] ;D´gf lbnfpF5 . of] s'/f cfo{ / gfu hfltsf] ;+ª3\ n { ] klg s]xL xb;Dd ;ª\st] u5{ / oxL s'/f l;NefFne ] Ln] ;ª\st] u/]sf] xg'dfg 3f6sf] k|;ª\u l;t klg ;DalGwt 5 . Rof;n 6f]nsf] ;ª\3if{sf] nf}lss sygn] kf6g eStk'/sf] t'ngfdf a9L af}4do /x]sf] s'/f l;t klg ;fª\sl] ts ;DaGw /fVb5 . zfSox?sf] pkTosf k|jz ] sf] j|mddf zfSosf b'O{ j+z dWo] zfSox? kf6g lt/ / sf]lnof zfSox? sf7df8f}s F f] jt{dfg s]n6f]n lt/ a;]sf] eGg] klg 5 . eStk'/ dWo sfndf /fhwfgL gu/ alg;s] kl5 l;d|fg} u9af6 tn]h' ejfgL dfq lelqPsL xf]Ogg\ ldlynf k|bz ] af6 d}ynL efiff ;flxTo klg dhfn] lelqPsf] tYo Oltxf;l;4 5 . :d/0fLo 5 d}ynL ;flxTosf] :j0f{sfn jfudtL pkTosfdf lat]sf]

dflgG5 . pQ/ dWosfnsf ltg} /fHosf dNn /fhfx?n] ;+:s[t, g]jf/ / d}ynL efiffdf ;flxTosf] k|z:t /rgf u/] . pgLx?n] d}ynL efiffdf bvn /fVg'sf] cy{ s] d}ynLsf] k|efj pgLx?df kg'{ xf]Og < lsg k¥of] o:tf] k|efj < clg s] pgLx?n] d}ynL efiffdf ;flxTo n]Vg' dfq d}ynL efiffsf] pkTosf l;tsf] lgVnf] ;DaGw x'g ;S5 < s] To; j|mddf d}ynL efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] s'g} k|efj To; sfndf oxfF k/]g < jf:tjdf lnR5lj sfnb]lv cg]s sfndf cg]s k|of]hgn] jfudtL pkTosfdf cfk|jf; u/]sf cg]s cfo{ hfltx? dWo] pQ/ dWo sfndf clGtd hTyfdf k|jz ] u/]sf] hflt xf] d}lyn a|fXd0f h;nfO{ oxfF ´f a|fXd0f eGg] ul/G5 . :d/0f /xf];\ uLjf{0fo'4ljj|md zfxb]lvsf] zfxf /fhj+zh d}lyn a|fXd0fLsf] /Stld>0f xf] . d}ynL ´f a|fXd0f pkTosf k|jz ] u/]/ g]jf/ efiff dhfn] ckgfP klg pgLx?sf] k|jz ] sf] s]xL sfn nueu b'O{ ;o jif{ leq pkTosfdf zfx /fhfsf] ljho ePsf] / pkTosfdf g]jf/ /fhsfhsf] j}ej ;lsPsf] x'bF f ´f a|fXd0fx?n] cfk"mnfO{ g]jf/ hfltdf ;dflxt ul/ rflxF xfn]gg\ . cGoyf pgLx?sf] 3'nldn g]jf/ ;+:s[ltl;t lgs} 5 / pkTosfnL ´f a|fXd0fsf] d"n ynf] eStk'/ xf] . o;/L g} g]jf/x? cfˆgf cg]s ;+:s[ltnfO{ cfˆgf] df}lns eg]/ uf}/j u5{g,\ ug'{ :jfefljs / pko'St 5 . k/Gt' v; ;+:s[lteGbf leGb x'g] lalQs} Tof] g]jf/sf] df}lns ;+:s[lt eGg rflxF ;lsFbg} , k|foM ;j{;fwf/0f hgdfg;df To:tf] e|d ePsf] kfOG5 . cyjf lxGb' ;+:sf/d} klg v; ;+:sf/eGbf leGg x'g] lalQs} cfZro{ dfGg] / Tof] dfgf}F lxGb' ;+:sf/ g} xf]Og ´}F 7flglbg] csf]{ ;LdfGt k|jl[ Q klg kfOG5 . o;}sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f oxfF k|:t't 5 . lxGb' / af}4 b'j} g]jf/ d[To ;+:sf/df bfuaQL lbg' cl3 g} skfn vf}/g] rng 5}g . lxGb' g]jf/x? d[To'sf] bzf}F lbg dfq vf}/G5g\ . o:tf] lsg eof] < d}lyn nufot ef]hk'/L koGt{ ;+:s[ltnfO{ lgoflnof] eg] ToxfF bzs]z -gvs]z_ gfddf d[To'sf] bzf}F lbg gª / skfn vf}/g] sfd x'G5 . To:t} lxGb' g]jf/ d[To'sf] ;ftf}F lbg …Xg]gd' fÚ lbOG5 h;df d[tsnfO{ 5f]/La]6Ln] vf]nf -xfn cfP/ ;se/_ df uO{ :gfgflb u/L rf]vf] ef]hg ksfP/ ck{0f ul/G5 eStk'/df sltkon] o;nfO{ ªfg'df eg]/ kfFrf}F lbg k|1 f MM 37

klg ;DkGg u5{g_\ . k/Gt' d}ynL–ef]hk'/L ;+:sf/ lgoflnof] eg] ToxfF klg d[To'sf] ;ftf}F lbg dlxnf dfq vf]nfdf uO{ :gfgflb u/L d[tsnfO{ ld7fO / ;fu ck{0f ug]{ k/Dk/f 5 . To:t} g]jf/n] cfˆgf] k/Dk/fsf] ¿kdf uf}/j ug]{ l3prfs' ;ª\jm| flGt -df3] ;ª\jm| flGt_ sf kl/sf/x? dWo]sf] ljz]if kl/sf/ 6f}nf÷tf}nf ltnsf] n8\8_' ldlynf k|bz ] df ;f]xL cj;/df k|of]u ul/g] ltnjf zAb l;t s] JoTklQd"ns ;fdLKodf Wofg lbOg' cfjZos 5}g < $= e"sDkkl5sf] eStk'/ eGg vf]lhPsf] d"n s'/f] lt/ nfUg] xtf/df o;/L k|ZgfTds jfSodf crfgs s'/f] 6'ªU\ ofOPsf] 5 . ljgfzsf/L e"sDk @)&@ n] eStk'/ gu/df k/]sf] k|efjsf] ;/;/tL cjnf]sg e|d0f kZrft\ eStk'/sf] ljut nfdf] Oltxf;sf oL ofjt\ cg]s k|;ª\ux?sf] 5\jf;5\jf;] :d/0fsf] sf/0f vf; t s] xf] eg] k|foM o:tf dxfljgfzsf 36gfsf] nuQ} To;af6 k|efljt ef}lts, b[li6uf]r/ / d"t{ ;Dkbfx?sf] ljgfzsf] cfFsng x'G5 To;}sf] ;+j4{gdf Wofg s]lG›t x'g] u5{ h'g :jfefljs / cfjZos klg xf] . t/ o:tf ljgfzn] To:tf ;Dkbf dfq xf]Ogg\ cd"t{ ;Dkbfx?sf] klg o:t/L Ifo ePsf] x'G5 h;sf] k'glg{df0fsf] s'g} ;Defjgf x'bF g} / :yfg, hflt / ;Eotfsf] Oltxf; l;ª\u} jf cf+lzs nf]k x'g] u5{ . To; sf/0f oxfF eStk'/sf] e"sDksf] ef}lts IflteGbf leGg o;sf] Oltxf;sf] 8f]/6] f]sf] :d/0f ul/Psf] xf] . oxfFsf] ef}lts Ifltsf] cfFs8f t lgl:rttM ;DalGwt cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 cfpF5 g} . eStk'/ gu/df dfq} c9fO ;oeGbf a9Lsf] d[To' ePsf], xhf/f}F 3/ eTs]sf, ;o eGbf a9L ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfdf Iflt k'us ] f], cg]sg kf6Lx? eTs]sf / ;f]xL sf/0f ;os} xf/fxf/Ldf bfkmf ehgx?sf] ufog–jfbg x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfsf ;dfrf/x? cfpFb} u/]sf 5g\ . bfkmf ehgx? aGb x'g' cd"t{ ;Dkbfsf] Ifo xf] . d"t{ ;Dkbfx? t k]ml/ s'g} cg'sn " a]nf la:tf/} k'glg{df{0f jf hL0ff]4{ f/ xf]nfg\, o;df cln l9nf]–rfF8f]n] vf; km/s kb}g{ . s]jn s'g ;|ft] n] s;/L agfpg] eGg] dfq s'/f] xf] . h:t} eStk'/sf] b/af/ If]qsf] kml; b]uM -km;L{ b]jn_ o; e'OFrfnf]df eTSof] . k|1 f MM 38

gu/kflnsfn] ca To;nfO{ km;L{ -u'Dah_ cfsf/df xf]Og lzv/ z}nLdf agfpg] lgwf] u/]sf] 5 eGg] /dfOnf] / 3tnfUbf] hfgsf/L cf]d wf}e8]nn] cjnf]sg e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf lbP . s'/f] s] t eGbf ;f] dlGb/sf] gfd klxnf tfxf b]uM -nfdf] b]jn_ lyof] t/ lj=;+= !(() sf] e"sDkdf ;f] b]jn eTSof] / /f0ffsfndf To;sf] k'glg{df{0f u'Dah z}nLdf eof] / gfd hglha|fd] f kml; b]uM x'g uof] . ca Tof] gu/kflnsfn] c?sf] ;xof]u lagf cfˆg} nfutdf agfpg] lg0f{o ugf{sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] c?sf] ;xof]udf aGbf s'g} afWofTds bjfax? jf kl/l:yltx? cfOnfUg ;S5g\ / k|frLg ;Dkbfsf] ¿kcfsf/df kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 . ca eStk'/ gu/kflnsf /f0ffsfnLg u'Dah z}nLsf] kml; b]uMsf] 7fpFdf To;sf] k|frLg :j¿ksf] nfdf] lzv/ z}nLs} tfxf b]u agfpg] dgl:yltdf 5 . o; s'/fn] sf7df8f}dF f oltv]/ 9n]sf] w/x/fsf] ;fb[Zo :d/0f u/fpF5 . ToxfF /fgL lqk'/f;'Gb/Lsf] ;dodf b'O{ w/x/f ag]sf lyP . /fgLsf] gfdsf] Ps / d' l Vtof/ eLd;] g yfkfsf] gfddf Ps . eLd;]gyfkfsf] gfddf ag]sf] w/x/f lj=;+= !(() sf] e'Or F fnf]df k"0f{tM eTSof] eg] /fgLsf] gfdsf] rflxF s]xL tnf eTof] / tTsfnLg >L # n] /fgLsf] w/x/f cln xf]rf] -s]xL tnf 36fP/_ kf/]/ hL0ff]4{ f/ ug{ nufP h;df pgn] af/bnL / lz/df u'Dah] 6f]k dfly nfdf] uh'/ nufOlbP/ u'Dah z}nL ckgfP, cyf{t\ Psflt/ h:tfsf] To:t} hL0ff]4{ f/ ePg eg] csf]{ lt/ To;nfO{ k~rfot sfndf eLd;]g :tDe eg]/ pw'd drfOof] . oL Oltxf;sf ljrng x'g\ . ca w/x/f agfpFbf slt cf]6fsf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{ s'g avtsf] s'g rflxF w/x/fsf] cfsf/ lbg] of] uDeL/ k|Zg p7\5 h'g eStk'/sf] kml; b]uMsf] k'glg{df0fs} h:tf] s'/f] xf] . e"sDkLo dxfljgfz kl5 clxn] k'glg{df0f ls gjlgdf{0f eGg] h:tf s'/f] klg ax;df cfPsf] 5 . ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] xsdf rflxF k'glg{df0f g} xf] gjlgdf{0f Jojl:yt ;x/ a;fNg] j|md l;t ;DalGwt xf] . t/ k|frLg ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfo'St k'/, oyf eStk'/sf] xsdf gjlgdf{0f s;/L eGg] s'/f] klg lgs} uDeL/ k|fljlws s'/f] xf] hxfFsf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] k'glg{df0fsf] plQs} cfjZos 5 . o:tf gu/sf] gjlgdf{0fsf] ha s'/f]

cfpF5 clxn] cfˆg} cfFvf cufl8 eTs]sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] dfq k'glg{df0f eGbf klg ljutsf ;f+:s[lt uf}/jsf] k'glg{df{0fsf] s'/f] klg dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . oyf, ljj|mdsf] c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf ;'?sf bzsx?df sflGtk'/sf /fhf k|tfk dNnn] k6sk6s xdnf ubf{ klg tf]8g\ g;sL k/vfn aflx/sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx? n'6/] nu]sf] Oltxf; af]ss ] f] eStk'/sf] k'/ 3]l/Psf] Tof] P]ltxfl;s k/vfnsf] gj k'glg{df{0f jf sDtLdf To;sf] /]vfª\sg leq eStk'/ /fVg' P]ltxfl;s uf}/jsf] gjlgld{lt x'g] 5 . k'/ 3]l/Psf] k/vfn ca g]kfndf st} afFsL 5}g . ljZjsf ;a} k'/fgf gu/ o;/L k/vfnn] 3]l/Psf x'Gy], k|frLg lu|;sf] ljZjk|l;4 6«fo] -6«fh ] g o'4_ sf] k/vfn pbfx/0fLo 5 . k|frLg ef/tsf gu/x? klg o;/L g} 3]l/Psf x'Gy] . tL k/vfnsf 9f]sf -hxfF rf/ lbzfdf PsPs 9f]sf t cjZo x'Gy]_ laxfg v'Ny] / ;fF´ aGb x'Gy], sbflrt ;fF´ 9f]sf aGb gx'bF } s'g} ofq' jf gu/af;L 9f]sf leq l5g{ EofPg eg] 9f]sf ;Fus } f] s'g} lgjf; -kf6L, kf}jf cflb_ df af; a:g' kg]{ x'GYof] . g]kfns} ;Gbe{df klg sLlt{k/' / l;d|fg} u9 h:tf k'/x? k/vfn dfq xf]Og To; aflx/ hnb'u{ kf]v/L_ n] 3]l/Psf P]ltXo 8f]ax?sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . eStk'/df cg]sg kf6Lx? eTs]sf 5g\ . k|To]s kf6Ldf ;Dkfbg x'g] wfld{s–;f+:s[lts sd{x? w]/} x'G5g\ . kf6L eTs] ;Fu} tL sd{x? ;Dkflbt x'bF g} g\, h;/L clxn] bfkmf ehgx? aGb ePsf] ;dfrf/ cfPsf] 5 . d"t{ ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf kf6L k]ml/ k'glg{df{0f xf]nf t/ kf6L s'g} a]nf k]ml/ aGof] eGb}df ag]sf] ef]lnkN6af6 :ylut wfld{s–;f+:s[lts sd{x?sf] ;Dkfbg x'G5 eGg rflxF ;lsFbg} . Ps k6s o:tf sd{x? :yug eP kl5 cfhsf] ljutsf] ;f+:s[lts hLjgz}nLaf6 ljrng lt/ nfu]sf] cw'gftg g]kfnL ;dfhdf k'gM ;~rfngsf nflu w]/} sl7gfOx? t]l;{g] 5g\, cfly{s b]lv lnP/ w]/} . s'g} klg Ps wfld{s– ;f+:s[lts sd{sf] ;Dkfbg Ps–b'O{ JolStaf6 x'bF g} / ;f+:s[lts sd{ x]g{ hDdf ePsf tdf;] x'naf6 klg x'bF g} . o:tf sd{ ;Dkfbgsf] nflu g]jf/ hflts} s'g} ju{ jf hft / To;sf] s'g} j+z, y/3/ jf ;Dk|bfo cflbaf6 ljljw v08sf lglZrt kIfx? k"/f ul/Psf x'G5g\ . of] xf] cd"t{ ;+:s[ltsf kIfx? h'g s'/f] hfqfdfqfsf tdf;] cfFvfsf nflu s'g} ;/f]sf/sf]

s'/f] x'bF g} . eStk'/sf] gu/sf] s'g} v08 ljWj:t g} ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf v08x?sf dflg;x? ;f] 7fpFaf6 ca lj:yflkt x'g] ;Defjgf 5 . olb To;f] eof] eg] / Tof] ;d'bfo s'g} cd"t{ ;+:s[ltsf] ;Dkfbgsf] nflu clt cfjZos ;d'bfo jf y/3/ /x]5 eg] l:ylt s] x'G5 < oL x'g\ e"sDksf sf/0f ca kl5 b]lvFb} hfg] ;f+:s[lts k|efjx? . /fHon] ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf 7'nf hfqfdfqfdf o;f] x'bF g} xf]nf, lsgeg] ToxfF /fHo x'G5 k/Gt' hg:t/sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkfbgdf eg] e"sDkn] lgZro g} k/f]If k|efj kf5{ . pbfx/0ffy{ xfn b]zs} ;a} eGbf nfdf] ;do ts rNn] /ftf] dR5]G›gfysf] hfqf -of] jif{ rflxF afx| jif]{ hfqf k/]sf]_ rln/x]sf] 5 h'g oxL e'Or F fnsf] sf/0f :ylut cj:yfdf 5 . Pp6f ls+jbGtL s] /x]5 eg] olb c;f]h -bz}F cl3_ ;Dd ef]6f] b]vfpg] hfqf+z k"/f u/L gfynfO{ a'ªu\ dtL nfg g;lsPdf gfynfO{ eStk'/ Nofpg kfpg] ;t{ gfynfO{ sfd¿kaf6 afudtL pkTosf NofO{ kf6gdf lj/fhdfg u/fpg] j|mddf gfysf] ;jf/L rnfpg] ;d'x lar ;t{gfdf ePsf] lyof] . clxn] e"sDksf] c;/sf] sf/0f gfysf] hfqf rNg g;ls/x]sf] sf/0f of] ls+jbGtLsf] phfu/ ePsf] 5 . olb o; jif{ sbflrt gfynfO{ eStk'/ Nofpg] ;f}efUo h'¥of] eg] xif{n] ;Dk"0f{ wfld{s eStk'/jf;L gfysf] :jfutfy{ Tolt v]/ gfy x/]sf] kf6gsf] s'g} :yfg k'Unfg\, geP klg n;s'; :jfut_ sf] nflu eStk'/ k'/sf] ;Ldfdf v8f xf]nfg\ . t/ Tof] x'nn] dfq gfysf] ;jf/L rnfpg kfpg] rflxF cjZo xf]Og . eStk'/ NofOPdf gfy lj/fh x'g] ljxf/ elgPsf] eStk'/ b/af/ rf]s lg/sf] nf]sZ] j/ dxfljxf/sf wdf{lwsf/L / To;l;t ;DalGwt cg]s y/3/sf j+z ;d'bfosf cflwsfl/s JolStx?n] gfysf] ;jf/L rnfpg / eStk'/df gfysf] k"hfcf/fwgf ug]{ wfld{s sd{ ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . ctM of] ;d'bfosf] ;+/rgfdf tnlatn ePsf] v08df oL s'/fsf] ;Dkfbgdf cK7]/f] k5{ . :d/0f /xf];\ /fhf g/]G›b]j -ljj|mdsf] cf7f}F ztfAbL_ sf] kfnfdf /ftf] dR5]G›gfy sfd¿k -cf;fd_ af6 afudtL pkTosf NofOPsf] ls+jbGtL 5 . To; a]nfb]lv pgsf] ofqf eStk'/df ePsf] hfgsf/L eg] clxn] ;Dd 5}g . o; n]vsf] d"n hf]8 s] xf] eg] cfhsf] k|1 f MM 39

o'udf lxhf] h]–h:tf cd"t{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf xfdL l;t eP klg tL ;a} ca klg p:t} ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ub}{ /xg ;Sg] kl/j]z -b]z, sfn, kl/l:ylt_ 5}g . ctM ca To:tf cd"t{ ;f+:s[lts ;DkbfnfO{ ;lj:tf/ n]Vo / ;s] b[Zo>Jo ¿kdf b:tfj]h tof/ u/L ;'/lIft ug'{ xfd|f] st{Jo xf] tfls ljutdf h:tf] eStk'/sf uf}/jdo ;Dkbf h;/L gi6 gxf];\ . o;/L eStk'/sf] cd"t{ ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fdf h'6b\ f ;lsG5 eg] Ozfk"jb{ l] vsf] h'g Oltxf; eStk'/sf] ue{ leq ljn'Kt 5 To;nfO{ klg plwGg ;sf}F eGg] dg;fon] o;sf] ljutsf] Ps ´Nsf] ;D´gf ug]{ k|of; oxfF ul/Psf] xf] . %= pk;+xf/ cGtdf cjnf]sg e|d0fdf d]/f] s0f{uX' j/df k/]sf ;xefuL ;fyLx?sf Ps dfld{s l6Kk0fLaf6 d n]vsf] cGt u5'{ . bQfqo dlGb/sf] l7s k5fl8af6 blIf0flt/ nfUg], bQfqos} k5fl8af6 k"j{ nfUg] / k"j{ nfUg] d'va} f6 pQ/ nfUg] ltg af6fx?sf bfofFafofFsf nx/} 3/x? ljWj:t} lyP, k"0f{ Ifltu|:t, la:tf/} eTsfpg' kg]{ . ToxfFsf hg;d'bfo k/:k/df ldn]/ :jlgoda4 eO{ tL 3/x? cfcfk}mn] eTsfpFb} lyP . s'g} Pp6f 3/ a'Ounb]lv l5F8L;Dd eTsfpg ldNb}g lyof], To;f] u/]df cf8sf] 3/ eTs]/ lylrGYof] . To;}n] k/:k/ hf]luPsf klª\Stsf 3/x? nx/} ;a}sf] a'Oun,

rf]6f, d6fg ub}{ eTsfpg' kg]{ lyof] . To;}n] ;a} hgf ldn]/ ;a}sf] 3/ eTsfOFb} lyof] . hh:sf] 3/ h'gh'g lbg eTsfOg] xf] Tof] lbg ltgLx? ldn]/ vfhf v'jfpg' kg]{ / ;d'bfo ;a} ldn]/ 3/ eTsfpg], blng af]Sg], df6f] kG5fpg], OF6f txnufpg] OToflb ub}{ lyP . of] lgod ;'g]/ cjnf]sg e|d0f 6f]nLsf s]xL g]jf/]t/ ;b:ox?sf] l6Kk0fL /Xof] g]jf/x?sf] s:tf] Jojl:yt ;fdflhs ;ª\u7g . e|d0f lj;h{g u/L kms{b+ } ubf{ dl;t eStk'/ gu/s} cflbjf;L g]jf/ ldq syfsf/ „'j dlwsdL{n] eg], …xfd|f] 6f]ndf 3/ eTsfpg] dflg; gkfP/ af6f]df lxF8g\ } vt/f eO/x]sf] 5 .Ú pgsf] of] egfO / g]jf/]t/ ldqx?n] g]jf/sf] b]vs ] f] Jojl:yt ;ª\u7g k/:k/ lj/f]wL s'/f lyP . jf:tljstf s] lyof] eg] h'g If]qdf Jojl:yt ;ª\u7gfTds ¿kdf 3/ eTsFb} lyof] ToxfF 3/ lgdf{0f ug]{ ;d'bfosf] afx'No lyof] cyf{t\ Hofk";d'bfosf] ax'ntf ePsf] If]q lyof] Tof] . 8sdL{, l;sdL{ cflb ToxL ;d'bfodf a9L x'g] ub{5 h;nfO{ 3/ eTsfpg] snf klg yfxf x'G5 . To;}n] pgLx? cfk;df k/:k/ ldnL of] sfd u/] . t/ of] ;a} g]jf/ ;d'bfoaf6 ;Dej lyPg, ctM dlwsdL{sf] 6f]ndf 3/ eTsfpg]sf] cefj eof] . To;}n] s'g} Ps c+z x]//] l;ª\uf] hfltsf] gfddf g]jf/]t/ ldqn] h:tf] wf/0ffsf] ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{' ldNb}g . of] klg cd"t{ ;+:s[ltsf] cWoog leq kg]{ ;"Id s'/f xf] .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L bfxfn, k]zn, g]kfnsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}F -rf}yf]_, Pd=s]= klAn;;{ PG8 l8l:6«Ao'6;{, lj=;+= @)$* . bLlIft, sdn, …dhln;sf] cfFvf– !* M b'O{ w/x/f ltg lznfn]vÚ, lxdfn -kflIfs_, !^ ;fpg @)&@ -!! M %^_ . k|wfg, e'jgnfn, g]kfn ;+jt\sf] oyfy{, lj=;+= sf7df8f},F lx/f–lrgL k'F 6«i6, @)%* . dxfhg, ljBfw/, k|frLg ef/t sf Oltxf; -;ftf}F ;+:s/0f_, gO{ lbNnL, P; rGb PG8 sDkgL k|f=ln=, O=;+= !(** . /fO{, u0f]z, gf/fo0f lnDa", …k/Dk/f wfGg ;ssÚ, sflGtk'/ -b}lgs M sf];]nL kl/lzi6fª\s_, ( c;f/ @)&@ . n]eL, /f]a6 cfO=, d];f]sf]hd -lxGb'Ohd P08 lb cf]u{gfOh];g ckm 6«fl8;gn g]jf/ l;6L Og g]kfn_, b]xnL -ef/tLo ;+:s/0f_, df]tLnfn jgf/;Lbf; klAn;;{ k|f=ln=, O=;+= !((@ . n]eL, l;NefF -cg'= l8NnL/fh pk|t] L_, g]kfn -lxGb' /fHosf] Oltxf; M klxnf] v08, sf7df8f},F lxdfn lstfa, O=;+= @))% . n]eL, l;NefF -cg'= l8NnL/fh pk|t] L_, g]kfn -lxGb' /fHosf] Oltxf; M bf];f| ] v08, sf7df8f},F lxdfn lstfa, O=;+= @))& . jh|frfo{, wgj|h, lnR5lj sfnLg clen]v -bf];f| ] ;+:s/0f_, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, lj=;+= @)%# . >]i7, kbd, g]jf/ -hflt kl/ro ;ª\ux| _, :yfg <, :o:oM ;dfh, lj=;+= @)^@ . lx, r]taxfb'/ / k|zfGt dfnL, …3/sf] 6]sf]n] dT:oGb|gfysf] /y 3'dfpg ;d:ofÚ, sflGtk'/ -b}lgs_, @* c;f/ @)&@ .

∗∗∗ k|1 f MM 40

e"sDk ljz]if cWoog

e"sDkn] k'¥ofPsf] Iflt / k'gM lgdf{0fsf] r'gf}tL t]hZ] j/afa' Ujª\uM != k|;ª\u @)&@ a}zfv !@ut] -!!M%^_ !# ut] -!@M$%_ / @( ut] -!M#%_ sf] e"sDkn] ef}lts / dfgjLo ;Dkbfdf Ifltk"0f{ sDkg t u¥of] g} To;sf ;fy} dfgl;s xnrn ;lxtsf] lrGtg / dfgl;s sDkg klg dRrfof] . dfgl;s xnrnsf] b'O{ kf6f 5g\ . Ps, dgdf qf;, kL8f / cl:y/tf dRrfpg' . bf];|f], e"sDk ;DaGwL ;f]r–ljrf/, ljj]rgf ug]{ yk dg;fo / k|jl[ QnfO{ s'Ts'Tofpg' . e"sDkn] xNnfP/ tx;gx; kf/]sf] jLeT; b[Zo, lk|ohg / cfkmGtsf] cjzfg, hLjg e/sf sdfO / cfh{g cfFv} b]vL rsgfr'l/g', cª\uelª\ug' cflbsf qfzlbn] ;tfP/ ljJxn dgx? emG8} ljlIflKtg] cj:yf;Dd k'us ] f] kfOof] . oL eP )&@ a}zfv, !@=!# / @( sf yftaf; ljxLg l:ylt d"ns kl/j]zn] hGdfPsf] gsf/fTds kl/l:yltd"ns kl/b[Zo . t/, e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf] bf];|f] cfod ;sf/fTds ;f]r–ljrf/, ljj]rgf ug]{ yk dg;fo / k|j[lQnfO{ h'd{'¥ofpg' /x], ag]sf] 5 . o;n] dfgj lrGtg s'~hdf gofF d'gf lrlrNofpg] kxn klg u/]sf] 5 . e"sDk drfpg] e"ue{sf] l:ylt, hdLg d'lgsf cg]s Kn]6sf hfgsf/L d"ns 1fg lj1fgdf cfwfl/t yk j}rfl/s cfofd a6'nL, ;ªfnL , kf7sLo nf]snfO{ ck{g] r]i6f pdfg]{ Ifdtf e"sDksf ;sf/fTds kf6f] 7fGg k'u]5' . @= k[i7e"ld E"fsDk e"ue}{ b]lv dlRrP/ aflxl/g] ;gftg k[YjLleqsf] c;fdfGo / csNkgLo j]ujfg\ lj:kmf]6g /x] ag]sf] xfd|f] ;femf cg'ej xf] . !^ / !( lsnf] ld6/ leqb]lvsf] ;txaf6 p7L x'g]

e"sDkLo lj:kmf]6 ld7f] gld7f] b'j} lsl;dn] Joxf]l/of] . oL Joxf]¥ofOx? clxn] xfd|f ;femf ef]ufO ag]sf 5g\ . olt 7'nf] 3/ leqsf] lkª dRrfOsf] klxnf] ef]ufOsf] cg'el" t ljj]Ro ag]sf] 5 . h] u/] lg /f]sfpg g;lsg] rfn lyof] k[YjLsf] 8f]nfodfg xNnfO Tof] . olt la£g xlNnof] e"tndfly 7l8Psf] lgi7f 5]F Ö lgi7f 3/sf] 3/ leq al;/xg] lgi7f yftL g/flv gx'g] eof] . ;f]Rg yfn]F s:tf] lgi7f aGg k'Uof] Tof] 3/ leq a:g a;fNg ;f¥xf]uf¥xf] ======Û b}an] s:tf] b}aL nLnf b]vfP=====< b}jL nLnfl;t lj1fgsf cle1fg / cleofg klg :tlAwFbf] /}5 e"tndf . t/, cfsfzdf eg] jfo'ofg pl8/x]s} lyof] lj1fg ;Ddt jfo'ju] ag]/ . e"sDksf] sDkgn] cfsfzLo jfo'dfu{nfO{ cj/f]w gk'¥ofpFbf] 1fg xfl;n eof] . #= cf}lrTo cfsl:ds k|sf]k e"sDk xf];\ of af9L klx/f] b}jfut tj/n] xfd|fdf cfOnfU5g\ . logdf s'g} dfgj k|f0fLsf] s]xL nfUbf] /x]g5 . s]xL sfnrqm otfptf k/L cfO{ kg]{ b}jL k|sf]k k|f0fL dfqn] Joxf]g{} kg]{ x'G5 . Joxf]g{} kg]{ eljtJo hLjg ef]ufO ag]sf] 5 . ;tfAbLx?sf cGt/fndf t]xf| {} ;tfJbL b]lv PsfO;f}F ;tfAbL ko{Gt glj/fO{ slDkt e"tnsf k|sDkgx?nfO{ cflbd sfnb]lv e"sDk egL cfPsf 5f}F xfdLn] . o; k6s klg hLjGt hLjg cg'el" t s'DNofPsf xfd|} cu|hx? Dffem of] kfnL xfdLn] ;hLjg cg'ej u¥of}F e"sDksf] k|sDkg . cfkm\g} hLjGt cg'ej ag]sf o; k6ssf cg'el" t cfkm}df u'D;fO{ df:g o; ;tfAbL ;'xfpFbf] gx'g' :jl;4 5 . cfkm\gf hLjg cg'el" tnfO{ k|1 f MM 41

efjfTds, ;+rt] fgfTds, ;Dj]bgfTds Pj+ k|fl1s tf}/tl/sfn] ;+of]hg u/L efjL ;Gtltsf nflu 36gf a}s F sf] cIfo sf]if v8f ug'{ o'u–af]lw–;Tj 7x5{ . o; p;n] o; k|of;df clnslt efjfTds, oltplt ;+rt] fgfGds, w]/yf]/ ;Dj]bgfTds clg yf]/yf]/} k|fl1s kx'r F x'g' :jfefljs aG5 . df]6fdf]6L ¿kdf log}nfO{ o; k|of;sf] k|df0f dfGg' cf}lrTo ;fljltg] 7fG5' . $= ;Ldf If]q o; k|of0fnfO{ k"/fk"/ ljZjljBfnoLo cfjZostf cg'¿ksf] rfxgf k"lt{ vflt/ ul/g] k|fl1s cEof; gdfGg'÷g7fGg' o;sf] ;LdfGt kx'r F 7fG5' . g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg h:tf] b]zs} k|ltlglw k|fl1s cfd ;dfhs} kIfdf lxts/ ;flxlTos ;+/rgfd"ns cleoGtf cvf8fsf] cf+lzs p2]Zok"lt{ o;sf] klxnf] ;Ldf If]q /x]sf] 5.

E"fsDkLo ;/f]sf/df e"ue{, e"sDk zf:qLo cWoog o;sf] :fLdf If]q lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 7fGg' cfjZostf kf/Lsf] ;f]r dflgg' 7Ls knf{ . ;fGble{s ;/f]sf/ /fVg] b[Zofjnf]sgsf cfwf/ ;+:d/0f ;Gbe{oQ ' m ljifoj:t' pNn]v ug'{ o;sf] ;/f]sf/ If]q agfOPsf] 5 . %= ljlw g]kfn /fi6«sf] &% lhNnf dWo] #( lhNnfnfO{ e"sDk &@ j}zfv !@,!#/ @( sf k|sDkgn] k|lts"n tj/n] c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . tyflk !( lhNnfdf cToGt hf]lvdk"0f{ 3ftk|lt3ft k'¥ofO{ hLjg, j:tL, ;dfh, ;+/rgf, ;Dkbfx? aLeT; ¿kdf tx;gx; kf/]sf] 5 . k/Gt' , o; n]vsf] k|of]hgdf To:tf pNn]v :ynut cWoog e|d0f gul/Psf]n] cf}lrTok"0f{ ljj/0f pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOg]5g} . dfq l56\km'6 pNn]v x'g' afx]s c? ck]Iff ug'{ ;fy{s x'g] 5}g . ^= ef}ule{s tTTjsf k|efj & /]S6/ eGbf dflysf] e"sDd nfUbf e"ue{af6} k|1 f MM 42

cgf+7} f] x'Oo\o=F ====;'Oo\oF cfjfh t/lª\ut x'bF f] /x]5 . ef}ule{s lj1fgj]Qf x]Nd'6 lqj'rsf cg';f/ To:tf l;l/ª\ul;l/lª\ug] tLI0f / tLa| cfjfh k[YjLsf] cGt/fnaf6 lgl:sFbf] /x]5 . ;DejtM To:tf] k|sDkg ;"rs cgf}7f] :j/ nx/L e"ldut kL8f / j]bgfsf ef}ule{s qmGbgsf ljlrq :j/ nx/L x'g\ . ljj]Ro /x]/ klg ljj]rgf ug{ g;lsPsf] Tof] cg'ej cg'kd aGof] Û Tof] :j/ u'~hg k|foM w]/} cfTdfn] lg ;'gs ] f cg'el" t kl5 kl5 k|fon] ub}{ u/]y] . k[YjL :jod\ cfkm} h}ljs u|x xf] . h}ljs u|xdf dfq hLjg tTTj lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 . of] dd{nfO{ j}1flgs vuf]nLo cg';Gwftfx?n] c? u|xx?df hLjg tTTj clxn] ;Dd kfpg g;s}sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 . k[YjLdf ljBdfg /x]sf h}ljs tTTj eGg' cfsfz -Oy/_, hn, jfo', k[YjL÷df6f], t]h÷;"o{ g} x'g\ . o; ;DjGwdf k"jL{o bz{gx?n] atfPsf kfFr, 5 xhf/ jif{ cufl8sf] k|zª\u eP/ klg k[YjLsf] xfd|} k|flr cem} 5n{lª\ug g;s]sf] xfd}| sd{7tf ljnfpg'sf] kof{o ag]sf] 5 eGg'df cTo'lQm gxf]nf ls < kfZrfTo Pª\unf] efiffdf #= k|>o lbP/ j}lbs lrGtgnfO{ cfkmfNg] k|jl[ Qsf s'j/] ag]/ xfdL bnbn e"d/Ldf efl;+b} efFl;b} hfghfg ljnf]Kg'sf] k"jf{efif aG5 a}zfv, !@,!#/ @( ut]sf] nx/} ltg k6ssf ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf wSsfx?n] g]kfnsf !$,!% lhNnfdf cTolws / @$, @% c? lhNnf ;lxt #(,$) lhNnfsf j:tLdf 7'nf] hgwg / ;+f:s[lts ;Dkbfx? w/f;foL agfof] . wf/f;foL ePsf j:tLx?nfO{ k'ghL{jg lbg j}1flgs, Jofjxfl/s, ;fdflhs, cf}Bf]lus clg k]z]jf/ ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0fx? ;dflxt u/]/ k'g?Tyfg u/L gjhLjg ;~rf/ ug]{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ cj;/ h'6s ] f]5 . k|To]s jfbnsf] 3]/fdf rfFbLsf /]vf eg]em}F x/Ps r'gf}tLl;t cj;/ cfPsf] x'G5 . r'gf}tL leqsf cj;/ klxNofpg ;Sg] o'uaf]w ;lxt o'u lgdf{0f ug]{ c7f]6sf] k"0f{ bfloTj / Ifdtf af]w ug]{ bfloTj cfd hLljt g]kfnLsf] hLjGttf /x]sf] 5 . oyfy{df e"sDkn] ef}lts Iflt k'¥ofP/ klg dfgl;s r}tGo r]tnfO{ Ps km]/f k'g/fj[Q / k'ghf{u/0f u/fPsf] ;j{q cg'et" ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . sf] s;sf] sxfF,

stfsf] s'g v]dfsf] wf/0ffsf] cGTol:t g} geP klg dfgjLo ;]jf, ;b\efjgfsf] lIflth p3fg{ ;fy{s b]g k'¥ofPsf] 5 . cx+sf/, tF5f8\d5f8\sf] uPu'hs ]| f] dfgl;stf sdhf]/ / b'jn { x'g yfNg' e"sDksf] dfgjLo kIf aGg k'us ] f] 5 . nfU5 dflg;df leqL ;Da]bgf k|s6 x'g,' u/fpg' b}jL k|sf]ksf] b]g x'bF f]/5 } . e"sDkLo k|efjaf6 k|efljt dfgl;stf leqsf] of] dgf]lj1fg k/s wf/0ff eGg pko'St xf]nf . &= df}lns ;+f:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/If0fM xfd|f ;+f:s[lts ;Dkbf df}lns k"Vof}{nL ;fwgf /x]sf 5g\ . df}lns / k"Vof}n { L ;Dkbfsf s]xL cfwf/e"t tflTTjs cfwf/ / :j¿k 5g\ . tflTTjs cfwf/n] ;Dkbfsf cfwf/e"t j:t' tTTjnfO{ ;d]6\5 . j:t'tTTj eGg' ;Dkbfsf] :j¿k, cfs[lt, cfsf/ cflbnfO{ ;Í]t u5{ . :j¿k cfs[lt cfsf/ lgwf{/0f ltgsf nflu k|oQ ' m ;fwg tTTj j:t' jftfj/0f 5g\ . k|oQ ' m ;fwgn] ;Dkbf lgdf{0fdf k|of]u / pkof]u x'g,] ul/g] j:t'x?nfO{ a'emfpF5g\ . o:tf j:t'x? cfGtl/s / jfXo b'j} x'g ;S5g\ . cfGtl/s j:t'' ;fwgdf k|fs[lts dfgjLo, k|fljlws, ef}lts, cfly{s , af}lWbs cflb ;dflxt /xG5g\ . cfGtl/s k|fs[lts ;fwg cGt/ut hnjfo', df6f], 9'ª\uf, sf7, afn'jf, kfgL ;a} k5{g\ . ef}lts ;fwgx? :yfgLo k|fs[lts j:t'x?sf ;fy} ef}ule{s tTTj vlgh wg ÷kbfy{ klg ;dflxt /xG5g\ . wft' kbfy{x? ef}lts eP/ klg vlgh÷ef}ule{s j:t' sf]6L / ljefhgdf kb{5g\ . oL j:t' tTTjx? k'vf{sf hLjg sfndf / xfd|fdf klg pxL g} 5g\ . p:t} / pxL /x]/ klg ltgsf k|flKt lgldQ ul/g] vf]tNofOF, pTvgg\, k|zf]wg kl/kf6L cflbdf cfsfz–kftfn j/fj/ cGt/ eO;s]sf 5g\ . k'vf{sf kfnfdf a9L dfqfdf zf/Ll/s an;fwg / ljj]s k|of]u x'Gy] . clxn] xfd|f kfnfdf sd zf/Ll/s a9L k|ljlwd"ns ;Lk pkof]u x'G5g\ . k|ljlwk"0f{ ;Lkn] clxn] zf/Ll/s zlQm sd, k|fljlws s'zntf a9L pkof]u u5{ . o'ufGt/ af]ws ljdz{ eGg' o:t} /xG5 . cjsf ;+f:s[lts ;Dkbf ;+/rgfdf k|ljlws} ax'ntf

JoflKtPsf 5g\ . >d, ;Lk / ljrf/nfO{ k|ljlwn] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . *= k/Dk/futdf ultzLn k|ljlw k|;ª\u e"sDkLo Ifltu|:t ;Dkbf k"gk{o| f]hg ug'{ xf] . o;a]nf ;Dkbf k'gof]u{ nfO{ lnP/ cg]s cfoflds ;f]rljrf/x? cfd\ ;+rf/df cfPsf 5g\ . Ps, k/Dk/fut oyfl:yltk"0f{ ¿k, cfsf/ / k|ljlw d"ns . bf]>f], ¿k cfsf/sf] lgwf{/0f cjf{rLg lj1fg, k|ljlw / ;fwg cg'sn " ;Dkbf :yn 5gf]6 u/L :yfgfGt/0f u/]/ k'gMlgdf{0f ug]{ . k|:t't k|:tfjgf lrGtg of]Uo g} /x]sf] 5 . o'u ;fk]lIfs :yfg ljZn]if0f / 5gf}6 ef}ule{s ljZn]if0f gjlgdf{0f ug]{ kIfsf k|:tfjl;tsf ;sf/fTds cfwf/ tTTj kIfsf ax;x? ;sf/fTds 5g\ . cjsf] nf]stflGqs ;dfhdf of] jx; ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] 5nkmnsf ljrf/–j:t' x'g' cf}lrTok"0f{ /xG5 . To:t} ;gftlgs kIfsf k|:tfj klg lj:t[t a'bF f ;lxt ax;df NofOg' h?/L 5 . gj kIfw/x? ;j{ky| d :yfgfGt/0f u/L lgdf{0f ubf{ df6f]sf] ue{ / df6f]sf] l:ylt j}1flgs tj/n] ug]{ cfwf/ klxnf] a'bF f agfpF5g\ . o;/L lgdf{0f :yn lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sbf lgdf{0f x'g,] ul/g] ;Dkbfsf] cfo' dhj't x'g] k|zª\u hf]85 \ g\ . :yfgfGt/0f u/L lgdf{0f ubf{ k'/fgf eUgfjz]if :ynnfO{ klg ;fljs ;Dkbf :ynsf] cj:yf / :j¿k bzf{pg] ko{6g\ ynf] alg g} /xg] k|zª\u agfpF5g\ . t];f| ] lhsL/÷cfu|x cGt/ut cfuGt's ko{6sx?n] Ps} j:t'nfO{ b'O{ t'ngfTds cfFvf / ;f]rn] ljj]rgf ug]{ cj;/ h'g{] k|zª\u agfPsf 5g\ . rf}yf], ;Dkbf :yn Ps} :yfgdf g} u'rd'Rr gkg]{ eO{ :yfg km/flsnf] aGg] ljrf/–ts{ k|If]k0f u5{g\ . :yfgfGt/0f kIfw/ 5nfª]\ ljrf/sx? gofF k|ljlw, o'uLg ;fwg cflb ;Dkbf lgdf{0fdf k|oQ ' m x'g,' ul/g' kg]{ ts{ ;Dk|i] f0f u5{g\ . k/Dk/ffut ;fwg, ;Lk / k|ljlw ;d]t ;dfhaf6 ljn'Kt k|foM eO;s]sf]n] k/Dk/fut ;Lk, ;fwg si6 ;fWo gu/L gjpGd]ifnfO{ g} ;Daf]wg x'g' ,' ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt af]w u5{g\ . gjLg ultzLntfl;tsf ;fwg / k|ljlw ckgfpFbf klg ;Dkbf z}nLdf df}lnstf sfod /fVg ;lsg] j:t' k|1 f MM 43

l:ylt af]w u5{g\ pgLx? . oyfl:ylt / k/Dk/fjfbL kIfw/x?sf cfkm\g} lhsL/ 5g\, ax; 5g\ . eG5g\ ls ;Dkbf eGg' g} kf}/fl0fs cfwf/ /x]sf ;+:sf/ dl08t ;+f:s[lts w/f]x/nfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} k'g?Tyfg gu/L x'Gg, ug}{ k5{ . OF6fåf/f ;+/lrt ;Dkbfx? dWo] vf;u/L gDj/L OF6f k|of]u u/]/} lgdf{0f ul/g' kbf]/{ 5 } . eQmk'/, sflGtk'/ nlntk'/ / sLlt{k/' df lgdf{0f ePsf k|frLg d7, dlGb/, r}To, :t'k clg ljxf/x? gDj/L OF6faf6} lgld{t lyP . gDj/L OF6fsf] cy{ klxnf], ;tk|lt;t kfs]sf] x'g' bf]>f], OF6fsf] cfsf/ / :j¿kdf 5g\ . cfsf/ / :j¿kdf o;/L 9flnP/ df]x8fdf t]n nufO{ 6Nsg] kfl/Psf x'G5g\ . cufl8 df]x8f * OGRf\ / k'5f/ k'5f/df ^ OGr kfl/Psf x'G5g\ . To:tf] cfsf/sf OF6fn] leqL b'jl} t/ k|z:t d;nf /fVg] 7fpF aG5, /xG5 .

OF6fn] k|z:t d;nf / d;nfn] OF6fnfO{ cfk;df dhj't tj/n] ks8\g ;s\g] cj:yf ;[hgf x'G5 . *÷( /]s6/ :s]nsf] e'OF rfnf] y]Ug ;s\g] Ifdtf o; k|ljlwn] lbFbf]/x]5 . o;sf] k|ToIf k'i6\ofOF !(() / @)&@ sf] eLif0f e"sDkn] lbPsf] xfd|} cg'ej /x]sf] 5 . k/Dk/fut :yfgLo ;fwg / :Lfk nufP/ agfOg] OF6f oyfjt\ ¿ksf] cem} ;'wf/]/ agfpg ;lsg] l:ylt 5 . dfq OF6f kf]Nbf sf7 bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ 7fpFdf sf]Onf k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ eOg} cfPsf] 5 . cem} ;'wfl/P/ ug{ kg]{ OF6f pBf]udf sf]Onfsf] abnf ljB't zlQm pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt pefg{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5 . gf}nf] k|ljlw leq\ofpbf ;+f:s[lts kl/dfh{g / ultzLntf cfpF5 . (= jt{dfg j:t'l:ylt o; afx]s ;fnsf dhj't vDjf , lgbfn, blng h:tf ;fwg– ;fdu|Lx? ca ;'ne /x]gg\ . logsf ljsNk gvf]lh ePsf] 5}g . ljsNk lj1fg ;Ddt k|ljlwn] pTkfbg u/]sf] kmnfd, O:kftsf lgbfn, 58\ h:tf cg]s j:t' pkof]u ug'k{ g]{ l:ylt pAh]sf] 5 . eQmk'/sf] ljn'Kt :yfkTo ;Dkbfx? dWo] s f] Ps /x] s f] Rofl;d08k (octagon) k'glgdf{0f ubf{ eQmk'/ ljsf; of]hgfn] k|1 f MM 44

hd{g k|ljlw cg';f/ kmnfdsf lgbfnx? k|oQ ' m u/]sf] k|ToIf bz{g ug{ ;lsG5 . o; afx]s eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf / k' / ftTTj (Archeology) ljefusf] ;+oQ ' m k|of;df eP ul/Psf kr\kGg em\ofn b/jf/, kfFrtNn] dlGb/, e}/jgfy dlGb/x? kmnfd] 58\, lgbfn k|oF f]u d'Qm 5g\ . ablnFbf] kl/j]z, :yfgLo k|fs[lts ;fwgsf pknAwtfsf cfwf/df cfufdL kxn x'gk' g]{ vfFrf] k/]sf] 5 . ;fnsf ?v k"0f{tof l5Kg ;tfAbL JofkL ;dofjlw nfU5 . casf] r'gf}tLnfO{ n]vfhf]vf / d"Nofª\sg u/L eljiosf nflu ;fn3f/L a9fpg klg ;Dkbf ;+/If0f, ;Djw{gd'vL b]g 7xl/g]5 . dfgj lgld{t dfgjLo ;Dkbf hu]gf{ ug{ k|sl[ t k|bQ k|fs[lts ;fwg klg cfwf/e"t ;Dkbf 7x5{ . ;Dkbf ;+/If0f, ;Djw{g, clg ;do;fk]If ug'{ ckl/xfo{ aG5 . rfs', ;fnw'k, df;sf] n]bf], 9'6f], vf]6f] cflb ld;fO{ tof/ kfl/g] d;nf clxn] k|of]udf /x]g .

To;nfO{ k'ghLlj{t ug{ g;lsg] t xf]Og . xfd|fdf xfd|} k|ljlw ljn'KtÚ x'g k'u/] xfdLdf lg/Lxkgn] nufd s;]sf] 5 . oL k|ljlw ljn'Kt x'g k'u/] } xfdLdf lg/Lxkgn] nufd s;sf] 5 . oL k|ljlwnfO{ j}bl] zs ;xof]u / ;xfotfdf g]kfndf k|lji6 /fi6«x? o:tf k|ljlw dfly lgs} rfv / cle?lr;fy vf]h, cg';Gwfg / cWoog/t /xG5g\ . clg :jb]z kmsL{ ltgdf k|of]uzfnfx?df ulx/f] k/LIf0f u/L gofF cfljisf/ ;/x u5{g\ . xfdL eg] cfkm\g} dfgl;stfn] cfkm}df nufd s;fO{ /x]sf 5f}F . e"sDkn] rs]d { sf{Psf 3/sf] uf/f]x? k'g:f{D+ ef/ ug{ gj k|ljlw d"ns tof/L d;nfx? o:t}o:tf ;Lkaf6 k|fb"ef{j Pj+ cfljisf/ eP ul/Psf ;fwg ;fdu|L x'g\ . o;/L j}1flgs k|ljlw k|of]u u/L hd{gLn] t}of/L d;nf j[xt dfqfdf÷clws /fzLdf k|fb"ef{j÷pTkfbg ul/Psf] hfgsf/L ePsf] 5 . oL eP xfd|f dff}lns ;+f:s[lts ;Dkbf , ;'/If0f, ;+/If0f, k|jw{g / k'g?Tyfg ;DjGwL ;f]r– ;/f]sf/ d"ns k|zª\ux? . @)&@ j}zfv] e"sDkn] tx;gx; kf/]sf df}lns ;Dkbf ;Def/, ;'/Iff / k'glgdf{0f ug]{ xfd|f] ;femf bfloTj ca xfd|} sfFwdf s'lDnFb} /x]sf] 5 . eTsL, lju|L ljgflzPsf ;Dkbfsf clen]v cGt/ut kg]{ kTo]s ;"rLs[t j:t' cg';f/

p:tfp:t} th'd { f o;sf] nflu klxnf] k|dv ' sfo{ aG5 . o;sf nflu 9'ªu\ f, OF6f, sf7 / c? wft' kbfy{ gh'/fO{ x'Gg . ;fdu|L h'/] kl5 ;Lk / sf}znjfg sf/Lu8 h'g{' k5{ g} . logsf] pkof]u / k|of]u ul/g] sfo{zfnf cflb k|aGw x'g' kg]{ g} 5 . tof/ eP ul/Psf ;fdu|L ;'/lIft ;ª\ux| x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 . k'/ftTTjsf dd{1x?sf k"0f{ /]vb]v, lgu|fgLdf ltgsf] ;ª\ux| x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . pkTosfsf o:tf ;Dkbf ;fdu|L :ynut ¿kdf ;'/If0f / ;ª\ux| 0f x'g;s] pTo'Qd x'G5 . o; k|sf/ :ynut ;+ro x'g g;Sbf j;f/k;f/sf] qmddf 6'6g\ ] km'6g\ ] 8/–efj sds x'g' :jfefljs 5 . !)= lk/fld8 / kfFrtNn] dlGb/ k|zª\ua;} pNn]v u/f}F Û e"ue{ljb e"sDk– zf:qLx?sf] dt 5 ls lk/fld8 z}nLsf lgdf{0f ;j} eGbf e"sDkLo hf]lvdd'Qm x'G5 . pgLx?sf] cWoog cg'ej cg';f/ ld> d'ns ' sf lk/fld8 bz xhf/ aif{ k'/fgf] 5 . clxn] klg Tof] h:tfsf] To:t} 5– lk/fld8 . To; z}nLsf] lgdf{0fn] hdLg lgs} km/fs–rf}8f lx:;fdf cf]u6\5 . a/fa/ nDjfO rf}8fOsf] lx:;fdf cf]u6]sf] ;dfg'kflts hdLgn] dha't husf] sfd ubf]{/x]5 . of] k|ljlwk"0f{ tj/tl/sfn] e"ld u|x0f ubf{ ;jn– ;fy{s ks8 -u|Lk_ xfNbf]/x]5 . eQmk'/sf] ªftkf]n– kfFrtNn] dlGb/ lgdf{0f klg oxL z}nLdf eP ul/Psf] lyof] / 5 . /fhf e"ktLGb| dNneGbf #)& jif{ cl3 k|oQ ' m k|ljlw lyof] Tof] . To; k|ljlwsf] cWoog cjnf]sg ;lhn} ug{ ;lsG5 . hdLgdflysf] rf}k§] km/flsnf] lkF9L x]/f}F . lgtfGt ul0ftLo /]vfÍg ldnfO{ k|To]s lkF9Lsf kfFr} tx plQs} ;dfg'kflts c+z–efu ldnfP/ lgld{t 5g\ .

HofldtLo sf]0f / /]vfÍg To;sf ljz]iftf /x]sf 5g\ . Pj+ k|sf/ OF6f, 9'ªu\ f, sf7, k]l6, vDaf, lgbfn, an] ; L, an] g L, 6' F 8 fn, blngx?sf ;dfof]hg ;dfGf'kflts ul0ft / /]vf ul0ftLo lj1fg ;Ddt ag] agfOPsf ul0ft lj1fgljb\x?sf] dd{ /x] ag]sf] 5 . lk/fd]l] 8sn lgdf{0f ljlw cg'sn " kfFr} txsf k|To]s 5fgfx? Kflg lk/fld8s} cfsf/ k|sf/df 9flnP/ p7fOFb} r'RofOPsf 5g\ . ltgnfO{

gfª\ u } cfF v fn] klg kof{ K t cjnf] s g u/L cg'el" tuDo agfpg ;lsG5 . a]nfvtdf dd{t ;Def/ u/L o; kfFrtNn] dlGb/ gfds :tDenfO{ !(@( / @)&@ sf b'j} dxfe"sDkLo k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft /fv]sf] oyfy{ cfFv} b]lv ;fIfL /x]sf] 5 Ù ag]sf] 5 . cjsf] gj o'usf gj o'jf k':tfn] lgtfGt j}1flgs cfwf/lznf agfO{ oL ;+f:s[lts w/f]x/sf ;Dkbf dfly uxgtd cjnf]sg, cWoog, cg';GwfgfTds vf]h ug'{ eJo / :k[xgLo /x]sf] 5. !!= lj6\dfg'{ cl3 hGde"ld ;+f:s[lts gu/ eQmk'/, /fhwfgL– sflGtk'/, nlntsnfn] ;';lHht nlntk'/ ;fy} cg]sf}F z}nLdf lgld{t df}lns c;ª\Vo ;+f:s[lts ;Dkbf o'Qm b]zsf ljleGg lhNnf &@ j}zfv !@,!#/ @( ut]sf zlQmzfnL nuftf/ dlRrPsf ltg nx/} e"sDkx?n] g]kfnnfO{ dxfljrNnLdf emf]:of] . dfq dfgj j:tL xf]Og cg]sf}F k|fs[lts ;Dkbf :ynx? Kflg ljrlnt cj:yfdf k'u] . ljZjsf] ;jf]R{ r r'r/' f] h;n] ;u/nfO{ cfkm\g} dfyfdf j/0f u/] tLklg rsL{dsL{ dfl;P . c;ª\Vo cGt//fli6«o / /fli6«o kj{tf/f]xLx? ef;df k'l/P/ ljof]udf k/] . e"sDksf cl3kl5 klg kxf8– kj{t :vng eP/ j:tLsf j:tL ufpFsf ufpF g} k'l/P . gbLx? y'lgg / crfgs k|jfx lnP/ j]ujfg aUg'n] csf]{ ;ª\s6 kg'{ g]kfn / g]kfnLs} nflu b'eL{Ifsf/L b'lb{g ;fljltP . cfxt k|lt /fli6«o / cGt//fli6«o /fxt cf]Ol/P . cJojl:yt /fxt ljt/0fn] jf:tljs cfxtx?n] Gofol;t /fxt gkfpg' lj8Djgf aGof] . o;sf cg]s cfofd b]lvP . b]zsf] ljs6 ef}uf]lns cj:yf, s7Lg b'ud{tf oftfoftsf c;'ljwf ePsf ufpFdf klg klx/f] ljrNnL c:j:y ;fdflhs ;+ h fn /fhgLlts csd{ 0 otf, nf]efgL]kfkfgLaf6 pAh]sf Jou|tf c;d~h;k"0f{ b'ef{jgf cflbn] b'lb{gdflysf /fxtn] ;'lbg afF8g\ g;Sg' g]kfnL lgolt aGof] . b'lb{gnfO{ ;'lbgdf kl/0ft ug{ t xfd}| dgleq 3fdsf kfO{nf l5g{ ;Sg' kbf]{ /x]5 . e"sDk kLl8t cfxtnfO{ cfPsf] k|1 f MM 45

/fxt ;fwg ddf{xt lrTsf/ aGof] . df}lns g]kfnL lgjf; lgdf{0f z}nL ljnIf0fsf lyP, /x] . ltgnfO{ e"sDksf k|jn k|sDkn] tx;gx; kf/] . To;/L g} g]kfnL :yfkTo snf– lj1fg / z}nL b]zs} k|fs[lts :j¿k, e"agf}6 / ;'Gb/ 56fcflbn] k|uf9 k|efljt /x]sf 5g\ . lzv/ z}nLsf lgdf{0f ljlw / k|ljlw lxdfn, kxf8– kj{tsf r/d r'r/' faf6 k|efljt k|tLs ag]sf 5g\ . 3/ dlGb/ ljxf/sf kfvf] 5fgf kfgL 9n aUbf] kxf8L kfvfaf6 cg'kf]l;t / k|efljt 5g\ . af}Wb lref / u'Dahx? a'4s} af]lw;Tjsf s'~h dfgj dl:tissf k|lt¿k ag]sf 5g\ . dfgb]j k|ydåf/f ;f]x; | o jif{ klxn] g} lgld{t rfFug' f/fo0f dlGb/ d08kz}nLdf lgld{t ;Dkbfsf uf}/j laGb' xf] . eQmk'/ b/jf/ kl/;/df lgld{t leqleq} d08kz}nL / aflx/ lzv/ z}nLsf jT;nf lznf dlGb/ o; kfnLsf] e" s Dkn] rsgfr' / kf/] s f] l:ylt x[boljbf/s 5 . o;sf] k'glg{df{0f cj r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5. of] e"sDkn] NofPsf] cGt/ r]t hfu/0f g};lu{s dfGg'k5{ . e"sDkLo hf]lvd o'Qm e"ue{ lj1fg–zf:qn] k|jn sDkgsf ;Defjgf as\bf klg alx/f] sfg kf/L uug r'DjL Odf/t lgdf{tfx?

Klg cj ;r]t ag]sf 5g\ . e"sDk kl5sf] cfefif ag]sf]5 . 9f]nsnfO{ lk6]/} ahfpg' kg]{ t'n;Ls[t /fdfo0f sfnLg plQm of] @! ;f}F ;tfAbL JofkL @)&@ j}zfv] a};fvLn] g]kfnLnfO{ 6]sfPsf] r]tfjgLk"0f{ /x\of] . e"sDkn] kf/]sf] gsf/fTds, ;sf/fTds cg]s k|efj dfem s]xL dfq oL ;+If]k x'g\ . ;f/;+If]kdf ;'emfj != olt lj£g ljklQ k'¥ofPsf] e"sDkLo a]xfnnfO{ k'ga{xfnL ug]{ sfd r'gf}tLk"0f{ bfloTj xfd|} yfKnf]sf] s'Dnf] xf] . o;nfO{ ljifo lj1x?, :yfgLo ;/f] s f/L ;+ f :s[ l ts ;Dkbfsf lxdfotLx?, oyf:yfgsf jfl;Gbfx?, :yfgLo g]tT[ jjfxs hgk|ltlglwx? cflbsf cnu cnu ljrf/–;'emfj ;ª\sng sfo{ wL/tf;fy ul/o'g\ . k|1 f MM 46

@= ;d"xut 5nkmnaf6 ;ª\sng eP, ul/Psf 7f]; 7f]; ljrf/x?nfO{ ;dLs/0f ul/o'g\ . ;dLs[t ljrf/–;'emfjx?nfO{ PsLs[t kfl/o'g\ . #= PsLs[t tL ljrf/– ;'emfx?nfO{ k'gM Psk6s sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/ lgsfox? ljr cfk;df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf lgldQ lg0f{fos a}7s– uf]i7L ul/o'g\ . tL lgrf]8x?nfO{ s[oflGjt ug]{ of]hgf th'd { f ul/o'g\ . To:t} of]hgf sfof{Gjog tflnsfdf k|To]s lgsfosf] lhDd]jf/L, sfo{ bfloTjx? :ki6 pNn]v ul/o'g\ .

To;df ;/f]sf/L lgsfosf ;xdlt ;"rs :jLs[lt lrGx nufO{ ;j}n] cfcfkm\gf] lgsfosf] clen]v sIfdf /flvo'g\ . tL lgsfosf ;j} clwsf/L– sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog u/fOo'g\ . tfls To; lgsfo k|d'vsf] cg'kl:yltdf klg a]/f]s6f]s sfo{ ;~rfng / ;'rf? ul//xg ;s'g\ . $= e"sDkn] u|:t kf/]sf 7fpFx?sf] e"ule{s l:ylt cWoog u/fOo'g\ . To;sf] cfwf/df dfq gjlgdf{0f sfo{ yflno'g\ . %= :yfgLo e"ue{ l:ylt cg'sn " /x]kl5 dfq lgdf{0f sfo{ yflno'g\ . ^= lgdf{0f sfo{df pkof]u ul/g] k|ljlw o'uLg ;Dkbf aGg agfOg /fi6«n] xfn b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFdf ;+rflnt k/Dk/fut lzk z}nLdf tof/ eO/x]sf pks/0f / ;fdu|L cfjZos dfqfdf tof/ kfg{ ltgLx?nfO{ cfjZos k|fT] ;fxg ;lxt a9fjf lbOo'g\ . 7Ls ;dodf e'QmfgL kfpFbf ltgLx? k|fT] ;flxt eP/ ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfonfO{ k'/fk'/ ;3fpFbf] aGg] 5g\ . &= k/Dk/fut ;Dkbf lgdf{0fdf jfXo :j¿k ;+f:s[lts z}nLd} ul/o'g\ . o'ufg"sn j}1flgs ;fhafh / pks/0fx? cGt/ j:t'sf ¿kdf k|oQ ' m ul/o'g . dfq eQmk'/ b/jf/ kl/;/df k'glgdf{0f eP ul/Psf hd{g l9kL cg'¿k kmnfd] lgbfn aflx/} b]lvg] u/L gt];f{Oo'g\ . *= rfFug' f/fo0f dlGb/ / ªftfkf]n lgdf{0fdf k|oQ ' m ci6dª\un o'Qm d;nf cj hd{gLn] j}1flgs tj/n] j[xt\ c+zdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] u/L lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] ¿kdf cflj:sf/ ul/;s]sf]n]

ltgnfO{ k|r/' dfqfdf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt pkl:yt eO;s]sf] 5 . (= sfi7sf/L lzNk ;fwgf / lznf lzNk ;fwgf eQmk'/ tyf nlntk'/df kof{Kt dfqfdf

;~rflnt 5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ tL sfo{df sd{7 ;+nUg u/fpg ;Sbf sfi7sf/Ltf / lznfsf/Ltf b'j} lzkd"ns pBf]uwGbfn] k'ghL{jg cfh{g ug]{ cj;/ agL g]kfnL pBf]u wGbf wGo /xg]5g\ .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L >]i7, ljhof -k|sflzsf_, ;+:s[ltsf cfofd, 8anL k|];, 6]s', @)%@ . k|1f -zf]wd"ns cw{jflif{s_, !)^ cª\s -sflQs–r}t, @)^*_, g]kfn k|1f–k|lti7fg, sdnfbL, sf7df8f}F .

P]ltxfl;s sf7df8f}F pkTosf, WjFh' klAns];g xfp;, eStk'/, @)^* . ld>, dbgdf]xg, xfd|f] snf / ;+:s[lt ljxª\ud b[li6, nlntk'/, @)$! .

Joshi, Hari Ram, Pages of the foogoten past, Research institite Lalitpur, 1998.

∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 47

e"sDk ljz]if cWoog

;Dkbfdf ;+jb] gzLntf uf]kLs[i0f 9'ªu\ fgf ljifo k|jz ] tTsfnLg ;dosf] ;du| ;Eotf emNsg] k|fs[lts jf k'/ftflŒjs ;fwg jf ;DklQnfO{ ;Dkbf elgG5 . ;Dkbfdf Oltxf; x' G 5 . k'/ftflŒjs dxŒj emlNsg] ;Dkbfx¿df Tof] ;dosf] Oltxf;, cfly{s ;Dj[4tf, snf, ;flxTo / ;+:s[lt kfOG5 . ;Dkbf b]zsf] klxrfg xf], cl:tTj xf] clg j}ej klg xf] . ;Eotf / ;+:s[lt ;d]6/] /fi6«sf] uxgf ag]sf ;Dkbfx¿ ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug'{ gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !& sf] pkwf/f # df ;+:s[lt;DaGwL xssf ¿kdf ;Dkbf cflbnfO{ o;/L JofVof ul/Psf] 5, …g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;f+:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ xs x'g5 ] .Ú cª\uh ]| L zAb …x]l/6]hÚ sf] g]kfnL …;DkbfÚ xf] . g]kfn k|fs[lts ¿kdf ;'Gb/ 5, o;nfO{ …;'gdf ;'uGwÚ yKg] sfd vf;u/L …;f+:s[lts ;DkbfÚ x¿n] u/]sf 5g\ . To;f] t k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] 5'§} dxŒj 5Fb5 } . g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg] ljZjsf ljleGg b]zsf gful/snfO{ g]kfnsf ;Dkbfx¿n] nf]EofPsf] kfOG5 . /fhwfgL sf7df8f}n F fO{ d7dlGb/sf] ;x/sf ¿kdf lnOG5 . d7, dlGb/, :t'kf, u'Daf, r}To, kf6L, kf}jf / ;x/sf 6f]n–6f]n / uNnL–uNnLdf kfOg] b]jb]jLsf d"lt{x¿n] ;du| /fi6«s} uf}/j a9fPsf 5g\ . htftt} b]Vg kfOg] o:tf ;Dkbfx¿ ;+/If0fsf] cefjn] rf]/L lgsf;L x'g] sfd klg eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnLsf] hLjgk4lt / hLjgz}nL ag]sf] g]kfnL ;+:s[lt ;Dkbf;Fu cgGo ¿kdf hf]l8Psf] kfOG5 . ljutb] l v cfh;Dd ;Dkbf / ;+ : s[ l tsf] x:tfGt/0fn] g]kfn hLjGt alg/x]sf] 5 . k|1 f MM 48

nfvf}+ ljb]zL ko{6snfO{ nf]Eofpg ;kmn xfd|f ;Dkbfx¿ @)&@ j}zfv !@ ut]sf] dxfe"sDkaf6 elTsPsf 5g\ . xhf/f}ªs \ f] ;ª\Vofdf ;Dkbfx¿ elTsFbf /fi6«n] 7'nf] Iflt Joxf]g{' k/]sf] 5 . xfd|f ;Dkbf k|frLg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g @)!# df …k|frLg :df/sÚ eGgfn] Oltxf;, snf, lj1fg, jf:t'snf jf :yfkTosnfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] dxŒj /fVg] Ps ;o jif{ gf3]sf] dlGb/, :df/s, 3/, b]jfno, lzjfno, d7, u'Daf, ljxf/, :t'k cflb ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbn] :df/s /x]sf] 7fpF / /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o b[li6sf]0fn] ljlzi6 d"No /fVg] Ps csf]; { uF hf]l8Psf] jf Ps} Onfsfdf a]Unfa]Un} ¿kdf cjl:yt dfgj a:tL jf :yn / k|frLg dfgj a:tLsf] cjz]if, k|frLg :df/sx¿sf] eUgfjz]if, u'kmf cflb ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg] pNn]v 5 . k|frLg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g @)!#, k[i7 g+= ! / @_ o;}u/L, …k'/ftflŒjs j:t'Ú eGgfn] k|fu}ltxfl;s sfndf dflg;n] lgdf{0f u/L pkef]u u/]sf] j:t' jf s'g} klg b]zsf] Oltxf; af]w u/fpg] x:tlnlvt j+zfjnL, x:tlnlvt u|Gy, :j0f{kq, lznfkq, tfd|kq, sfi7kq, ef]hkq, tf8kq, sfuhkq, d'bf| jf P]ltxfl;s 36gf 36]sf] jf P]ltxfl;s ljlzi6 JolQm a;]sf] 3/ / To:tf] JolQmn] k|of]u u/]sf] j:t' 9'ªu\ f, sf7, df6f], x:tLxf8, xf8, sfFr, sk8f, sfuh, wft' cflb jf a]na'§f e/L cfsif{s 9ª\un] agfPsf] 3/sf] s'g} dxŒjk"0f{ efu jf ;f] 3/df pkof]u ul/Psf j:t' jf a]na'§f e/L jf ge/L agfOPsf] d"lt{, b]jL b]jtfsf] dlGb/, r}To, zflns, kf}jflrq, kz'kG5L, :yfj/ hª\udsf] k|lts[lt / g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;do ;dodf g]kfn /fhkqdf

;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]lslbPsf] j:t';d]t ;Demg' k5{ egL P]gdf n]lvPsf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleqsf ltg lhNnf sf7df8f},+ nlntk'/ / eQmk'/df o:t} :df/s / k'/ftflŒjs j:t'x¿ ;Dkbfsf ¿kdf /lxcfPsf 5g\ . o;afx]s d'ns ' sf cGo uf]/vf, g'jfsf]6, kfNkf, b}nv ] , l;Gw'nL, vf]6fª, cf]vn9'ªu\ f nufotsf y'k}| lhNnfdf klg o:tf ;Dkbf ePsf sf/0f g]kfn ;Dkbfn] wgL b]zsf ¿kdf lrlgPsf] xf] . o'g:] sf]sf] ljZj ;Dkbf If]qdf g]kfnsf ;f+:s[lts / k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ /flvPsf 5g\ . ;"rLs[t ul/Psf ;ft ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfdf sf7df8f}+ b/af/ If]q, kf6g b/af/ If]q, eQmk'/ b/af/ If]q, kz'kltgfy dlGb/, :joDe"gfy, af}4gfy / rfFug' f/fo0f dlGb/ 5g\ . pkTosfsf oL ;DkbfnfO{ o'g:] sf]n] ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;g\ !(&( df /fv]sf] xf] . k|fs[lts ;Dkbfdf ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h, lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h / n'lDagL If]qnfO{ ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;g\ !((^ / To;kl5sf jif{x¿df d':tfªsf] d'lQmgfy pkTosfsf] u'kmf jf:t'snf, kgf}ltsf] dWosfnLg jf:t'snf, vf]sgf, /fdu|fd, nf]–dfGyfª, ah|of]lugL / ;fFvs ' f k|f/DeLs a:tL, k|frLg zfSo clw/fHosf k'/ftflTjs cjz]if /x]sf] ltnf}/fsf]6, /fdhfgsL dlGb/, g'jfsf]6 b/af/ If]q, l;+hf pkTosf, uf]/vfl:yt dWosflng b/af/ If]q, sLlt{k/' sf] dWosfnLg a:tL, ?? If]qsf] Clifs]z kl/;/, tfg;]gsf] dWosfnLg gu/, b}nv ] sf] e"lt{ dlGb/ If]qnfO{ klg ;"rLs[t ug{sf nflu k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . ;"rLs[t ePsf / k|:tfj ul/Psfsf ;fy} d'ns ' e/ /x]sf d"t{ -6\oflGhan_ / cd"t{ -Og6«oflGhan_ u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf g]kfnL ;Dkbfsf ¿kdf /fi6«s} uxgf ag]/ /x]sf 5g\ . dxfe"sDkn] cd"td{ f Go"g / d"td{ f w]/} Iflt k'¥ofPsfn] oxfF d"t{ ;Dkbfx¿sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] xf] . lognfO{ ;/sf/, ;d'bfo / lghL If]q ;a}af6 ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug'{ h?/L 5 . e"sDkkl5 ;Dkbfsf] cj:yf rls{ P sfb] l v k" 0 f{ ¿ kdf Wj:t ePsf g]kfnsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ljj/0f x]g{] xf] eg] e"sDk

cfpg'cl3 ul/Psf] cfFsngeGbf w]/} u'0ff a9L Iflt ePsf] 5 . e"sDkn] ljz]ifu/L sf7df8f}F pkTosf / cf;kf;sf bh{g eGbfa9L lhNnfdf k'¥ofPsf] Iflt x]bf{ ;f]re ] Gbf a9L k'/ftflŒjs ;Dkbfx¿ gi6 ePsf b]lvG5g\ . ko{6sLo b[li6n] ljZjs} cfFvfdf k/]sf] g]kfnsf] csf]{ k|d'v ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf /x]sf ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ;Dkbfx¿ klg () k|ltzt Wj:t x'g' g]kfnLsf nflu b'ef{Uo ag]sf] 5 . k' / ftŒj ljefun] u/] s f] ;j] { I f0fn] pkTosfleqsf o:tf k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbf / :df/sx¿ () k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf elTsPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/s} dftxtsf] t/ :jfoQ ag]sf] u'7L ;+:yfgn] eg] ltg ;o @# d7, dlGb/ / ;Qn elTsPsf] hgfPsf] 5 . ljleGg !& lhNnfsf tL P]ltxfl;s :df/sdWo] Ps ;o @& k"0f{ ¿kdf Wj:t ePsf], Ps ;o && df cf+lzs Iflt / !( j6fdf ;fdfGo Iflt k'us ] f] hgfPsf] 5 . -ljefun] ;~rf/dfWodsf nflu tof/ kf/]sf] lj1lKtdf cfwfl/t_ k|f/lDes cg'dfgcg';f/, ;+:yfgn] oL ;a} :df/ssf] k'glg{df{0fsf nflu sl/a !% ca{ ¿k}ofF nfUg] hgfPsf] 5 . t/ la8Dagf g} eGg'k5{, ;+:yfg d'ns ' e/sf b'O{ xhf/ *# j6f o:tf d7 / dlGb/df k"hf, kj{, hfqf / d]nf ;~rfng ug{dfq cfkm";uF ah]6 x'g] u/]sf] atfpF5 . o:tf dxfljklQ cfOk/] s] ug]{ eGg] s'g} ljsNk ;+:yfg;Fu b]lvFbg} . ;/sf/n] ;+:yfgnfO{ olta]nf 7'nf] lx:;fdf ah]6 g5'6o\ fpg] xf] eg] ;+:yfg dftxtsf ;a} :df/s oxL cj:yfdf 9ln/xg] 5g\ . 9ln/xg]dfq} xf]Og, x/fP/ / gfz eP/ hfg] vt/f plQg} 5 . –ljefun] ;~rf/dfWodsf nflu tof/ kf/]sf] lj1lKtdf cfwfl/t_ ;+:yfg;Fu sf]ifdf ah]6dfq cefj ePsf] xf]Og, b}jL k|sf]kkl5 ug'{ kg]{ s'g} klg sfddf ;d]t ;+:yfg lg/Lx 5 . slt;Dd eg] Wj:t ;+/rgf k'glg{df{0fsf nflu %) jif]{ k'/fgf] ;+:yfg;Fu g ;+/If0fljb\ 5g\, g cfls{6S] 6 g t k'/ftTjljb\ g} . e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno dftxtsf] of] ;+:yfg @)%) ;fnb]lv :jfoQ ePkl5 r/d cfly{s ;ª\s6 Joxf]b{} cfPsf] 5 . k|1 f MM 49

@)@! ;fnb] l v ;~rfngdf cfPsf] ;+:yfgnfO{ ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)$(÷%) b]lv k|zf;lgs vr{ / dd{t;Def/nfO{ lbOg] cg'bfg s6f}tL u/]bl] v ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] xf] . d7, dlGb/ / ;Qn;Fu} bftfn] lbPsf hUufx¿ qmdzM gfFl;b}, cltqmd0fdf kb}{ / x/fpFb} hfFbf ;+:yfg olta]nf …eP/ klg ul/aÚ sf] cj:yfdf k'us ] f] xf] . /fh;+:yf x'bF f wgL dflgg] ;+:yfgn] cfˆgf] cl:tTj arfpg g;Sbf qmdzM ul/adfq ag]sf] 5}g, olta]nf k'glg{df{0fsf nflu ;/sf/sf] d'v tfSg'sf] ljsNk gePsf] cj:yfdf k'us ] f] ;+:yfgsf cWoIf sdn 1jfnL atfpF5g\ .

1jfnLsf cg' ; f/, ;+ : yfg dftxtsf sf7df8f}s F f xg'dfg 9f]sf, u2L a}7s ;fd'Gg]sf] dfh' b]jn, :joDe", b; cjtf/, hª\ulx/0o x]dgf/fo0f dlGb/ nufotsf $# j6f :df/s k"0f{¿kdf Wj:t ePsf 5g\ . nlntk'/df /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfy, dgsfdgf dlGb/, e}/j dlGb/, xou[j e}/j dlGb/ nufotsf !! j6f :df/s k"0f{¿kdf Wj:t ePsf 5g\ . o;}u/L, pkTosfs} csf]{ lhNnf eQmk'/df rfFug' f/fo0fsf] ;Qn, tn]h' jT;nf dlGb/, kml;b]jn dxfb]j dlGb/, 8f]nZ] j/ dxfb]j dlGb/, e}/j /fVg] 3/, Sjf708f}+ d7, ;"ol{ jgfos dlGb/sf ;Qnx¿ u/L @! j6f :df/s k"0f{ Wj:t ePsf 5g\ . -;+:yfgsf cWoIf 1jfnL;Fusf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t_ rfFug' f/fo0f dlGb/ eg] k"0f{ Wj:t x'g kfPg t/ rf/} s'gfsf ;'/x¿ hldg ;txeGbf aflx/ k'us ] f sf/0f dlGb/ efl;Psf] 5 . dlGb/ eg] k"/} klZrdtkm{ efl;P/ 9lNsPsf] 5 . !(() ;fnsf] dxfe"sDkn] s'g} Iflt gk'¥ofPsf] rfFug' f/fo0f dlGb/sf] 5fgf ltg jif{cl3dfq sl/a !( nfv ¿k}ofF vlr{P/ dd{t ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L, @)%* ;fndf :jL; ;/sf/n] sl/a %% nfv vlr{P/ dlGb/sf] blIf0fL df]x8fsf] hL0ff]4{ f/ ul/P klg cdfTo ;Qn klg k"0f{ ¿kdf elTsPsf] 5 . g]kfnl:yt cd]l/sL b"tfaf;n] sl/a () nfv vlr{P/ agfPsf] pQ/L df]x8fsf] klg ;Qn k"0f{ ¿kdf Ifltu|:t ePsf] 5 . ;+:yfgnfO{ olta]nf bf]xf]/f] bafa 5 . k|1 f MM 50

Psyl/ cfP/ e"sDk uPsf] dlxgf lbg lalt;Sbf klg ;+:yfg s] x]/L a;]sf] 5 < tTsfn agfOxfn elg/x]sf] 5 . csf]l{ t/ ;ef;b\x¿sf] 6f]nLn] eg] o:tf P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbfx¿ agfpg xtf/ ug'{ x'Gg, hf] s;}nfO{ lbP/ ¿k /ª\u laufg'{ x'Gg eG5 . ;dod} ;dGjo ug{ g;Sbf ;+:yfg l9nf] eO;s]sf] lglZrt xf] . k'/ftŒj ljefu;Fu ;dGjo u/]/ cl3 a9]dfq ;+:yfgsf] lxt x'g] b]lvG5 . ;+:yfgn] :df/sx¿ k'glg{df{0fsf nflu s]xL t ug{ ;SYof] t/ ;/sf/ :jod\ o;sf nflu afws alg/x]sf] kl/l:ylt 5 . sf7df8f}ªs \ f] d'6' gS;fndf /x]sf] @) /f]kgL eGbfa9L hUuf /x]sf] glGbs]z/ u'7Lsf] hUuf xfn au}rf ePsf] v'nf 7fpF_ clwu|x0f u/] klg ;/sf/n] ;+:yfgnfO{ xfn;Dd s]xL lbPsf] 5}g . hgsk'/ gu/ If]qleqsf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ /fv]/ klg ;/sf/n] ;f]jfkt klg s]xL lbPsf] 5}g . o:t} bh{gf}+ 7fpFdf ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] cflwkTo hdfP klg ;+:yfgnfO{ ;f]jfkt /sd glbFbf ;+:yfg z"Go ag]sf] xf] . oL ;a}af6 ;+:yfgn] ;/sf/af6 rf/ ca{ ¿k}ofF eGbf a9L /sd kfpg] lx;fa /fv]sf] 5 . ljZjs} cfsif{0fsf ¿kdf /x]sf] w/x/f / gf} tn] b/af/ klg sfd} gnfUg] u/L elTsPsf 5g\ . w/x/fsf] cjz]ifdfq afFsL 5 eg] gf} tn] b/af/sf] dflyNnf] efu Wj:t eP klg tnsf] efu afFsL 5 t/ To;nfO{ k"0f{¿kdf k'glg{df{0f gu/];Dd ko{6snfO{ k|jz ] lbg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . sf7df8f}ª\s} u2L a}7s, sfi7d08k, nlntk'/ a'ªd \ ltdf /x]sf] /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] dlGb/ nufotsf ko{6sLo cfFvfdf /dfPsf ;Dkbfx¿ Wj:t x'gn ' ] g]kfns} ko{6gnfO{ dh}n] k|efj k/]sf] kfOG5 . xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/ If]qdf ;+/lIft :df/s If]qleqsf gf} tn] b/af/dfq xf]Og, dfh'bj] n, s[i0f dlGb/, b; cjtf/ gfr b]vfpg] q}nf]Sodf]xg gf/fo0f dlGb/, k|tfk dNnsf] ;flns -k|tfkWjh_, nIdLgf/fo0f dlGb/, tn]h' ejfgL dlGb/sf] k|jz ] åf/sf] lzj dlGb/, b]ut' n]hs ' f] sf};LeGbf d'lgsf] efu, lji0f' dlGb/, eujtL -j;Gtk'/ sflnsf

dlGb/_ dlGb/, dxfb]j dlGb/, 9's6' Lsf rf/j6} ;]G6«L cflb Wj:t ePsf 5g\ . sf7df8f}d + } gu/f 3/, xg'dfg 9f]sfsf] k"jL{ / blIf0fL nª, ;'Gb/L rf]s / df]xgsfnL rf]ssf clwsf+z efux¿, gf;n rf]ssf] blIf0f klZrdsf] nª, lqe'jg ;ª\u|xfno, k~rd'vL xg'dfg, cfufª\5] dlGb/, d"nrf]ssf] blIf0fL nª cflbdf klg Iflt ePsf] 5 . kfz'kt If]qsf ljZj¿k dlGb/, ;f]sf] k"j{lt/sf] kf6L / pQ/tkm{sf ;Qnx¿, u'xZ] j/L dlGb/, hoafu]Zj/L dlGb/, lsF/ft]Zj/ dlGb/, cfo{3f6sf] ;]tf] lzjfno, k~rb]jn, lhthª\u k|sfz]Zj/ dlGb/ / ;f]sf] ;Qn, zª\s/frfo{ dlGb/ / cf>d, dxf:gfg 3/, zª\vgf/fo0f ;Qn, d[To'~ho dxfb]j dlGb/, tfd|Z] j/ dxfb]j dlGb/, uf]/vgfy dlGb/, e08f/ 3/, rGb|Z] j/ ;Qn, /fd dlGb/, nIdLgf/fo0f dlGb/, afudtL k' n kf/Lsf] 3f6 / ;Qn, cgGtgf/fo0f dlGb/ / d"lt{, k~ru0f]z, eid]Zj/ rf]ssf ltg lzjfnosf ;fy} pbf;L cv8f klg dxfe"sDkn] IfltljIft agfPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}ªs \ } s'df/L 3/, lzjkfj{tL dlGb/, tn]h' dlGb/, dxflji0f' dlGb/, sljGb|k/' ;Qn klg rls{Psf 5g\ . ko{6s tfGg] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfs} csf]{ P]ltxfl;s gu/ eQmk'/df klg o:tf bh{gf}+ ;Dkbfx¿ Wj:t / cf+lzs ¿kdf Iflt ePsf 5g\ . eQmk'/ b/af/ If]qsf Goftkf]n dlGb/, nf}xrf]ssf] eQmk'/ 6fj/, s]bf/gfy dlGb/, 8f]nZ] j/ dlGb/, nfna}7s, aT;nf dlGb/, xl/zª\s/ ;Qn / kml;b]u cflb 5g\ . kl5Nnf jif{df s]bf/gfysf] lz/ dflgPsf] 8f] n ] Z j/ dlGb/ elTsg] l:yltdf k' u ] k l5 lzjlnª\unfO{ j}zfv @( ut]sf] csf]{ 7'nf] k/sDk uPs} lbg ;'/lIft kfl/Psf] 5 . of] dlGb/ dNnsfnLg ltg tn] Kofuf]8f z}nLsf] lyof] t/ !*() / !(() ;fnsf] e"sDkn] Iflt k'¥ofPkl5 ;f] dlGb/nfO{ u'Dah z}nLdf dd{t ul/Psf] xf] . nlntk'/df klg /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfy dlGb/, rf/ gf/fo0f dlGb/, of]ug/]Gb| dNnsf] ;flns, xl/zª\s/ dlGb/, ;f]7 6f]ndf /x]sf] /fwfs[i0f dlGb/ / ufaxfndf /x]sf] s[i0f dlGb/ k"0f{ ¿kd} Wj:t ePsf 5g\ . o;afx]s pkTosf aflx/sf dxTTjk"0f{

P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfx¿ klg ;of}ªs \ f] ;ª\Vofdf Wj:t, cf+lzs Iflt / ;fdfGo rls{Psf 5g\, h;sf] tYofª\s cfO;s]sf] 5}g . k"0f{ ¿ kdf Wj:t ePsf] w/x/faf/] b' O { lsl;dsf] hgdt ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g\ . Psyl/ clxn] ar]sf] w/x/fnfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} /fVg' k5{ / 5]jd } f csf]{ e"sDk k|lt/f]wL w/x/f agfpg' k5{ . csf]y{ l/ ar]sf] w/x/f t:jL/df /fVg] / eTsfP/ ;f]xL 7fpFd} csf]{ gofF w/x/f agfpg' k5{ . -ljefusf dxflgb] { z s bfxfn;F u sf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t_ k'/ftŒj ljefusf dxflgb]z { s e]ifgf/fo0f bfxfnsf cg';f/, led;]g yfkfn] afub/af/leq / /0faxfb'/ zfxsL kTgL lqk'/f;'Gb/Ln] xfnsf] w/x/f ePsf] :yfgsf] w/x/f agfPsL x'g\ . !*() ;fnsf] e"sDkn] b'j} w/x/fnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . ;o jif{kl5 k'gM !(() ;fndf cfPsf] dxfe"sDkn] afub/af/df /x]sf] w/x/f k"/} Wj:t / xfnsf] :yfgdf /x]sf] w/x/fsf] dflyNnf] efudfq eTsfPsf] lyof] .

To;kl5 afub/af/leq w/x/f ag]g t/ led;]g yfkfn] xfnsf] w/x/f -!(() cl3 !! tnf_ nfO{ gf} tnfdf k'glg{df{0f u/] . To;}n] w/x/fnfO{ …eLd;]g :tDeÚ elgof] . -ljefusf dxflgb]z { s bfxfn;Fusf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t_ elTsPsf ;Dkbf / :df/sx¿ agfpg' ;/sf/sf] d'Vo bfloTj xf] . t/ oL ;DkbfdWo] ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ePsf kz'klt, rfFª\u'gf/fo0f, :joDe" nufotsf ;Dkbfx¿ ;/sf/n] PSn} k'glg{df{0f ug{ ;+ej 5}g . o;sf nflu sf7df8f}lF :yt o'g:] sf]sf] sfof{no;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug}k{ 5{ . o;af/] o'g:] sf]nfO{ ljefun] hfgsf/L u/fO;s]sf] 5 eg] o'g:] sf]n] klg cfˆgf] 9ª\un] cWoog / ljZn]if0f ul/;s]sf] 5 . ljefusf] hfgsf/Lkl5 o'g:] sf]n] klg k'glg{df{0fsf nflu o' g ] : sf] n ] cfjZos bIf hgzlQmsf ;fy} cfktsfnLg ;xof]u;d]t ug]{ jrg;d]t lbO;s]sf] 5 . olt x'bF f x'bF } klg ;/sf/n] s'g ;DkbfnfO{ klxn] / s'gnfO{ kl5 agfpg] eGg]df k|fyldstf { s lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . -ljefusf dxflgb]z bfxfn;Fusf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t_ k|1 f MM 51

k'glg{df{0fsf nflu ;/sf/L tof/L ;+j]bgzLn ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f u/L sfd tTsfn yfNg' ;/sf/sf] klxnf] st{Jo b]lvG5 . ;Dkbfx¿ sltko lr/flr/f k/]/ 9Ng} nfu]sf cj:yfdf klg 5g\ . dlxgf}F lalt;Sbf klg k/sDkx¿ cfO/xg] qmd hf/L /xFbf oL w/fk ;+/rgfx¿ hlta]nf klg 9Ng ;Sg] ePsfn] ;/sf/ o;k| l t ;r] t / ;+ j ] b gzLn x' g } k5{ . e"sDkljb\x¿n] xfn} u/]sf] Ps cWoogkl5 cem} ^ dlxgf;Dd k/sDk uO/xg] atfPsf 5g\ . km]l/ xtf/df ul/g] sfd n6/k6/ eg]em}+ klg x'g' x'bF g} lsgls o:tf ;Dkbfx¿sf] df}lnskg u'Dg] vt/f klg TolQs} x'G5 . lemSg] qmddf 6'6g\ ] / km'6g\ ] vt/faf6 hf]ufpg' plQs} r'gf}ltsf] ljifo xf] . d'ns ' e/sf ;du| ;Dkbf / :df/sx¿sf] lhDdf lnPsf] ;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s lgsfo k'/ftŒj ljefun] dxfe"sDkaf6 Wj:t, cf+lzs Iflt / ;fdfGo Iflt ePsf P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf ;Dkbf / :df/sx¿nfO{ ltg r/0fdf k'glg{df{0f ug]{ ;f]r cl3 ;fl/;s]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfP/ sfd yfNg] ljefun] hgfPsf] 5 . ljefusf cg';f/ @)&@ j}zfv !@ ut]sf] dxfe"sDkaf6 ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t () k|ltzt ;Dkbf k"0f{ / cf+lzs Iflt ePsf 5g\ eg] d'ns ' e/ kfFr ;o *! d7, dlGb/, ;Qn, kf6Lkf}jf elTsPsf 5g\ . k'glg{df{0fsf nflu kfFrb]lv !) jif{;Dd nfUg] ljefusf] cg'dfg 5 . ljefun] tof/ kf/]sf] xfn;Ddsf] tYofª\scg';f/, k"0f{ / cf+lzs ¿kdf Iflt ePsf ;Dkbfx¿df sf7df8f}dF f Ps ;o (&, nlntk'/df &), eQmk'/df $@, wflbªdf !*, wg'iffdf hfgsL dlGb/, bf]nvfdf #$, uf]/vfdf dgsfdgf dlGb/nufot #%, sfe|d] f #&, ndh'ªdf @#, g'jfsf]6df @@, /fd]5fkdf !), /;'jfdf &, tgx'Fdf @*, l;Gw'nLdf pu]{gtf;L u'Daf / l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf !( j6f /x]sf 5g\ . ljefun] cNksfnLg of]hgf cGtu{t k"0f{ ¿kn] Wj:t ePsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf ;fdu| L x¿sf] OGe] G 6« L kmf] 6 f] u | f kmL ;lxtsf] k|1 f MM 52

8s'dG] 6];g u/L tL :yfgnfO{ ;'/lIft ug]5 { . ljZj ;Dkbf :yncGtu{t sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf ;ftj6f ;+ / lIft ;Dkbf If] q x¿sf] l/sG:6« S ;g / l/Xoflaln6];gsf nflu o'g:] sf]sf] rf;f] x'g] ePsfn] ;dGjodf sfd ul/g] ljefusf] egfO 5 . -ljefusf dxflgb]z { s bfxfn;Fusf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t_ Iflt k'us ] f ;Dkbfx¿sf] yk Iflt x'g glbg ljz]if1x¿sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ ;'/lIft ¿kdf eTsfO{ ;Dkbf ;'/Iffsf nflu cfjZos sfd x'g5 ] . ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f, k'glg{df{0f / hL0ff]{4f/sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnf, :jb]zL Pj+ ljb]zL ljz]if1 ;a}nfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ lj:t[t ;dLIff, cGtlqm{of / /fli6«o :t/sf] uf]i7L ;~rfng ug]{ sfd x'g5 ] . cNksfnLg of]hgf cGtu{t g} ljefun] Ifltu|:t ;Dkbfx¿sf] k'/fgf kmf]6f]uf| km, Ol:6d]6, gS;f l8hfOg ;ª\sng ug]b{ l] v cGo :df/sx¿sf] gS;f 8«Oª / l8hfOg tof/ kfg]; { Ddsf sfd x'g5 ] g\ . oL ;a} sfd c;f/ d;fGtleq ;lsg] ljefusf dxflgb]z { s bfxfnn] hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ . dWosfnLg of]hgfdf ljefun] cNksfnLg of]hgf sfof{Gjogkl5 cfPsf ;'emfjx¿nfO{ b[li6ut u/L juL{s/0f / k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / k'glg{df{0f sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] 5 . k|fyldstfdf k/]sf ljZj ;Dkbf :yn Pj+ cGo :df/sx¿dWo] ;fpgb]lv b'O{ ca{ ¿k}ofFsf] sfo{qmd ax'jifL{o 7]Ssfdf hfg] u/L sfo{of]hgf agfP/ cl3 a9\g5 ] . ;f] sfo{of]hgf :jLs[ltsf nflu ljefun] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf k7fPsf] 5 . o;} u /L, bL3{ s fnLg of] h gf cGtu{ t cNksfnLg / dWosfnLg of]hgfaf6 ;DkGg ug{ g;lsg] vfnsf ax'jifL{o ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g' kg]{ u/L k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf :df/sx¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf k'glgdf{0fsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g] ljefusf] tof/L 5 . h;sf nflu ljefun] { s sfd;d]t yfln;s]sf] 5 . -ljefusf dxflgb]z bfxfn;Fusf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t_ j}zfv !@ ut]sf] ;ft bzdnj ^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] dxfe"sDk, ef]lnkN6sf] d'Vo k/sDk, j}zfv @( ut]sf] csf]{ 7'nf] em8\sf / rf/ /]S6/sf ;of}+ k/fsDksf ;fy} ;f]eGbf d'lgsf #) xhf/ eGbfa9L

;–;fgf k/fsDkx¿n] b]zsf] /fhwfgL, sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / cf;kf;sf bh{g eGbfa9L lhNnfx¿sf ;+/rgf hL0f{ ePsf 5g\ . To;sf] k|efj ;Dkbfx¿df klg plQg} k/sf] 5 . oBlk /fli6«o uf}/jsf ;Dkbfx¿ kz' k ltgfy, :joDe" , gf/fo0flx6L b/af/, a'9flgns07 cflb clxn];Dd ;Un} 5g\ . s'df/L 3/, sfne}/jsf] d"lt{, xg'dfgsf] d"lt{, tn]h' ejfgL dlGb/, lbJo 306f, czf]sljgfos, u0fs'6L dxfb]j, sljGb|k/' -wg;f_, nIdLgf/fo0f nufotsf ;Qn cflb klg s]xL ePsf 5}gg\ . pkTosf cf;kf;sf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ ;d]t s]xL gePsfn] ko{6snfO{ tflg/xg] cj:yf Ho"bF } 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ …;fO6 l;gÚ sf nflu af6f] v'Nn} 5 eGg] ;Gb]z ;~rf/dfWodx¿af6 lbO/xg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . ko{6sx¿sf] /f]hfOsf w'lnv]n, blIf0fsfnL, gu/sf]6, lzjk'/L cflb If]qsf af/]df ljb]zL ;~rf/dfWoddfkm{t ;Gb]z lbg ;s] k'/ftTTj;Fu} hf]l8Psf] ko{6g Joj;fodf sdL cfpg] lyPg . casf] af6f] ;/sf/ ;Dkbfx¿df ;+jb] gzLn /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxgf lbg glaTb} d'ns ' e/sf Wj:t, cf+lzs Iflt / ;fdfGo Ifltaf/]sf] tYofª\s lnO{ cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg of]hgf agfP/ cl3 al9;Sg' sd r'gf}ltk"0f{ sfd xf]Og . oL ;a} sfd ljefun] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf] ;dGjo / lgb]z { gdf lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf agfP/ cl3 a9\g nfu]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/ ;lqmo ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ oltdfq}n] ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f / k'glg{df{0fdf ;/sf/ ;+jb] gzLn 5 elgxfNg ldNb}g . ljefun] oL ;Dkbf ;+/If0f / k'glg{df{0fsf nflu ljb]zL JolQmb]lv ;+:yf;DdnfO{ cgf}krfl/s 9ª\un] cfu|x ul//x]sf] 5 . rLg, ef/t, cd]l/sf, stf/ / hd{gL nufotsf d'ns ' x¿n] klg o;sf nflu rf;f] b]vfO;s]sf 5g\ . rf;f] b]vfpFb}df jf agfOlbG5g\ eGb}df ;/sf/ xf}l;g' kSs} ;xL xf]Og .

Pp6f s'g} ljb]zL gful/sn] s'/fsfgLsf qmddf Ps g]kfnL gful/s;Fu eg]sf] ljifoaf6 xfdLn] ;xh} a'‰g'kg]{ x'G5 ls g]kfnL ;Dkbf /

:df/sx¿sf] dxŒj slt 5 eg]/ . dxfe"sDk cl3 p;n] eg]sf] lyof] /], …dnfO{ eQmk'/sf] rfFug' f/fo0f dlGb/ lbg] xf] eg] d xfnsf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosf h:t} csf]{ ;x/ a;fOlbg ;S5', Tof] klg xfnsf] dxfgu/h:tf] cJojl:yt xf]Og, cem eJo, ;'Gb/ / Jojl:yt . To;sf nflu hlt ah]6 nfuf];\ .Ú xfdL w]/} g]kfnLnfO{ rfFud ' f ePsf d"lt{ / ;Dkbfx¿sf] olt 7'nf] dxŒj 5 jf oL ;Dkbfx¿ Tolt d"Nojfg\ 5g\ eGg] ;fob} yfxf xf]nf . g]kfnLsf] gh/df gk/]sf] s'/f] csf]{ Pp6f ljb]zL gful/ssf] cfFvfn] atfpFbf yfxf kfpg'n] k|i6 x'G5 ls xfdL ;Dkbfk|lt slt pk]lIft 5f}+ . s] x L ;docl3sf] 36gf xf] , ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL ag]kl5sf] klxnf] g]kfn e|d0fsf qmddf g/]Gb| df]bLn] kz'kltgfy dlGb/sf] hL0ff]4{ f/ ug]{ k|wfgdGqL :t/d} s'/f /fv]kl5 s]xL dlxgfcl3 kz'kltgfysf] gfkhfFrsf nflu 6f]nL k7fP . b'O{ ltg lbg sfd u/]kl5 yfxf eof], kfz'kt kl/;/df aflx/af6 xf]Og, d"n dlGb/af6 ;f] sfd yflnPsf] /x] 5 . h;sf nflu ;+ : s[ l t dGqfnosf] ;dGjodfq e]l6of] . :jo+ kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]ifn] ;d]t kl/ifb\sf] a}7s ;d]t ga;L lg0f{o gu/L sfd yflnPsf] kfOof] . ef]lnkN6 Ps b}lgs cvaf/df ;dfrf/ k|sflzt eof] . ef/tLo k'/ftŒj ljefusf] pQm 6f]nL kmls{of] . xfn;Dd pQm sfd cl3 a9]sf] 5}g . o;af6 klg k'li6 x'G5 ls cGo b]zn] g]kfnsf] ;DkbfnfO{ cGo b]zn] slt ;+jb] gzLn 9ª\un] x]l//x]sf 5g\ / pgLx¿ rfxG5g\, g]kfnsf o:t} k|dv ' ;Dkbf cfˆgf] b]zdf klg agfpg kfOof];\ . h;af6 :jb]zsf] cy{tGq ljb]z ghfcf];,\ cem ;lsG5 eg] leq\ofpg kfOof];\ . wfld{s ko{6g d'ns ' sf] cy{tGq j[l4 ug]{ k|dv ' ;| f ] t xf] eGg] a' e m] s f b] z x¿n] g] k fnsf ;Dkbfx¿df cfFvf nufpg' :jfefljs xf] . xfdL g]kfnL cfˆg} ;'uGw ;'£F g ;ls/x]sf 5}gf},+ yfxf kfO/x]sf 5}gf}+ . cfˆg} dxŒj a'‰g g;Sbf g]kfn k5fl8 kl//x]sf] 5 .

To;} n ] klg ;/sf/n] ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+jb] gzLntf a'‰g h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 . ePsf k|1 f MM 53

;Dkbfx¿ ;+/If0f ug{ g;Sbf g]kfn 3'Dg cfPsf] axfgfdf sof}+ ljb]zLn] g]kfnL d"lt{ cflb ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf k'¥ofPkl5 lkmtf{ u/]sf ;of}+ pbfx/0f xfdL ;fd" 5g\ . ljb]zL JolQm jf ;+:yfn] elTsPsf oL ;Dkbf ;+/If0f jf k'glg{df{0fsf nflu ;xof]u u5{g\ eg] ;/sf/L lgod sfg'gcg'¿k Psåf/ k|0ffnLdfkm{t hfg' k5{ . nufgLstf{n] ;/sf/sf] vftfdf /sd hDdfdfq ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf x'g' k5{ g ls :jod\ agfpg kfpg] . lgisif{ d"t{ xf];\ jf cd"t{ ;Dkbf, b'j} b]zsf ;DklQ x'g,\ uxgf x'g\ . …c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg lbg ;s]dfq cfkm"n] ;Ddfg kfOG5Ú eGg] egfOnfO{ dgg\ ub}{ ;/sf/ / gful/s b'j}n] cd"No ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ ;s]dfq o;sf] k|ltkmn kfOG5 . ;Dkbfljgfsf] /fi6« ck'/f] / cw'/f] x'G5 . o;sf] cefjdf /fi6«dfq xf]Og, gful/sx¿sf] hLjg klg hLjGt x'g ;Sb}g . ;f+:s[lts d"No / dfGotf;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'gfn] ;Dkbf hf]ufpg' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] . dxfe"sDkkl5 elTsPsf / rls{Psf xhf/f}+ o:tf ;Dkbf k'glg{df{0f, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ cleef/f olta]nf ;/sf/ / :jo+

gful/ssf] sfFwdf cfOk/]sf] 5 . ar]sf ;Dkbfx¿af/] ;sf/fTds ;"rgf lbg] / elTsPsfnfO{ agfpg] sfddf s'g} s;/ afFsL g/fv] g]kfnnfO{ …:ju{Ú 7fg]/ cfpg] ljb]zL ko{6sx¿ k'gM k'/fg} ;ª\Vofdf cfpg] 5g\ . k'glg{df{0fsf] qmddf ;/sf/n] k'/fgf] ;+/rgf hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ tf]8df]8 u/] tL ;Dkbfx¿df …jf:tljs :jfbÚ kfOg] 5}g . slt;Dd eg] cfw'lgstfsf gfddf klg ;/sf/n] k'/fgf] :j¿knfO{ laufg'{ x'bF g} . …cf]N8 Oh uf]N8Ú eGg] plQmnfO{ sfod /fVg ;s] g]kfnL ;Dkbfx¿ k'gM k'/fg} cj:yfdf kmlsg]5 { g\ . k'/fgf] k':tfsf oL l;h{gf / ;DklQnfO{ ;/sf/n] k'glg{df{0f / hL0ff]4{ f/dfkm{t hf]ufpFb} qmdzM gofF k':tfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ub}{ hfg' bfloTj klg xf] . o;sf nflu ;/sf/n] hlt;Sbf] rfF8f] k'glg{df{0f / hL0ff]4{ f/sf sfd ;DkGg ug'{ kg]5 { . ;+ej 5 eg] of] sfd lghL If]qnfO{ lhDdf lbg] eGbf klg ;/sf/n] g} ug'{ a'l4dfgL x'g5 ] . cGo b]zn] ;xof]u ug{ rfxG5g\ eg] Psåf/ k|0ffnLdfkm{t ;/sf/L 9's6' Ldf /sd ;ª\sng u/L lgdf{0fsf] sfd eg] cfkm}+ ug'{ >]o:s/ x'g5 ] . of] bfloTj;Fu d'ns ' sf] Oltxf; aRg]5 / Tof] Oltxf; cyf{t\ ;Dkbfx¿n] ko{6g ljsf; u/L …;Dj[4 g]kfnÚ agfpg ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]5 .

;Gbe{x¿ g]kfn ;/sf/, ;ª\3Lo dfldnf, ;+;bLo Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno, /fli6«o ;+:s[lt gLlt @)^&, sf7df8f}+ . kGt, lbg]z/fh, …sfi7d08ksf] syfÚ, uf]/vfkq, @)^* ;fpg !$ . k|frLg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g, @)!#, sf7df8f}F . kf}8\ofn, jL0ff, …sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf lji0f'ljej d"lt{ / lrqx¿Ú, g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, @)^@ . kf}8\ofn, jL0ff, sfo{kq …xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/ If]qsf P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ k'/ftflŒjs :df/sx¿df e"sDk @)&@ sf] k|efj / r'gf}tLÚ .

Hoffman, Barbara T., Art and cultural heritage: law, policy, and practice, Cambridge University Press, 2006 Sandis, Constantine, (ed.), Cultural Heritage Ethics: Between Theory and Practice, Open Book Publishers, 2014 Probst, Peter, "Osogbo and the Art of Heritage: Monuments, Deities, and Money", Indiana University Press, 2011 https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki

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k|1 f MM 54

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cle3ft Joj:yfkgdf xf:oJoª\Uo ;flxTosf] e"ldsf k|f=8f= uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{ cf/De cfhsf] jftf{ ljifo …cle3ftÚ zAbl;t ;Da4 5 . of] kb 6«fd ] fsf] cg'jfb xf] . lu|;n ] Ldf …3fpÚ jf …rf]6Ú cy{ x'g] zAbn] cª\uh ]| Ldf ;qf}F ztfAbLdf k|j]z kfPsf] xf] . 6«f]dfsf b'O{ cy{ 5g\— s_ dgf]lj1fgdf— bL3{sfnLg k|efj 5f]8\g] zlQmzfnL wSsf, k|xf/, dfgl;s cf3ft, / v_ Kofyf]nf]hL cyf{t\ /f]ulj1fgdf— s'g} k|sf/sf] rf]6 jf 3fp .1 o;/L cfsl:ds 36gfn] pTkGg u/fPsf] rf]6, k|xf/, 3fp, kL8fnfO{ cf3ft elgG5 . zf/Ll/s rf]6n] klg dfgl;s cf3ft pTkGg x'g ;S5 . dfgl;s cf3ft eGgfn] cToGt} ulx/f]l;t Jolyt u/fpg], lgTo em:sfO/xg], Jofs'n u/fpg] k|efj, c;/ jf rf]6 xf] . cf3fts} ;dfgfyL{ cle3ft k|oQ ' m5. otfsf bzsdf dfgj ;dfhdf cg]s hl6ntf ylkFb} uPkl5 hLjg klg Hofbf c;'/lIft x'g yfn]sf] 5 . rf]/L, 8s}tL cem anfTsf/, afn zf]if0f, c¿ k|sf/sf cdfgjLo sd{sf] k|ToIf c;/n] c;'/lIft ju{ Hofbf k|tfl8t 5 . o:tf k|sf/sf dfgj sd{n,] lx+;fn], :jfy{ / d"vt{ fn] pTkGg x'g] cf3ft Ps k|sf/sf 5g\, k|fs[lts k|sf]k / cfsl:ds ;+xf/n] lbg] csf{] k|sf/sf . t/ b'jn } ] lbg] k|efj tf p:t} x'G5 . o:tf k|efjsf] cWoog jf pkrf/nfO{ …6«fd ] f :6l8hÚ …cle3ft 1 2

cWoogÚ n] x]g{ yfn]sf] 5 . cle3ftnfO{ Pp6} kl/efiffn] o;/L a'emfpF5— cle3ft zAbnfO{ ;+ju] fTds jf efjfTds ¿kn] kL8fbfoL / b'vb cg'el" t jf kl/l:yltnfO{ JoQm ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 .

To:tf kl/l:yltn] sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf ug{] IfdtfnfO{ gi6 ul/lbG5 . dflg;nfO{ zlQmxLg, lg;xfo agfOlbG5 . cle3ftnfO{ obfsbf ;fdfGo dfgj cg'el" tsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/sf] kl/l:yltsf] ¿kdf klg kl/eflift ul/G5 .2 lx+;f, cfj|md0f h:tf s'/fx¿ cle3ftsf Psbd si6s/ ¿k x'g\ eg] csf{lt/ e]befj, hfltjfb, cTofrf/, 3f]/ ljkGgtf oL klg ;j{JofkL cle3fts tŒj x'g,\ tL slxNo} cGTo gx'g] kL8f klg . l;4fGtsf] cf/De cle3ft l;4fGtsf] cf/De gofF xf] . bf];f| ] ljZjo'4hGo j|m/" tf / ljgfz, To;kl5sf] leotgfd o'4, hfkfgn] ef]us ] f] ;j{gfzs ;+xf/ / lx6n/sf] kfzljstf ;a} k|sf/sf ;j{gfzs cg'ejaf6 ca o:tf] sd{sf] k|xf/n] kLl8t dfgj hfltnfO{ klg x]/f}F eGg] p2]Zon] cle3ft l;4fGt cfPsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df @)%$ ;fnb]lv jL/ c:ktfndf 6«f]df ;]G6/sf] lznfGof; ePsfn] pkrf/lj1fg -Kofyf]nf]hL_ df o;sf] k|jz ] eof] eg] ;flxTo ;dfnf]rgfdf of cl3Nnf] bzsdf lelqof] . ;j{ky| d d}n] ;flxTosf] ;Gbe{df of] …cle3ftÚ eGg] kb, dx]zljqmd zfxs[t syf;ª\ux|

i. evere emotional or mental distress caused by an experience. ii. A serious injury to the body, as from physical violence or an accident.

The word ‘trauma’ is used to describe experiences or situations that are emotionally painful and distressing, and that overwhelm people’s ability to cope, leaving them powerless. Trauma has sometimes been defined in reference to circumstances that are outside the realm of normal human experience. Unfortunately, this definition doesn’t always hold true. For some groups of people, trauma can occur frequently and become part of the common human experience.

k|1 f MM 55

5fkfdf/sf] 5f]/f] -@)^#_ sf] e"ldsfdf k|of]u u/]sf] lyPF . pgsf syfdf eo / cftª\saf6 pTkGg x'g] zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s ljrngsf cg] s b[ i 6fGt 5g\ eg] kl5 pQ/cfw' l gs ljdz{ -@)^$_ df o'4 ;flxTo / cle3ft l;4fGt zLif{ s cGtu{ t cle3ftsf] ;} 4 flGts cjwf/0ff cg';f/sf s[lt ;dfnf]rgf k|:t't u/]sf] 5' . To;otf ;flxTo k7gkf7gdf cle3ftsf] 9f]sf v'ns ] f] 5 . cle3ft Ps k|sf/sf] kIff3ftsf], ljrngsf], c;Gt'ngsf], lj:d[ltsf] l:yltdf k'Ug] qmd xf] . o:tf] l:yltdf k'us ] f kfq / rl/qaf/] n]lvPsf cg]s l;h{gf cfO/x]sf 5g\ . cem ljZjo'4n] pTkGg u/]sf k"0ff{x'lt -xf]nf]s:6_, cfdxTof -h]gf];fO8_, tLaf6 afFrs ] f kfqx¿n] u/]sf] aofg, ltgdf cfwfl/t cfVofgaf6 jf l;h{gfaf6 of] cle3ftsf] l;4fGt hGd]sf] xf] . ltg bzs k'Uof]— cle3ft l;4fGt cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] ljifosf] ¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . cl3 tf 6«f]dfn] zf/Ll/s IfltnfO{ dfq hgfpFYof] . o;n] 5]l8Psf], rf]6k6s nfu]sf], 3fOt] eGg] ;Lldt cy{ a'´fpFYof] . kl5, la;f}F ztfAbLb]lv 6«fd ] fsf] cy{ afXo zf/Ll/s Ifltdf ;Lldt g/xL :gfoljs, dfgl;s / dgf]j1 } flgs;Dd k'Uof] . la:tf/} cf}iflwlj1fgLn] s] a'em] eg] dflg; zf/Ll/s Ifltaf6 k"0f{ ¿kn] lgsf] x'g ;S5, t/ dfgl;s rf]6 lgsf] x'g w]/} nfUb5 . To;kl5 6«fD} ofl6s Go'/f]l;;, ge{; zs h:tf …;D´gfsf /f]uÚ sf] gfds/0f x'bF } uof] . o;cGtu{t lx:6]l/of, lxKgf]l;; -;Ddf]xg_, 6«fG; -cfTdlj:d[lt_, lgb|f gnfUg], ljlIfKttf, cj;fb -l8k|];g_, vl08tdg:stf -l;hf]lk|mlgof_ cflb cg]s /f]u kb{5g\ . clxn] cfP/ cle3ftn] JolQmn] ef]us ] f dfgl;s rf]6b]lv lnP/ ;fj{hlgs hLjg;Dd 5f]Psf] 5 . dgf]/f]uL, of} g b' / frf/Lsf l;sf/, cGo k| s f/sf cf3ftef]uLx¿ ;a} kb{5g\ . jt{dfg ;dfhn] lx+;fsf ljleGg k|sl[ t ´g\ w]/} vKg' kl//x]sfn] o;sf] b'Mv ´g\ a9]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ Pp6f o:tf] cfFwL;Fu t'ngf ul/Psf] 5, h'g xfd|f] cl:tTjsf] d'6; ' Dd} kl;;Sof] . cfh cg]sf}F ;d:ofn] Pp6} k|1 f MM 56

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Trauma center is advanced health institution required for the comprehensive care of the injured person. www healthnet org np \article \orthopedic\rks\html

o; ;DaGwdf cflwsfl/s ;|f]taf6 s]xL s'/f k|:t't ug{ rfxG5' . e"sDk eg]sf] k[YjLsf] ue{df /x]sf 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6x¿sf] rfn / 7Ss/sf] k|efj xf] . To;kl5 lgM;[t x' g] e"sDkLo t/ª\un] Nofpg] Wj+zfTds kl/0ffdsf] cg'el" t xf] . o:tf] rfndf cfsl:ds ¿ksf] dWodb]lv pRr ultsf] sDkgsf] cg'ej x'G5 . sDkg tndfly x'G5, j/k/ x'G5, kfgLsf] 5fne}mF t/ª\udf aU5 . o;n] 7'nf7'nf If]q 9fSg ;S5 . o:tf] sDkg s]xL ;]sG] 8b]lv w]/} ldg]6;Dd rNg ;S5 . of] leqleq} s/fpg] 8/nfUbf] cfjfhl;t rN5, Tof] lgDg ef]No'dsf] Wjlgb]lv dfly pRr dfqfdf dfnuf8L hlQs} s/fpg] x'G5 . k"j; { r " gfa]u/ pTkGg x'g] o:tf t/ª\unfO{ l/S6/ :s]n tyf ds{nL :s]n u/L b'O{ k|sf/n] dfkg ul/G5 . l/S6/ :s]nn] sDkdf slt zlQm lgM;[t eof] eGg] tYo atfpF5 eg] df]l8kmfO8 ds{nL :s]nn] rflxF k[YjLdf x'g] Iflt, Wj+; jf ljgfzsf] dfqf slt xf], ;f] atfpF5 . e"sDkn] ;dfhnfO{ 7'nf] Iflt k'¥ofpF5— 3/ n8\5g\, ljBfno elTsG5g\, k'n–afFw, /fhdfu{ / cUnf ejg gi6 x'G5g\ . Uof; nfOg k'm6]/, lah'nL k8\lsP/ cfunfuL x'g ;S5 . kfgLsf kfOk Wj:t eP/ ;d:of pTkGg x'G5 / 9ngfnL lau|/] /f]u k}mlng ;S5 . w]/h } ;f] efUbf n8]/ 3fOt] x'G5g\, sltnfO{ kvf{nn] lxsf{p5 F , ;fdfg v:5g\, lrlKnG5g\, o;n] Rofk]/ k'//] df5{, cfunfuLn] 89fpF5 . lz/df, 3fF6Ldf / 5ftLdf nfu]sf 3fprf]6 cToGt} 3fts x'G5g\ . jif{df ;fnfvfnf &) j6f 7'nf e"sDk rN5g\, tLdWo] s]xLn] 7'nf ljWj+;, ulx/f rf]6k6s / d[To' NofpF5g\ . ;fdfGotof d"n sDkkl5sf k/sDkx¿ rN5g\ . ;do JotLt x'bF } hfFbf k/fsDkx¿ clns ;fdfGo dTy/ x'Fb} hfG5g\ t/ ;'?df rn]sf] d"nsDkeGbf cg'sDkx¿n] emg\emg\ 7'nf] Iflt ug{ ;S5g\ clg k|yd sDkkl5 dlxgf}; F Dd klg tL rln/xg ;S5g\, h:tf] ls b'O{ dlxgf k'Ug} nfUof] xfd|fd ] f rNb} 5 . kl/jf/ / afnaRrdf k|efj k|1 f MM 57

e"sDkx¿ cgk]lIft / Hofb} Wj+;fTds x'g] ePsfn] cToGt} qf;b klg x'G5g\ . 3fOt] xf]OG5 ls dl/G5 eGg] 7'nf] eo x'G5 . kl/jf/af6 5'l§g' knf{, cfˆgfx¿ sxfF s] 5g\ kQf gkfOPnf, gfgLx¿n] ejg 9n]sf b]Vnfg\, c¿ ljgfznLnf b]Vnfg\, cToGt} g/fd|f] u/L 3fOt] ePsf d/0ff;Gg dflg; b]Vnfg\, slt d[t b]x b]Vnfg\ . x]b}{ hfFbf st} cfkmGt– gft]bf/ klg lat]sf] kfOPnf, pgLx¿sf 3/ df6fdf ldn]sf] b]lvPnf . To;df klg zf/Ll/s ckfª\utf ePsf cyf{t\ ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf JolQmsf] nflu e"sDkn] 7'nf] sl7gfO pTkGg ub{5 . xfdLn] cg'ej u/]sf 5f}F . e"sDkkl5 dflg;x¿ To:tf sDkgsf b[Zo b]Vg], Wjlg ;'Gg], To:tf] uGw cg'ej ug{,] To:tf] ;+jb] gf cg'ej ug{,] ToxL If0fsf] ;ftf] lng] ;Demgf cfpg] eO/xG5, w]/} jif{;Dd klg To:tf] eO/xG5 . o:tf cle3ftk"0f{ em:sfn] a8f] si6k"0f{ dfgl;s ljDa pTkGg ul//xG5g\ . To:tf efjgf, ljrf/ / ;+j]u NofO/xG5g\ . z/L/n] To:tf] k|ltlqmof ul//xG5 . ;fdfGotfdf kmls{g w]/} nfU5 . dflg;nfO{ em:sfO/xg] tŒjdf k/sDkx¿ cfpg', kvf{ndf lr/f b]lvg', leqleq} wtL{ pDn]sf] cfjfhx¿ cfpg', eUg ejg– Odf/tx¿, cfuf]sf] w"nf]sf] uGw, e"sDk cfPsf] a]nf cflQPsf] 7fpF, ckfª\ u tfn] o' Q m dflg;sf] b[ Z o, dnfdL, bfx;+:sf/, kl5kl5 x'g] jflif{s sd{x¿, clg e"sDk ljifosf 6]lnlehg, /]l8of], Go'h, cvaf/ cflbsf sf/0fn] k]ml/k]ml/ em:sfO/xG5 . e"sDksf 3fpn] ;w}e F l/ ef]luPsf cle3fts If0f / Ifltx¿ ;DemfO/xG5 . e"sDkkl5sf a;fOsf If0fx¿ vfB, kfgL, lah'nL, otfoft, gfgLx¿sf :j'mn, sn]h, sfd, sf/vfgf, sfof{no, b}lgsL ;a} eTs]/–lau|/] aFrfO g} si6k"0f{ x'g hfG5 . of] ;lsg dlxgf}F jf jiff{+} nfUb5 . o:tf sl7gfOl;t h'Wbfh'Wbf dflg;sf] h'Wg] zlQm klg IfL0f x'bF } hfG5 clg ;+ju] fTds t/ª\u klg j}lnFb} hfG5, kl/0ff:j¿k To;af6 lgsf] x'g] Ifdtf klg b'an { x'g hfG5, dflg; lgTo sfFt/ x'bF } hfG5g\ . ;+;f/el/sf afnaflnsf Pjd\ jo:sdfly ul/Psf cg]s cWoog cg';f/ e"sDkkl5 lgDg kl/0ffd k|1 f MM 58

pTkGg x'g] s'/f b]vfPsf] 5 M — h;n] e"sDk;DaGwL cToGt} s7f]/ k|efj vKof] jf To:tf] cg'ej u¥of], Iflt a]xf]¥of], p;n] TolQs} s7f]/ cle3fts tgfj / lrGtf÷zf]s ef]Ub5 . To; 36gfkZrft\ afnaflnsf Pjd\ jo:sdf ;a}eGbf 7'nf] lrGtf ljof]usf] x'G5 .

— 7'nf7'nf e"sDkkZrft\ l8k|];g -cj;fb_ ;fdfGo /f]u x'g hfG5 . tgfjo'Qm hLjgz}nLn] cg]s lj36g lgDTofpF5 .

— To;kl5 j}jflxs lj36g, st{JoRo'lt, j|mf]w k|bz{g cyjf P]sflGts :jefj, zf/Ll/s :jf:Yosf] af/]df u'gf;f ;'? x'G5g\— 6fpsf] b'Vg], k]6 b'Vg], w8\sg a9\g,] 5ftLdf s7f]/tf clg ?lr / kfrgdf u8a8L OToflb .

— afnaflnsf / jo:ssf] dgdf ;+;f/sf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfk|lt ljZjf; ;dfKt x'G5, pgLx¿ lgTo c;'/lIfttf af]w ub{5g\ . 7'nf7'nfn] cfk"mnfO{ arfpF5g\ eGg] efjgf ;dfKt x'G5 .

— e" s Dkn] pTkGg u/] s f o:tf k| s f/sf dgf]j}1flgs kl/0ffdaf6 ljz]if k|sf/sf] cle3ft cyf{t\ lrGtfj]mlGb|t dfgl;s :jf:Yo ;]jfn] clns d2t ug{ ;S5 . oBlk ;a} lg/fs/0f tf sxLF 5}g .4 cfhsf] ;Gbe{df o:tf e"sDkhGo cle3ft ef]Ug]x¿sf] lgldQ ;flxTon] s;/L pkrf/fTds sfo{ ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/f p7]sf] 5 . of] If]q cle3ft Joj:yfkgsf] xf] . of] s'/f klg xfdLn] ljZjlt/ x]//] } cfˆgf cg'ej ld;fP/ l;Sg' kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . cle3ft Joj:yfkg e"sDk pTkfbs cg]s kl/l:ylt / tTTj x'G5g\ . o'4, åGå, ljefhg, ´u8fn] 7'nf cfkb NofpF5Ù ToxfF k|tfl8tsf] dgdf cfˆgf] zq';uF n8\ g ] , g;s] cj;/ 9' S g] , p;sf] cGTosf] k|fy{gf ug]{ sd{ x'G5 . t/ e"sDk c1ft zlQmaf6 lg;[t kl/0ffd ePsfn] sf]xLl;t l/;fpg], ´u8f ug],{ ufnL ug]{ k|ltzf]wsf] df}sf x]g{" s'g} pkfo 4

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/xFbg} . dflg; PSn} s'lF 8P/ b'Mlvt / dgdf x] k|e' Û c¿ 7'nf] k|xf/ gul/b]pm eGg' afx]s c¿ s'g} pkfo 5}g . dflg; pkfoxLg l:yltdf r]lK6G5 .

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g]kfndf e"sDk sljtf cfF;s ' f yf]kf cfTdfsf hnk|kft x'g\ lbjª\utx¿sf] nflu tL cjZo jlif{G5g\ tL tf kL8fsf df}g cfjfh x'g\ lsgls tL cfFvfaf6 o;} jlif{G5g\ afOandf klg ;a}eGbf 5f]6f] Znf]s 5 hxfF lhh; qmfOi6 :jod\ ?G5g\ To;}n] ltd|f] kL8f c;Xo eof] eg] yfld/x]sf] cfF;' v;fOlbg" ha ltd|f lk|ohgn] lg/fzfaf6 d'lQmsf] ;xf/f vf]lh/x]sf x'G5g\, cyjf ltdLnfO{ g} dflyaf6 pgn] af]nfO/x]sf x'G5g\ To;a]nf cfF;x' ¿ d':sfgeGbf lk|o x'G5g\ cfF;s ' f yf]kf tf lk|ohgn] k7fPsf pkxf/ x'g\ clxn] u'8afO eGg] of] a]nfdf ha cfFvfx? lr;f / ;'lGgPsf 5g\ t/ w}o{ u/, ;don] ltgnfO{ ;'sfpg] 5g\ xfF;f]eGbf kL8f 5 pQd lsgls a]bgfn] xfdL ;'lw|G5f}F tL ;f/f wGo 5g\ hf] kL8f g;lsGh]n /f]Ox/G5g\ Pp6fb]lv csf{] cfsfzsf] tf/fdf 6]Qm} :ju{sf] v'nf åf/sf] vf]hLdf cfˆgf] uGtJolt/ d[To'kl5 xfd|f cfTdf p8\g] 5g\ O{Zj/n] xfdLnfO{ ?gsf nflu ;[li6 u¥of] lrGtfn] xfdLnfO{ 8/fpg l;sfof] xfdL :jfyL{ / qm"/ aGof}F cfhsn hals hLjg 5 olt 5f]6f] / Kof/f] ;a} cfFvfaf6 ;don], tL ;f/fsf cfF;' k'Rg]5 h;sf] Åbo kL8fdf x'ss ]{ f] x'G5 k|1 f MM 59

h;n] cfF;s ' f] e]n aufpF5 pxL ef]ln cledlGqt x'G5 cg'jfb— 8f= uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{, @)&@–@–( bf];f| d ] f, o;/L k[YjL lgTo lgdf{0ffwLg 5 / 6]S6f]lgs Kn]6x¿ ;b{} 7f]ljFmb} u5{g\, To;af6 e"sDkLo t/ª\u -l;l:ds j]e_ x? lgM;[t x'G5g\Ù k[YjLsf cfsf/ aG5g\ lau|G5g\Ù e"sDksf] dfkg o;/L x'G5, o:tf] e"uf]ndf o:tf] x'G5 eGg] e"ueL{o cWoogn] dg a'emfpg hfGg] csf{] ju{ 5 . ltgsf nflu klg o;/L s'/f a'em] kl5 l:ylt s]xL ;xh x'G5 . t/ hg;fwf/0f o;sf] sf/0f / kl/0ffd a'‰g g;Sg], s'g} cGwljZjf;df k/L /f]Os { /fO{ ug{] jf k"hfcfhf dfq ug{] Ps y/L 5g\ . dgdf kL8f / Jou|tfn] s'l07t o:tf] ju{sf] 5]pdf k'uL ;flxlTos dfWodn] pgLx?nfO{ xF;fpg]–e'nfpg] h:tf y]/fkLsf] k|of]hg / dxŒjsf] s'/f ub{} 5f}F . lsgls 6«fd ] f y]/fkL cToGt} 7'nf] dxŒjsf] ljifo xf] . ;fdfGo cj:yfdf ;flxTonfO{ cfgGbsf/L, dgf]xf/L, kL/lrGtf gfzs tŒjsf] ¿kdf j0f{g ul/G5 . vf; u/L /f]dflG6s sfnsf] ;flxTon] To:tf] dfGotf /fVYof] . cfheGbf !)) jif{ cl3 /f0ff zf;gsf] cGwsf/ o'udf klg slj w/0fLw/ zdf{ sf]O/fnfsf] g}a]Bsf] ;flxTo ;'wf zLif{s sljtfdf n]lvPsf] 5— g t emfFlqm g a}B g Hof]ltlifn] pkrf/ u/L dg zfGt lbg] dg/f]u lg/f]u u/fpF5 of] lkj sfJo;'wf /; cf}iflw xf]

dgnfO gdflem x'bF g} c/], dg :jR5 ge} ;'v 5}g e/] dg–z"n–lgjf/0f sf/0f of] u'g sfJo ;/L c? s] 5 ld7f] Û Ps;o jif{ cl3sf] cg]s oftgf kL8fsf] r/d cj:yf ef]lu/x]sf ;dfhdf w/0fLw/n] sfJo– ;flxTosf] lrlsT;sLo dxŒj b]v] ha ls cfheGbf rfln; jif{bl] v dfq} kfZrfTo hut\df ;flxTosf] lrlsT;sLo dxŒjaf/] cWoog x'g yfn]sf] 5 . w/0fLw/ s'g} kfZrfTo n]vs ePsf] eP pg}nfO{ k|1 f MM 60

;flxTo y]/flksf hGdbftf eGy] xf]nfg\, Ps cGwsf/ d'ns ' df hGd]sf w/0fLn] To:tf] pHofnf] b]Vg kfPgg\ . lxhf]cfh tf afnaflnsf / ljBfyL{sf] lgldQ klg sljtfsf] lrlsT;sLo dxŒj h:tf ljifodf dgf]j1 } flgs cWoog / k|of]u a9\b} 5g\ . ;flxTosf] lrlsT;sLo k|of]u cGtu{t ;fOsf]y/] flk ul/G5 . o;df y]/flki6n] pkGof; gf6s sljtf ;'gfP/ la/fdLdf ;xfg'el" t pTkGg ul/lbG5 .

To;df klg la/fdLsf cfˆg} n]v /rgf ;'Gg kfP t p;sf] kL8fdfly w]/} cGtb{l[ i6 ldN5 . t/ g]kfndf eg] of] :t/sf la/fdL lrlsT;s h'6g\ ' w]/} kl5sf] s'/f xf] . ;flxTosf] k|of]unfO{ pkrf/fTds k4lt elgPem}F xf:o / Joª\UonfO{ klg pkrf/fTds ;fdu|L elgG5 . xf:o efj pTkGg ug]{ ;flxTo]Q/ cGo dfWod klg pknAw /x]sf 5g\, k/Gt' oxfF ;flxTosf] rrf{ ub}5 { f}F . cle3ft Joj:yfkgdf xf:o Joª\Uosf] dxŒj t/ zf]s, lrGtf / eon] lgn]sf e"sDk lelS6dnfO{ …sfJo;'wf /;Ú pTkGg u/L cf}iflw ug{' d'l:sn k5{ . dflg;nfO{ Ifl0fs pGd'lQmaf6 lj:d[ltlt/ n}hfg] tŒjsf] cfjZostf 5 . pgLx¿ zf/Ll/s–dfgl;s b'j} kL8fn] cfqmfGt 5g\Ù ljz]if gfgLx¿ eoeLt 5g\ . o:tf] ljZjf;n] ubf{ xfdL xf:oJoª\Uolt/ nfu]sf xf}F . lsgls xf:oJoª\UonfO{ ;a}n] y]/flksf ¿kdf :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . ;a} k|sf/sf 6«fd] fsf cfcfˆgf y]/flk 5g\— Hjfnfd'vL, cfFwLx'/L, ;'gfdL, e"sDk k|To]ssf .

Joª\UonfO{ klg d]l8sn ljZjn] y]/flksf ¿kdf k|of]u ub{5 . Joª\Uosf] k|of]uåf/f zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+ju] fTds kL8faf6 d'lQm lbnfpg] sd{ x'G5 . o;n] lrGtf / tgfjaf6 d'Qm u/fpF5 . :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ Nofpg Joª\Uo y]/flksf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;n] la/fdL lgsf] x'g] k|lj|mofnfO{ ;xfotf u5{, cf/fd lbnfpF5 / la/fdl;t h'w/] p7\g ;3fpF5 . Joª\Uon] kL8fcg'el" tnfO{ sd u/fpF5 . o;n] cfjZos ¿kdf kL8f ;xg] Ifdtf a9fpF5, dl:tisdf /x]sf] ljz]if Go'/f]6f« G;ld6;{nfO{ ;lj|mo u/fO{ kL8f lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

tgfjsf/s xdf{g] 36fpg d;nnfO{ cf/fd lbnfpFb} dgnfO{ rf]6af6 ljslif{t ub{5 .5 t/ Joª\UoeGbf xf:onfO{ t ;a}n] …nfˆ6/, b d]l8l;gÚ eg]sf 5g\ . To;}n] cª\uh ]| L slj hh{ u8{g n8{ afO/gn] eg]sf lyP— ;s];Dd ;w}F xfF:g] ugf{; ] \ lsgeg] of] ;a}eGbf ;:tf] cf}iflw xf] .6 xfn} k|sflzt k|ltj]bg7df xf:o/;sf] lrlsT;sLo dxŒj b]vfpFb} cg';Gwftfn] eg]sf 5g\, xfF;f]sf] hqf] /f]u lgbfgfTds zlQm cyf]s { s]xLdf 5}g . cf}iflw lj1fgdf kfFr k|sf/sf xfF;f 5g\, tLdWo] clGtd Kofyf]nf]lhsn nfˆ6/ -lrlsT;fTds xf:o_ sf] 7'nf] dxŒj 5 . To;f] t ljlIfKtx? Soflkmg, cNsf]xn, PnP;8L, nflkmª Uofk;Dd k|of]u u5{g\ t/ o:tf s[lqd pkfon] Joyf e'nfpg vf]Hbf wfts kl/0ffd ef]Ug' k5{ . To;}n] xfdL lgbfgfTds xf:oefj rfxG5f}F . lgbfgfTds xf:oefjnfO{ pgLx¿n] o;/L kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\— o:tf] lrlsT;sLo xfF;f] s'g} ljz]if k|/] s pQ]hs tŒj ljgf pTkGg x'G5Ù o:tf] xfF;f] ;+ju] fTds kl/jt{gl;t klg ;Da4 5}g, o;/L pTkGg xfF;f]sf] cjlw tLj|tf d'vfs[ltsf] cfef jf d'bf| ;a} s'/f :j}lR5s lgoGq0fdf x'bF g} , obfsbf o;nfO{ æKofyf]nf]lhsn qmfOªÆ lgbfgfTds lrTsf/ klg elgG5 .8 o:tf] lrTsf/sf] rl/q cs}{ x'G5 . lgisif{ ctLtb]lv hut\n] xfF;f]sf] clt pRr d"No tf]ss ] f] 5 . xfd|f sfJozf:qn] gj/;dWo] xf:onfO{ Ps dxTTjk" 0 f{ dfg] s f] 5 . e/t d' l gåf/f gf6\ozf:qdf kl/eflift xf:o /; clego snfdf,

gf6sdf, sljtf, ;ª\uLt cflb snfdf JoQm x'G5 . h;sf] p2]Zo dl:tisnfO{ pNnl;t ug'{ elgPsf] 5 . kfZrfTo hutdf klg xf:o efjsf] dxTTj / k|frLgtf cToGt} nfdf] 5 . lu|;n ] L jf:t'snfdf rflxF xf:osf] :yfg z"Go 5, o;n] z/L/nfO{ la¿lkt u5{, clgolGqt b]vfpF5 . kl5 xf]dl/s sfJob]lv xf:o cfof] . k"jd { f clt k'/fgf] 5, xfd|f b]jb]jtfsf klg slt k|zGg d'bf| 5g\Ù nflkmª a'4sf] sqf] dxTTj 5Ù klZrddf klg eujfg\ xfF:t5g\ . t/ xf:o p2]Zok"0f{ uDeL/ x'gk' 5{ . cg]sf}F pQfpnf efje+ludfaf6 hah{:tL pTkGg ul/Psf] km'sf] xf:oefj / :jfefljs ¿kn] la:tf/} /d/d leq} 5f]O/xg] zlQmn]–k|:t'ltn] p7fPsf] xf:odf 7'nf] cGt/ 5 . xfdL o:tf] efjsf] xf:o rfxG5f}F . xf:o ;flxTosf] nfdf] k/Dk/f ePsf] kfZrfTo hut\ d f s] x L ;dsfnLg wf/0ff lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M 6d Gof:a/Lsf] egfO— An optimist laughs to forget, a pessimist forgets to laugh— Pp6f cfzfjfbL ;f/f s'/f e'Ng xfF:t5, hals Ps lg/fzfjfbL xfF:g} lal;{G5, o;n] ;a}nfO{ 5'G5 . xfF;f]sf dxQfaf/] c¿ b'Or { f/ plQm l6k]/ dfq} d /f]lsg rfxG5' M Ps /fd|f] xfF;f]n] cg]s rf]6 lgsf] kf5{— Dof8]lng Ps /fd|f] xfF;f] cfˆgf] 3/df nfu]sf] 3fd xf]— ljlnod Yofs/L xfF;f]sf] cfj|md0fsf ;fd'Gg] sf]xL l6Sg ;Qm}g— dfs{ 6\jfOg z/L/nfO{ ;fa'gn] ;kmf ug{' cfTdfnfO{ xfF;f]n—] ox'bL pvfg

5. Humour therapy is the use of humour aiming to relieve physical, emotional or psychological pain. It is also used to relieve stress.This therapy is used as a complementary method to promote health, aid in the healing process, encourage relaxation and help improve coping with illness. Humour can reduce the experience of pain. It does this in part by increasing pain tolerance. Release of certain neurotransmitters in the brain – including endorphins – also helps to control pain. Reduction in stress hormones and muscle relaxation as well as providing (positive) distraction also help. http://www.humourfoundation.com.au/resources/seriously-funny-medicine/61-humour-as-therapy.html 6. Always laugh when you can, it is a cheap medicine. – George Gordon Lord Byron.

7. The Therapeutic Value of Laughter in Medicine -xfF ; f] s f] lrlsT;sLo dxŒj x] g { " _ www.peakawareness. co.uk\resoures \news—02\pdf.

8. Pathlogical laughter is developed with no speisfic stimulus; is not connected with emotional changes; has no voluntary control of its duration, intensity or facial experession; and sometimes comes with ''pathological crying".

k|1 f MM 61

k[YjL k"mnx¿df xfFl:5g\— Od;{g O{Zj/ :jod\ xf:o snfsf/ -sd]l8cg_ x'g,\ 8/n] xfF:g g;Sg] >f]tf;dIf pgL v]Nb} 5g\— ef]Nt]c/ p;}n] :ju{ sdfpF5 h;n] cfˆgf ldq xF;fpF5 . xfF;f] o:tf] ;"o{ xf] h;n] dflg;sf] cg'xf/af6 lrGtfsf] lzlz/ x6fpF5— leS6/ Xo'uf] nfˆ6/ Oh b a]:6 d]l8l;g cToGt} k'/fgf] cfxfg xf] t/ g]kfnL ;dfhdf xfF;f]nfO{ rl/qsf] lgDg txdf /flvPsf] 5 . To;}n] ;|i6fn] klg xf:ozlQmnfO{ jf~5gLo dfqfdf p7fpg ;s]gg\, kfPgg\ . ;flxTo cem} uDeL/ sd{ xf], ;j{;n ' e 5}g To;}n] xf:o efj pTkGg u/fpg] c? jflrs

/ cjflrs -verbal and non-verbal_ >Job[Zo sd{ 5g\ . To:tf sd{sf /fli6«o ;fws xf:o /; pTkGg stf{ dbgs[i0f xl/j+z h:tf hghLjgsf] Åbodf 5fPsf xf:o snfsf/ 5g\, pgLx¿ lgTo y]/flkd} 5g\, l;:gf]kfgLsf] l6d 5, oL ;a} y]/] flk:6nfO{ awfO 5 . o; a]nf pQd xf:o snf pTkGg u/L /fi6«sf] cle3ft Go"g ug{] ;a} y]/fKo'l6s sd{sf] xfdL k|z; + s xf}F . xfF;f]n] tkfO{ªs \ f] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;s]g eg] klg o;n] lgZro} tkfO{x+ ¿sf ;d:ofnfO{ kuflnlbG5, To;kl5 ca ltgLx¿nfO{ s] s;/L tx nufpg' eGg] af/] tkfO{n + ] ;f]Rg] cj;/ kfpg' 9 x'G5 . xfF;f]sf] oxL pknlAw dxTTjk"0f{ 5 .

;Gbe{ ;"rL pNk|m] nh, h'lncfg -@))*_ 6\jfG6Lkm:6 ;]Gr'/L lqml6l;hd= gofFlbNnL /fjt klAns];G; . e§/fO{, uf]ljGb/fh -@)^$_ …o'4;flxTo / cle3ft l;4fGtÚ pQ/cfw'lgs ljdz{ -k[= @@%–@%*_ sf7df8f}F df]8g{ a'S; . nf–sfk|f, 8f]ldlgs -!(*%_ l/k|h ] l] G6ª lb xf]nf]s:6 M lx:6«L, Yof]/L PG8 6«fd] f M cS:kmf]8{ . ============= -@))&_ /fOl6ª lxli6« /fOl6ª 6«f}df M Pd]hg . :Sofc/, /f]a6{ ;L -@)!)_ lb 6«fd} f :k]S6«dM lx8g p08\;\ P08 Xo'dg /]lhlnPG;L M cd]hg .

***

9. If laughter cannot solve your problems, it will definitely DISSOLVE your problems; so that you can think clearly what to do about them – Dr. Madan Kataria

k|1 f MM 62

sfo{kqdflysf] l6Kk0fL

cle3ft Joj:yfkgdf xf:oJoª\Uo ;flxTosf] e"ldsf k|f=8f= dfwj k|;fb kf]v/]n != dfgj ;dfhdf xf:o -xfF;f]_ sf] Jofks e"ldsf -syf, pkGof;, gf6s, uLt, xF:of}nL, l;g]df, l6eL clg nf]s hLjg;Fu gªdf;' eP/ hf]l8Psf nf]s ;flxTosf ZnLn / cZnLn cg]s nf]s lk|o b[Zo >Jo dfWod / ljwfdf_ @= s]xL jif{ cl3 -@)!! O{_ …;fOlG6lkms cd]l/sgÚ eGg] zf]w klqsfdf s'Ts'TofpFbf cyjf of]ufEof; jf s;/t ubf{ OG8f]lkm{g h:tf hLj /f;fogx? lbdfuaf6 lgl:sG5g\ To;af6 xfd|f] k]6 / kmf]S;f] 5'6o\ fpg] 8fofk|mfd eGg] 5g\ / lhpsf c? df+;k]zLdf e'Or F fnfsf] h:tf] t/Ë NofO{ lbg] x'gfn] dlRrPsf df+;k]zLx? tlGsgfn] kL8f ;xg] xfd|f] Ifdtfdf !)% j[l4 x'G5 eGg] Pp6f cg';GwfgfTds n]v (www.scientificamerican.com/…/whylaughter-may-be...) k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . To; n]vsf] lgisif{l;t j}1flgsx? k"0f{ ¿kdf ;xdt geP klg xfF;f] g} Pp6f hLj/f;folgs k|ltlqmofsf] kl/0ffd xf] / xf:on] xfd|f] kL8f ;xg] Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf rflxF j}1flgsx? ;xdt 5g\ .k|f= e§/fO{sf] k|:t't n]vdf xf:on] e'Or F fnfsf] h:tf] xfd|f] kL8f ;xg] Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'G5 cyjf xf:o Joª\Uon] cft] ; sd u5{ eGg] lgisif{ ; F u To; cg';Gwfgsf] bfaL ;fGble{s / dggLo x'g] b]lvG5 . #= xf:on] >f]tf / bz{snfO{ xF;fpg] dfG5];uF cfslif{t kf5{, cfTdLotf NofpF5, ;lhn} ldqtf a9fpF5 / b'O6f dg'jfnfO{ glhSofpF5 . $= xf:o Joª\Uo Psbd lasfp ;flxlTos ljwf k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . %= xf:o Joª\Uon] nf]s lk|otf a9fpF5 .

^= xf:on] j}dg:o 36fpF5 . &= xf:o eflifs, lrqfTds, WjGofTds, OlG›o ;+jB] / clegofTds u/L cg]s lsl;dsf] x'G5 . *= ;a} dfgjLo ;+:s[lt cfwf/e"t ¿kdf eflifs x'G5 eGg] n]eL :6«; -Clarke_ / nsfF -Rabate_ x?sf] dfGotf 5, To;}n] xf:osf] efiff j}1flgs -Ross_ / ;Íyg ljZn]if0f -Dynel_ / kl/efiff lgs} k|z; + gLo 5g\ . (= xf:on] cfgGb lbG5 . OlG›o hGo ;'v jf cfgGbl;t xf:on] lbg] cfgGb s]xL ldN5 . k|mfo8n] cfˆgf] dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] l;4fGtdf xf:o, Joª\Uo -Kameniak_ / cfgGb cfpg] ;a} j:t' -Cornillot_ n] xfd|f] dgsf] cr]tg -Mizolla, The Unconscious_ l;t k|ToIf ;fOgf] /fVg] s'/f] n]v]sf 5g\ -Mizolla, International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis; kf]v/]n_ . !)=xf:o ;flxlTos dfq x'bF g} . !!=Psflt/ ;a} dfG5]nfO{ hLjgdf xf:o rflxG5, ;a} dfG5]nfO{ xf:o cf}lw dg k5{, clg dfG5]sf hLjgdf xf:osf] clåtLo e"ldsf 5, t/ ;dfhdf xf:o / xf:o snfsf/ x]lkPsf] x'G5 -Bakhtin_ . !@= ;+:s[t ;dfnf]rgfsf] …/; l;4fGtÚ n] xf:onfO{ Pp6f /; -jf :jfb_ sf ¿kdf lrg]sf] 5 . e/tsf] …/; ;"qÚ dgf]j1 } flgs JofVof ub}{ !! cf}F ztfAbLdf clegj u'Kt -Abhinavagupta_ n] …;fwf/0fLs/0fÚ sf] l;4fGt :yflkt u/]sf 5g\ . clegj u' K tn] cfgGbjw{ g (Anandavardhana_ sf] …Jo~hgf zlQmÚ / …Wjlg l;4fGtÚ af6 k|efljt eP/ klxn] cfgGbjw{gs} …WjGofnf]sÚ eGg] u|Gysf] …nf]rgÚ eGg] 6Lsf n]v] clg cfgGbjw{gaf6} k|efljt k|1 f MM 63

eP/ kl5 e/tsf …gf6\o zf:qÚ sf] …clegjef/tLÚ eGg] 6Lsf n]v] . clegj u'Ktn] cfˆgf] 5'§} u|Gy rflxF n]vg] g\ . /; l;4fGtsf] dgf]j1} flgs cfwf/ s]nfpg ldNg] u/L Jofjxfl/s dgf]lj1fgdf …Odf];GhÚ x?sf] cg';Gwfg eO{ /x]sf] ;"rgf Nofsf]km -Lakoff_n] lbPsf 5g\ . !#=k|fWofks e§/fO{sf] o; n]vdf Joª\Uo af/] sd rrf{ ePsfn] / ;dofefjn] d}n] of] l6Kk0fL Joª\Uodf rflxF s]lG›t ug{ ;lsg . Joª\Uo af/]

Pp6f dfq s'/f] s] eGg' 5 eg], g]kfnL ;dfnf]rgf k/Dk/fdf …Joª\UoÚ zAb nTkltPsf] 5 . …Joª\UoÚ zAbn] Psflt/ …Jo~hgf zlQmn] lgl:sg] cy{Ú eGg] hgfpF 5 eg] csf{ l t/ kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf] …;]6fo/Ú, …lj6Ú, …Sofl/s]r/Ú / …;fsf{HdÚ h:tf cg]s cy{ lbg of] zAbsf] ckJoo eO{ /x]sf] 5 . kfl/eflifs zAb nTkltg' /fd|f] xf]Og . o;df g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;dfnf]rsx?n] uDeL/ x'g' cfjZos 5 .

Bibliography Abhinavagupta. Natyasastra with the Commentary of Abhinavagupta. Ed. M. Ramakrishna Kavi. Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1934.

Anandavardhana. The Dhvanyaloka of Anandavardhana with the Locana of Abhinavagupta. Ed. Daniel H.H. Ingalls. Trans. Daniel H.H. Ingalls, Jeffrey Moussafff Masson and M.V. Patvardhan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990.

Bakhtin, Mikhail. "From the prehistory of novelistic discourse." Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader. Ed. David Lodge and Nigel Wood. 2nd. Essex: Pearson, 1988 [2000]. 103-136.

Clarke, Simon. The Foundations of Structuralism: A Critique of Levi Strauss and Structuralist Movement.

Sussex, UK: Harvester Press, 1981.

Cornillot, Michele Pollak. "Pleasure/unpleasure principle." International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. 2005.

1290-1291.

Dynel, Marta, ed. The Pragmatics of Humour across Discourse Domains. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2011.

Kameniak, Jean-Pierre. "Humor." Mizolla, Alain de. International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005. 762-763.

Lakoff, George. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

Mizolla, Alain de, ed. International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Detroit, New York: Thompson Gale, 2005.

Mizolla, Alain de. "The Unconscious." International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Ed. Alain de Mizolla.

Detroit, New York: Thompson Gale, 2005d. 1818-1820.

Rabate, Jean-Michel. Jacques Lacan: Psychoanalysis and the Study of Literature. New York: Palgrave, 2001.

Ross, Alison. The Language of Humour. London & New York: Routledge, 1998. www.scientificamerican.com/…/why-laughter-may-be... 2011.

kf]v/]n, dfwjk|;fb= ædgf]ljZn]if0fsf]lrgf/L=æ ldld{/] -@)&!_ . ∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 64

;f+:s[lts cWoog

z}j wd{sf] P]ltxfl;stf / afg]Zj/ dxfb]j 8f= uf]kfn wf}aGhf/ ljifo k|jz ] ljZjsf] ;j{kf| rLg wd{ lxGb' xf] . dfgj ;Eotfsf] k|f/De ;Fu} o;sf] ljsf; x'bF } cfPsf] kfOG5 .o; wd{sf cg'ofoLx? lzjlnËk|lt 7'nf] cf:yf /fV5g\ . lxGb'x?sf] ;j{kf| rLg gLltzf:q j]bdf lgodnfO{ wf/0f ug',{ canDag ug'{ jf kfng ug'{ wd{ xf] elgPsf] 5 . lzjk|lt elQmefj /fvL >4f / pkf;gfdf ;dlk{t eP/ ;f]xLcg';f/ gLlt, lgod / cfr/0fsf] kfng ug'{ z}jwd{ xf] . ;dfhdf lzjsf] 7'nf] dlxdf 5 . dfgj hutsf] sNof0fdf ;dlk{t /xg] eujfg\ lzj :jR5 hn, j]nkq, tyf wt'/af6 ul/Psf] pkf;gfaf6 k|;Gg x'G5g\ eGg] wfld{s dfGotf 5 . lzjk'/f0fdf lognfO{ dfgj dfqsf b'Mv xgg\stf{ elgPsf] 5 . h;n] pgsf] elQmdf tTk/tf b]vfO{ lrGtg / k|0ffd u5{ Tof] JolQm ;bf ;'vL /xG5 .! eujfg\ lzj b]jtfx¿sf klg b]jtf x'g\ .

To;sf/0f lognfO{ dxfb]j elgG5 . lzjsf] k"hf pkf;gf lzjlnËdf x' G 5 . o;sf] k| r ng cltk|frLgsfnb]lv rNb} cfPsf] 5 . k'/ftflTTjs tyf P]ltxfl;s ;|f]tx?n] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;qmd ;Fu} z}jwd{sf] qmlds ljsf; x'bF } cfPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf klg k|f/lDessfnb]lv o; wd{n] dxTTj kfPsf] lyof] . Tof] k|rng qmlds ¿kdf ljsf; x'bF } cfhsf] cj:yfdf cfOk'us ] f] xf] . o; wd{kl| t dflg;x?df 7'nf] cf:yf / elQm /lx cfPsf] x'bF f sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnufot b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFdf c;ª\Vo lzjlnË / lzjdlGb/x? :yfkgf ePsf

5g\ . ljleGg sfnv08df k|lti7f ePsf lzjlnË / lzadlGb/x?dWo] sf7df8f}+ afg]Zj/sf] dxfb]j klg Pp6f xf] . h;nfO{ afg]Zj/ dxfb]j elgG5 .

P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts b[li6sf]0faf6 cfk\mg} dxTTj /x]sf] o; dxfb]jsf] b]j:yn afg]Zj/ a:tLsf] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|ljGb' /lx cfPsf] 5 . lzj pkf;gfsf] P]ltxfl;stf lzj pkf;gfsf] rng w]/} klxn]bl] v rNb} cfPsf] xf] . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;;Fu} logsf] :t'lt ug]{ k/Dk/f ljsf; x'bF } cfPsf] b]lvG5 . k|f/Dedf lognfO{ ljleGg gfdaf6 pkf;gf ul/GYof] .dfgj ;Eotfsf ljleGg cjz]ifx? dWo] l;Gw'3f6L ;Eotf Pp6f xf] . of] ;Eotf O{zfeGbf ltgxhf/ jif{ klxn] ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 . To; 7fpFdf ul/Psf] pTvgg\af6 kTy/sf ;;fgf :qLd"lt{ tyf k'?iflnËsf k|tLsx? kfOPsf 5g\ .

To:t}u/L d'bf| h:tf] b]lvg] df6f]sf ;Ln klg k|fKt ePsf] 5 . ;f] df6f]sf] ;Lndf lnË k|bz{g ul/Psf of]uLsf] d"lt{ s'lF bPsf] 5 . k'/ftTTjljb\x?n] To;nfO{ lzjsf] k|f/lDes ¿k dfg]sf 5g\ . ;f] of]uLsf] jl/kl/ af3, xfQL, u}F8f, e}F;L cflb hgfj/x¿ b]lvG5g\ . To;nfO{ tTsfnLg ;dfhn] kz'klt dfg]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .@ j}lbsu|Gy Cuj]bdf lzjsf] :ki6 ¿kn] pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOFbg} . oBlk ToxfF ?b|nfO{ lzjsf] :j¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ?b| b]jtfnfO{ dfgj /

!= xg'dfgk|;fb kf]2f/ -;+=_,;+lIfKt lzjk'/f0f, uf]/vk'/M uLtfk|];, @)%! lj=;+=, k[= !)! . ejelQmk/f o] r ejk|0ftr]t;M . ej;+:d/0ff o] r g t] b'Mv:o efhgfM .. @= aL= eL=, /fcf] jN8{ lxi6«L, Go"lbNnLM :6]ln{Ë klAnz;{\ k|f= ln=, !((! O{=k[= %# .

k|1 f MM 65

kz'sf cfkb x/0f u/L ;'v k|bfg ug]{ h6fwf/L elgPsf] 5 .# kl5Nnf j]bx?df eg] oL b]jtfnfO{ kz'klt, dxfb]j, O{zfg, dx]z, zª\s/ cflb gfdaf6 ;Daf]wg ug{ yflnof] . To;sf/0f ?b|nfO{ lzjsf] j}lbs sfnLg gfd dflgG5 . ;flxlTos ;|ft] x?df lognfO{ :ki6 ¿kn] lzj egL ;Daf]wg ug]{ rngsf] ljsf; eof] . Zj]tfZj/ pklgifb\df j0f{g ul/Psf] ?b|sf cg]s gfdx¿dWo] lzj Pp6f xf] . To:t} ;fª\Vofog tyf sf]zLtls pklgifb\df lzj, ?b|, dxfb]j, dx]Zj/, O{zfg cflb gfdnfO{ ;j{kd | v ' $ b]jtfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 lzjnfO{ j}lbssfn / To;eGbf cufl8b]lv ljleGg ¿kdf :t'lt ug]{ k/Dk/f /x]sf] a'lemG5 . z}jwd{df lzjnfO{ælgisnÆ / æ;snÆb'O{ ¿kdf pkf;gf ug]{ k/Dk/f 5 . To;dWo] klxnf] gfdn] lnË k|ltdf / bf];f| n ] ] dfgjLo ¿knfO{ a'emfpF5 . To;sf] cy{ lzjsf lg/fsf/ / ;fsf/ :j¿k 5g\ eGg] a'lemG5 . lxGb'x? lzjlnËnfO{ lg/fsf/ ¿kdf / dfgjLo k|ltdfnfO{ ;fsf/ ¿kdf k"hf u5{g\ .% jf:tjdf lzj eg]sf] a|Xd¿k x'g\ .

To;sf/0f pgnfO{ ælgisnÆ elgG5 . Toltdfq geP/ pgL ¿kjfg\ klg 5g\ . ;dfhdf eujfg\ lzjk|ltsf] cf:yf ljsf; x'bF } hfFbf pgsf] ;'Gb/ ¿ksf] lrq0f ug{ yflnPsf] a'lemG5 . o;}qmddf lognfO{ dgf]/d j]ze"iff / cnª\sf/sf] s'g} cfjZostf gkg]{ h§fwf/L, lz/df uª\uf / rGb| wf/0f u/]sf, unfdf gfu / ?b|fIfdfnf nufO{, z/L/df af3Da/ e:d nufPsf, xftdf lqz"n ;dfO{ ljZja|Xdf08nfO{ cfk\mgf] kbrfk / 8d?sf] s0f{eb] L Wjlgaf6 grfpg' x'g] eujfg\ dflgG5 .

To;sf/0f lognfO{ æ;snÆ elgG5 . t/ logsf] pkf;gfdf dfgjLo ¿keGbf w]/h } ;f] lnË k|ltdfsf] ¿kdf k"hf cf/fwgf ug]{ k/Dk/f5 . lzjlnËsf]

t'ngfdf d"lt{sf] :yfkgfnfO{ uf}0f dflgG5 . ;a}lt/af6 d"lt{oQ ' m eP/ klg lnËsf] cefjdf To;n] vf; dxTTj gkfpg] s'/f lzjk'/f0fdf pNn]v 5 .^ To;sf/0f lzjlnËsf] pkf;gf z}jwd{sf] Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . k'/ftflTTjs ;|ft] af6 lnË pkf;gf ug]{ rng l;Gw'3f6L ;Eotfb]lv g} ljsf; x'bF } cfPsf] s'/f dfly pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 . To:tf] k|rng j}lbssfndf klg lyof] . Tolta]nf lnË pkf;gfnfO{ ælzZgb]jfMÆ elgGYof] . t/ Tof] k|rng lgiffb, d'08f, cflbjf;L, b|flj8 tyf cGo cgfo{x¿df dfq k|rlnt lyof] .& kl5Nnf] ;do cfo{x¿n] klg To; k/Dk/fnfO{ lj:tf/} cjnDag u/L lzjlnËsf] ¿kdf cf/fwgf ug{ yflnof] . kl/0ffd :j¿k z}jwd{df lnË k"hf tyf pkf;gfsf] k|rng Jofks ¿kdf x'g yfn]sf] yfxf x'G5 . lzjlnËsf] pTklt tyf o;sf] k"hf pkf;gf ug]{ k|rngjf/] k'/f0fx¿df cg]s cfVofgx? j0f{g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To;dWo] jfdgk'/f0fdf pNn]lvt Pp6f cfVofg lgDgcg';f/ 5. cfk\mgL cwf{lË0fL ;tLb]jLsf] cgy{df d[To' ePsf] sf/0faf6 dxfb]j ljlIfKt eO{ ef}tfl/Fb} ubf{ pgLdfly sfdb]jsf] b[li6 k/]sf]n] To;af6 aRgsf] lgldQ efUg yfNg' eof] . To;}qmddf pxfFsf] æbf?jgÆ gfds 3gfhËndf k|jz ] eof]] . To; hËnleq cfk\mgf kTgLx¿sf ;fyClifu0f a:y] . dxfb]jnfO{ b]v/] ClifkTgLx¿ lgs} cfslif{t eP . c?GwtL / cg';o" fafx]s c? ;a} ClifkTgLx? cfk\mgf] cf>d 5f]8L dxfb]jsf] ;]jfdf nfUg yfn] . To;}qmddf ltgLx? ;ToxLg x'g k'u] . cfk\mgL kTgLx¿ dxfb]jsf] ;]jf sfo{df nfu]sf] Clifx¿n] ;xg ;s]gg\ .

To;sf/0f Clifåo efu{e / c+lu/;n] q'm4 eO{ dxfb]jnfO{ pgsf] lnË ktg xf]; egL >fk lbP .

#= CUj]b ;+lxtf, sf7df8f}+M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, @)^# lj=;+=, ;"Qm !!$=! .

Odf ?b|fo tj;] sklb{g] Ifol4/fo k| e/fdx] dtLM .

Oyf zd;b\l4kb] rt'ikb] ljZj+ k'i6+ u|fd] cl:dGggft'/d\ .. $= OGb'dtL ld>, k|ltdf lj1fg, ef]kfnM dWok|b]z lxGbL u|Gy csfbdL, !(*& O{= låtLo ;+:s/0f, k[= @^) . %= kf]2f/ -;+=_,k"jj{ t\, kfbl6Kk0fL ;ª\Vof !, k[= !( . ^= P]hg, k[= @% . &= n}gl;+x afËb]n, k|frLg g]kfnL d"lt{snfsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)#(lj=;+=, k[= *( .

k|1 f MM 66

;f]xL >fkaf6 dxfb]jsf] lnË kQg eof] . To;lnËn] t'?Gt} ljzfn ¿k wf/0f u/L cfsfz–kftfn;Dd k'us ] f] x'bF f k[YjL g} 8udufP . To:tf] cb\et" 36gfaf6 a|xd\ f / lji0f' b'as } f] Wofg cfslif{s eof] . lji0f' eujfg\ To; lnËsf] km]b kQf nufpg t'?Gt} cfk\mgf] jfxg u?8 r9L kftfnlt/ k|:yfg u/] . To:t}u/L a|Xdf klg kßofg r9]/ lnËsf] 6'Kkf e]6fpg cfsfzlt/ nfUg' eof] . t/ To; sfo{df b'a} ;kmn x'g ;s]gg\ . cGtdf b'an } ] æbf?jgÆ kms]/{ xft hf]8L lnËdf :t'lt ug{ yfn] . ltgLx?sf] :t'ltaf6 k|zGg x'g' eO{ dxfb]jn] bz{g lbP/ sf/0f hfGg rfxg' eof] . b'jn } ] hut\u?' dxfb]jnfO{ lnË k'gM u|x0f ug{ cg'/f]w u/] .cfk\mgf] lnË;a} b]jtfn] k"hf ug]{ eP dfq u|x0f ug]{ s'/f dxfb]jn] atfP . a|xd\ f lji0f' b'an } ] hut\u?' sf] Tof] cfXjfgnfO{ ;xif{ :jLsf/ u/L ;a}n] k"hf ug]{ jrg lbP . To;a]nf b]lv lzjlnË k"hf ug]{ k/Dk/f /x]sf] jfdgk'/f0fdf pNn]v 5 .* oBlk bfz{lgs b[li6sf]0faf6 dgg ubf{ lnËsf] pkf;gfn] k|sl[ t / k'?ifsf] ;dfudnfO{ OlËt ub{5 . dfgjsf] ;[li6 k|sl[ t / k'?ifsf] ;+of]uaf6 x'G5 . k|f/lDes sfndf dflg;x? cfk\mgf] kfly{j hLjgsf] cfwf/e"t tTTj k|hgg k|lqmofaf6 lgs} k|efljt eP . ltgLx?n] k|hgg sfo{df Pp6f /x:odoL zlQm ljBdfg /x]sf] cg'el" t ug{ yfn].

To;sf/0f ;dfhdf lnË / of]lgsf] s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf k|lti7f kfpg yflnof] . dflg;x?n] klg lnËnfO{ ljz]if dxTTj lbO{ ;[li6stf{sf] ¿kdf 7'nf] >4f tyf cf:yf /fvL :t'lt, k"hf / cr{gf ug]{ k/Dk/f ljsf; u/]sf] yfxf x'G5 . o;af6 ;dfhdf k|hgg sfo{n] qmdzM wfld{s dfGotf kfpg yflnof] . To:tf] k/Dk/f klZrd Plzofsf a]aLnf]g / c;Ll/og nufot ld> / u|Ls

;Eotfx?df ;d]t b]jLb]jtf dfGg] qmddf s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf lnË jf of]lgsf] pkf;gf ug]{ k|rng ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 .( ToxL k/Dk/fnfO{ cfo{x?n] klg lj:tf/} cjnDjg u/]sf] a'lemG5 . cfh lxGb' ;dfhdf lnËsf] pkf;gf z} j wd{ s f] Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ kIf ePsf] 5 . o; ;Dk|bfodf lzjnfO{ ;[li6sf] sf/s tTTj dfGb} cfPsf] wf/0ff oxfF pNn]vgLo 5 . hutsf ;Dk"0f{ r/fr/ logdf ;dflxt eO{ To;af6 zlQm klg wf/0f ub{5 .

ToxL lzjzlQmåf/f ;[li6 x'G5 elgPsf] 5 .!) vf;u/L o:tf] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; pklgifb\sfndf ePsf] b]lvG5 . hxfF lzjnfO{ cfWoflTds k'?if / k|sl[ tnfO{ zlQmsf] ¿kdf sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 .

ToxL lzjzlQmsf] cfk;L ;DaGwaf6 hutsf] ;[li6 ePsf] dfGotf k|rlnt x'bF } cfPsf] xf] .!! o;/L k|s[lt / k'?ifsf] ;dfudsf] ;Í]tnfO{ zf:qsf/x?n] ljleGg 36gfx? pNn]v u/L To;}l;t hf]8g\ ] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lxGb' wdf{jnDaLx? eujfg\ lzjk|ltsf] elQmefj / cfWoflTds efjgfaf6 lgs} k|l] /t 5g\ . gLltzf:qx?n] klg o; tkm{ k|fT] ;flxt ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 .:sGbk' / f0fdf lzj dlGb/ lgdf0f{af6 x'g] k'0oaf/] k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . h'g dg'ion] lzjdlGb/ lgdf{0f ub{5, To;sf] cl:tTj o; w/tLdf /x'Gh]n p;n] :ju{ ef]u ug{ kfpg] atfOPsf] 5 .!@ To;sf/0f z}jwd{sf cg'ofoLx? lzjlnË k|lt:yf ug{ / To;sf] lgldQ dlGb/ agfpg pTk|l] /t x'bF } cfPsf 5g\ . To;}n] b]z ljb]zdf c;ª\Vo lzjlnË / lzj dlGb/x? :yflkt ePsf 5g\ . g]kfndf lzj pkf;gfsf] k/Dk/f g]kfndf z}jwd{sf] ljsf; clt k|frLg

*= >Ljfdgk'/f0f, uf]/vk'/M uLtfk|];, @)^!lj=;+=, k[= @$–@* . ( = ob'j+zL, z}jdt, k6gfM ljxf/ /fi6«efiff kl/ifb, !(%% O{=, k[= @^–@& . !)= ld>, k"jj{ t\, kfbl6Kk0fL ;ª\Vof $, k[= @^@ . no+ uR5lGt e"tflg ;+xf/] lglzn otM . ;[li6sfn] k'g:;[li6+ t:dflNnËd'bLl/td\ .. !!= ob'j+zL, k"jj{ t,\ kfbl6Kk0fL ;ª\Vof (, k[= $! . !@= xg'dfgk|;fb kf]2f/ tyf lrDdg nfn uf]ZjfdL -;+=_,;+lIfKt :sGbk'/f0f, uf]/vk'/M uLtfk|];, @)%!lj=;+=, k[= !^ .

k|1 f MM 67

sfnb]lv x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . oxfFsf c;ª\Vo lzjlnË / lzj dlGb/x?dWo] cf/fWob]j kz'kltgfysf] lnË cltk|frLg x'g\ . o;sf] pb\ej pkTosfdf cfjfbL ljsf; ug]{ klxnf] hflt uf]kfnx?sf] kfnfdf ePsf] dflgG5 . g] k fnsf] Oltxf; k|fu}ltxfl;ssfnb]lv k|f/De ePsf] a'lemG5 . o;sf] k'li6 tTsfnLg k'/ftflTTjs ;|ft] x?af6 x'G5 . sf7df8f}{ pkTosf nufot b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFaf6 k|fs\dfgjn] k|of]u u/]sf kfiff0f cf}hf/x? k|fKt ePsf 5g\ .!# oBlk ;d"xut / Jojl:yt a;f]jf; eg] gLk hfltsf uf]kfnj+zL Ujfnfx?n] a;fPsf x'g\ . logLx?s} kfnfdf kz'kltsf] Hof]lt{lnË pTklQ ePsf] lyof] .!$tTsfnLg ;dodf pTklt ePsf] of] b]j:yn ;Dk"0f{ lxGb' ;Dk|bfosf] cf:yfs]Gb| aGb} cfPsf] 5 . eQmhgx? kz'kltsf] bz{gaf6 k'0o nfe x'gd ] f ljZjf; u5{g\ . To;sf/0f b}lgs / kj{–kj{df nfvf}F eQmhgx? k"hf pkf;gf / bz{gsf] lgldQ To; tLy{:yndf k'U5g\ . sf7df8f}F pkTosfleq c;ª\Vo lzjfnox?

5g\ . tL ;a} ljleGg sfnv08df :yfkgf ePsf x'g\ . lnR5ljsfndf w]/} lzjlnË :yfkgf ePsf] tTsfnLg clen]vx?af6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . /fhf dfgb]j k|yd / pgsL /fgLx? If]d;'Gb/L / u'0fjtL tyf 5f]/L ljhojtLn] ljleGg :yfgdf lzjlnË :yfkgf u/]sf lyP .!%tTsfnLg zf;s ju{sf ljleGg ;b:ox?n] klg 7fpF 7fpFdf lzjlnË :yfkgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . dgdtL, ef]ub]jL, ef]lugL, cfle/L / cGo dlxnfx?n] o:t} sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ .!^ Tolta]nf :yfkgf ul/Psf lzjlnËx¿df lzjnfO{ ;[li6stf{ tyf b'Mv lgjf/0fstf{ egL dlxdf ufPsf]

kfOG5 .;"o3{ f6sf] ljhojtLsf] clen]vdf æh;sf] OR5fdf oL ;Dk"0f{ ljzfn ;+;f/sf] ;[li6, l:ylt, k|no, a'9ØfOF, b'Mv cflb x'G5g\ tyf 5'65 \ g\, tL dx]Zj/nfO{ ;w}F gd:sf/Æ elgPsf] 5 .!& c+zj' df{ eujfg\ lzjsf cgGo eQm lyP . logn] ;fFufdf :yfkgf u/]sf] clen]vdf æh§fwf/L dxfb]j dfgjnfO{ sNof0f ug]Æ{ egL lzjsf] dlxdf ufOPsf] 5 .!* g]kfndf z}jwd{nfO{ klxnf] k6s /fhsLo ¿kdf dfGotf lbg] /fhf klg logL g} x'g\ . o;eGbf cufl8 b]zdf j}i0fj wd{n] dxTTj kfPsf] lyof] . cfk"m :jo+n] kz'kltgfysf] kfpsf] cg'ux| kfPsf elg eujTkz'klte§f/skfbfg'ul[ xtf] pkflw wf/0f u/]sf lyP .!( Pj+k|sf/ tTsfnLg zf;sx? lhi0f'uK' t, lji0f'uK' t, g/]Gb|bj] , lzjb]j låtLo / hob]j låtLon] klg c+zj' df{s} gLlt cg';/0f u/L kz'klt ;DaGwL ;f] pkflw u|x0f u/]sf lyP.@)o;n] tTsfnLg ;dfh / efjLlk9LFnfO{ z}jwd{df cf:yf hufpg 7'nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . lzjk|ltsf] cf:yf / elQmefj dWosfndf cem ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] kfOG5 . tTsfnLg zf;s / hg;fwf/0f ju{df eujfg\ lzjk|lt dxfg\ cf:yf /x]sf] x'bF f lzjfno :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{df nfu] s f lyP . Tolta] n f k| l ti7f ul/Psf lzjlnËx¿df eQmk'/ b/af/ :Sjfo/sf] kz'klt dlGb/ -oIf]Zj/ dlGb/_, eQmk'/s} 8f]nZ] j/ / ;'j0f]Z{ j/ dxfb]j dlGb/, nlntk'/sf] s'De]Zj/ dlGb/, l7dLsf] dxfb]j dlGb/, /fgLkf]v/Lsf] lzj dlGb/ cflb oxfF pNn]vgLo 5g\ . To;afx]s 6f]n6f]ndf klg w]/} lzjlnË / lzjdlGb/x? :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . eQmhgx? cfk\mgf] ;]jf ;w}F lzjelQmdf

!#= Pg=cf/=aghL{ / hgsnfn zdf{, ælgof]n]lys 6"N; k|md g]kfn P08 l;SsLdÆ, k|frLg g]kfn, ;ª\Vof (, sf7df8f}F k'/ftTj ljefu, @)@^ lj=;+= k[= %# b]lv %* ;Dd . !$=wgjh| jh|frfo{ / sdn k|sfz dNn, -;+=_uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn l/;r{ ;]06/ klAns]zg;\, !(*% O{=, kq ;ª\Vof !& . !%= wgjh| jh|frfo{, lnR5ljsfnsf clen]v, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, @)%# lj=;+=, k[= ^%–^^ / *@–*$ . !^=P]hg=, k[= #(–$) . !&=P]hg=, k[= *@–*# . !*= P]hg, k[= ##^ – ##& . !(= P]hg, k[= @(), #)!, #)( . @)=P]hg, k[= $)!, $$@, $^#, %#) / %#( .

k|1 f MM 68

;dlk{t ug{ rfxG5g\ . o; wd{k|lt c? klg cfslif{t xf];\ eGg] ck]Iff u/]sf x'G5g\ . z}jwd{kl| t ;dlk{t eQmhgx?sf] ljutsf lqmofsnfkx?n] oxL s' / fnfO{ OlËt ub{ 5 . o;} q mddf cfw'lgssfndf klg w]/} lzjfnox? k|lti7f ePsf 5g\ . To;/L :yfkgf ePsf lzjlnËx?df kz'klt d[ u :ynL jgleqsf] >L/fd] Z j/ dxfb] j , ksgfhf]nsf] dxfb]j dlGb/, lqk'/Z] j/sf] lqk'/Z] j/ dxfb]j, sf7df8f}+ Go"/f]8sf] blIf0f tkm{ /x]sf] /0fd'Qm]Zj/ dxfb]j, sf]6Z] j/ dxfb]j a9L rlr{t 5g\.o;/L lzjlnË k|lti7f x'g' eQmhgx?df z}jwd{kl| t /x]sf] c6'6 cf:yf / ljZjf; xf] . afg]Zj/ dxfb]j lzjsf] pTklQ lgu'0{ f k/dfTdfaf6 ePsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . h;cg';f/ lgu'0{ f k/dfTdfaf6 ;j{ky| d h'g ;u'0f ¿k k|s6 eof] Tof] g} lzj xf].@! lzjelQmaf6 b'Mv gfz eO{ k'0ok|flKt x'g] s'/f dfly pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 . Pj+ k|sf/ lzjlnË Pjd\ d"lt{ :yfkgf u/L To;sf] lg/Gt/ k"hf cf/fwgf ub}{ /x] ej;fu/ ¿kL o; ;+;f/af6 d'lQm k|fKt ug]{ s'/f lzjk'/f0fdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5.@@To;}n] eQmhgx? lzjlnË k|lti7f ug{ / dlGb/ agfpgdf pT;flxt x'G5g\ . g] k fnsf ljleGg :yfgx?df c;ª\ V o lzjlnËx? :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . To;dWo] cf/fWob]j kz'kltgfy lj/fhdfg ePsf] b]pkf6gsf] blIf0fL e]udf cjl:yt afg]Zj/ dxfb]j Pp6f xf] . sf7df8f}+ afg]Zj/l:yt ;f] dxfb]j dlGb/ lzv/z}nLdf lgld{t 5 . wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s cflb b[li6sf]0faf6 cfk\mg} dxTTj /x]sf] o; rlr{t dxfb]j dlGb/sf] glhs} k"jl{ t/ sl/j $) ld6/sf] b"/Ldf jf0fuËf gfd u/]sf] Pp6f 9'Ëw] f/f 5 . afg]Zj/ dxfb]j /;f] af0fuËflar ljz]if ;DaGw /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lzjlnË :yfkgf ubf{ gbL jf kljq tLy{sf] cf;kf;df :yfkgf

ug'{ kg]{ wfld{s dfGotf /lx cfPsf] 5 . lzjk'/f0fdf lzjlnË :yfkgf ubf{ lgTo tyf k"hf ug{ ;lsg] u/L kljq tLy{ jf gbL lsgf/df ug'{ kg]{ atfOPsf] 5 .@# o; zf:qLo sygaf6 afg]Zj/ dxfb]j / jf0fuËflar lgs6;DaGw /x]sf] 1ft x'G5 . g]kfnLx? cfWoflTdstfdf 7'nf] ljZjf; /fV5g\ . k|eftsfndf hnfzodf :gfg / dlGb/df b]jb]jLsf] k"hf pkf;gf tyf bz{g gu/L ltgLx?sf] b}lgs lgTosd{ g} ;'? x'bF g} Yof] . Tof] k/Dk/f sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf s}og kl/jf/x?df cBflk b]Vg kfOG5 .

To;sf/0f k|To]s a:tLleq 7fpF 7fpFdf 9'Ëw] f/f, Ogf/, s'jfnufot b]jb]jLsf dlGb/x? :yfkgf ul/Psf x'G5g\ . afg]Zj/ a:tLdf klg oxfFsf tTsfnLg dflg;x?sf] lgldQ ;f] 9'Ëw] f/f / dxfb]j dlGb/ :yfkgf u/]sf] a'lemG5 . :yfgLojf;Lx? b}lgs ¿kdf k"hf pkf;gf tyf bz{gsf] lgldQ / o; eujfg\kl| t cfk\mgf] elQmefjnfO{ hLjGttf k|bfg ug{ oxfF cfpg] u5{g\ . eujfg\ lzjsf] lg/fsf/ k|tLs dflgg] lzjlnË hxfF–hlxn] k|lt:yf ul/Psf] eP tfklg Tof] ;Dk"0f{ lxGb' ;Dk|bfosf] >4f / cf:yfsf] s]Gb| xf] . lzjdlGb/ /x]sf 7fpFdf ;fIfft eujfg\sf] jf; x'g] dfGotf 5 . To;sf/0f eQmhgx¿ k'0o k|fKt u/L cfk\mgf] dgf]sf+Iff k'/f ug{ lzjdlGb/df k"hf, kf7 / :t'lt u5{g\ . eujfg\ lzjsf] dlxdfaf/] k'/f0fdf j0f{g ul/Psf] tYoaf6 klg o; s'/fsf] k'li6 x'G5 . lzj ;'vdo, lgd{n Pj+ ;gftg xf] . pgLk|lt /fd|f] elQmefj /fvL k"hf ug'{ kb{5 . o;af6 blb|tf, /f]u, b'Mv tyf zq'hlgt kL8faf6 d'Qm x'gs ' f ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ dgf]cfsf+Iff k'/f eO{ ;a} lsl;dsf ;' v k| f Kt x' g yfNb5 . @$ To;} n ] eQmhgx¿ lzjelQmdf lnKt x'G5g\ . s?0fflglw lzjk|lt o;/L ;a}sf] cf:yf /x]sf] x'bF f eQmhgx¿ afg]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] :t'lt / k"hf cf/fwgfdf ;dlk{t ePsf] b]Vg kfOG5 . afg]Zj/ a:tLsf] gfd / afg]Zj/ dxfb]jaLr

@!= kf]2f/ -;+=_ k"jj{ t\, kfbl6Kk0fL ;ª\Vof !, k[= %%%. @@= P]hg, k[= @! . @#= P]hg, k[= @$ . @$=P]hg, k[= (& .

k|1 f MM 69

klg cGt/;DaGw /x]sf] a'lemG5 . oxfFsf] af0fuËf gfd lbOPsf] 9'Ëw] f/f / To;}sf] ;dLkdf klZrdlt/ k|lti7flkt dxfb]j -dx]Zj/_ oL b'Os { f] gfdaf6 a:tLsf] gfd afg]Zj/ /x]sf] egfO /lx cfPsf] 5 . oBlk oL b'a} ;Dkbfx? ef/tsf] k|l;4 ;f]d]Zj/ tLy{sf k|lt¿k x'g\ .@%;f]d]Zj/ If]q lxGb'x¿sf] Pp6f dxfg\ tLy{:yn xf] . ToxfF jf0fuËf gfd lbOPsf] ljzfn hnk|jfx x'g] gbL / To;}sf] glhs lzjdlGb/ klg 5 . ;f] ljzfn gbLnfO{ kf}/fl0fssfndf /fj0fn] jf0f k|xf/ u/L hnk|afx u/]sf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . To;}n] ;f] hnk|jfx If]q / To;af6 aUg] gbLnfO{ af0fuËf elgG5 . ;f]xL gbLsf] ;dLkdf ;f]dZ] j/ gfdsf] k|l;4 lzjlnË 5 . oL b'O{ af0fuËf / ;f]dZ] j/ gfdaf6 To; 7fpFnfO{ af0f]Zj/ elgG5 . h'g dg'ion] To; ;f]dZ] j/sf] kljq af0fuËf tLy{:yndf :gfg u/L lzjlnËsf] ;d]t bz{g ub{5 p;n] kljq tLy{ uËfdf :gfg u/] ;/x k'0o k|fKt x'g] s'/f a/fx k' / f0fdf pNn] v ul/Psf] 5 . @^ To;sf/0f ef/tl:yt af0fuËf / ;f]dZ] j/ lxGb' ;Dk|bfosf] lgldQ Pp6f kljq tLy{:ynsf] ¿kdf k|Voft /lxcfPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}l+ :yt jt{dfg afg]Zj/ a:tLnfO{ Tolta]nf k|Voft / kljq agfpg ef/tl:yt af0fuËfsf] k|tLs hnk|jfx :yn 9'Ëw] f/f / ;f]dZ] j/sf] k|tLs lzjlnË :yfkgf u/L a:tL ljz]ifsf] gfd;d]t afg]Zj/ /fvL pNn]lvt lzjlnËnfO{ afg]Zj/ dxfb]j gfds/0f u/L kljq agfPsf] yfxf x'G5 .@& afg]Zj/ a:tLsf] k|frLgtf vf]tNg] qmddf k|frLg / dWosfnsf clen]v, x:tlnlvtu|Gy tyf cGo P]ltxfl;s ;|ft] x¿df o; a:tLsf] gfd st} pNn]v ePsf] kfOFbg} . o;sf] gfd cfw'lgssfnb]lv

dfq pTyfg ePsf] kfOG5 . o; a:tL dfcfjfbLsf] ljsf; klg cfw'lgssfnsf] k|f/De;Fu} ePsf] b]lvG5 .@* /f0ffsfnLg n]gb]g tyf hUuf v/Lb ljqmL ;DaGwL w]/} sfuhkqx¿df afg]Zj/ a:tLsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf 5g\ . xfn;Dd k|fKt ;|ft] x?dWo] ;aeGbf k'/fgf] /fhf uLjf{0fo'4 ljqmd zfxn] lj=;+= !*%( df u/L lbPsf] ;'gfljtf{sf] nfndf]x/ b]lvPsf] 5 . To;df :ki6 ¿kn] æafg]Zj/ a|fx\d0f 6f]nÆ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .@( To; P]ltxfl;s ;|ft] x¿af6 afg]Zj/ a:tL ljz]ifsf] k|frLgtf yfxf kfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . afg]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ klg cfw'lgssfndf dfq k|lti7f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . lzjsf eQmn] lzjk|lt /x]sf] cf:yf / ljZjf;af6 ;f] dlGb/ k|lti7f ug{ k|/] 0ff ldn]sf] a'lemG5 . x'gt o; dxfb]jsf] :yfkgf k|frLgsfndf æjf0fÆ gfd u/]sf Clifn] u/]sf] s'/f g]kfndxfTDodf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] Clifn] kz'kltsf] glhs} lzjlnË :yfkgf ug'{ eO{ To;nfO{ æjf0f]Zj/Æ gfd lbOPsf] pNn]v 5 .#) t/ g]kfndxfTDodf pNn]lvt ;f] egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ s'g} P]ltxfl;s ;|ft] b]lvFbg} . oyfy{df ;f]xL dlGb/sf] k|fË0fdf /x]sf] clen]vaf6 afg]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] P]ltxfl;stfnfO{ k|i6\ofpg w]/} ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . ;f] clen]vdf afg]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] :yfkgf tTsfnLg ;/sf/L clwsf/L l8Ýf nIdLgf/fo0f 5]e F l8nn] lj=;+= !*%) df u/]sf] :ki6 ¿kdf pTsL0f{ 5 . o; :yfgdf pgn] ;f] dlGb/ afx]s ltgwf/f gfdsf] 9'Ëw] f/f, kf6L / o1:yn;d]t lgdf{0f u/L dlGb/df k"hf ;+rfng, jif{a4{g / cGo vr{sf] lgldQ u'7Lsf] Joj:yf u/L lbPsf lyP . ;f] clen]vsf] kf7 lgDgcg';f/ 5#! M

@%= uf]kfn wf}aGhf/, sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf a:tLx¿, sf7df8f}+M sNkgf >]i7, @)^*lj=;+=, k[= %) . @^= sNof0fM ;+lIfKt a/fx k'/f0f, k"0ff{Í, jif{ %! ;ª\Vof !, æ;f]dZj/lnË, d'lQmIf]q -d'lQmgfy_ cf}/ lqj]0fL cflbsf dxfTDoÆ, uf]/vk'/M df]tLnfn hfnfg, ;+jt\ ±, k[= @^% . @&= wf}aGhf/, k"jj{ t\, kfbl6Kk0fL ;ª\Vof @#, k[= %) . @*=P]hg, k[= $( . @(= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= * ;fsf]yflgjf;L >L1fgs/ jh|frfo{sf] ;ª\u|xdf /x]sf] ;'gfljtf{;DaGwL nfndf]x/af6 . #)= lxdjTv08M -:sGbk'/f0fdWo+_, jf/f0f;LM uf]/Ifl6NnfgfzL, of]uk|rfl/0fLtM @)!#lj=;+=, k[= @** .

k|1 f MM 70

uf]iff{ek" ltkfbeQmIfe8L wd{lbju{lk|o– hofk'qb'lxt[gKt[;lxt >LnlIdgf/fo0f]– gfTdf]4f/0fsfdof k/dof >Llji0f'eT" To{lGjtf] eQmfgfdlekfnsf]lt;'euf] jf0f]Zj/M :yflktM .. j]bG] åÍldt] ;'zf]lett/] g]kfn;+DjT;/] Ho]i7] dfl; lzt] z/] zlzlbg] >LsflGtk'oo\ l{ Gts] .. sf;f/f]bskfgdlGb/lznfj4f{Wj;+e"lift– k|f;fblDalgdfodlGb/j/>Lzª\s/k|Lto] ..@.. æca b]zefiff ;+Dat\ !*%) ;fn h]i7 ;'lb % df ª66f]n 3/sf lbÝf nIdLgf/fo0fn] >L # jfGo]Zj/dfxfb]j i7fkgf ul/ ;Dat\ !*%@ ;fn h]i7 jlb * df >L # jfGo]Zj/dxfb]jsf b]jndf uh"/ /flif # wf/f 3/ ;tn kflt jfl/ ;d]t /flv k|lti7f u¥ofsf lbg .. .. ;+jt\ !*%$ ;fncfiff9 z'lb # df kf]ifl/ / af6f] agfO{ kf]ifl/sf k|lti7f u¥ofsf lbg .. o];} lbgdf efbufpFsf if]t if]lt ;ft & / b]xL /f]kgL #% /fliflbof / o; if]tsf jflns't rfjn d'l/ @!) . ux' d'l/ ##.!) l3piffgLsf ¿k}of %%.– o; jfln / l3pifgLsf ¿k}ofn] >L # jfGo]Zj/dxfb]jsf lgTok"hf / ;bfjQ{ jfhf jif{jGwg xf]d u/fpg / lhg{p4f/ ug{nfO{ o]lt if]t ;ª\sNk ul/ uofsf jfjf nIdLgf/fo0f :jlu{ eofkl5 ;Dat\ !**$ ;fn efb|jlb ^ k| & df 5]e8]n sfnLbf;n] gf/f+lx6L hfGof jf6f]bi] fL w'ªu\ fn] jf6f] 5flk lqs'g kf]ifl/df O{6+ n] lrlGx wf/fsf cuflb d08k agfO{ jfjf nIdLgf/fo0fsf gfdn] k|ltdf agfO{ >L # jfGo]Zj/sf

cufl/ /flif i7fkgf ul/lb jfjfn] /flifuofsf if]tsf cfdbfgLn] uGof{ tk;Ln gx'bf tk;Ln /flv l;nfkq ul/ u'l7xf/ /fliflb~o" === ===Æ o; clen] v sf] cWoogaf6 afg] Z j/ dxfb]jsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !*%) df ePsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . To;afx]s c? klg w]/} s'/f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . ;f] dlGb/ b'O{ jif{df lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . dlGb/sf] lgTok"hf, ;bfjt{ -u/Lj–u'?jfnfO{ ef]hg af8\g_] , jif{j4{g -k|To]s jif{ dlGb/ :yfkgf ePsf] lbgkf/L ljz]if k"hf / pT;j dgfOg]_, dlGb/ lh0ff]4{ f/ ug{ nIdLgf/fo0fn] ;ft /f]kgL hUuf u'7L /fvL lbPsf lyP . To:t}u/L dlGb/ k|lti7f ug]{ nIdLgf/fo0fsf 5f]/f sfnLbf;n] klg wfld{s tyf ;+:s[lt;DaGwL cGo lgdf{0f sfo{ u/L dlGb/ k|lti7f ug]{ cfk\mgf lktfsf] zflns agfO{ afg]Zj/ dlGb/ cufl8 :yfkgf u/]sf] tYo To; clen]vaf6 yfxf x'G5 . To;s./0f ;f] clen]vn] ljz]if dxTTj /fVb5 . afg]Zj/ dxfb]j Pp6f 7'nf] kl/;/df :yflkt dlGb/ xf] . ;f] kl/;/leq cGo b]jb]jLsf k|ltdfx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . clen]vdf j0f{g ul/Psf ;Dkbfx¿afx]s oxfF lji0f' / u0f]znufot afg]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/sf] sl/a !% lkm6 blIf0flt/ nlntfb]jLsf] k|ltdf 5 . ;fy} afg]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/sf] rf/ s'gfdf c¿ rf/ lzjlnËx¿ lyP . tL lzjlnËx¿ O{ ; fgsf] 0 fsf ;jf] { i flwZj/, g}CTosf]0fsf k|f0f]Zj/, jfoJosf]0fsf Clifd'Qm]Zj/ / cfUg]osf]0fsf e}/jfio]Zj/ x'g\ .#@ oxfF hnfog gf/fo0fsf] csf]{ k|ltdf klg 5 . oL ;a} ;Dkbf kl5Nnf] ;dodf :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . lxGb'wd{sf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ wd{kl| t hfu?s agfO{ cfk\mgf] k'0o j[l4 ug{ ;do ;dodf ljleGg eQmhgx?n] pNn]lvt k|ltdfx? /fVg nufPsf] 1ft x'G5 .t/ xfn}sf jif{x?df oxfFsf P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfx? nf]k x'g] qmd hf/L 5 . pNn]lvt clen]v, dlGb/ :yfkgf ug]{

#!= hubLzrGb| /]UdL, zfxsfnLg snf / jf:t'snf, sf7df8f}+M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%) lj=;+= -låtLo ;+:s/0f_, k[= !() – !(! . #@= s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo k/fh'nL, æafg]Zj/MPs P]ltxfl;s gfdÆ, k"hf, sf7df8f}+ afg]Zj/M /Tg k':tsfno, @)#*lj=;+=, k[=@$ .

k|1 f MM 71

JolQmsf] zflns, kf6Lnufot rf/ s'gfdf /x]sf lzjlnËx? ;a} nf]k eO;s]sf 5g\ . oBlk afg]Zj/ dxfb]js} sl/j !) lkm6 klZrdlt/ lzjlnË;lxtsf] csf]{ dlGb/ b]Vg kfOG5 . ;f] dlGb/ pNn]lvt rf/ lzjlnËx?dWo] Ps /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . pk;+xf/ g]kfn k|frLgsfnb]lv lxGb'/fi6«sf] ¿kdf k|lt:yflkt x'bF c } fPsf] 5 . o; wd{sf cg'ofoLx¿ cfk\mgf] ;gftg wd{ / eujfg\kl| t cufw cf:yf / ljZjf; /fVb5g\ . cyj{jb] df wd{sf] kl/efiff lb+b} elgPsf] 5, wfld{s lqmof;DaGwL ;+:sf/ k"/f u/]/ k|fKt x'g] u'0f g} wd{ xf] .## o;n] eujfg\df cf:yfjfg\ /xL cfk\mgf] lgTo sfo{ ug'{ g} dflg;sf] wd{ eGg] a'emfpF5 . ToxL ljZjf;n] dflg;nfO{ ljleGg wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts sfo{ ug{ k|fT] ;flxt t'NofpFb} cfPsf] 5 . cfk"mdf cGtlg{lxt wfld{s cf:yfnfO{ lhljt /fvL To;nfO{ k|s6 ug]{ d'Vo ynf] dlGb/ xf] . To;sf/0f dflg;n] dlGb/ / tLy{:ynx¿df kf7, k"hf, :t'lt cflb sfo{df ;lDdlnt eP/ cfk"m / cfk\mgf] s'nsf] ;gftg wd{kl| t /x]sf] ljZjf;nfO{ k|ltljlDjt u/L /x]sf x'G5g\ . Toltdfq xf]Og To:tf] kljq ynf]af6 xfdLnfO{ ;b}j st{Jo k/fo0f eO{ dfgj ;]jfdf ;dlk{t /xg k|/] 0ff k|bfg u/L /xG5 . eujfg\ lzj s]jn kf}/fl0fs b]jtf dfq xf]Og{ g\, k+r + b]jdf ;aeGbf 7'nf cgflb l;4 k/d]Zj/ klg x'g\ . lzjsf] cy{ sNof0f:j¿k / sNof0fk|bftf x'g\ . k/da|Xdsf o; sNof0f ¿ksf] pkf;gf pRrsf]l6 l;l4, cfTdsNof0fsf/L ;fws Pjd\ cfl:tshg ;a}sf nflu k/d dª\undo, k/d sNof0fsf/L, ;j{l;l4bfos / ;j{>i] 7:s/ dflgG5 .

To:tf] eujfg\sf] dlGb/ afg]Zj/ a:tLsf] dWoefudf cjl:yt 5 . To;sf/0f of] 7fpF ;Dk" 0 f{ afg] Z j/jf;Lx?sf] wfl{ d { s tyf ;f+ : s[ l ts s]Gb|ljGb"sf] ¿kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . o; dlGb/sf bftfn] dlGb/ k|lti7f ubf{ g} o;sf] lgTok"hf, ;bfjt{, jif{jGwg, xf]dnufot pNn]lvt cj;/x?df afhf

ahfpgsf nflu ;d]t cfly{s Jooef/ jxg ug{ hUuf u'7L /fvL lbPsf lyP . t/ ;f] u'7L / u'7LhUuf xfn afFsL /x]sf] b]lvFbg} . oBlk eQmhgx?df o; afg]Zj/ dxfb]jk|ltsf] cf:yf hLjGt /lx cfPsf] 5 . b}lgs k"hfkf7sf] cnfjf ljleGg wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ dflg;x? oxfF pkl:yt x'G5g\ . To;afx]s lzj/fqL, tLh cflbljleGg kj{x?df oxfF d]nf nfUb5 . wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf P]ltxfl;s b[li6sf]0faf6 ljz]if dxTTj /fVb} cfPsf] o; afg]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] tLy{:ynn] ;dfhdf z}jwd{kl| t hgcf:yf clej[l4 u/L cfWoflTds efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgefpFb} cfPsf] 5 . k'/ftflTTjs b[li6sf]0faf6 klg o; b]j:ynsf] cfk\mg} dxTTj 5 . P]ltxfl;s ;|ft] sf] cWoogaf6 o; ;Dkbf sl/j b'O{ ;o la; aif{ k'/fgf] b]lvG5 .

To;sf/0f of] :yn k'/ftflTTjs dxTTjsf] ;Dkbf ePsf] 5 . Oltxf; eg]sf] xfd|f] ;Eotfsf] lrq0f xf] . ;dfh s;/L cufl8 j9]sf] 5 / s'g s'g kl/l:yltaf6 u'h/]| clxn]sf] cj:yfdf cfOk'us ] f] 5 eGg] s'/f Oltxf;sf] cWoogaf6 dfq yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . Oltxf;af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ / To;nfO{ lnlkj4 ug{ tTsfnLg ;dosf clen]v, x:tlnlvtu|Gy, j+zfjnL, k'/ftflTTjs j:t' cflb dxTTjk"0f{ ;|ft] x?sf] cfaZostf kb{5 . To;sf] cefjdf xfd| f k" j { h x?n] u/] s f dxTTjk" 0 f{ k|of;x?af/] :ki6 hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsFbg} . To;n] ubf{ oyfy{ s'/f hg;dIf Nofpg uf¥xf] eO{ Oltxf; g} ck'/f] eO lbG5 . To;sf/0f tTsfnLg ;dosf P]ltxfl;s ;|ft] x?sf] ;+/If0f / ;+a4{g ug'{ ;/sf/ Pj+ hg;d'bfo ;a}sf] bfloTj xf] . t/ ;DalGwt kIfn] otflt/ oyf]lrt Wofg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvFbg} . afg]Zj/ dxfb]j :yfgaf6 Oltxf;sf] dxTTjk"0f{ ;|ft] sf] ¿kdf /x]sf w]/} ;Dkbfx? nf]k eO;s]sf 5g\ . tL P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfx? h'g} p2]Zoaf6 nf]k ul/Psf] eP tfklg To;n] g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ afg]Zj/sf] oyfy{tfaf6 cnUofpg vf]lhPsf] yfxf x'G5 .

##= kf08'/ª\u jfdg sf0f], wd{zf:qsf Oltxf;, efu !, nvgpmM pQ/k|b]z lxGbL ;+:yfg, !((@ O{=, k[= $ .

k|1 f MM 72

;Gbe{u|Gy;"rL CUj]b ;+lxtf, sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, @)^# lj=;+= . sf0f], kf08'/ª\u jfdg, wd{zf:qsf Oltxf;, nvgpmM pQ/ k|bz ] lxGbL ;+:yfg, !((@ O{=. wf}aGhf/, uf]kfn, sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf a:tLx¿, sf7df8f}+M >LdtL sNkgf >]i7, @)^* lj=;+=. k/fh'nL, s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo, æafg]Zj/M Ps P]ltxfl;s gfdÆ, k"hf, sf7df8f}+ afg]Zj/M/Tg k':tsfno, @)#* lj=;+=. kf]2f/, xg'dfgk|;fb -;+=_, ;+lIfKt lzjk'/f0f, uf]/vk'/M uLtfk|];, @)%! lj=;+=. kf]2f/, xg'dfgk|;fb tyf uf]ZjfdL, lrDdg nfn-;+=_, ;+lIfKt :sGbk'/f0f, uf]/vk'/M uLtfk|];, @)%!, lj=;+=. aghL{, Pg=cf/= / zdf{, hgsnfn, ælgof]nl] ys 6"N; k|md g]kfn P08 l;SsLdÆ, k|frLg g]kfn, ;ª\Vof (, sf7df8f}F k'/ftTj ljefu, @)@^ lj=;+=. afËb]n, n}gl;+x, k|frLg g]kfnL d"lt{snfsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)#( lj=;+= . ld>, OGb'dtL, k|ltdf lj1fg, ef]kfnM dWok|b]z lxGbL u|Gy csfbdL, !(*& O{= låtLo ;+:s/0f . ob'jz + L, z}jdt, k6gfM ljxf/ /fi6«efiff kl/ifb, !(%% O{= . /fcf], aL=eL=, jN8{ lxi6«L, Go"lbNnLM :6]ln{Ë klAnz;{\ k|f= ln=, !((! O{+ . /]UdL, hubLzrGb|, zfxsfnLg snf / jf:t'snf, sf7df8f}+M ;femf k|sfzg, @)%) lj=;+= -låtLo ;+:s/0f_ . jh|frfo{, wgjh|, lnR5ljsfnsf clen]v, sf7df8f}M+ g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, @)%# lj=;+=. jh|frfo{, wgjh| / dNn, sdn k|sfz -;+=_ uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn l/;r{ ;]06/ klAns]zg;\, !(*% O{= . === === , sNof0fM ;+lIfKt a/fx k'/f0f,k"0ff{Í, jif{ %! ;ª\Vof !, æ;f]dZj/lnË, d'lQmIf]q -d'lQmgfy_ cf}/ lqj]0fL cflbsf dxfTDoÆ, uf]/vk'/M df]tLnfn hfnfg, ;+jt\ ± . === === , >Ljfdgk'/f0f, uf]/vk'/M uLtfk|; ] , @)^! lj=;+=. === === , ;'gfljtf{sf] nfndf]x/, ck|sflzt . === === , lxdjTv08M -:sGbk'/f0fdWo+_, jf/f0f;LM uf]/Ifl6NnfgfzL, of]uk|rfl/0fLt, @)!# lj=;+=.

***

k|1 f MM 73

;f+:s[lts cWoog

h}ldlg Clifsf] cf>d M h}ldlg3f6 / sfnL u08sL If]qsf] ;f+:s[lts dxTTj bLgfgfy zdf{ != kl/ro of] n]v k"jL{o bz{gsf k|l;4 ljåfg\\ h}ldlg Clifsf] tk:yn h}ldlg3f6 xf] eGg] egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug]{ p2]Zon] n]lvPsf] 5 . ef/tLo bz{gx? dWo]sf] k|l;4 k"jd { Ldf+;f bz{gsf k|0f]tf eg]/ dflgPsf h}ldlg s:tf JolSt lyP < pgsf] bfz{lgs JolStTj s:tf] lyof] < ef/tLo bz{gsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df h}ldlgsf] s] slt of]ubfg 5 < pgsf] tk:ofe"ld g]kfnsf] sfnL u08sL t6df cjl:yt h}ldlg3f6 xf] eGg] tYox? klg k9\g kfOG5 . t;y{ k"jL{o bz{gsf tL ljlzi6 ljåfg\s \ f] bfz{lgs hLjg;Fu hf]l8Psf k|df0fx?nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ wfld{s, kf}/fl0fs / ko{6sLo b[li6n] dxTTjk"0f{ /x]sf] d'lStgfyb]lv n'lDagL;Ddsf] If]qsf] / h}ldlg3f6sf] dxTTjnfO{ ;d]6]/ oyf;Dej k|df0fx?åf/f k'li6 ug]{ k|oTg o; n]vdf ul/Psf] 5. @= k"jL{o bz{g / h}ldlg k"jL{o bz{g ljZjdf ;d[4 bz{g dflgG5 . k"jL{o bz{gs} klg bz{g j]bnfO{ dflgG5 . sfnqmddf j]bnfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} kf}/fl0fs tyf wfld{s dtx¿ b]vf kb}{ uP . bz{gsf b'O{ zfvf cfWoflTds bz{g / ef}lts bz{gsf lar rn]sf] ax;nfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] zfvfsf] ;Totf / ;'4tf k'li6 ug{ gofF gofF ts{ / l;4fGt lnP/ bfz{lgs ljåfg\x¿ k}bf eP . j]bnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ ls gug]{ eGg] ax;n] k"jL{o bz{gnfO{ ;d[4 u¥of] . bz{g zf:qsf] pTklQsf] qmda4 ljsf;sf] vf]hL / cg';Gwfg x'bF } uPsf] 5 . j}lbs >'lt /

:d[ltx¿nfO{ ;"qa4 ub}{ nluof] . t/ cWoog, cg';Gwfg / vf]hL k"/f ePsf] 5}g . sfd cem} w]/} afFsL 5 .

O;fk"j{ rf}yf] ztfAbLlt/ ef/tjif{df af}4 bz{gn] xnrn dRrfof] . bz{gsf] If]qdf gofF jx;sf] yfngL eof] . af}4 tyf h}g wd{n] k"jL{o bz{gdf ;ª\s6 k}bf ul/lbof] . æaf}4 tyf h}g wd{n] pTkGg u/]sf] ;ª\s6, cfkm}df Tof] xnrn h] eP klg, ef/tLo ljrf/wf/fsf] If]qdf Ps ljz]if P]ltxfl;s o'usf] lgdf{0f u¥of]Æ .! o;n] k"jL{o bz{gdf gofF ax;sf] yfngL u¥of] . To;} sfndf ef/tjif{df bz{gsf] If]qdf jx; ;'? eof] . æef/tjif{df af}4sfndf bfz{lgs lrGtgdf Ps dw'/ nx/ k}bf eof] .Æ@ Tof] xnrnn] sfnqmddf w]/} bfz{lgs ljrf/ k}bf u¥of] . æ;a} bz{gdf clws k|l;4 x'gd] f–dxlif{ uf}tdsf] …GofoÚ s0ffbsf] …j}zl] ifsÚ slknsf] …;fª\VoÚ kt~hnLsf] …of]uÚ h}ldlgsf] …k"jd{ Ldf+;fÚ / jfb/fo0fsf] …pQ/ dLdf+;fÚ cyjf j]bfGt lyP .Æ# otf k"jL{o bz{gsf k|0f]tf / k|jt{sx¿sf] hGd / 1fg ;fwgfsf] sd{el" d sxfF lyof] < s;/L sxfF s'g kl/j]zdf a;]/ cfkm\gf] 1fg / of]u ;fwgf u/] eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL klg cw'/} 5 . ;du| ef/tjif{df ef/tLo bz{gsf] k|efj 5 . ef/tjif]{ e/tv08] cfo{jtf{Gtu{t u|fd] === eGb} wfld{s cg' i 7fgdf ;ª\ s Nk kl9G5 . h;/L a' 4 sf] hGd:yn, 1fg k|flKt / clGtd ;dflw:ynsf] ls6fg ePsf] 5, To;/L g} k"jL{o bfz{lgs, Clif dxlif{, ljåfg\x¿sf af/] hfgsf/L ;f¥x} yf]/} 5 .

To;sf] vf]hL cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

k|1 f MM 74

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j]bJof; k/f;/ Clifsf k'q lyP . h}ldlg j]bJof;sf lzio lyP . h}ldlgnfO{ ;fdj]bsf] lzIff j]bJof;n] lbP / dxfef/t klg k9fP . dxfef/t cflbkj{df elgPsf] 5, æj]bfg' Wofkof]df; dxfef/tk~rgfd\ . ;'dt' h}ldlg k}n z's+ r}j :jdfTdhd\Æ .$ o;af6 of] k|i6 x'G5 ls h}ldlg j]bJof;sf ;dsfnLg Clif lyP . dxfef/t …cZjd]wkj{Ú h}ldlgsf] gfdaf6 k|lz4 5 . hgd]hosf] ;k{ o1df h}ldlgnfO{ …aXdfÚ agfPsf] lyof] .% h}ldlg o'lwli7/sf] ;efdf ljBfgfy lyP .^ #= h}ldlgsf] ;do / of]ubfg kfZrfTo ljåfg\n] h}ldlg O;fk"j{ cf7f}F ztfAbLeGbf klxn] /x]sf] dfg]sf 5g\ . t/ ef/tLo ljåfg\n] O;fsf] ltg xhf/ jif{ k"j{ h}ldlgsfn eGg'df s'g} cfklQ xFb' g} eg]sf 5g\ . h}ldlg jfb/fo0f u'? lzio lyP eGg] s'/f klg ef/tLo ljåfg\n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .& h}ldlg 7'nf ljåfg\ lyP . pgn] w]/} u|Gyx¿ n]v] . t/ pgsf ;a} /rgfx¿ sfnqmddf ;'/lIft x'g ;s]gg\ / gi6 x'b} uP . lgDg u|Gyx¿ clxn];Dd ;'/lIft ePsf] dflgG5 .* != h}ldgLo ;fdj]b ;+lxtf, @= h}ldgLo a|fd0f, #= h}ldgLo >f]t ;"qd\, $= h}ldgLo cZjd]w kj{d\, %= h}ldgLo e[HXo ;"qd\, ^= h}ldgLo Hof]ltifd\, &= h}ldgLo k"jd { Ldf+;f ;"qd\ . ef/tLo bz{gsf] Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ zfvf k"jd{ Ldf+;f xf] . k"jd{ Ldf+;fsf /rlotf h}ldlg Clif x'g\ . o;df !@ cWofo -åfbz nIf0fL_ 5g\ .

O{;fk"j{ rf}yf] ztfAbLdf af}4 dtsf] z;Qm k| e fjn] j} l bs wd{ s f cg' o foLx¿sf nflu pgLx¿;Fu ePsf] ;d:t 1fgsf] k'gMlg/LIf0f / k'glg{df{0f cfjZos 7flgof] . ;fy} To;sf] lgbf]l{ iftf / ;Totf k|dfl0ft ug'k{ g]{ r'gf}tL af}4 bz{gn] v8f u¥of] .( h}ldlgn] Tof] r'gf}tLnfO{ k"/f ug{ sDd/ s;] . h}ldlg Clifn] j]bsf] ;fª\uf]kfª\uf] cWoog, JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/] . cfˆgf] u|Gydf dLdf+;fsf lgodx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;"qa4 u/]/ To;sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ l;4 ug]{ k|oTg u/] . dLdf+;f :ki6

¿kdf cg]s]Zj/jfbL eP klg pknIf0fx¿ lg/LZj/jfbL 5g\ . cfw'lgs lxGb' ljwfgdf dLdf+;f k4ltsf] kof{Kt k|efj 5 eGg] s'/f 8f= /fwfs[i0fg\n] ef/tLo bz{g låtLo v08df n]vs ] f 5g\ . ef/tLo bfz{lgs 8f= /fwfs[i0fg\n] h}ldlgsfn Ozfk"j{ rf}y+ f] ztfAbLnfO{ dfg]sf 5g\ . h}ldlg Ps dxfg\ sd{of]uL bfz{lgs lyP .

1fg k|flKtsf nflu pgn] s7f]/ of]u ;fwfgf u/]sf lyP . pgn] a|Xd;"q, dLdf+;f;"q, Gofo tyf of]u;"q cflbsf] k|ltkfbg u/] . sltko ljåfg\x¿sf] egfOdf h}ldlgsf s]xL u|Gyx¿ x/fO ;s]sf 5g\ . h}ldlgsf u|Gyx¿sf] klxnf] efiosf/ za/nfO{ dflgG5 . O;fk"j{ klxnf] ztfAbLdf h}ldlg cfVofgsf] efio / 6Lsfx¿ a9L k|rf/df cfPsf] dflgG5 . af}4 bz{gsf] ljZjJofkL k|rf/ / k|efjl;t 6Ss/ lng j}lbs wd{ / bz{gsf] ljsf; clgjfo{ ePsf] 7fg]/ h}ldlgn] k"jd{ Ldf+;fsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] s'/f ef/tLo bz{gsf 1ftfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f 5 . h}ldlg Clifsf] csf{] dxTTjk"0f{ vf]h h}ldlg ;"q xf] . h}ldlg ;"q kmlnt ul0ft xf] . gIfq lj1fg xf] . cGtl/If lj1fgsf] dxTTjk"0f{ s'~hL klg xf] . !!)) ;"q ;d]l6Psf] h}ldlg;"q k"jL{o ul0ft lj1fgsf] b'n{e pkxf/ xf] . ef/tLo Hof]ltiffrfo{ 8f= ;'/z ] rGb| ld>n] h}ldlg;"qnfO{ …sfnhoL /rgf, kmlnt l;4fGt, ce"tk"j{ of]ubfgÚ eg]sf 5g\ .!) h}ldlg Clifn] h}ldlg3f6df a;]/ 1fg ;fwgf u/] . h}ldlg;"q k|ltkfbg u/] . h] eP klg h}ldlg Ps dxfg\ 1fg ;fws lyP . 1fg k|flKtsf nflu lrQ;'l4 clgjfo{ lyof] . of]u;fwgf clgjfo{ 7fg]/ j}lbs / k'/f0fsfndf 7'n7'nf of]uL tk:jLx¿ zfGt / PsfGtsf] vf]hLdf lxdfnosf] sfv, tkf]jg, uª\ufgbLsf] zfGt lsgf/ 5fg] . To;}n] g]kfnsf lxdfR5flbt kxf8sf sGb/fx¿, gbL lsgf/ / 3gf hª\unx¿ kf}/fl0fs sfnsf tkf]dl" d lyP . lxhf]cfh tL :yfgx¿ kf}/fl0fs tLy{:yn tyf P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/sf] ¿kdf k|l;4 5g\ . bfdf]b/s'08, alb|, s]bf/, d'lStgfy cflb :yfgsf] P]ltxfl;s / kf}/fl0fs dxTTj ef/tLo k|1 f MM 75

ljåfg\n] :yflkt u/] . oL ;a}n] hfg]dfg]sf 7fpFx¿ k/] . g]kfndf a}lbs tyf kf}/fl0fssfnb]lv P]ltxfl;s dxTTj /fVg] sltko wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/x¿ sfnqmd;Fu} Oltxf;sf] ue{leq nf]k x'bF } uPsf 5g\ . o'u laTb} hfG5, cfly{s ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿ abln+b} hfG5g\ .

To;}qmddf la;{g} gx'g] ljåfg\, bfz{lgs, dxfk'?ifx¿ tyf P]ltxfl;s, kf}/fl0fs, wfld{s, ;f:s[lts w/f]x/x¿ klg lal;{bF } / cf]em]ndf kb}{ hfG5g\ . k/f;/, j]bJof;, h}ldlg, jfb/fo0f, k'nx:tx¿sf] hGd:yfg / sd{:yfg sxfF lyof] eGg] s'/f ef/tLo bz{g af]Nb}g / ef/tLo ljåfg\x¿n] klg Tof] If]qdf vf]hL ug{ rf;f] b]vfPsf] kfOFbg} . t/ tL Clifx¿sf] sd{ynf] / tkf]el" d g]kfn lyof] eGg] tYo / cfwf/x¿ k|z:t 5g\ . cf]em]ndf kb}{ uPsf] Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ wfld{s tyf P]ltxfl;s :yn h}ldlg3f6 klg xf] . h}ldlg3f6 afun'ª ;b/d'sfdb]lv s/La la; lsnf]ld6/ blIf0f kljq sfnLu08sLsf] klZrd lsgf/ sfnL / 7]pn]vf]nfsf] bf]efgdf kb{5 . To;sf] dfly k|l;4 e}/j:yfg kfphfsf]6 kb{5 . s]xL jif{ klxn] h}ldlg3f6 cdnfrf}/ uflj;df kb{Yof] . kl5 To;nfO{ s'ZdL uflj;df kfl/of] . $= h}ldlgsf] tk:yn h}ldlg3f6 h}ldlg Clifn] tk:of / of]u;fwgf u/]sf] 3f6nfO{ h}ldlg3f6 elgof] . t/ lxhf]cfh To; e]ssf hgtf To;nfO{ Hofld/3f6 klg eG5g\ . h}ldlg3f6sf] cke|z + Hofld/3f6 xf] eGg] kf}/fl0fs / P]ltxfl;s k|df0f k|z:t} 5g\ . h}ldlg Clifn] s7f]/ tk:of / 1fg ;fwg u/]sf] 7fpF P]ltxfl;s la/f;tsf] ¿kdf cfh;Dd 5 . lxhf]cfh klg To;nfO{ Hofld/3f6 / sltkon] h}ldlg Clifn] tk:of u/]sfn] h}dl' g3f6 klg eG5g\ . h] eg] klg of] 7fpF h}ldlg Clifsf] tkf]el" d h}ldlgsf] gfdn] o'uf}bF l] v k|l;4 5 . sfnLu08sL / 7]pn]vf]nfs]f ;ª\udb]lv s/La krf; ld6/ pQ/ sfnLu08sLsf] lsgf/df b'Oj{ 6f zLnf 5g\ . Pp6f z+vfsf/ ljzfn zLnf k|1 f MM 76

5 . To;df zª\vsf] h:t} Kjfn klg 5 . To;nfO{ :yfgLo afl;Gbf zª\v] 9'ªu\ f eG5g\ . zª\v km'Sg ;Lkfn' dflg;x¿n] Kjfndf d'v /fv]/ km'Sg] u5{g\ / zª\vWjlgn] ;lhn} kxf8} ysf{OlbG5g\ . zª\v] 9'ªu\ fsf] s/La kfFr ;ft ld6/ klZrddf csf]{ dhj't kx/f] 5 . kx/fsf] cf8df h}ldlg zLnf 5 . h}ldlg Clifn] tk:of u/]sf] cf;g zLnfdf k|i6 b]lvG5 . cln blIf0f tn b]jzLnf -:yfgLo hglha|fd ] f b]j9'ªu\ f_ 5 . ltg} b'O{ 9'ªu\ fsf lar dLdf+;fsf k|jt{s, h}ldlg;"qsf k|0f]tf h}ldlg Clifn] tk:of u/]sf lyP eGg] dhj'b k|df0fx¿ 5g\ . cln pQ/lt/ kx/f vf]n/] agfOPsf] s'6L 5 . Tof] s'6LnfO{ h}ldlg s'6L elgG5 . s'6Lleq Pp6f s'gfdf k"hf ug]{ d08k 5 . o'uf}+b]lv sfnLu08sLsf] lsgf/fdf kfOg] kljq zflnu|fdsf] k/Dk/fut k"hf x'bF } cfPsf] lyof] elgG5 . t/ clxn] lgoldt k"hf x'g 5f8]sf] 5 . of] k+lStsf/n] lgs} jif{ klxn] To; If]qsf ;+:s[t Jofs/0f / ;flxTosf ljåfg\ k+= 5ljnfn pkfWofl;t h}ldlg3f6sf] kf}/fl0fs / P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldaf/] lh1f;f /fv]sf] lyPF . pgn] Tof] :yn h}ldlg Clifsf] of]u / 1fg ;fwg ug]{ kljq P]ltxfl;s :yn xf] eg]/ y'k|} k|df0f hDdf u/]sf lyP . kf08'lnlksf] ¿kdf /x]sf tL ;a} k|df0fx? @)%( ;fn c;f/ dlxgfdf ljz]if sf/0fn] d]/f] 3/leq /x]sf ;a} k':ts / k|df0fx? g:6 x'g k'u] . pg}sf] egfO cg';f/ c7f/ k'/f0fdWo] a/fx k'/f0f lxdjtv08sf] u08sL dxfTDoaf6 lnOPsf] eGb} ;+:s[tsf] æb]jzLnf z+vzLnf h}ldlg306 ;+lgwf}Æ eGg] Pp6f Znf]s l6kfPsf lyP . o;n] h}ldlg Clifn] 1fg ;fwgf u/]sf] P]ltxfl;s :yn h}ldlg3f6 g} lyof] eGg] k|dfl0ft ub{5 .!! h}ldlg3f6 afun'ª\ lhNnfsf] blIf0f e]ssf sl/j 8]9 bh{g uflj; / kj{tsf klg Tolt g} uflj;x¿sf] d[To' ko{Gt k/Dk/fut bfx;+:sf/ ug]{ kljq 3f6 dflgFb} cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f lktfk'vf{sf] rL/ ;dflw:yn klg ToxL zª\v] 9'ªu\ f xf] . of] k+lStsf/ w]/} cfkmGt l5d]sLsf] clGtd bfx;+:sf/df ;fd]n ePsf] 5 . l5d]sdf

dbf{kbf{ ;w}F ;lqmo x'g] l5d]sL bfh' rGb|bQn] zª\v] 9'ªu\ fsf] Kjfndf d'v /fv]/ km'Sbf b'¿:t} zª\vsf] cfjfh vfpg] / t/ª\uLt zª\vWjlgn] Tof] If]q g} u'~hfodfg x'g] u/]sf] tfhf :d/0f cem} 5 . zª\v] 9'ªu\ fnfO{ l;/fgL agfP/ ljr/f rGb|bQsf] rL/ ;dfwL e};s]sf] 5 . xfdL ;a}sf] cflv/L hfg] 7fpF ToxL xf] . To;f] t Tof] If]qdf s;}nfO{ ufnL lbg' k¥of] eg] …t]/f] 6fpsf] zª\v] 9'ªu\ fdf ;]nfpg k/f];Ú\ klg elgG5 . h}ldlg3f6df k'¥ofPkl5 bfp/f 3/}af6 nu]/ jf lsg]/ 89fpg] / g;Sg]n] gbLsf] lsgf/df bjfpg] jf aufpg] rng klg 5 . klxn] df3] ;+qmflGtsf lbg h}ldlg3f6df ltg lbg d]nf nfUbYof] . d]nf eg{ sf:sL, :ofª\hf, u'NdL, kfNkf, a'6jn ;d]tjf6 dflg;x¿ cfpg] rng lyof] . afnf rt'bz { Lsf lbg zª\v] 9'ªu\ f j/k/ gbL lsgf/df ;taLh 5g{ cl3Nnf] lbgb]lv g} dflg; hDdf x'Gy] . Hofld/3f6sf] gbL lsgf/df pHofnf] gx'bF f;Dd eQmhgx¿n] ehglst{g ug{] / pHofnf] ePkl5 uª\uf:gfg u/]/ ;taLh 5g]{ uy]{ . t/ cfheGbf sl/j b'O{ bzs klxn] df3] ;+qmflGtsf lbg d]nfdf c1ft JolQmåf/f Ps hgf OG;k]S6/sf] 5'/L xfg]/ xTof ePkl5 ;'/Iffsf] sf/0fn] csf]{ jif{bl] v ToxfF d]nf nfUg 5f8\of] . cem} klg >4fn' eQmhgx¿ afnfrt'bz { L / df3] ;+qmflGtdf :gfg ug{ cfpF5g\ t/ klxn]h:tf] /dfOnf] x'g 5f8]sf] 5 . h}ldlg3f6df ;"ou{ x| 0fsf lbg u|x0f yfKg] dflg; a:b5g\ . u|x0fbfgnfO{ af]lemnf] dflgG5 . u|x0fbfg yfKg xDd];L dflg; tof/ xFb' g} . t/ s;}n] yflkxfNof] eg] bfg ug]x{ ¿sf] 7'nf] eL8 nfUg] ub{Yof] . Tof] rng klg nf]k x'bF } uPsf] 5 . of] k+lStsf/n] klg ;fg}df lktfhLsf] cg'dltn] xftdf nufO/x]sf] @% nfnsf]] ;'gsf] cf}7F L u|x0f bfg u/]sf] ;Demgf cfpF5 . %= ;f+:s[lts tyf ko{6sLo dxŒj g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;f+:s[lts, kf}/fl0fs / P]ltxfl;s dxTTjsf :ynx¿ sfnqmddf cf]em]ndf kb}{ / nf]k x'bF } uPsf 5g\ . gofF k':tfn] ljutnfO{

s;/L a'em\g] / To;sf] s;/L /Iff ug]{ eGg] cxd\ k|Zg xfd|f] cufl8 5 . . To;}n] ef]lnsf] k':tfsf nflu oL :ynsf] cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ;+/If0f ug'{ k5{ . Tof] s;n] ug]{ < sfnLu08sL g]kfnsf gbLx¿dWo] kljq gbL dflgG5 . o;sf] lsgf/df zflnu|fd / gbLsf] afn'jfl;t ;'g ldl;Psf] 5 . gbL lsgf/ a:g] dflemn] km';{bsf] ;dodf jfn'jf rfn]/ ;'g lgsfN5g\ . To;nfO{ dfemL¿jf elgG5 . lbgel/ lgsfn]sf] dfemL¿jf :yfgLo bf]sfgdf nu]/ lbG5g\ / cfFkm"nfO{ laxfg a]ns ' f rflxg] ;.dfg lsg]/ n}hfG5g\ . sfnLu08sLsf] bflxg] lsgf/df tnb]lv dfly;Dd dxTTjk"0f{ wfld{s tyf P]ltxfl;s :yn, cf>d s'6Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . b]j3f6, /fgL3f6, ¿¿If]q, ?b|j]0fL, k"lt{3f6, h}ldlg3f6, lg/o, un]Zj/ dxTTjk"0f{ :yfgx¿ 5g\ eg] ;aeGbf dfly sfuj]gL / d'lQmgfy 5g\ . kf}/fl0fs sfnb]lv g} xfd|f Clifd'lgx¿n] sfnLu08sLsf] P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts dxTTjnfO{ /fd|fl] ;t a'em] sf lyP . sfnLgbLs} cf;kf; DofUbLsf] k'nfrf}/df k'nx:t Clifn] tk:of u/]sf lyP . To:t} ;Tob]jLsf] unf v;]sf] 7fpF un]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] kljq dlGb/ klg sfnL gbLs} lsgf/df 5 . wfld{s b[li6n] dfq} xf]Og kf}/fl0fs / P]ltxfl;s b[li6n] klg oL :yfgx¿sf] cToGt} 7'nf] dxTTj 5 . t/ oL P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/x¿ nf]k x'bF } / dxTTjxLg aGb}5g\ . xfdLn] xfd|f] Tof] k"h F LnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ ;s] kf}/fl0fs tyf wfld{s ko{6gdf klg 7'nf] ;xof]u k'Ug] lglZrt 5 . o:tf P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/x¿nfO{ s]jn wfld{s cf:yfsf] cfwf/df dfq k|rf/ ul/Fbf ;doqmddf cf]em]ndf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] logLx¿sf] ;f+:s[lts, kf}/fl0fs, P]ltxfl;s / ko{6sLo dxŒjaf/] k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ ;s] oL ;Dkbfx¿ nf]k x'gaf6 hf]lug ;Sy] . h}ldlg Clifsf] cf>d:yn h}ldlg3f6 k'u/] of]uL g/xl/gfyn] s]xL jif{ klxn] wfGof~rn dxfo1 nufP / h}ldlg3f6sf] dxTTjaf/] To; If]qsf hgtfdf s]xL r]tgf lbPsf lyP . To;}af6 k|l] /t eP/ cdnfrf}/–& lgjf;L >L k|d] k|;fb ;fksf]6fn] k|1 f MM 77

h}ldlg3f6df h}ldlg Clifsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ . wfGof~rn kj{af6 p7]sf] /sd / ef/tsf] db|f;df sfd ug]{ g]kfnLx¿sf] lardf cdnfrf}/– & lgjf;L rqmkfl0f zdf{sf] ;lqmotfdf hDdf ePsf] /sdaf6 lzjhLsf] dlGb/ ag]sf] 5 . To;} a]nf To;} 7fpFdf j]bzfnf klg vf]lnPsf] lyof] . t/ To; P]ltxfl;s e"lddf vf]ns ] f] j]b j]bfª\u ljBfnonfO{ kl5 bd]s uflj;df ;fl/of] . rqmkfl0f eg] Hofld/3f6sf] wfld{s dxTTj arfpg cem} klg ;lqmo 5g\ . of]uL g/xl/gfyn] h}ldlg;"qsf] af/]df s]xL n]vs ] f 5g\ eGg] ;'lgPsf] 5 . h] eP klg h}ldlg3f6 Oltxf;df cf]em]ndf kb}{ uPsf] P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/ xf] . h}ldlg3f6df P]ltxfl;s ;+f:s[lts dxTTjsf hL0f{ d7dlGb/ / jf:t'snfx¿ nf]k x'bF 5 } g\ . h}ldlg3f6s} 5]js } f] 7] p n] v ] n fsf] lsgf/df lgld{ t k' / fgf ;Qn kf6Lkf}jfx¿ hL0f{ x'bF } 5g\ / Oltxf; w/f;foL x'Fb}5 . o; k|sf/sf w/f]x/x¿sf] pTvgg\ / ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf 5 . To;k|lt s;}sf] lrGtf 5}g . k'/ftTj ljefu 5, ko{6g ljefu klg 5 t/ tL lgsfo ToxfF k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\ . h}ldlgo Hof]ltif kmlnt Hof]ltif xf] . o;df !! ;o ;"q 5g\ . of] k|fdfl0fs lj1fg xf] . h}ldlg Clifn] Ho}ldlg3f6df a;]/ o; k|sf/sf dxTTjk"0f{ ;"qx¿sf] k|ltkfbg u/] t/, Ho}ldlgsf ;Gtfgx¿ cfh h}ldlgaf/] cgle1 x'g' b'Mvsf] s'/f xf] .!@ h}ldlg3f6 lsg h}ldlg Clifsf] kfjg tkf]el" d aGof] < of] dxTTjk"0f{ k|Zg xf] . O;fk"j{ rf}yf] ztfAbLb]lv b]jzLnf / zª\vzLnf cljlR5Gg p:t} l:yltdf 5g\ . sfnLsf] lsgf/df jiff{sf] e]n / axfjn] cGoq 7'nf] kl/jt{g NofPsf] x'G5 . jiff{sf] 7'nf] e]nn] b'j} zLnfnfO{ p:t} kbf{ 8'jfpF5 t/ cflv/ gbLsf] kfgL 36]kl5 j/k/ g afn'jfsf] y'kf| ] /xG5 g 9'ªu\ f / au/ g} . of] P]ltxfl;s :ynsf] cfˆg} ljz]iftf 5 . ;w}F ;'/lIft z'Gb/, zfGt, zLtn gbL lsgf/ jg sGb/fsf] ;ª\ud:yn 5fg]/ h}ldlgn] cf>d agfPsf] x'gk' 5{ .

O;fk" j { bf] > f] ztfAbLdf n' l DagLb] l v nf]dfª\yfª\ x'bF } rLg;Dd a'4 bz{gn] k|jz ] kfPsf] tYo km]nf k/]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf a'4 bz{gsf] k|1 f MM 78

ljsf; ePsf] 5 eGg] ;'Gg] klxnf] lrlgof gful/s rfª\ lrª\ lyP . xfg a+zsf ;d|f6 ldª\ lb (Ming Di) n] ;g\ ^* df a'4af/] ;kgf b]v] / a'‰g pgsf Ps sd{rf/L sfo o"ª\ (Cai-Yin) nfO{ blIf0f Pl;oflt/ k7fP . pgL ltg jif{kl5 cfkm"n] km]nf kf/]sf] tYo tYofª\s a'4sf k|ltdf ;lxt @ hgf a'l4i6 ; df] oª\ / 5 kmf nfg (She-Mo-Teng and Chu-Fa-Lan) nfO{ ;fydf lnP/ uP . pgLx¿n] ldª\bLsf] b/af/df a;]/ a'4 bz{gsf] k|rf/ u/] .!# tL b'j} JolQmx¿ g]kfnL a'l4i6 x'gk' 5{ . d':tfª\ a'4 u'Dafx¿sf] dxTTjk"0f{ k|frLg P]ltxfl;s :yn xf] . k'/ftflTTjs j:t'x¿sf] vf]hL x'b} 5 . cfh ;+;f/sf] Wofg d':tfª\df s]lGb|t x'bF } uPsf] 5 . a'4 dt lnP/ klxnf] k6s rLg hfg] b'O{ af}4 leIf' d':tª\uL x'gk' 5{ . ltAatb]lv d':tfª\ x'bF } n'lDagL;Ddsf] ;lhnf]af6f] sfnLsf] lsgf/ afx]s c? ;Dej lyPg .

O;fk"j{ bf];f| ] ztfAbLdf g} /];d dfu{ v'Nof] . /];d dfu{ rLg, g]kfn, blIf0f Pl;of x'bF } /f]d;Dd lj:tf/ ePsf] atfOG5 . /]zd dfu{n] klZrdL ;+;f/l;t rLgnfO{ kl/ro u/fof], /]zdsf] Jofkf/ lj:tf/ u¥of] / oxL af6f] eP/ a'4 bz{g rLg x'bF } dª\uf]lnof ;d]tsf b]zdf lj:tf/ eof] . rLgaf6 n'lDagL cfpg] dxTTjk"0f{ 5f]6f] / ;lhnf] af6f] sfnLu08sLsf] lsgf/s} af6f] xf] eGg] s'/f tYon] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . d':tfª lhNnfsf ljleGg :yfgsf k|frLg u'Dafx¿sf] pTvgg\af6 dxTTjk"0f{ k'/ftflTTjs j:t'x¿ e]l6Psf 5g\ . s]xL ;do klxn] dflyNnf] d':tfªsf] k|frLg u'kmf pTvgg u/L /]zdsf cjz]if e]l6Psf] ;dfrf/ cfof] . k'/ftTTj ljefun] o'g:] sf]sf] ;xof]udf u/]sf] pTvgg\df n'lDagLb]lv nf]dfª\yfª\ P]ltxfl;s l;Ns/f]8 sf]l/8f]/ ePsf] tYo km]nf k/]sf] eGb} "DOA (Department of Archeology) studies historical evidence of Silk Road" zLif{sdf ;dfrf/

k|sflzt u¥of] .!$ To;n] klg Tolt a]nfsf ko{6s, Jofkf/L, ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ af6f] nf]dfª\yfª, d'lQmgfy, hf]d;f]d, sfuj]gL, un]Zj/, dfn9'ªu\ f, h}ldlg3f6, a]nau/, k"lt{3f6, ?b|j0] fL, ¿¿If]q, kfNkf a'6jn b]jbx x'bF } n'lDagL;Dd

ePsf] x'gk' 5{ . k'/ftTj ljefun] cg';Gwfg ub}5 { . /]zd dfu{nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf btf{ u/fpg cem} s]xL tYo tYofÍ vf]Hg' k5{ . k'/ftTj ljefun] vf]hL ul//x]sf] / tYosf] ;ª\sng x'bF } u/]sf] s'/f b /fOlhª g]kfn b}lgsn] k|sflzt u¥of] . n'lDagL, hf]d;f]d, nf]dfª\yfª\ /];ddfu{sf] sl/8f]/ x'gk' 5{ eGg] s'/f k'/ftTj ljefu k|dv ' k'/ftTjljb\ bfdf]b/ !% uf}tdn] eg]sf 5g\ . /]zd dfu{af/] uf]/vfkqn] Zofd l/dfnsf] Ps n]v k|sflzt u¥of] . To;df elgPsf] 5 M æljutdf rLg / ef/taLrsf] Jofkf/df d'Vo of]ubfg u/]sf] g]kfn b'O{ xhf/ jif{ eGbfa9L k'/fgf] /]zddfu{s} Ps efu xf] eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . k'/ftTj ljefu / o'g:] sf]n] ;+oQ ' m ¿kdf ;g\ @)!$df u/] s f] cWoogn] d' : tfª\ – n' l DagL kbdfu{sf] tNnf]efu /]zd dfu{ x'g ;Sg] hgfPsf] 5 . o'g:] sf]n] g]kfnnfO{ klg /]zd dfu{df ;"lrs[t x'g u/]sf] k|fT] ;fxg :t'To 5 .Æ To:t} cufl8 elgPsf] 5, æ@)&! k'; # ut] g]kfnn] rLgsf] a]Olhªdf ePsf] cGt/ ;/sf/L Joj;flos tyf nufgL ;dGjo a} 7 ssf cj;/df g] k fnn] /]zddfu{ cfly{s k]6Lsf] Ps efu x'g] s'/fdf x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 .Æ!^ nf]dfª\yfªb]lv gf/fo0fu9;Ddsf nflu sfnLu08sL sl/8f]/sf] nIo 5 . ;/sf/sf] 3f]lift nIodf km]/abn ePg / sfnLsf] bfofF lsgf/af6 Tof] lgdf{0f eof] eg] To; k|sf/sf bh{gf}F ko{6sLo :ynsf] ljsf; x' g ] 5 . nf] d fªyfgb] l v n'lDagL;Ddsf] /fhdfu{ ef/t rLg hf]8g\ ] ;aeGbf 5f]6f] af6f] xf] . o;n] g]kfnsf] ko{6g ljsf;df sfof kn6 ug]5 { . ef/t–rLg Jofkf/sf nflu of] af6f] clt g} dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf u'0ffTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] of] dfu{nfO{ /fhgLlts jf JolQmut :jfy{sf] s]Gb| agfpg ldNb}g .

Oltxf;sf] ;+/If0f, ko{6gsf] k|jw{g, Jofkf/sf] lj:tf/sf] nflu of] dfu{ dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . g]kfnsf ;j} gbLsf] plQs} dxTTj 5 . t/ sfnLu08sLdf kfOg] zflnu|fd cGo gbLx¿df

kfOFbg} . sfnLsf] afn'jfdf ;'gsf s0fx¿ k|z:t} kfOg] ePsf]n] To;sf] lsgf/df ;'g e08f/ /x]sf] k|i6} 5 . o;sf] lsgf/df dxTTjk"0f{ k'/ftflTTjs P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/ /x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] tkf]jgn] a'4 bz{gsf] rLglt/ km}lnb} uPsf] k|efjnfO{ /f]Sg h} l dlgn] /] z ddfu{ s f] dxTTjk" 0 f{ gfsf h}ldlg3f6nfO{ of]u ;fwgfsf] dxTTjk"0f{ ;ª\ud 5fg]sf] ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ^= lgisif{ P]ltxfl;s k'/ftflTTjs dxTTjsf :yfgx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ljZj ;d'bfonfO{ kl/lrt u/fpg ;s] dfq} ko{6g ljsf; o; k|sf/sf :yfgnfO{ ljsf; u/]/ wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s / kf}/fl0fs ko{6sLo If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] alnof] ;Defjgf 5 / ;Dej 5 . Psflt/ a'4 ef/tLo lyP eGg] e|fds k|rf/ eO /x]sf] 5 eg] csf]l{ t/ xfdL eg] xfd|f w/f]x/ nf]k x'bF } uPsf] x]l//x]sf 5f}F . sfnL lsgf/ ;';fO/x]sf] 5 . sfnLsf] ;';fO;Fu} xfd|f a}lbs, kf}/fl0fs / P]ltxfl;s w/f]x/x¿ nf]k x'bF } 5g\ . h}ldlgh:tf dxfg\ bfz{lgs ljåfg\sf] of]u;fwgfsf] cf>o:ynsf] P]ltxfl;s dxTTj u'Db} 5 . h}ldlg Tof] a]nfsf] ;fk]Iftfdf w]/} 6f9faf6 1fg ;fwgfsf] nflu cfPsf lyPgg\ xf]nf . To;sf] vf]hL x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pgL jf:tjd} g]kfnL lyP . DofUbLsf] k'nfdf k'nx:y Clifn] 1fg;fwgf u/sf] P]ltxfl;s / kf}/fl0fs tYo km]nf k/]sf] 5 . tgxFs " f] Jof;sf] tkf]el" dsf] cg';Gwfg x'g klg afFsL g} 5 . Jof; h}ldlgsf u'? lyP eGg] k|fdfl0fs tYon] b'j} Clifx¿sf] sd{ ynf] g]kfn lyof] eGg] s'/f k|i6} 5 . o; k|sf/sf] k|dfl0ft tYonfO{ :yflkt u/]/ uf}/j ug{ g;Sg' b'Mvsf] s'/f xf] . o; k|sf/sf uf}/a / zfgnfO{ ;+/If0f u/]/ b]zsf] lz/ prf /fVg ;lsFbg} / < k"jL{o bz{gsf dxfkl08t / bfz{lgsx¿ g]kfndf w]/} 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf of]ubfgsf] vf]hL ug',{ ;+/If0f ug'{ / :yflkt ug'{ s] cfw'lgs o'usf] st{Jo xf]Og <

k|1 f MM 79

kfbl6Kk0fL tyf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L != 8f=/fwfs[i0fg, ef/tLo bz{g låtLo v08, /fhkfn k|sfzg lbNnL, cg'=gGb lszf]/ uf]len, k[i7–( @= 8f=/fwfs[i0fg, ef/tLo bz{g låtLo v08 v08, /fhkfn k|sfzg lbNnL, cg'=gGb lszf]/ uf]len, k[i7–!! #= pxL $= dxfef/t cflb kj{ ^#!*(, dxfef/t oh'j]{befio, jfh;g]lo ;+lxtf cflbefu %= dxfef/t cflbkj{ %#=^ ^= dxfef/t ;efkj{ &= Google Wikipedia the free encyclopedia *= pxL (= 8f=/fwfs[i0fg–ef/tLo bz{g låtLo v08 /fhkfn k|sfzgl8NnL cg'=gGb lszf]/ uf]len k[i7–#@! !)= h}ldlg;"qd\ ;Dk"0f{ 8f= ;/]zrGb| ld> /+hg klAns]zG; bl/ofu+h, gofF lbNnL !!= k+ 5lanfn pkfWofo cdnfrf}/–@, 8fF8fv]t afun'ª !@= h}ldlg;"qd\ ;Dk"0f{ 8f= ;/]zrGb| ld> /+hg klAns]zG; bl/ofu+h, gofF lbNnL !#= Google Wikipedia the free encyclopedia !$= The Rising Nepal (Apr. 29. 2013) j}zfv !&, @)&) !%= The Rising Nepal (Apr. 29. 2013) j}zfv !&, @)&) !^= uf]/vfkq, @)&@ j}zfv # ut] ∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 80

;}4flGts ;dfnf]rgfTds cWoog

n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;}4flGts kl/ro / s[lt ljZn]if0fsf] ¿k/]vf k|f= df]xg/fh zdf{ != ;f+:s[lts ;dfnf]rgf / n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf ;f+:s[lts ;dfnf]rgf eg]sf] Jofks If]q cf]u6\g] / cg]s l;4fGt ;d]6g\ ] 5ftf zAb xf] . o;sf] km/flsnf] cFufnfleq ;+:s[ltsf ;a}h;f] k|sfo{sf] vf]hL ug]{ efFltefFltsf l;4fGt Pj+ jfbx? / ;dLIffTds cEof; Pj+ ljlwx?n] 7fpF kfPsf 5g\ . o;n] ;Eotfsf pQd kIfx? ku]N{ gfsf ;fy} snf, ;flxTo, lkmNd, 6]lnlehg h:tf ;fdflhs pTkfbx?sf] klg cWoog / ljZn]if0f u5{ . of] cGtlj{ifos cWoog xf] . ;f+:s[lts cWoognfO{ s'g} kf7 jf s[ltsf] /rgf;F u ufF l ;Psf ;fdflhs, ;f+ : s[ l ts, /fhg}lts, P]ltxfl;s, bfz{lgs, dgf]j}1flgs, cfly{s, snfTds cflb ;Gbe{x? cYof{pg] / a'emfpg] ;dfnf]rgfsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/G5 . ;fy} o;leq hft, hflt, /fli6«otf, lnª\u, of}lgstf, gf/Ljfb cflbsf] cWoog klg k5{ . cem} o;n] s'g} s[lt s'g cj:yf ljz]ifsf] pTkfb xf] eGg] hfFr ;d]t u5{ . olt dfq xf]Og o;n] s'g} Pp6f ;f}Gbof{Tds cyjf ;f+:s[lts pTkfbg csf]e { Gbf bfdL / pkNnf] 5 eGg] 7x/ ;d]t e/kbf]{ JofVofsf ;fy u5{ . o; qmddf o;n] hft, hflt cyjf lnª\u, of}lgstf cflbsf ;f]kfgqmlds d"No Pj+ dxŒjsf] ljj]rgf klg u5{ . s'g} ;dfhåf/f :yflkt ljrf/wf/f g} JolStsf] cg'el" tdf, p;sf] cfTd r]tgfdf / cGttM p;sf] oyfy{af]wdf JofKt x'G5 eGg] o;sf] dfGotf 5 . ;f+:s[lts ;dfnf]rgfsf nflu ;+:s[lt pTkfbg geP/ k|lqmof xf] . To;}n] o;n] ;+:s[ltnfO{ a4, l:y/ / lgwf{l/t tTTj gdfg]/ lg/Gt/

kl/jt{gzLn k|lqmof tyf hLjGt cg'ej dfG5 . o; kl/k|I] oaf6 ;+:s[ltnfO{ s'g} vf; ;dfhsf] afgLa]xf]/, efjljrf/, rfnrng, snfsf}zn Pj+ hLjgz}nL eg]/ kl/eflift ul/G5 . o;nfO{ dfgjåf/f k|jw{g ul/Psf d"Nox?sf] /flz klg dflgG5 . ;flxTosf] ;dfnf]rgfdf ;+:s[ltsf] vf]hL d'VotM d"Nox?sf] oxL /flzsf] ljZn]if0f Pj+ JofVofåf/f ul/G5 . ;f+:s[lts cWoog jf ;dfnf]rgfn] s'g} lglZrt ;+:s[lt;Fu ;Da4 kf7 jf s[ltsf] ;fdfGotM ;Dk"0f{ ;f+:s[lts kIfsf] / ljz]iftM cltjfbL kIfsf] ljZn]if0f Pj+ JofVof u5{ . of] ;fdflhs l;4fGt;Fu k/:k/JofkL x'gfsf ;fy} /fhgLlt Pj+ Oltxf;;Fu klg cfa4 x'G5 . ;f+:s[lts ;dfnf]rgfsf] ljsf; d'VotM a]nfot / cd]l/sfdf 5'§f5'§} wf/df ePsf] 5 . cGoq klg 5'§f5'§} wf/ Pj+ k|sf/sf] ;f+:s[lts cWoog / ;dfnf]rgf ljsl;t ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;j{ky| d o; cWoogsf] a]nfotL wf/sf] yfngL eof] . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf a]nfotdf ;f+:s[lts cWoog gfds ;+:yfsf] :yfkgfsf ;fy} 5'§} ljifosf ¿kdf o;sf] cf}krfl/s cWoog / o;sf cfwf/df ;dfnf]rgf ug{ yflnof] . To;kl5 ;g\ !(^$ df Pp6f :jtGq cWoog If]qsf ¿kdf ald{ª3\ d ljZjljBfnodf l/rf8{ xf]uf6{sf g]tT[ jdf ;d;fdlos ;f+:s[lts cWoog s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePkl5 o;n] emg} em\ofª\lug] cj;/ kfof] . o; cWoog s]Gb|df xf]uf6{n] cfkm\gf ;xof]usf nflu :6'c6{ xnnfO{ ;xfos lgo'St u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(^( df xf]uf6{n] cjsfz kfPkl5 xn o;sf lgb]z { s ag] / pgs} s'zn g]tT[ j / Jofks k|efjdf k|1 f MM 81

o;sf] b/f] ljsf; eof] . o;sf cGo dxŒjk"0f{ a]nfotL lrGtsx? /]dG8 ljlnoD;, kfn ljln;, kfn lun/fo, l8s x]lah, 6f]gL h]km;{g, PGh]nf lu|g cflb x'g\ . ;f+:s[lts cWoogsf] a]nfotL wf/nfO{ jfdlrGtgtkm{ 9Ns]sf] dflgG5 . o; wf/sf] ljsf;df O6fn]nL lrGts PG6f]lgof] u|fDrLsf] k|eT' j -x]lhdgL_ l;4fGtsf] s]Gb|Lo dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . aGbL hLjg latfpg] u|fDrLåf/f k|ltkflbt k|eT' j l;4fGtn] ;f+:s[lts cWoognfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ 9ª\udf k|efljt u/]sf] 5 eg] a]nfotL ;f+:s[lts cWoogn] klg o;sf] uxg ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} o;sf] ljsf;df k|mo\ fª\skm6{ wf/fsf dfS;]n { L ;+/rgfjfbL lrGts n'O cNy';/sf] ljrf/wf/f -cfO8f]nhL_ l;4fGtn] klg dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . o;sf ljk/Lt ;f+:s[lts cWoog Pj+ ;dfnf]rgfsf] cd]l/sfnL wf/ ;g\ !(&) sf bzssf] pQ/fw{lt/ leGg} ;+:s/0fsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5 . cd]l/sfdf o;sf] yfngL Jojxf/jfbL, pbf/jfbL, ax'njfbL Pj+ pQ/cfw'lgs lrGtgsf ¿kdf ePsf] 5 . To:t} leGgleGg /fli6«otf Pj+ If]qLotfsf sf/0f Sofg8f, c:6]l« nof, Go'lhNofG8, Nofl6g cd]l/sf, Pl;of, blIf0f clk|msf, O6fnL cflbdf ljsl;t ;f+:s[lts cWoogdf ;d]t s]xL leGgtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|mfG; / hd{gLdf o;sf] vf; ljsf; ePsf] kfOFbg} . ;f+:s[lts cWoogsf] ljzfn 5q5fFofdf lgDglnlvt ;dfnf]rgfx? /x]sf 5g\ M gjdfS;{jfbL ;dfnf]rgf gf/LjfbL ;dfnf]rgf 8fo:kf]l/s ;dfnf]rgf pQ/cf}klgj]lzs ;dfnf]rgf gjOltxf;jfbL ;dfnf]rgf cj/hg cWoog hftLotf cWoog ;~rf/ cWoog cg'jfb cWoog n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf cflb . o; ;"rLn] ;f+:s[lts ;dfnf]rgf;Fu n}ªl\ us k|1 f MM 82

;dfnf]rgfsf] 3lgi7 ;DaGw 5 eGg] hgfpF5, lsgeg] of] klg ;f+:s[lts cWoogsf] 5q5fFofdf x'ss {] f] Pp6f ;dfnf]rgf xf] . ;dfhdf ;+:s[ltn] g} lnª\usf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ x'bF f n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ;f+:s[lts ;dfnf]rgfsf ¿kdf ePsf] xf] . @= lnª\usf] kl/efiff / of}g;Fu leGgtf n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf] d'Vo ljifo lnª\u -h]G8/_ xf] . lnª\uaf/] ljleGg cjwf/0ff k|jrgdf /x]sf sf/0f of] s] xf] eGg] a'em\g lgs} cndndf kg'{ kg]{ l:ylt 5 . o; cndnnfO{ kG5fpg / lnª\u s] xf] eg]/ :ki6 kfg{ tn o;sf] kl/efiff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M gf/L Pj+ k'?ifsf nflu ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ¿kdf lgld{t e"ldsf, afgLa]xf]/, lqmofsnfk tyf ljz]iftfnfO{ lnª\u elgG5 . lnª\u d'VotM b'O{ sf]6Lsf 5g\, Pp6f k'lnª\u -Dof:s'lng_ / csf]{ :qLlnª\u -km]ldlgg_ . cr]n lnª\usf] juL{s/0f ubf{ cGo lnª\u jf t];f| ] lnª\usf] ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/G5 . dfly k|:t't kl/efiffn] lnª\unfO{ ;dfh Pj+ ;+:s[ltåf/f lgwf{l/t dflg;sf sf]6Lx?sf] e"ldsf / nIf0f dfG5 . slxn]sfxLF lnª\usf] k|of]u of}g -;]S;_ sf nflu klg ePsf] kfOG5 . o;n] ubf{ oL b'jn } fO{ 5'66\ o\ fP/ 7DDofpg lgs} uf/f] k5{ . of] uf/f] x6fpg] b[li6n] of}g s] xf] eg]/ a'emfpg] :ki6 kl/efiff tn lbOPsf] 5 M gf/L tyf k'?ifsf] leGgtf b]vfpg] h}ljs Pj+ zf/Ll/s nIf0fx?nfO{ of}g elgG5 . of}gsf d'VotM b'O{ sf]6L 5g\, Pp6f gf/L -lkmd]n_ / csf]{ k'?if -d]n_ . cr]n of}gsf cfwf/df cGo jf t];f| ] lnª\uLsf] klg juL{s/0f ul/G5 . dflysf kl/efiffx?af6 :qLlnª\u / k'lnª\u n}ªl\ us sf]6Lx? x'g\ eg] gf/L / k'?if of}lgs sf]6Lx? x'g\ eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . ;+;f/sf ljleGg ;+:s[lt Pj+ ;dfhdf of}gsf kIf / nIf0fx?df vf;} leGgtf x'bF g} , t/ lnª\usf kIf Pj+ nIf0fx?df 7'n} leGgtf x'G5 . of}g g};lu{s ePsfn] of] ljZjJofkL ¿kd} nueu ;dfg x'G5, t/ lnª\u

;dfhåf/f lgwf{l/t ePsfn] ;dfhlkR5] km/s km/s x'G5 . of}g / lnª\usf] leGgtf :ki6 kfg]{ s]xL cfwf/x? 5g\ . oL b'js } f leGgtf hgfpg] nIf0fx? tn k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ M of}gsf nIf0fx? != gf/L /h:jnf eO{ k/ ;5{g,\ k'?if k/ ;b}g{ g\ . @= k'?ifsf] c08sf]if x'G5, t/ gf/Lsf] x'bF g} . #= gf/Lsf] :tgn] b'Uwkfg u/fpg ;S5, k'?ifsf] 5ftLdf To:tf] ;fdYo{ x'bF g} . $= gf/Lsf eGbf k'?ifsf xf8 a8f / ef/L x'G5g\ . %= oL clenIf0fx? ckl/jlt{t /xG5g\ . lnª\usf nIf0f != pxL sfdsf nflu ;+;f/sf k|foM ;a} b]zx?df k'?ifeGbf gf/Ln] sd kfl/>lds kfpF5g\ . @= ;+;f/sf clwsf+z d'ns ' df k'?ifeGbf a9L gf/Ln] 3/fo;L sfdsfh u5{g\ . #= ;fpbL c/a cflb sltko b]zdf k'?ifnfO{ sf/ xfFSg] cg'dlt 5, t/ gf/LnfO{ 5}g . $= sltko d'n'sdf gf/LeGbf stfstf a9L k'?ifn] w'dk| fg u5{g\ . o;sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] To:tf d'ns ' df gf/Ln] w'dk| fg u/]sf] l7s 7flgFbg} . %= oL clenIf0fx? kl/jt{gzLn 5g\ . dflysf nIf0fx?n] lnª\u / of}gsf] leGgtf lgs} xb;Dd :ki6 kf/]sf 5g\ . n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf d'VotM lnª\usf cfwf/df ul/P klg o;df of}g Pj+ of}lgs /fhgLltsf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnOG5 . #= n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf] kl/ro / kl/efiff ;f+:s[lts Pj+ ;fdflhs 5q5fofdf x'ss {] f] n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf ;flxTosf] cGtlj{ifos / ;fy} ax'ljifos cWoog xf] . o;nfO{ ljz]iftM lnª\u ;DaGwL cWoogsf] k|fl1s If]q dflgG5 . o;sf] s]Gb|Lo ljifo g} n}ª\lus klxrfg / n}ª\lus k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] 5 . n}ª\lus ;dfnf]rgfsf] kl/efiff o; k|sf/ 5 M ;flxlTos s[lt n]Vg] / k9\g] 9ª\unfO{ lnª\un] s] s;/L k|efljt kf/]sf] 5 eg]/ cWoog ug]{ l;4fGtnfO{ n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf elgG5 . ;dfh

Pj+ ;+:s[ltåf/f lgwf{l/t sf]6L cg';f/ lnª\u d'VotM :qLlnª\u / k'lnª\u eP klg o;df cGo jf t];f| ] lnª\usf] klg ;dfj]z 5 . s[ltut gf/L / k'?ifsf ;fy} o;n] ljZn]io ;flxTo n]vs jf n]lvsf s;sf] /rgf xf] / /rgfsf/sf] n}ªl\ ustfsf sf/0f s[ltsf] /rgf qmddf s] s:tf] af6f] cFuflnPsf] 5 eGg] kIfsf] klg ljj]rgf u5{ . olt dfq xf]Og o;n] s[ltdf rl/qx?sf] lrq0f gf/L jf k'?if s;sf kIfdf ul/Psf] 5 / laDa, k|tLs Pj+ cGo ljlzi6 eflifs k|of]u gf/L jf k'?if s;sf k|lt pb\lbi6 5 eg]/ klg 5'66\ o\ fpF5 . o; ;dfnf]rgfn] n}ªl\ us k|efjsf sf/0f ;flxTosf] n]vg / k7g s;/L k|efljt x'G5 jf ePsf] 5 eGg] hfFr ugf{sf ;fy} Pp6f n]vs jf n]lvsfsf] n}ªl\ ustfn] p;sf] n]vgnfO{ s;/L k|efljt kf5{ eGg] JofVof klg u5{ . o;n] gfl/Tj Pj+ k'?ifTjaf/] n]vssf wf/0ffsf] vf]hL u5{ / ljk/Lt lnª\uL kfqaf/] p;sf] wf/0ff s] 5 eGg] klg :ki6 kf5{ . o;n] ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltdf of}lgstf, zlSt / ;LdfGts[t hg;ª\Vof -gf/L, t];f| ] lnª\uL cflb_ sf d'bb\ fx?sf] uxg cGj]if0f u5{ . 8]l/8f, km'sf], nsfF cflbnfO{ o;sf k|dv ' lrGtssf ¿kdf lnOG5 . n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfn] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts b[li6af6 s[ltut gf/L Pj+ k'?if b'js } f] ;dfg cWoog u5{ . o;n] t];f| ] lnª\uLsf] cWoog klg plQs} uxgtf / dxŒjsf ;fy u5{ . ;do ;dodf ;dfhsf] n}ªl\ us wf/0ff Pj+ b[li6sf]0f abln/xg] x'bF f o;n] tTsfnLg l:ylttkm{ klg ljz]if Wofg /fV5 / 3l6t ePsf kl/jt{gsf] n]vsLo :jLs/0f Pj+ s[ltut k|efjsf] vf]hL klg u5{ . o; ;dfnf]rgfnfO{ gf/L, k'?if / t];|f] lnª\uLsf] ;du| cWoog ug]{ l;4fGt dflgG5 . o;df d'VotM n}ªl\ us klxrfg, n}ªl\ us e"ldsf / ?9L k|sf/, n}ªl\ us k|ltlglwTj, n}ªl\ us leGgtf, n} ª \ l us lje] b , n} ª \ l us zlSt Pj+ of} l gs /fhgLltsf] cWoog ul/G5 . o;sf cg';f/ zlSt lkt[;QfTds dfq geP/ dft[;QfTds klg x'G5 . o;sf] tfTko{ zlSt Psd'vL dfq geP/ ax'dv ' L k|1 f MM 83

x'G5 . gf/L Pj+ k'?ifsf] zlSt ;DaGwdf o; ax'dv ' L l:yltsf] kf/v klg o;n] u5{ . o;n] lnª\u ;DaGwL d'VotM ;fdflhs– ;f+:s[lts kIfsf] cWoog u/] klg h}ljs Pj+ zf/Ll/s kIfsf] cWoog u/]/ of}gnfO{ ;d]t ;d]65 \ . o;n] zf/Ll/s cfwf/df gf/L, k'?if / t];|f] lnª\uLnfO{ klxrfGg] / ltgsf] s[ltut e"ldsfsf] dxŒj ;d]t b;f{pg] sfd u5{ . $= n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ;f+:s[lts cWoogsf] Pp6f 5'§} zfvfsf ¿kdf :yflkt eO{ ;g\ !(&) sf bzsdf n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfn] cfkm\gf] leGg tyf :jtGq cl:tTTj sfod u/]sf] xf] . To;f] t n}ªl\ us cWoogsf] p7fg dfS;{ Pj+ Pª\ u ] N ;sf gf/L ;DaGwL wf/0ffaf6 clg gf/LjfbL cfGbf]ngsf] cf/Deb]lv g} ePsf] xf] eGg] dt klg kfOG5 . ;fdfGotM ;g\ !(&) k"js { f] l:yltnfO{ k[i7e"ld dflgG5 / n}ªl\ us cWoogsf] jf:tljs yfngL !(&) sf bzsdf ePsf] :jLsfl/G5 . n} ª \ l us ;dfnf] r gfnfO{ gf/LjfbL ;dfnf] r gfsf] lj:tf/sf ¿kdf lnOG5 . gf/Ljfbsf] ljsf;df bf];f| ] nx/ cf/De ePkl5 !(&) sf] bzsdf o;n] -gf/Ljfbn]_ n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf] :j¿k u|x0f u/]sf] xf] . To;}n] !(&) b]lv n}ªl\ us lrGtgd'vL ePsf] gf/LjfbnfO{ n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf] yfngL ug]{ klxnf] r/0f dflgG5 . !(&) sf bzsb] l v gf/LjfbL ;dfnf]rgfsf] s]Gb| gf/L dfq g/x]/ n}ªl\ ustf / of}lgstf klg x'g k'us ] f] 5 . o;/L lrGtgsf] k|dv ' cfwf/ n}ªl\ ustf aGg k'uk] l5 !(&) sf] bzsb]lv gf/Ljfb / n}ªl\ us cWoogsf] ljsf;df klxnf] r/0fsf ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] xf] . o;df 8]l/8f, km'sf] / nsfFsf ljrf/n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ns ] f] b]lvG5 . gf/LjfbL ;dfnf]rgfn] Pp6L s]6L jf Pp6L gf/L x'g' eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ n}ªl\ us cWoog u5{ . o;n] ljz]iftM k'?if/lrt ;flxTodf gf/Lsf] lrq0f s:tf] 5 eGg] kIfsf] vf]hL ugf{sf ;fy} gf/L ;flxTosf/n] gf/L kfqsf] k|1 f MM 84

rl/q lrq0f s;/L u5{g\ / ;+/rgfsf b[li6n] gf/L n]vg / k'?if n]vg s;/L leGg 5 eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL u5{ . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf k'?ifjfb -Dof:s'lnHd jf Dof:s'lnlgHd_ sf] hGdsf ;fy} k'?ifjfbL n}ª\lus ;dfnf]rgf k|f/De x'G5 . k'?ifjfbsf] :yfkgfsf ;fy} n}ª\lus ;dfnf]rgfsf] bf];|f] dxŒjk"0f{ r/0f k|f/De eO{ o;df gf/L / k'?ifaf/] ;dfg ¿kdf cWoog ug{ yflnG5 . o;n] k'?if, k'?ifTj, lkt[;Qf cflbsf s'/f p7fP klg of] n}ªl\ us ;dfgtfsf] kIfw/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . gf/Lsf] bdg Pj+ lyrf]ldrf]df k/]sf k'?ifsf ;s;k"0f{ d'bb\ fsf] cWoog ug'{ o;sf] cfwf/e"t ljifo xf] .

Psfª\uL eP/ gf/LkIfaf6 dfq x]/L k'?ifnfO{ xf]Rofpg], ckdfg ug],{ lu/fpg], bf];f| ] :yfgdf /fVg] h:tf kIfkftk"0f{ P]g sfg'gsf] lj/f]wnfO{ o;n] cfkm\gf] nIo lgwf{l/t u/]sf] 5 . gf/L lx+;fdf nfUg] k'?ifnfO{ sf/afO ePem}F k'?if lx+;fdf nfUg] gf/LnfO{ klg ;dfg sf/afO x'g' k5{ eGg] o;sf] dfu /x]sf] 5 . jf/]g kmf/]n, Anflhgf lqm;, dfl6{g Ps/, Xof/L a|f8, ;}d km]ldofgf], ;]km8{ lAn;, dfl6{g lkmj6{ / d]:g/ cflbsf] tTk/tfdf k'?ifjfbL l;4fGtsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ePsf] xf] . k'?ifjfbL ;dfnf]rgfn] n}ªl\ us lgld{ltsf] efjgf s] xf] eGg] / ;dfhn] s]6f] jf k'?if s] xf] eg]/ s;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 eGg] x]5{ . s[ltdf kfqsf] k'?if klxrfgsf nflu rl/qn] s:tf] k'?iff]lrt e"ldsf u/]sf] 5 eGg] klg x]l/G5 . n}ª\lus ;dfnf]rgfn] k'?if ;dlnª\uL ;dfnf]rgf -u] lqml6l;Hd_, gf/L ;dlnª\uL ;dfnf]rgf -n]l:aog lqml6l;Hd_, k/fn}ª\lus ;dfnf]rgf -6«fG;h]G8/ lqml6l;Hd_ cflbsf] ;dfj]zsf ;fy} k"0f{tf k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

5ftf ;dfnf]rgfsf ¿kdf ;lGbUwtfjfbL l;4fGt -lSjo/ lyo/L_ n] ;Dk"0f{ t];|f] lnª\uLx?sf] cWoog ug{ yfn]kl5 n}ª\lus ;dfnf]rgfsf] If]q Hofb} km/flsnf] ag]sf] 5 . ;lGbUwtfjfbL cWoogsf] k|d'v k|]/s km'sf]sf] b lx:6«L ckm ;]S;'cln6L -!(&^_ gfds k':ts /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] sfd h'l8y a6n/, nf]/g]

jn]G{ 6, dfOsn jfg{/ cflbn] u/]sf 5g\ . n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf gf/Ljfb, k'?ifjfb / ;lGbUwtfjfbsf] ;dfxf/ xf] . %= n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx? of] ax'njfbL ;dfnf]rgf ePsfn] o;sf ;}4flGts dfGotfx? klg ljljw 5g\ . o;sf] k|dv ' nIo gf/L / k'?if s] x'g\ eGg] vf]hL /x] klg o;n] t];|f] lnª\uLsf d'b\bfx?sf] ;d]t ulx/f] 5fglag u5{ . o;sf d'Vod'Vo dfGotfx? lgDg lnlvt 5g\ M != o;n] lnª\u ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts lgld{lt xf] eGg] dtsf] cg';/0f u5{ . @= o;n] lnª\ u nfO{ ;dfhlgld{ t o:tf] ljrf/wf/f dfG5 hf] ;f+:s[lts, /fhg}lts, cfly{s, z}lIfs, wfld{s ;ª\3;+:yfx?df k|ltlalDat x'G5 / ;fy} xfdLn] af]Ng] efiffdf klg lglxt /xG5 . #= o;n] gf/L / k'?if clgjfo{tM leGg x'g\ eGg] s'/f] dfG5 . zf/Ll/s of}lgstfsf sf/0f oL b'j} g};lu{s ¿kdf leGg 5g\ eGg] o;sf] 7x/ 5 . $= o;n] d'VotM gf/L / k'?ifsf] jf:tljs -h}ljs / zf/Ll/s_ n}ªl\ us leGgtfsf] cy{ x'G5 eg] To:tf leGgtfsf] ;dfh / ;+:s[lt ljz]ifdf ;d]t ljlzi6 cy{ x'G5 eGg] dfG5 . %= o;n] zlSt PslbzLo ¿kdf dflyaf6 tn -cyf{t\ lkt[;QfTds cyjf gf/Ldfly k'?if k|e'Tj_ dfq x'Fb}g, a? ax'lbzLo -k'?ifdfly gf/L x}sd, gf/Ldfly gf/L x}sd, k'?ifdfly k'?if x}sd cflb_ x'G5 eGg] tYonfO{ :jLsf5{ . ^= o;n] ;dfh tyf ;+:s[ltsf kl/k|I] oaf6 s] 7DDofPsf] 5 eg] lnª\ue]bL dflg;sf] juL{s/0f ug]{ Pp6f dfGotfsf ¿kdf ulx/f] h/f] uf8]sf] 5 . To;}n] >d, lzIff, cfo, :jfldTj, hfoh]yf, ;ª\u7gfTds sfo{, /f]u, /]vb]v cflbsf ljt/0fdf lnª\ue]b Pp6f lje]bsf/L c:qsf ¿kdf k|oS' t x'G5 . &= o;n] JolStsf] klxrffg lgwf{/0fdf n}ªl\ ustf

nufot e"uf]n, pd]/, hft, ju{, /fli6«otf, of}lgstf, of]Uotf cflbsf] klg e"ldsf /xG5 eGg] 7fG5 . j:qb]lv /ª\u;Dd / sDKo'6/sf] agf]6b]lv b]jLb]jtfsf] 5ljlrq lgdf{0f;Ddsf ef}lts jf cef}lts ;fdflhs pTkfbx?df gf/L / k'?if ;DaGwL wf/0ff k|oS' t x'g] x'bF f n}ªl\ us cWoog ;DaGwL dfGotfx?sf] k|r/' tf tyf ljljwtf /x]sf] b]Vg kfOG5 . o;sf dfGotfx?df hlt;'s} ljljwtf eP klg of] gf/L / k'?ifsf] ;dfg ¿kdf cWoog ug]{ ;dfnf]rgf xf] . ^= n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf] /0fgLlt s'g} s[ltsf] n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf ug'{ cl3 s;/L To;sf] ;d'lrt cWoog ug]{ af/] uDeL/ ;f]rljrf/ u/L /0fgLlt tof/ kfg'{ cfjZos 5 . /0fgLltsf] lgdf{ 0 f u/] s f v08df n} ª \ l us ;dfnf]rgf ug{ pGd'v ;dfnf]rsn] ;'ud Pj+ pko'St 9ª\udf cfkm\gf] pb\bZ] o k|fKt u5{ . /0fgLlt eg]sf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ul/g] uxg vfnsf] ljlw, k|lqmof, gLlt Pj+ of]hgfsf] th'd{ f Pj+ To;sf] lgwf{/0f xf] . s'g} s[lt Pj+ To;sf s[ltsf/af/] lgDglnlvt k|Zgx?sf ;Gbe{af6 ljrf/ u/]/ /0fgLlt agfPsf v08df p2]Zo k|flKt cyf{t\ lgwf{l/t s[ltsf] ;d'lrt n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 M != s[ltsf n]vssf] lnª\u s] xf] < @= p;sf] lnª\un] s[ltdf s] e"ldsf v]ns ] f] 5< #= s[ltut rl/qx?sf] lnª\u s] 5 < $= rl/qx?sf lnª\un] s[ltdf s] e"ldsf v]ns ] f] 5< %= s[ltdf gf/L / k'?ifsf] ;DaGw s] u/L jl0f{t 5< ^= s] s[ltsf] k7gnfO{ n}ªl\ us e"ldsf abn]/ kl/jlt{t ug{ ;lsG5 < &= n}ªl\ us ?9L k|sf/x?sf] ;anLs/0f cyjf pk]Iff s] ul/Psf] 5 < *= s[ltut n}ªl\ us Jojxf/n] s[ltsf] cy{ s;/L k|ltlalDat u5{ < k|1 f MM 85

pko'S{ t k|Zgx?sf cfwf/df cfkm\gf] /0fgLlt agfO{ To; cfwf/df s[ltsf] cWoog u/]sf v08df ;d'lrt k|sf/n] n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf ug{ ;lsG5 . /0fgLlt agfP/ sfo{ ubf{ dfu{df cfpg] cndn / cK7\of/fx? :jtM kG5]/ hfG5g\ . &= n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf k|dv ' kfl/eflifs zAbx? n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfdf k6s k6s k|oS' t x'g] s]xL zAbx? s]Gb|Lo dxŒjsf 5g\ . o:tf zAbdWo] d'Vo d'Vo s]xL zAb / ltgsf] cy{ tn lbOPsf] 5 M != of}lgs cled'vLs/0f -;]S; cf]l/PG6];g_ M JolStsf] jf;gfTds, sfd's, z[ªu\ fl/s jf k| ] d /fufTds cfsif{ 0 fnfO{ of} l gs cled' v Ls/0f elgG5 . o:tf] cfsif{ 0 f ljifdlnª\uL -gf/L–k'?iflar_, ;dlnª\uL k'?if k'?if jf gf/L gf/Llar_ / peolnª\uL -gf/L / k'?if b'jl} t/_ x'g ;S5 . @= n}ªl\ us klxrfg -h]G8/ cfO8]lG66L_ M JolStsf] cfkm" gf/L jf k'?if s] x'F eGg] lghL wf/0ffnfO{ n}ªl\ us klxrfg elgG5 . of] klxrfg aRrf hlGdFb} pm s]6L jf s]6f] s] xf] eg]/ ul/G5 . ;fy} JolStn] cfkm\gf] klx/g, af]nL, rfn9fn, k];f cflbsf dfWodaf6 klg cfkm\gf] n}ªl\ us kl/ro lbG5 . o; afx]s cGo lnª\uLsf ¿kdf klg JolStsf] klxrfg x'G5, t/ o:tf] klxrfg Tolt ;lhnf] x'bF g} . #= n}ªl\ us k|ltlglwTj -h]G8/ l/k|h ] G] 6];g_ M ;flxlTos s[ltdf gf/L / k'?ifsf] pkl:ylt s] slt -;ª\VofTds b[li6n] w]/ jf yf]/_ / ltgsf] lrq0f s] s;/L -d'Vo, ;xfos, uf}0f, ;an, b'an { , jf:tljs, cjf:tljs cflb_ ul/Psf] 5 eGg] 9ª\unfO{ n}ªl\ us k|ltlglwTj elgG5 . $= n}ªl\ us leGgtf -h]G8/ l8km/]G;_ M gf/L / k'?iflar kfOg] km/snfO{ n}ªl\ us leGgtf elgG5 . b'js } f] afgLa]xf]/, rfnrng, p7a;, cfj]u, efjgf, ;+1fg, dl:tis, z/L/, efiff, af]nL cflbdf k'/} leGgtf x'G5 . b'jd } f kfOg] s]xL leGgtf jf:tljs, s]xL leGgtf j}slNks k|1 f MM 86

/ s]xL leGgtf k'/fsyfTds x'G5g\ . %= n}ªl\ us e"ldsf -h]G8/ /f]N;_ M ;dfhåf/f gf/L / k'?ifsf] lqmofsnfk Pj+ Jojxf/ s:tf] x'g' k5{ eg]/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] wf/0ffnfO{ n}ªl\ us e"ldsf elgG5 . oL e"ldsfx? ;dfh ljz]ifsf] dfGotf, dfgs Pj+ gLlt lgoddf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . clwsf+z ;dfh gf/L / k'?ifdf ljeSt eP klg sltko ;dfhn] ltgj6f lnª\unfO{ dfGotf lbPsf 5g\ . ;fdfGotM an, cfqmfdstf, ;fx;, x}sd, k|lt:kwf{, :jR5Gbtf cflbnfO{ k'lnª\uL e"ldsf dflgG5 eg] lgliqmotf, cwLgtf, b'a{ntf, eL?tf, ;+j]bgzLntf, lge{/tf cflbnfO{ :qLlnª\ u L e" l dsf dflgG5 . k/Dkl/t k|sf/sf n}ªl\ us e"ldsf dWo] s]xLsf] pNn]v tn ul/Psf] 5 M – k'?if 8fS6/ / gf/L g;{ aG5g\, – k'?if aflx/sf] sfd / gf/L 3/sf] sfd u5{g,\ – k'?if cUnf tyf sl;nf / gf/L sf]dn tyf b'Anf x'G5g\, – s]6f 6«s, hxfh h:tf v]nf}gf;Fu / s]6L k'tnL;Fu v]N5g\, – s]6f lx;fa k9\g dg k/fpF5g\ / s]6L lx;fa k9\g dg k/fpFbg} g\ cflb . ^= of}lgs /fhgLlts -;]S; kf]lnl6S;_ M gf/L / k'?ifsf lar zlStsf] efuLbf/L s;/L ug]{ / o; efuLbf/Laf6 ltgsf] ;DaGw s;/L k|efljt x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff Pj+ ultljlwnfO{ of}lgs /fhgLlt elgG5 . of] of}lgstfsf cfwf/df zlSt / ;DaGwsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ l;4fGt xf] . &= n}ªl\ us ?9L k|sf/ -h]G8/ l:6l/of]6fOK;_ M gf/L jf k'?if ;DaGwL clt ;fdfGoLs[t efjgf, wf/0ff cflbnfO{ n}ªl\ us ?9L k|sf/ elgG5 . oL ?9L k|sf/x? gf/L / k'?ifsf ljifodf o:tf k|l;l4 x'G5g\, h;sf] tfTko{ a'em\g s'g} uf/f] x'bF g} , h:t} M – 3gn] k'?ifnfO{ / s'rfn] gf/LnfO{ hgfpF5, – zf}rfnosf] 9f]sfdf KofG6 nufPsf] cfsf/n] k'?if / k|ms nufPsf] cfsf/n] gf/L a'emfpF5,

–

5f]6f] skfnn] k'?if / nfdf] skfnn] gf/LnfO{ hgfpF5, – g]kfndf bf}/f ;'?jfnn] k'?if / u'Go" rf]nfn] gf/L a'emfpF5 cflb . *= n}ª\lus lje]b -h]G8/ l8l:qmldg];g_ M JolStsf] lnª\usf cfwf/df ul/g] e]befjnfO{ n}ªl\ us lje]b elgG5 . c;dfg Jojxf/df c8]sf] n}ª\lus lje]bsf] l;sf/ s]6f jf k'?ifeGbf a9L s]6L jf dlxnf aG5g\ . o; lje]bsf sf/0f lzIff, sfd, kb, cfo, cj;/, g]tT[ j, :jfldTj cflbsf If]qdf gf/L / k'?if;Fu Psgf; Jojxf/ gu/L w]/ / yf]/sf] gLlt cFuflnG5 . of] gf/LeGbf k'?ifnfO{ >]i7 7fGg] l;4fGt xf] . o; vfnsf] lje]b cljsl;t b]zdf dfq xf]Og ljsl;t b]zdf klg /x]sf] 5. (= n}ªl\ us zlSt -h]G8/ kfj/_ M o;n] gf/L jf k'?ifsf] x}sd jf k|eT' jnfO{ hgfpF5 . k'/fgf] ;fdflhs 9fFrf lkt[;QfTds ePsfn] k|foM ;a} If]qdf k'?ifsf] k|wfgtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg ;dodf klg o:tf] k|wfgtfsf] cGTo x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;dfh Pj+ kl/jf/leq n}ªl\ us zlSt Pj+ k|eT' jsf] cj:yf ;fdfGotM lgDg lnlvt b]vf k5{ M – gf/Ldfly k'?if x}sd M klt / kTgLsf lar klt, afa' / cfdfsf lar afa', ;;'/f / a'xf/Lsf lar ;;'/f, 5f]/f / 5f]/Lsf lar 5f]/f cflb .

– gf/Ldfly gf/L x}sd M ;f;' / a'xf/Lsf lar ;f;', h]7fgL / b]p/fgLsf lar h]7fgL, lbbL / alxgLsf lar lbbL cflb .

– k'?ifdfly k'?if x}sd bfh' / efOsf lar bfh' cflb . sltko ljz]if kl/l:yltdf o;sf] l7s pN6f] cj:yf klg b] l vG5 . o;sf] sf/0f lkt[;QfeGbf dft[;Qf alnof] x'g' xf]Og, a? vf; kl/l:yltdf gf/Ln] lkt[;Qfsf] cg's/0f u/]sf] xf] . To:t} kl/jf/df a9L pTkfbsTj

-sdfO cflb_ ePdf 7'nfdfly ;fgfsf] x}sd rn]sf] klg b]lvG5 . !)= n}ªl\ us ;dtf -h]G8/ OlSj6L_ M gf/L Pj+ k'?if b'jn } fO{ pko'St x'g] vfnsf ;|ft] ;fwg, of]hgf, sfo{qmd, gLlt, lgod cflb lgdf{0f ug]{ lje]b/lxt k|lqmofnfO{ n}ªl\ us ;dtf elgG5 . s'g} e]befj 5 eg] klg b'jn } fO{ kmfObf x'g] u/L ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg ul/G5 . o; vfnsf] ;dtf gx'bF f gf/Lx? b'an { , /f]uL / k5f}6] x'g] l:ylt cfpg] b]lvG5 . o; ;dfnf]rgfdf k|oS' t x'g] ljlzi6 Pj+ kfl/eflifs zAbx? c¿ klg y'k}| 5g\ . *= n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s]xL a'bF fx? s'g} s[ltsf] n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf ug]{ qmddf s]xL a'bF fx?sf] ljz]if Wofg /fVg' cfjZos 5 . s[ltsf] ljZn]if0f cl3 lgDglnlvt a'Fbfx?;Fu ;Da4 tYox?sf] /fd|f] 5fglag / ;ª\sng ug'{ k5{ M != kf7df s] slt k'lnª\uL tTTj -;sf/fTds, ;f}o{, ;lqmotf, cfqmfdstf, hgs, zAb s]Gb|Lotf cflb_ / s] slt :qLlnª\uL tTTj -gsf/fTdstf, eL?tf, lgliqmotf, /IffTdstf, hggL, s?0ffs]Gb|Lotf cflb_ km]nf k5{g\ / kfqx?n] o:tf tTTjsf cfwf/df kf/Dkl/s n}ªl\ us e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x s;/L u/]sf 5g\ < @= kf7df oL tTTjnfO{ jf rl/qnfO{ s] s:tf] ;dy{g lbOPsf] 5 / To:tf] ;dy{gn] s] :qLlnª\u÷k'lnª\u lår/tf -;sf/fTdstf÷ gsf/fTdstf===_ af/] k|Zg lrXg v8f u/]sf] 5 < k|Zg lrXg v8f ul/Psf tTTj jf rl/q s'g jf s'g s'g x'g\ < #= kf7df k| f Kt s] s:tf tTTjx? :qLlnª\u÷k'lnª\u lår/ lj/f]wsf dWojtL{ 5g\ cyf{t\ s] s:tf tTTjn] b'j} ljz]iftf -peolnª\uL÷lålnª\uL_ b]vfpF5g\ < $= n]vsn] kf7 s;/L k|:t't u/]sf] 5 < s] of] kf/Dkl/s cfVofg xf] < s] of] lg/fkb / k|efjzfnL 5 < cyjf of] a9L låljwfk"0f{ 5< k|1 f MM 87

%= s[ltdf s] s:tf] k'?if ;dlnª\uL, :qL ;dlnª\uL / ;lGbUwlnª\uL /fhgLlt -ljrf/– wf/fTds sfo{;"rL_ 5 / To;sf] Bf]tg s[ltut ljifoj:t' jf kfqsf] lrq0fdf s;/L ul/Psf] 5 < ^= s[ltdf s] s:tf] k'?if ;dlnª\uL, :qL ;dlnª\uL / ;lGbUwlnª\uLsf ;flxTo zf:q -;flxlTos o'lSt / /0fgLlt_ sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5< &= s[ltn] t];f| ] lnª\uL ;DaGwL 1fg, Oltxf; / ;flxTo af/] s] of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 < *= kf7n] of}lgstfsf] ;d:of lgdf{0f / of}lgs klxrfgnfO{ s;/L k:s]sf] 5 < dflysf a'bF fx?sf] dggkl5 s[ltsf] n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf uxgtfsf ;fy ug{ ;lsG5 . (= n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf] 9fFrf÷¿k/]vf s'g} s[ltsf] ;dfnf]rgf s;/L ug]{ eGg] ;}4flGts 9ª\unfO{ 9fFrf, k|f¿k jf ¿k/]vf elgG5 . ljZn]if0fsf] 9fFrf lgwf{l/t u/]/ s[ltsf] cWoog, ljZn]if0f, d"Nofª\sg Pj+ JofVofnfO{ j:t'k/s, jf:tljs, ts{;ª\ut ;Gt'lnt / 7f]; t'Nofpg ;lsG5 . 9fFrfsf cefjdf ;dfnf]rgfsf] sfo{ ;ª\ul7t geO{ 5l/G5 . n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf Pp6} geO{ ljleGg ljlw, k|lqmof / ljZn]if0fsf 9fFrf 5g\ . tn ljleGg ljlw k|lqmofsf] ;+of]hg u/L Pp6f 9fFrf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M s[lt ljZn]if0fsf] 9fFrf÷¿k/]vf != s[ltdf n}ª\lus k|ltlglwTjsf] l:ylt M ;ª\Vofsf b[li6n] s[ltdf gf/L kfq slt 5g\ / k'?if kfq slt 5g\ < b'jd } f s;sf] afx'No 5 / lsg < sfo{sf b[li6n] s] slt gf/L jf k'?if kfqx? d'Vo, ;xfos / uf}0f k|sf/sf 5g\ < @= kfqx?sf] n}ªl\ us Pj+ of}lgs klxrfg M s[ltdf ;xefuL /x]sf kfqx?sf] n}ª\lus kl/ro -;dfhåf/f lgwf{l/t gf/L / k'?ifsf] af]nL jrg, afgLa]xf]/ cflb nIf0fx?_ s:tf] 5 < ltgsf] of}lgs kl/ro -h}ljs tyf zf/Ll/s k|1 f MM 88

#=

$=

%=

^=

&=

*=

nIf0fx?_ s:tf] 5 < kfqx?sf] n}ªl\ us e"ldsf M s[ltsf gf/L / k'?if kfqx?nfO{ lår/ lj/f]wsf cfwf/df ;lqmo÷lgliqmo, ;sf/fTds÷gsf/fTds cflb s] s:tf e"ldsf lbOPsf 5g\ < s] s'g} gf/L e"ldsf k'?ifnfO{ / k'?if e"ldsf gf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 < 5 eg] o; kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f s] xf] < kfqdf n}ª\lus zlStsf] ljt/0f M x}sd rnfpg] b[li6af6 s[ltdf gf/L jf k'?if s'g kfqsf] k|wfgtf 5 < k'?ifsf] gf/Ldfly -kltsf] kTgLdfly cflb_, gf/Lsf] gf/Ldfly -;f;'sf] a'xf/Ldfly cflb_ / k'?ifsf] k'?ifdfly -bfh'sf] efOdfly cflb_ k|eT' jsf] l:ylt s] s:tf] 5 < o; l:yltdf Joltqmd 5 eg] s] / lsg < syfgsdf n} ª \ l us lje] b sf 36gf Pj+ cj:yfsf] ljGof; M lnª\usf cfwf/df >d, lzIff, cj;/, kb, g]t[Tj cflbsf] ljt/0fdf s] s:tf] kIfkft jf lje]b ul/Psf] 5 < s[ltdf n}ªl\ us pTkL8g, of}lgs lx+;f Pj+ zf]if0fsf s] s:tf 36gfx? ;dflji6 5g\ < rl/q lrq0fdf n}ªl\ us leGgtfsf] k|of]u M gf/L / k'?if clgjfo{tM km/s km/s x'g] x'bF f ltgsf] rl/q lrq0f ubf{ z/L/, dl:tis, ;+1fg, rfn9fn, af]nL, efiff, cfj]u, efjgf cflbdf s] s:tf] leGgtf b]vfOPsf] 5 < s[ltdf n]vssf lnª\usf] k|efj M s[ltsf/ k'?if eP gf/L kfqk|lt / s[ltsf/ gf/L eP k'?if kfqk|lt s:tf] b[li6sf]0f cFuflnPsf] 5 < s] n]vsn] u/]sf] k'?if kfqsf] lrq0f n]lvsfn] ug{ ;Sg] k'?if lrq0feGbf / n]lvsfn] u/]sf] gf/L kfqsf] lrq0f n]vsn] ug{ ;Sg] gf/L lrq0feGbf uxg, jf:tljs / ;an 5 < kf7df ?9L k|sf/x?sf] k|of]u / ljlgdf{0f M kf7df gf/L / k'?ifaf/] s] s:tf clt ;fwf/0fLs[t s'/f cyf{t\ ?9L k|sf/x?sf] k| o f] u ul/Psf] 5 < s] k' / fgf ?9L

k|sf/x?nfO{ eTsfP/ gofF ljlgdf{0f klg ul/Psf] 5 < (= of}lgs /fhgLltsf] ;Gbe{ M s] of}lgstfsf cfwf/df gf/L / k'?ifsf lar zlStsf] afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] 5 < o; afF8kmfF8df b'js } f lar s] s:tf] lx:;]bf/L /x]sf] 5 < o; afF8kmfF8 Pj+ lx:;]bf/Lsf sf/0f ltgsf ;DaGwsf] lgwf{/0f s] s;/L ePsf] 5 < !)= kf7df n}ªl\ us ;dtfsf] ;dfj]z M gf/L / k'?if b'jn } fO{ pko'St x'g] s] slt / s] s:tf of]hgf, sfo{qmd cflbsf] ;dfj]z s[ltdf ul/Psf] 5 < s] b'O{ dWo] PsnfO{ cg'ko'St x'g] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu rflxFbf] ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 < !!= kfqx?sf] of}lgs cled'vLs/0f M kfqsf] jf;gfTds em'sfp Pj+ k|d ] /fufTds cfsif{0f ljifdlnª\uL, ;dlnª\uL / peolnª\uLdWo] s;tkm{ 5 < s] kfqsf] of} l gs cled'vLs/0faf/] s[ltdf s'g} sf/0f jf vf]nj' f lbOPsf] 5 < !@= s[ltdf tTsfnLg n}ªl\ us l:yltsf] j0f{g M a]nfa]nf n}ª\lus l:yltdf ;do ;fk]If kl/jt{g eO /xg] x'Fbf s[ltdf s] s:tf tTsfnLg n}ªl\ us l:yltsf] ;dfj]z / j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 < jl0f{t n}ªl\ us l:yltx?dWo] s] slt k/Dkl/t / s] slt kl/jlt{t k|sf/sf 5g\ < !#= ljlzi6 eflifs k|of]u / ;du| cy{sf] vf]hL M s[ltdf kfOg] laDa, k|tLs, cnª\sf/ cflb ljlzi6 eflifs k|of]u gf/L jf k'?if s;k|lt a9L pb\lbi6 5 < s[ltdf cGtlg{lxt ;du| cy{ s] xf] / To;sf] 9NsfO gf/L jf k'?if s;lt/ a9L 5 < !$= JofVof / lgisif{ M dflysf a'bF fx?sf] cfjZos JofVof u/L cGTodf d"Nofª\sg ;lxtsf] lgisif{ lbPkl5 n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfsf] sfo{ k"/f x'G5 . ;flxlTos s[ltsf] n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf ug]{ of] Pp6f lj:t[t / pko'St 9fFrf xf], t/ o;} 9fFrfsf] cg';/0f ug'{ k5{ eGg] s'g} afWotf 5}g .

s'g} s[ltsf] ;dfnf]rgf ug]{ qmddf ;dfnf]rsn] o; 9fFrfsf a'bF fx? 36fP/ jf a9fP/ jf abn]/ cfkm\g} 9fFrfsf] klg lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 . oxfF s] x]Ssf u/fpg cfjZos 5 eg] dflysf a'bF fx?df gf/L / k'?if kfqsf] dfq pNn]v ul/P klg s[ltdf t];f| ] lnª\uL kfq ePdf To;sf] jf ltgsf] ;d]t cWoog ug'{ k5{ . !)= pk;+xf/ M ;dfnf]rgfsf] s]Gb|laGb' lnª\u ;f+:s[lts ;dfnf]rgfsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ k|sf/ n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgf ax'njfbL l;4fGt xf] . cGtlj{ifos k4lt ePsf] x'bF f o;n] ;flxTosf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, /fhg}lts, of}lgs cflb ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 cWoog u5{ . o;sf] s]Gb|laGb' rflxF ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts cfwf/df kl/eflift lnª\u cyf{t\ gf/L / k'?ifsf] cWoog xf] . o;sf] d'Vo ljifo gf/L / k'?if eP klg o;n] t];f| ] lnª\uLsf] cWoog ;d]t plQs} uxgtfsf ;fy u5{ . ;flxlTos s[ltdf gf/L, k'?if / t];f| ] lnª\uLx? kfqsf ¿kdf e]l6G5g\ . n} ª \ l us ;dfnf] r gfsf nflu ;a} e Gbf pko'St ljwf cfVofg -pkGof;, syf / n3'syf_ xf] . o; ljwfsf /rgfdf lnª\u / n}ªl\ ustfsf cTolws k|sfo{ x'g] x'Fbf clwsf+z n}ª\lus cWoogsf nflu cfVofgsf] rog ul/G5 . o;afx]s n}ªl\ us ;dfnf]rgfn] syfgs Pj+ kfq ePsf h'g;'s} ljwfsf /rgfsf] klg ljZn]if0f / JofVof u5{ . o; b[li6af6 of] ;dfnf]rgf k|sf/ dxfsfJo, v08sfJo, gf6s / Psfª\sLsf] klg n}ª\lus cWoog ug{ ;dy{ 5 . ;fy} o;n] rl/q Pj+ 36gf ePsf km'6s/ sljtf / lgaGwsf] klg ljj]rgf u5{ . o; ;dfnf]rgfn] s[ltut n}ªl\ us l:yltsf] j0f{g, ljZn]if0f / JofVof u5{ . o;af6 kl/jf/, ;dfh / b]zdf s]xL s]6L, gf/L, s]6f, k'?if clg t];f| ] lnª\uLsf] s] s:tf] cj:yf 5 eGg] jf:tljstf yfxf kfOG5 . lnª\usf cfwf/df ul/g] gf/L, k'?if jf cGo lnª\uLsf] leGgtf, lje]b, k|ltlglwTj, zlSt, pTkL8g, lx+;f, zf]if0f cflbsf] ljj/0f lbP/ o;n] ;fdflhs cj:yf dfly k|sfz kf5{ . ;fy} o;n] k|1 f MM 89

n}ªl\ us ;dtfsf d'2fnfO{ klg ;fd'Gg] NofpF5 . ;+If]kdf eGg' kbf{ n}ª\lus ;dfnf]rgfn] lglZrt ;fdflhs ;Gbe{af6 d'VotM gf/L / k'?ifsf]

ljz]iftf, dxŒj / k|sfo{ b;f{pg] sfo{ u5{ . cfjZostf cg';f/ o;n] ltgsf of}lgs jf zf/Ll/s ljz]iftfsf] ;dfsng klg u5{ .

;Gbe{ ;"rL O/]gafd, P=, h]G8/ :6l8h, Go' b]NxL M DofS;kmf]8{ a'S;, @)!! . lqm;, jfs{/, sNr/n :6l8h M lyo/L PG8 k|flS6;, nG8g M ;]h klAns];g, @))) .

Unf]e/, 8]le8 / sflKng, sf]/f, h]G8;{, nG8g M /tn]h, @))) . lhg, DofS;fOg afsf, h]G8/ y|' b lk|Hd ckm l8km/]G;, Go'of]s{ M Plng PG8 a]sg, @))) . kf08], 1fg", g]kfnL pkGof;df n}ª\lustf, sf7df8f}F M g]kfn k|1f–k|lti7fg, @)&) . a]NhL, Sofy/fOg, sNr/ PG8 l/on M lyo/fOlhª sNr/n lqml6l;Hd, cS;kmf]8{ M cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|; ] , @))@ . af]Nk|m]h, h'lnog -;Dkf=_, OG6«f8] o\ l' ;ª lqml6l;Hd P6 b 6\jG] 6L km:6 ;]Gr'/L, hok'/ M /fjt klAns];G;, @))& . xfn, 8f]gfN8, lSjo/ lyo/L, jfl;ª:6f]s M kfNu|e ] , @))# . ∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 90

nf]s;flxlTos cWoog

sljt\sf] ;Gbe{k/s ljZn]if0f 8f= w|j' k|;fb e6\6/fO{ !=! ljifo k|jz ] Nff]s sljtfsf ljleGg pkljwfx¿dWo] Ps pkljwf sljt\ xf] . nf]s ;dfhdf sljt\sf] k|of]u vf; u/L ljjfxsf ;dodf x'G5 eg] slxn]sfxLF wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf hfqf kj{df ;dfhsf JolQmx¿sf] hd36 ePsf cj:yfdf klg x'g ;S5 . klxn] klxn] hGtLsf] ;fdflhs, ;+f:s[lts, cfly{s tyf af}l4s Ifdtfsf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg nf]s sljtfdf k|Zgf]Q/ ug]{ k|rng /x]sfdf xfn of] k|rng x6\b} uO /x]sf] 5 . nf]s sljtfsf] k|rng sd eP;Fu} sljt\sf] k|of]u klg sd x'bF } uPsf] 5 . oL sljt\nfO{ vf]Hg] qmddf klZrdsf t'ngfdf k"j{df a9L k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . ;'b"/ klZrdsf cfl;sf, sltko ef/t, k'tnf] cflb uBnofTds x'g] ePsfn] ltgnfO{ sljt\ z}nLsf /rgf dflgP klg sljt\ g} dfGg] ul/Psf] 5}g . cg';Gwfgsf qmddf klZrddf kfNkf;Dd sljt\ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . ljZn]if0fsf] ;lhnfsf nflu oxfF k"js { f] t]xy| d' lhNnfsf] cf7/fO{ If]qdf ;ª\sng ul/Psf ;fdu|LnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ sljt\sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . sljt\nfO{ ;}4flGts ;Gbe{af6 ljZn]if0f ug{ k"j{ jf klZrddf ljsl;t ePsf ljleGg cWoog k4ltnfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsP klg o; cWoogdf klZrdaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] ;Gbe{k/s cWoog ljlwnfO{ pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF ;Gbe{k/s cWoogsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf l;4fGtdWo] 8]n xfOD;sf] …sygsf] hflttŒjÚ, l/rf8{ afpDofgsf] …;Dkfbg l;4fGtÚ tyf nfp/L xf]ªs \ f]sf] …k/Dk/f kof{j/0f l;4fGtÚsf dxŒjk"0f{ kIfnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L Ps ljlzi6 vfsf tof/ kf/L sljt\sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=@ ;Gbe{k/s cWoog ljlwsf] ;}4flGts :j¿k ;Gbe{k/s cWoog ljlwdf nf]s ;flxTosf ;fdu|L / k|of]usf] ;Gbe{ cljefHo dflgG5 . cyf{t\ ;Gbe{ljgf nf]s ;flxlTos ;fdu|Lsf] k|:t'lt x'bF g} . ;Gbe{ eGgfn] kf7sf] k|of]u x'g] tfTsflns jftfj/0fut ;Gbe{ eGg] a'lemG5 . tfTsflns ef}lts kl/l:yltdf ef}uf]lns jftfj/0f, hnjfo', Ct' / df};d, ;xefuL JolQmx¿sf] k];f, k|:tf]tf, bz{s / >f]tfn] cg'ej u/]sf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s lqmof / k|ltlqmof klg kb{5g\ / k/Dk/fut ;Gbe{sf ¿kdf To; k/Dk/f;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts ljifo klg kb{5g\ -aGw', @)^# M &_ . o; ;Gbe{k/s cWoogdf klg ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] nf]s ;flxTosf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu ljleGg ljlw tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] P=aL= n8{n] cfj[lQsf] 9fFrf, h]= Pn= cl:6gn] ;Dkfbg– d"ns lqmof, hf]g ;n{n] jfs\lqmof l;4fGt, u|fO;n] ;xsfof{Tds l;4fGt, 8]n xfOD;n] sygsf] hflttŒj, l/rf8{ afpDofgn] ;Dkfbg l;4fGt / nfp/L xf]ªs \ f]n] k/Dk/f / kof{j/0f cflb x'g\ . oL ljlwx¿dWo] sljt\sf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu o; cWoogdf 8]n xfOD;sf] sygsf] hflttŒj, l/rf8{ afpDofgsf] ;Dkfbg l;4fGt / nfp/L xf]ªs \ f]sf] k/Dk/f / kof{j/0f cWoog ljlwaf6 a9L cfwf/ lnOPsfn] oxfF oL l;4fGtsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . !=@=! 8]n xfOD;sf] sygsf] hflttŒj 8]n xfOD; k|l;4 ;dfh efiff lj1fg, dfgj zf:q / nf]sjftf{ljb\ x'g\ . logn] nf]s ;flxTosf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;g\ !(^@ df sygsf] hflttTj k|1 f MM 91

-OYgf]uf| kmL ckm\ l:klsª\_ sf] wf/0ff NofPsf 5g\ . logn] k|:t't u/]sf] k4ltaf6 h'g;'s} nf]s ;flxlTos ljwfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . logn] efiffnfO{ ;~rf/sf] dfWod dfGb} ;fdflhs hLjgdf efiffsf] k|of]u s] s;/L x'G5 < eGb} To;sf] :j¿ksf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . To;}nfO{ pgn] sygsf] hflttTj dfg]sf 5g\ . xfOD;n] ;g\ !(&% df k|sflzt csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ n]vdf ;Dkfbgsf] dxŒj atfPsf 5g\ . pgn] ;DkfbgnfO{ ;Gbe{df /x]sf] / ;Gbe{af6 ljsl;t x'bF f] dfg]sf 5g\ -aGw', @)%* M *@_ . 8]n xfOD;sf] ljZn]if0fsf] k4ltnfO{ sygsf] hflttŒj -Ethnography of Speaking_ eg] tfklg o;nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf sygsf] k4lt -Speaking Model_ elgG5 -aGw', @)%* M *@_ . cª\uh ]| L efiffdf /x]sf Speaking zAbsf] k|To]s cIf/af6 yflng] zAbx¿sf cfwf/df o;nfO{ lrgfOPsf] 5 M S (Setting and scene) kl/j]z / b[Zo M kl/j]zn] nf]sjftf{ ;DkGg x'g] :yfg / ;donfO{ hgfpF5 eg] b[Zon] ;fdflhs, ;+f:s[lts jf dfgl;s kl/j]zsf] b[ZonfO{ hgfpF5 .

P (Participants) ;xefuLx¿ M o; cGtu{t nf]sjftf{sf] ;Dkfbg :yndf pkl:yt jfs\snfsf k|:tf]tf, ;Dkfbg stf{, ;xefuL jf bz{s cflb kb{5g\ .

E (Ends) p2]Zo M o;df nf]sjftf{ k|:t'ltsf] sf/0f cyf{t\ nf]sjftf{ lsg k|:t't ul/G5 eGg] b]vfOG5 . o; ljwfsf] ;Dkfbg lzIff, dgf]/~hg, k/Dk/f kfng jf s'g} ljrf/sf] k|rf/dWo] Ps jf PseGbf a9L p2]Zo x'g ;S5 .

A (Act sequence) sfo{sf] qmd M nf]sjftf{ ;DkGGf ubf{ k|f/Deb]lv cGTo cyf{t\ ;DkGg gx'bF f;Dd s] s] ul/G5g\ Tof] g} sfo{sf] qmd xf] . o;df nf]s sljtf k|:t't ubf{ klxn] s'g k|of]u ug]{ / To;kl5 s'g k|of]u ug]{ eGg] s'/f kb{5g\ .

K (Key) ;'/ M ;'/ eg]sf] nf]sjftf{ k|:t't ubf{ cfjfhdf cfpg] ptf/ r9fa jf cf/f]x cj/f]x xf] . k|:t'ltsf qmddf k|:tf]tfn] cfˆgf] cfjfhnfO{ slxn] p7fpg] / slxn] cf]/fNg] ub{5 . cfjfhsf] p7fg jf a}7fgdf k|:tf]tfdf /x]sf] k|1 f MM 92

pT;fx, pdª\u, dfof, x]nf, lv;L, ;/ntf, ldqtf jf zq'tf cflbsf efjn] klg k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . log} s'/fx¿ ;'/leq kb{5g\ .

I (Instrumentalities) s/0fTj M s/0fTjdf nf]sjftf{sf] ¿k jf z}nL kb{5g\ . jQmfn] eflifsf jf dfgs ¿k clg cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s z}nLsf] k|of]u ug{ ;S5 N (Norms) k|ltdfgx¿ M k|ltdfgx¿ eg]sf] ;xefuLx¿sf lqmof k|ltlqmof / jfs\36gfnfO{ lgoldt ug]{ ;fdflhs dfGotfx¿ x'g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu sljt\sf] k|of]usf qmddf ljjfxsf ;dodf 3/a]6L / hGtL kIfn] Psn] csf]n { fO{ gofF gofF efFtLsf sljt\ k|:t't u/]/ x/fpg] dg;fo /fVg', xf:o / Joª\Uod"ns sljt\ k|of]u u/L ljjfx sfo{nfO{ dgf]/~hs agfpg' cflb ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts k|ltdfgx¿ x'g\ .

G (Genre) ljwf M ljwf eGgfn] nf]sjftf{nfO{ k|:t'lt jf dfWod cflbsf cfwf/df cfkm"n] k|:t't u/]sf] nf]sjftf{ nf]ssyf, nf]s gf6s jf nf]s sljtf cflbdWo] s'g xf] eGg] a'lemG5 -aGw', @)%* M *@_ . !=@=@ l/rf8{ afpDofgsf] ;Dkfbg l;4fGt ;Gbe{jfbL cWoog ljlwdf cfpg] dxŒjk"0f{ ljlwx¿dWo] afpDofgsf] ;Dkfbg l;4fGt klg Ps xf] . ;Dkfbg l;4fGtdf /f]dg ofsf]A;g tyf 8]n xfOD;sf] l;4fGtsf] klg k|efj /x]sf] 5 . ;Dkfbg l;4fGtn] nf]sjftf{nfO{ ;~rf/sf] dfWod / eflifs snf b'a} dfgL å}t snfTds sfo{sf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . afpDofgsf ljrf/df ;Dkfbg nf]ssf] cEof; xf], snfTds ;~rf/ / 36gf klg xf] egL aGw'n] atfPsf 5g\ -aGw', @)%( M @)_ . afpDofgn] ;g\ !(&% df …;Dkfbgsf ¿kdf eflifs snfÚ zLif{ssf] n]v tof/ kf/] . To; n]vdf pgn] ;Dkfbg sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf ljwfsf] e"ldsf klg dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] s'/f atfPsf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ ;Dkfbg l;4fGtsf] p2]Zo nf]s ;flxTonfO{ 5'§} j:t'sf ¿kdf xf]Og j}olQms, ;fdflhs / ;+f:s[lts 36sx¿sf kl/k]I| odf x]g{' xf], h;n] o;nfO{ cfsf/, cy{ / cl:tTj lbG5g\

-aGw', @)%( M @)_ . ;Dkfbg l;4fGtn] kf7ut ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5 . s'g} klg kf7sf] :j¿k jf ljwf tTsfnsf] ;Dkfbgåf/f lgwf{l/t x'G5 eGg] s'/f afpDofgn] dfg]sf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ nf]s ;flxTo ;~rf/ Pjd\ jfs\snf ePsfn] ;ª\slnt g]kfnL nf]s sljtfsf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu lgDg lnlvt tŒjnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ljZn]if0f ul/g' k5{ -afpDofg, !(&& M !%–@!_ . cleJolQmsf] ;+ l xtf M o; cGtu{ t nf]sjftf{sf] k|of]usf qmddf k|of]Qmfn] k|of]u ug]{ efiff, eflifsf, :yfgLo zAbsf] k|of]u, k];f, hflt / pd] / ;F u ;DalGwt zAbsf] k| o f] u tyf pRrf/0fsf ¿kx¿ kb{5g\ . cfnª\sfl/s efiff M o;df k|of]Qmfn] k|of]u ug]{ eflifs snfsf cfGtl/s / afXo ¿kx¿ kb{5g\ . o;n] cfGtl/s ¿k jf afXo ¿kdf ;f}Gbo{ j[l4 u/L cleJolQmnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] sfo{ ub{5 . zAbfnª\sf/n] zAbsf] afXo ¿knfO{ ;'Gb/ agfpF5 eg] cyf{nª\sf/n] cleJolQmsf] cfGtl/s ¿knfO{ ;'Gb/ agfpF5 . ;dfgfGt/tf M ;dfgfGt/tf eg]sf] s'g} eflifs ¿ksf] k'g/fj[lQsf] lgoldttf xf] . of] Wjlg, zAb, jfSo / cy{sf txdf k|ltkmlnt x'g ;S5 . o;nfO{ afXo ;dfgfGt/tf / cfGtl/s ;dfgfGt/tf u/L b'O{ k|sf/n] ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps jf PseGbf a9L :jlgd, zAb, kb ;d" x , jfSo cflbsf] k' g /fj[ l QnfO{ afXo ;dfgfGt/tf elgG5 eg] efj jf cy{ s f] k'g/fj[lQnfO{ cfGtl/s ;dfgfGt/tf elgG5 -zdf{, @)^# M %#^_ . l;h{gfTds ;flxTosf cltl/Qm nf]s ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfx¿nfO{ ;dfgfGt/tfsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ljlzi6 k/feflifs clenIf0f M nf]sjftf{sf] k|of]usf ;Gbe{df eflifs ;~rf/sf cltl/Qm k/feflifs ;~rf/ klg x'G5 . h:t} pRrf/0fut ljlzi6tf, ;ª\st] x¿sf] k|of]u, zf/Ll/s r]i6f -clego_ efiffsf] bL3{tf, ;'/, no, tfg, Zjf;, anf3ft h:tf s'/fx¿ klg kb{5g\ . ljlzi6 9fFrf M ljlzi6 9fFrfdf nf]sjftf{sf] k|of]usf ;Gbe{df cfpg] eflifs snfsf] ljwfut

ljljw 9fFrf kb{5g\ . h:tf] ls nf]s sljtfsf] k|of]usf ;Gbe{df k|Zgf]Q/fTds z}nL, s"6 sygfTds k|:t'lt, 5Gb jf nodf ljljwtf, vf; r/0f jf kbx¿sf] ;+of]hg cflb o; cGtu{t kb{5g\ . k/Dk/f kfng M nf]sjftf{ k/Dk/fut df}lvs cleJolQmsf] Ps ljlzi6 snf xf] . o;sf] k|of]u ljwfut leGgtfsf cfwf/df cfcfˆg} z}nL / 9ª\udf x'g] ub{5 . h'g ljwfsf] k|of]u h'g ;Gbe{ / h'g tl/sfaf6 k/Dk/fb]lv rNb} cfPsf] 5, To;sf] cg's/0f ug'{ g} k/Dk/f kfng xf] . o;sf cltl/Qm nf]sjftf{sf] k|of]udf h]h:tf] k/Dk/f /x] klg To;df JolQmut k|efjdf ykyfk ug'{ klg k/Dk/fsf] kfng cGtu{t g} kg{ cfpF5 . ;Dkfbgsf] :jLsf/f] l Qm M nf] s jftf{ s f] k|of]usf qmddf k|:tf]tfn] gd|tfk"j{s cfkm"n] hfg]sf] s'/fdfq JoQm u/]sf], hfgL jf ghfgL ePsf] uNtLnfO{ Ifdf dfUg] u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ ;Dkfbgsf] :jLsf/f] l Qm dflgG5 . sljt\ d f nf]ssljn] sltko ;Gbe{df k|:t'ltsf] ;'?, dWo jf cGTodf uNtL eP Ifdf lbg egL k/Dk/fut k|:t'ltd} k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] e]l6G5 . o;nfO{ ;Dkfbgsf] :jLsf/f]lQm elgG5 . !=@=# Nffp/L xf]ªs \ f]sf] k/Dk/f kof{j/0f l;4fGt Nffp/L xf]ªs \ f]sf] k/Dk/f / kof{j/0f l;4fGtn] s'g} klg nf]sjftf{sf] k|:t'ltdf kof{j/0fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fV5 . cfhsf nf]sjftf{n] k/Dk/fut ljwf¿keGbf klg :yfgLo Oltxf;, Oltj[Q / cGo ;fGble{s ljj/0fx¿ a9L lbPsf 5g\ . ;"rssf af/]df a9L hfgsf/L lbOPsf] x'G5 . nfp/L xf]ªs \ f]sf ljrf/df ;fGble{s ;"rgf cGtu{t cWoog u/]sf ;d'bfo, To;sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;+/rgf, ef}lts ;hfj6, a;f]jf;, cfk|jf; nufot :yfgLo Oltxf;, ;d'bfosf larsf] ;DaGw / :yfgfGt/0f, lzIffsf] 9fFrfsf] ljj/0f klg lbg' kb{5 -aGw', @)%* M *$_ . k|1 f MM 93

!=# sljt\sf] ;Gbe{k/s ljZn]if0fsf] ljlzi6 vfsf Dffly k|:t't ul/Psf ;Gbe{jfbL k4ltx¿dWo] 8] n xfOD;sf] …sygsf] hflttŒjÚ, l/rf8{ afpDofgsf] …;Dkfbg l;4fGtÚ / nfp/L xf]ªs \ f]sf] …k/Dk/f kof{j/0f l;4fGtÚnfO{ o; cWoogdf x'ax' ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . o;df tL l;4fGtsf dxŒjk"0f{ kIfnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L sljt\sf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu ljz]if k|sf/sf] ljZn]if0fsf] vfsf÷k4lt tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . ljlzi6 vfsf cg';f/ oxfF sljt\sf] kl/ro, k/Dk/f kfng, pb\bZ] o, kl/j]z / b[Zo, sfo{sf] qmd, ;xefuLx¿, d"n kf7, sYo ljifo, ;'/, s/0fTj, k|ltdfgx¿, ;dfgfGt/tf / ;Dkfbssf] :jLsf/f]lQm pkzLif{s /fvL sljt\sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . !=#=! sljt\sf] kl/ro sljt\, sljt jf sljQ ;+:s[tsf] sljtf zAbsf] tb\ej ¿k xf] . ;+:s[tsf] sljtf zAb nf]s:t/df -nf]swf/fdf_ sljt\sf ¿kdf rn]sf] / sljtf eGg] JolQmnfO{ sljt] eGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 -lqkf7L / cGo, @)$* M @$(_ . nf]s ;dfhdf sljt\nfO{ slah\ klg elgG5 eg] slah\ eGg] JolQmnfO{ slah] jf l;nf]s] klg elgG5 . sljt\sf] k|of]u nf]s ;dfhdf 5Gbd'Qm÷5Gbf]xLg sljtfsf ¿kdf cfˆg} 5'§} nodf x'G5 -aGw', @)%* M !*%_ . nf] s ;flxTosf sltko ljåfg\x¿n] …sljt\ÚnfO{ …sljQÚ zAb dfg]/ ljZn]if0f u/]sf] kfOG5 t/ oL b'a} zAbdf tflŒjs cGt/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . afa'/fd cfrfo{n] …k'/fgf slj / sljtfÚ gfds k':tsdf b08s 5Gbsf] :j¿ksf] sljtfnfO{ g} sljQ dfg]sf] b]lvG5 -cfrfo{, @)^@ M $_ tyf z/b\rGb| e§/fO{n] sljt\ / sljQdf e]b ub}{ sljt\nfO{ laxf cflbdf nf]s:t/df k|of]u x'g] d'Qmnosf] 5Gb dfg]sf 5g\ eg] sljQnfO{ jfl0f{s b08s 5Gbsf] Pp6f e]b ljz]if dfGb} o;df k|To]s kfpdf 5lAa;b]lv t]lQ; cIf/ x'g] atfPsf 5g\ -e§/fO{, @)%% M @)*_ . g]kfnL nf]s ;dfhdf k|fKt uBnofTds nf]s sljtfsf] :j¿k b08s h:tf] jfl0f{s 5Gb geP/ of] :jtGq jf d'Qm nofTds 5Gb /x]sfn] o;nfO{ sljQ k|1 f MM 94

geP/ sljt\ dfGg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . sljt\sf] k|of]u ljjfxsf cj;/df x'G5 eg] slxn] sfxLF wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf hfqf kj{df ;dfhsf JolQmx¿sf] hd36 ePsf cj:yfdf k|Zgf]Q/ u/L cfˆgf] Ifdtf k|bz{g ug{ jf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts sfo{nfO{ dgf]/~hs agfpg klg x'g ;S5 . ljjfxdf b'nxL lng hGtL b'nxLsf 3/ k'Ug'eGbf s]xLcl3 b'nxfkl§sf b'O{ rf/ hgf bxL / rfdnsf] l6sf] nufPsf a'9fkfsfx¿ -eb\vf}/x] ¿_ hGtL cfP egL va/ ug{ b'nxLsf 3/df k'Ugf;fy sljt\ egfeg ug]{ k|rng 5 -sGbËjf, @)@) M @#_ . sljt\ eGg] sfo{ hGtL b'nxL lnP/ gkmsFb{ f;Dd rN5 . hGtLnfO{ vfglkg u/fO{ j}lbs k|lqmof cg';f/ j}jflxs sfo{nfO{ k'/f]lxtåf/f cufl8 a9fO /xFbf sljt]x¿ xftdf l;dnL jf k}os F' f ;]pnf lnO{ hf];df pkm|L pkm|L sljt\ egfeg u5{g\ . sljt\df xf/lhtsf] v]n x'g] x'gfn] b'nxfkl§sf jf b'nxLkl§sfn] cfˆgf lgDtf?df /fd|f; ] uF sljt\ eGg ;Sg] JolQm gePdf /fd|f; ] uF sljt\ eGg ;Sg] JolQmnfO{ ljz]if lgdGq0ff u/]/ klg n}hfg] u5{g\ -e§/fO{, @)%( M @*_ . sljt\sf] k|of]u ljz]if u/]/ a|fXd0f / 5]qL ;d'bfosf k'?if ju{sf JolQmn] u5{g\ . bfdf]b/ e08f/Ln] k|hfltut sf]0faf6 x]bf{ uLtdf em}F :yfoL jf 6]sf] nfUg] ……hL ;'g\ ta efO d'lvof ;'gÚ\ Ú df d'lvofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] / zf}o{ / jL/tf sljt\df JoQm x'g] x'gfn] 5]qL hfltsf] ;+:s[lt xf] eGg] dfg]sf 5g\ -e08f/L, @)^@ M ^%_ t/ nf]s ;dfhdf ljjfxsf qmddf l;nf]s xfNg] sfd a|fXd0f, 5]qL, sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{ nufot cfo{ ;d'bfodf ePsf] / ;f] cj;/df a|fXd0f ;d'bfodf klg sljt\ elgg] ePsfn] 5]qL hfltsf] dfq k|rng xf] eGg ;lsGg . sljt\ z}nLsf nf]s sljtfsf] k|of]u g]kfnsf] ;a} If]qdf x'G5 . klZrdL If]qdf ef/t eGg] qmddf x'8s \ x] ¿n] dËn jfrgsf ¿kdf cfl;sfsf] k|of]u oxL sljt\ nodf u5{g\ eg] ef/t -klZrdL If]qdf k|rlnt k|l;4 nf]s /rgf_ d} klg sltko 7fpFdf sljt\ nodf nf]s sljtfsf] k|of]u e]l6G5 . o:t} wdf/L / ef]nfpnf]nfO{ ef6 rGbg / rfd anfo/n] sljt\ nod} k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ -aGw',

@)%* M !*$_ . 8f]6L If]qd} ef6x¿n] hufpg] k'tnf]df klg sljt\ nosf] k|of]u /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] ;a} 7fpFdf kfOg] afn sljtf / vfF8f] klg sljt\ nodf k|fKt 5g\ . o;/L g]kfnL nf]s ;flxTodf uBnofTds nf]s /rgfnfO{ sljt\sf] no dflgP klg vf;df sljt\ nf]s sljtfsf] Ps ljz]if k|sf/ xf], hf] ljz]if u/L ljjfxsf ;dodf elgG5 . sljt\ g]kfnsf] k"jL{ / dWo If]qdf k|rlnt 5 . ef/tdf sltko g]kfnL efifL nf]s ;dfhdf klg o;sf] k|of]u 5 . sljt\sf] ljifo j:t' eg]s} nf]s ;fdflhs ;Gbe{ xf] . nf]s ;dfhsf JolQmx¿sf] ;f]rfO, logLx¿sf s[lif cflb sfo{, pgLx¿n] k/Dk/fb]lv dgfpFb} cfPsf] ;+:s[lt, k|d ] , ldng, la5f]8, bof, dfof, cfˆgf] ufpF, 7fpF, k|sl[ t, wd{, dfgjLo OR5f / cfsfª\Iff tyf kl08tx¿af6 ;'g]sf] e/sf cfWoflTds 1fg / lj1fgsf l56k'6 ;Gbe{ klg o;sf ljifo j:t' x'G' f ;S5g\ . nf]s ;flxTo ;fwf/0ftof clzlIft jf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;flxTo ePsfn] tbg'¿ksf] ljifo j:t'sf] k|of]u sljt\df x'g] ub{5 . sljt\ d'Qm jf :jtGq nodf cfpg] nofTds ljwf xf] tfklg lar lardf kB nofTds ljleGg 6'Ssf÷r'l8\snfx¿ klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .

5GbxLg :jtGq÷d'Qm5Gb oL sljt\x¿n] g]kfnL hftLo df}lns nonfO{ k|:t't u/]sf x'G5g\ . sljt\ n ] g] k fnL nf] s ;flxTosf] nout ljlzi6tfnfO{ sfod u/]sf 5g\ . sljt\nfO{ ;'Gbf cfw'lgs uB sljtf elgPsf] efg x'G5 tfklg sljt\ ljz'4 g]kfnL df}lns no xf] . sljt\sf k|of]Qmf k|f9} k'?ifx¿ x'g\ . sljt\df k|Zgf]Q/ u/L Ps cfk;df egfegsf] l:ylt /xg] x'gfn] o;sf] k|:t'lt ;fd"lxs x'G5 . sljt\ nf]s sljtfsf] Ps ljwf ePsfn] ;fdfGotof o;df ;/n tyf ;xh efiffz}nLsf] k|of]u x'g] u5{ . o;sf cltl/Qm sljt\df g]kfnLsf k|frLg nfUg] zAbx¿, a|h / lxGbL ldl>t efiffsf] k|of]u, cy{xLg zAbsf] k|of]u / xfn;Ddsf k|of]Qmfn] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsfn] cfw'lgs g]kfnL efiffsf] ;d]t pkl:Yfltn] o;sf] efiff lvr8Lh:tf]

nfU5 tfklg o;sf] k| o f] u df /x] s f] ljz' 4 g]kfnLkgn] of] cfsif{s / lghTjsf] cg'et" lbg] vfnsf] x'G5 . hf];df / xF:of}nL 76\of}nL kf/fdf elgg] x'gfn] sljt\sf] efiffz}nL cgf}krfl/s lsl;dsf] x'G5 . sltko 7fpFdf clzi6 jf u|fDo zAbsf] ;d]t k|of]u ul/Psf] e]l6G5 . g]kfnL nf]s ;dfhdf sljt\ d"ntM kBnosf Jolt/]sdf cfpg] g]kfnL df}lns uBnofTds nf]s5Gbsf cy{df / ljjfxsf ;dodf hf]; / hfFu/sf ;fy elgg] nf]s sljtfsf] Ps k|sf/sf cy{df k|of]u x'G5 . !=#=@ k/Dk/f kfngsf ¿kdf sljt\ sljt\sf] k|of]u slxn]bl] v yflnof] eGg] s'/fsf] 7\ofSs} ltlyldlt tf]Sg ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g tfklg o;sf] k|of]u k|frLg sfnb]lv g} x'bF } cfPsf] 5 aGw', @)%* M !*$_ . Gf]kfnL nf]s ;dfhdf k|rlnt nf]s sljtfsf] Oltxf; vf]Hb} hfFbf xfdL j]b;Dd g} k'Ug ;S5f}F . j]bdf kB jf uLtsf cy{df ufyf zAbsf] pNn]v 5 -pkfWofo, !((* M @#_ . oL ufyfx¿nfO{ Znf]s jf o1ufyf klg elgGYof] -e§, !(^^ M #%_ . oL ufyfx¿ /fh;"o o1sf] cj;/df / ljjfxsf] z'e dxf]T;jdf klg ufOg] u/]sf] pNn]v d}qfo0fL ;+lxtfdf 5 . kf/:s/ u[Xo;"qdf ljjfx ;DaGwL b'O{ ufyfx¿ /x]sf / cfZjfnog u[Xo;"qdf ;LdGtf]gogsf] cj;/df klg ufyf ufpg] k|rng /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 pkfWofo, !((* M @$_ . oxL ljjfx, ;LdGtf]gog ;+:sf/ jf cGo o1ofuflbdf ufyf ufpg] k/Dk/fsf] cg's/0fdf g} xfn;Dd klg nf]s ;dfhdf ljjfxsf cj;/df sljt\ eGg] k|rng /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . j]bdf k|of]u ePsf Crf jf dGqx¿ klg uB / kBdf 5g\ . CUj]b / ;fdj]bdf k|of]u ePsf Crf jf dGqnfO{ kBnofTds / oh'jb{] df k|of]u ePsf dGq jf CrfnfO{ uBnofTds dflgG5 . o;dWo] oh'jb{] sf uBfTds elgPsf clwsf+z dGqdf klg ljifd ;fª\uLlts /Gsf] /x]sfn] j}lbs dGq ;+lxtfdf ;d 5GbZr]t / ljifd 5Gb jf d'Qm ÷:jtGq no r]tgfsf] ;fª\uLlts cg'/0fg k|jflxt /x]sfn] j]bnfO{ 5Gb elgPsf] x'g' kb{5 k|1 f MM 95

lqkf7L, @)%% M @)!_ . oxL j}lbs ;d 5GbZr]t / ljifd 5Gb jf d'Qm÷:jtGq no r]tgfsf] ;fª\uLlts cg'/0fgsf] k|efj cfw'lgs ef/t jifL{o cfo{efiffsf] nf]suLt / lzi6 sljtf k/Dk/fdf cg'kf| l0ft x'bF } cfof] -lqkf7L, @)%% M @)!_ . oxL k/Dk/fdf g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf;;Fu} uBnofTds cyf{t\ d'Qm÷:jtGq nosf nf]s sljtfsf] ljsf; ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . g]kfnL efiffdf nf]s sljtf jf n]Vo sljtfsf k|f/lDes ljifd 5Gb jf d'Qm ÷:jtGq no r]tgfsf sljt\ z}nLsf sljtfsf] k|flKtn] sljt\ k/Dk/fb]lv g} rNb} cfPsf] dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . xfn g]kfnL efiffdf cfw'lgs uB sljtfnfO{ klZrdsf] b]g dflgG5 tfklg To;sf] jLh sljt\ nosf nf]s sljtfdf ;'/lIft /x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . g]kfnL nf]s ;flxTodf sljt\sf] k|of]u k|frLg ;dob]lv k|rngdf b]lvG5 . 8f]6L If]qdf k|rlnt wdf/L, ef]nfpnf], k'tnf], ef/t÷e8fusf s]xL c+z / ef/t÷e8fu eGg'eGbf cufl8 elgg] cfl;sf / cGo If]qdf klg k|rlnt vfF8f], afn sljtfx¿ sljt\ z}nLsf nf]s /rgf x'g\ eg] ljjfxsf a]nf k|Zgf]Q/df elgg] sljt\ rf]vf] z}nLsf sljt\ x'g\ . oxL nf]s hLjgdf k|rlnt sljt\d} g]kfnL efiffsf] ;a}eGbf k|frLg dflgPsf] lji0f'bf; cfrfo{sf] …a8]/fhf dno aDdÚ /lrPsf] 5 -e08f/L, @)%# M !%^_ . o:t} ef6 rGbgsf] …u0f]zsf] wdf/L,Ú rfd anfo/sf] …u0f]zsf] ef]nfpnf]Ú, k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxsf] dflgPsf] …lkm/ª\ufgt] lkm/ËLÚ, k[YjL gf/fo0f zfxs} elgPsf] …afaf g/ e"kfn ;fxls b'xfO{Ú, ;'jfgGb bf;sf] …k[YjL gf/fo0fÚ, /fwf jNne cof{nsf] …;fF9\ofsf] sljtÚ / c1ft sljsf …;fF9o\ fsf] sljt !–@Ú ;Ddsf sljtfdf sljt\ z}nLsf] k|of]un] g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljsf;df sljt\n] kf/]sf] k|efjnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf cfsng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df sdn bLlIftn] 5Gbsf lx;fan] 8f]6Lb]lv uf]vf{;Dd k'Ubf cyf{t\ ;u'gb]lv ;'jfgGbsf k[YjL gf/fo0f;Ddsf ;a} sljtf nf]sno, g]kfnLsf cfˆg} 5Gbdf n]lvPsf / zlSt jNne cof{nsf] pbokl5 jfl0f{s 5Gbn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf pSng kfPsf] atfPsf 5g\ -bLlIft,

@)$# M $#*_ . oL ljleGg ljåfg\x¿sf] b[li6sf]0f / g]kfnL nf]s ;flxTo jf g]kfnL ;flxTodf xfn;Dd k|fKt ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog ubf{ sljt\sf] k/Dk/f j}lbs kB / uB nofTds cleJolQm x'bF } g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf;;Fu} nf]s k/Dk/fdf k|rngdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 / of] nf]s k/Dk/fsf] k|efj g]kfnL lnlvt ;flxTodf klg k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;}n] g]kfnL lnlvt ;flxTosf] k|f/lDes cj:yfsf] hu a;fpg nf]s k/Dk/fsf sljt\x¿n] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . !=#=# pb\bZ] o sljt\sf] k|of]usf] pb\b]Zo ljjfx h:tf] ;+f:s[lts sfo{qmdnfO{ dgf]/~hgd"ns agfpg' / ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, cfWoflTds jf hLjg / hutsf ljljw kIfsf Jofjxfl/s 1fgsf] k|:t'tLs/0f ug'{ cflb /x]sf x'G5g\ . !=#=$ kl/j]z / b[Zo sljt\sf] k|of]u g]kfnsf] k"jL{ / dWo If]qdf ljjfxsf ;dodf / slxn] sfxLF cGo ;dodf klg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . oxfF ldlt @)^#. !). !# ut]sf lbg t]xy| d' lhNnfsf] cf7/fO{ If]qdf kg]{ r'xfg8fF8f uf= lj= ;=, j8f g+= # a]ltgL ufpFsf xfn :j= lji0f' k|;fb d}gfnLsf 3/df pgsL gfltgLsf] ljjfxdf elgPsf sljt\ ;ª\sngsf] kl/j]z / b[ZonfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . To; ;dodf d ToxL uf= lj= ;= df /x]sf] t]x|y'd ax'd'vL SofDk;df k|fWofkg/t /x]sfn] dnfO{ klg To; ljjfxdf lgdGq0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] lbg cGo ;fyLsf ;fy} ;f]xL SofDk;df g]kfnL ljifo k9fpg] d]/f ldq 7fs'/ k|;fb kf]vn ]| nfO{ ;f] ljjfxdf sljt\ klg elgg] hfgsf/L lbFb} ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ug{ ;xof]u ug{ eg]sf] lyPF . ;f]xL cg'¿k tof/Lsf ;fy xfdL ToxfF ;fFemsf] % ah] k'us ] f lyof}F . xfdL ToxfF k'Ubf ljjfxsf nflu 3/sf] cfFugdf o1 d08k tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . af/Lsf Ps5]pd F f 3/a]6L / hGtLsf nflu vfgf vfg] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] lyof] . o1 d08kdf a:g] JolQmnfO{ u'Gb|L laR5\ofOPsf] lyof] eg] kl08t,

k|1 f MM 96

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b'nxf, b'nxL / cGo s]xL JolQm a:g ldNg] u/L /f8L klg laR5\ofOPsf] lyof] . yfs]/ cfPsf hGtLnfO{ cf/fd ug{ / sljt\df efu lng rfxg] JolQmnfO{ ufO{sf] uf]7 vfnL u/L k/fn laR5fO{ s]xL u'Gb|L, /f8L / kfvL /flvPsf lyP . 3/a]6Lx¿ ca hGtL cfpg] a]nf eof] x} eGb} otfptL ul/ /x]sf lyP . l;nf]s jf sljt\ eGg] JolQmx¿ klg tof/L cj:yfdf lyP . !=#=% sfo{sf] qmd hGtL l5d]sL 5ft]9ª' u\ f uf= lj= ;= af6 ;fFem & ah] cfO k'u] . hGtL cfpg'eGbf sl/a cfwf 306f cufl8 bxLsf] 7]sL lnPsf / g}g;'tsf sk8fsf] km]6f afFws ] f b'O{ hgf eb\vf}/fx¿ cfP . tL eb\vf}/fx¿nfO{ 3/a]6Llt/sf dfG5]x¿n] lgwf/df /ftf] 6Lsf nufO{ lbP . pgLx¿n] 6f9faf6 cfpg' ePsf] 5 vfg' xf];\ egL v';f{gL lk;]/ /fv]sf] s;f/ vfg lbP5g\ . Tof] s;f/ vfFbf eb\vf}/fx¿ lk/fn] cflQPsf lyP . ToxL ;dodf 3/a]6Lx¿n] h'jf/L÷c8\sf eg]/ pgLx¿nfO{ cSs g aSs kfg{ yfn] t/ pgLx¿ klg vlKk; /x]5g\ . ;f]ws ] f k|Zgsf] pQ/ km6fkm6 lbFb} uP . cGtdf 3/a]6Lx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ hGtL :jLsf/ u/]sf] lrgf] :j¿k Ps Ps d'7L l;dnLsf] ;]pnf lbP . Tof] lnP/ eb\vf}/fx¿ hGtLx¿ lng uP . s]xL l5gd} hGtL lnP/ ltgLx¿ km]l/ cfO k'u] . hGtL kl{;g{ ] sfd eof] . s]xLl5gd} cfFugdf agfOPsf] hUu]df j}lbs k|lqmof cg';f/ ljjfxsf] sfo{ yflnof] . otf hGtLnfO{ a:gsf nflu ufO{sf] uf]7 vfnL u/L ;kmf u/]/ /flvPsf] lyof] . ;f]xL :yfgdf hGtL /flvof] . s]xLl5gd} km]l/ 3/a]6Llt/sf s]xL a'9fkfsfx¿ / s]xL /ldtf x]g{ cfPsf dfG5] hDdf eP clg ljleGg lax] k|Zgf]Q/L, c8\sf÷ h'jf/Lx¿ ;f]Wg] sfo{sf] ;'?jft 3/a]6Llt/sfn] u/] . 3/a]6Ln] k|Zg ug{ nfu]sf] ;'g/] hGtLn] klxn] cfkm"n] nu]sf] ;]pnLdWo] cfwf 3/a]6LnfO{ lbO{ ;f]lwPsf k|ZGfsf] pQ/ lbg yfn] . s]xLl5gd} l;nf]sdf egfeg eof] . To;kl5 sljt\sf] kfnf] cfof] . b'al} t/sf sljt]x¿ hf]l;P/ ;]pnL prfnL prfnL xfF;f] / 3f]rk]rsf sljt\ eGg yfn] .

o;sf] s]xL ;dodf vfgf tof/ eof], ;a} hGtL vfg hfg k¥of] egL 3/a]6Llt/sf dfG5] cfP .

ToxFf Ps lsl;dsf] /f}gs cfpg yfn]sfn] ef]s ltvf{ lal;{Psf lyP t/ vfgf vfg hfg kg]{ ePsfn] ……n' vfPkl5 sljt\ eGg] xpÚÚ eGb} hGtL vfg uP . vfg] ;dodf klg s;n] xf] c8\sf÷h'jf/L xfNb} lyof] Ps hgf hGtLn] ……vfg] a]nfdf klg c8\sf xfNg] dfG5] xf] ls e'O; F f]ÚÚ eg]sf] 3/a]6Ln] ;'g5 ] g\ . o;d} Psl5g /Gsf/GsL klg k¥of] t/ s]xL ;dod} ;fDo klg eof] . vfgf vfPkl5 s]xL hGtLn] b'nxfsf] glhs a;]/ b'nxfnfO{ ;fy lbP . s]xL 3/a]6Lx¿ hUu]s} sfddf Jo:t eP . s]xL 3/a]6L 3/df s]xL sfd 5 egL 3/lt/ uP . s]xL o'jfx¿ cfˆg} ;'/;f/df nfu] eg] s]xL hGtL / s]xL 3/a]6L km]l/ klxn] a;]sf] uf]7df hDdf eP . km]l/ lax] k|Zgf]Q/L tyf l;nf]s xfNg yfn] . l;nf]s eGbfeGb} s"6kB / To;kl5 km]l/ sljt\ ;'? eof] . sljt\df /Gsf/GsL kg{ yfNof] . To; qmddf slxn] l;nf]s, slxn] s"6kB, slxn] lax] k|Zgf]Q/L / slxn] sljt\ elgP . o; lardf ;fdflhs, ;+f:s[lts tyf hLjg ef]ufOsf ljleGg kIfsf sljt\ klg elgP / xF:of}nL, 76\of}nL, 3f]rk]ro'Qm sljt\x¿ klg hf]; hfFu/sf ;fy elgP . of] qmd laxfg;Dd sfod /Xof] . laxfg ;a}n] km]l/ csf]{ ljjfxdf hDdf x'g] x} eGb} ljbfjf/L x'g nfu] . b'nxL cGefpg] sfd klg ;lsof] . /flt s]xL q'l6 ePsf] eP Ifdf kfpmF x} eGb} pgLx¿ af6f nfu] . To; ;dodf elgPsf sljt\x¿dWo] s]xL d"n kf7df /flvPsf 5g\ . !=#=^ ;xefuLx¿ oxfF ;ª\ s lnt sljt\ s f] k| : t' l tdf hGtLkl§sf / 3/a]6Lkl§sf u/L b'O{ kIfsf sljt]x¿ ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ . hGtLkl§sf sljt]sf] g]tT[ j df]xg nfn vgfn -5ft]9ª' u\ f_ n] u/]sf 5g\ . pgnfO{ ;fy lbg] sfd >L k|;fb rfkfufO{ 5ft]9ª' u\ f_, efg'eQm l;6f}nf -Xjfs'_ / rGb| axfb'/ sfsL{ -Ol;a'_n] u/]sf 5g\ eg] 3/a]6Llt/sf] g]tT[ j kbd lg/f}nf -;qmflGt ahf/_n] u/]sf 5g\ . k|1 f MM 97

lognfO{ ;fy lbg] sfd ;]/ axfb'/ yfkf tyf nLnf k|;fb ltlD;gf -Ol;a' / hnhn]_ / k|d ] k|;fb kf08] -r'xfg8fF8f_ n] u/]sf 5g\ . !=#=& d"n kf7 s/s/ sfo{] s/s/ sfo{] kfFr ;o 3f]8L au/df emf/] sf]xL 3f]8L kf/ sf]xL 3f]8L jf/ 3f]8Ldf r8\g] d} ;/bf/ d]/] ;]tL 3f]8L d/Ss d/Ss sfFwsL k5\of}/L km/Ss km/Ss t]/] sfn] 3f]8L s'OSF s s'OSF s x}F en]hL x}F en]hL . w'kL w]/} 3f]8f wDsg nfu] xftdf nÝL ;a}sf x}F en]hL x}F a'9f] sYb}5, s]6f] eGb} 5 clnslt e}h' t'nf ls x} en]hL sf]xL eG5g\ aGb's, sf]xL eG5g\ lw/L sf]xL aGb's sfFwdf sf]xL aGb's le/L x}F en]hL x}F en]hL x}F . nfdf au/ s] dh'jf/] 8]/f pk/ ;fOFnL nf]st] yf x'sd ' lbFbL t:d} sfh]{ d}F xh'/ yf . jfSkfgL jfSkfgL lr;fkfgL v]t la/fof} afFSs] uf]?nfO{ dxnf nufof} xfF:b} v]Nb} b/af/ uof} . g]kfnsL g]jfgL{ sk8f a'GyL l5ln{ª 5\ofª\ l5ln{ª 5\ofª\ Ps kmfFs ;'tL{nfO{ b; bfd eGyL -Ps ;/f] sk8fnfO{ b; bfd eGyL_ < d}n] dfUbf To;} lbGyL t}n] dfUbf n] bfd eGyL x}F en]hL x}F en]hL x}F . nfd} ku/L nfd} ku/L duGt 8]/f pk/ b]Gh' 5fFbgL 5f af6fsf lardf hnxf/L a}7] km'Ë] xfQL kmf]?Ëf wKkL wDd/ wDsg nfu] k|1 f MM 98

xftdf nÝL ;a}sf nf;f bfdf yfkf cfP aunLdf lsª;O{ lrofkfgL vft]tf sfDnfsf] 6f]kL sfDnfsf] wf]tL sfDn} cf]9L la5\ofpFnf x]/ g efO xf] s'tsf] nlR5g b'?:t b]Vg' e"tsf hustf u'P ls/fsf vk6f t]/f yfn a6f]sf lalnofF ¿ksL lalnofF t]/] xf/L lnpF ls t]/] d'v df/L lnpF . sf7sL s8\of}/f kmf}b;fbL xfSsL xg'dfg\ aflgof h'Hh] ToTt]; k'/L u'bF /L d'b/L xftdf emNn/L sfFwdf ;f]7f :ofjf; dSsfGg sfhL d]/] xft b/jf/ t]/] xft l5ln{Ë afgL . jfl/ klg ;fGg] kfl/ klg ;fGg] k]ml/–km]l/ af]n /ftf] km]6f afWFg] x}F en]hL x}F en]hL .. df]xg nfn vgfn, 5ft]9Ë' f . x] hL Û x] hL Û af/Lsf 5]pd F f Ps;/f] uf/f] t]/L cfdfnfO{ d';fn] bf/f] x]g{ hfFbf gfË} kf/f] x] hL Û x}F en]hL . af/Lsf 5]pd F f lrt' knfof] lrt'sf d'G6fdf lrt'jf kNSof] log log lrt'jfn] kfPgg\ hf]/L td|f 3/df slt 5g\ 5f]/L 8f]nL e/fO b]pm, ;f]nL e/fO b]pm l9sLdf 9\jfª\ 9\jfª\ hfFtfdf £jfOF pk/ td|f ;fgf afa' d ltd|f] HjfOF x}F en]hL x}F en]hL . s/s/ sfo]{ s/s/ sfo]{ d'/nL ;f/] kfFr ;o 3f]8L au/df emf/] sf]xL 3f]8L jf/ sf]xL 3f]8L kf/ 3f]8Ldf r9\g] d} ;/bf/ Df]/] ;]tL 3f]8L rfa|s ' b]psL a/Ss a/Ss

sfFwsL k5\of}/L km/Ss km/Ss x}F en]hL x}F en]hL . d t hflGbgF hflGbgF hfg] klg elGbgF a'9f] sYb}5 s]6f] eGb}5 clws t d} lhpFnf ls < x}F en]hL x}F en]hL . sf]xL eG5g\ aGb's sf]xL eG5g\ lw/L sf]xL aGb's sfFwdf sf]xL aGb's le/L x}F en]hL en] t]/f] dG6f] lxnfdf bn] w'g hf s'nfdf Tof] s'nf] wldnfO;\ eg] t]/f] d:tL un] d]/f] ;]tL 3f]8L s'bfpFbf s'bF ] a/s\ a/s\ d]/] sfFwsL k5\of}/L km/s\ km/s\ t]/] ;]t] 3f]8L s'bfpFbf s'bF ] Wofª\l;ª\ Wofª\l;ª\ t]/] sfFwsL k5\of}/L Hofdnfª\ HofDnfª\ x}F en]hL xF} en]hL . t]/f afa'sf af]s] bf/L d]/f afa'sf emNsg] bf/L t]/f afa'sf af]s] bf/Ldf ;dfO{ k'¥ofO lbpFnf P]; F n ] ' 3f/L x}F en]hL xF} en]hL . af/Lsf 5]p5 F fpF nl8al8 km;L{ t]/L a'9L b]Vbf d]/L a'9L t;L{ s]xL eOr eg] rfVnf;\ ef]lnkl;{. l9sL s'6g\ ' 9\jfª\ 9\jfª\ hfFtf] lkFWg' £jfOF pk/ cfP t]/f ;fgf afa' d t]/f] HjfOF cs8sL gf/L ljs6sf] v]t dnfdLsf bfp/f ;fnsf kft v;Lsf] df;' wfgsf] eft x}F en]hL x}F . ;}nª' sf n]sdf ;fOFnf ;fOFnL ;'t]

;fOFnLsf 5f]/fn] t'?Ss d't] ;fOFnf / ;fOFnL h'?Ss p7] x}F en]hL x}F . >L k|;fb rfkfufO{,F 5ft]9Ë' f (, 6'lF 8v]n . jfukfgL jfukfgL lr;f]kfgL v]t la/fof} afFs] uf]?nfO{ dfnf nufof} xfF:b} v]Nb} b/jf/ uof} sflQs df;sf] slgs] s'/f] yfkfn] lbPsf] xftsf] r'/f] cfO xfNof] hf]uL km]/L nfof] ufpF 8'8F s ] f v]tsf b;d'/L wfg l;Dn]sf v]tsf 5f]6f5f]6f cfnL vfO xfNof] t]/f uf]?n] d]/f afnL s'Gtfsf] t]/f] nf6f] uf]7fnf] To;nfO{ k8\sfpmF ls < t]/f 3/df hf]/ a'9L 5g\ Ps a'9L ;9sfpmF ls < x}F x]HhL, ;'g\ ta efO d'lvof ;'g] ;'g\ g;'g] g;'g\ ;'Gb/] sfdLsf wf]tL t'g\ . uf]vf{nL l;kfO{ sfn' kfF08] lyP afx| jif]{ s]6fn] cDdn' lnP Pp6f s]6fsf] cf]7 kmf]l/ lbof] cf]7F sf] df;' b'Ol{ t/ afF8] Rff/}lt/ s/fpF5g\ tL :ofnsf ;fF8] x} x]hLdf x} . cfO xfNof] r'bF f/f] s'bF fO xfNof] cf/L t]/f dfdfsf e'Ss] bf/L bf/Ldf ;dfO{ jfl/kfl/ k'¥ofO lbpFnf lrnfpg] 3f/L x}F en]hL x}F en]hL x}F . af/Lsf 5]p5 F fpF a8fa8f km;L{ t]/L a'9L b]Vbf d]/L a'9L t;L{ x}F en]hL x}F . kbd lg/f}nf, ;qmflGt ahf/ $ . gf/b d'lgsf] pk/ 7fpF kz'klt b]jtfsf] bz{g kfpFm pFwf]lt/ eG5g\ ;Kt/L dftf k|1 f MM 99

pFef] kg{ uof] cf]nfª\rª' uf]nf cf]nfª\rª' uf]nfsf] cl;gfsf] hfnf] ef]6 hfg] l;kfOFsf] d'x8' } sfnf] xftdf k~hf v'§fdf df]rf s;/L prfN5g\ aGb'ssf 3f]rf x} x]hLdf x} . bfdf]b/ e08f/L, @)^@ . !=#=* sYo ljifo sljt\ nf]s ;dfhsf] pkh xf] . o;}n] nf]s ;dfhs} ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, wfld{s, cfWoflTds, k|fs[lts cflb ljifo j:t' sljt\df cfPsf 5g\ . oL ljljw ljifo j:t'dWo] ;fdflhs ljifo j:t'n] g} k|fyldstf kfPsf 5g\ tfklg ljifo j:t'df z[ªv \ nf kfOFbg} . o; qmddf 3f]8f r/fpg] jf 3f]8f lnP/ ;fdfg lng] dfG5]x¿n] kfFr ;o 3f]8f au/df emf/]sf], o;dWo] s]xL 3f]8f vf]nfkfl/ k'us ] f] / s]xL vf]nfjfl/ /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . o:t} oL sljt\df au/df emf/]sf 3f]8fdWo] cfˆgf 3f]8fx¿ a'?Ss a'?Ss pkm|g] / km6fkm6 lxF8g\ ] t/ ;fyLsf 3f]8f s'OSF s s'OSF sdfq ug]{ / glxF8g\ ] u/]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . o:t} s;}n] xftdf n7\7L, s;}n] xftdf aGb's le/]/ vf]nfsf] au/ rxf/]sf] ;Gbe{ klg cfPsf] 5 . o:t} g]kfn -sf7df8f}_F sf g]jfgL{x¿ sk8f a'Gg] u/]sf], Ps ˆjfFs ;'tL{nfO{ b; bfd eGg] u/]sf], ;fyLn] dfUbf k};f dfUg] u/]sf] t/ cfkm"n] dfUbf To;} klg lbg] u/]sf] h:tf ;Gbe{ klg cfPsf 5g\ . o:t} lr;fkfgLsf] v]t la/fPsf], afFs] uf]?nfO{ dxnf nufPsf], xfF:b} v]Nb} b/af/ uPsf], hf]uLn] km]/L nufPsf], t]/f] nf6f] 5f]/fnfO{ k8\sfpg rfx]sf] / t]/L a'9LnfO{ ;8\sfpg vf]hs ] f] h:tf ;Gbe{x¿ klg cfPsf 5g\ . af/Lsf 5]p5 F fpF km;L{ nl8a8L v]ns ] f, To;sL a'9L b]Vbf cfˆgL a'9L tl;{Psf] h:tf ;Gbe{ klg cfPsf 5g\ . o:t} g]kfnLn] ul/aLsf sf/0f Ps;/f] sk8f klg nufpg gkfPsf] h:tf] si6k"0f{ hLjg ef]ufOsf ;Gbe{ klg oxfF cfPsf 5g\ . oL sljt\df xF:of}nL 76\of}nLsf] lgs} kf}n 5 . oL sljt\ x]bf{ ljjfxnfO{ dgf]/~hs agfpg' k|1 f MM 100

g} o;sf] d"n p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oxfF af/Lsf 5]pdf Ps;/f] uf/f] /x]sf], t]/L cfdfnfO{ d';fn] bf/]sf] / x]g{ hfFbf gfË} kf/]sf] h:tf 76\of}nLd"ns sljt\ cfPsf 5g\ . o:t} t]/f afpsf af]sb] f/Ldf ;dfP/ P]F;]n' 3f/L k'¥ofpg vf]h]sf], ;}n'ªsf n]sdf ;fOFnf / ;fOFnL ;'ts ] f], ;fOFnLsf 5f]/fn] t'?Ss d'ts ] f] / ;fOFnf / ;fOFnL h'?Ss p7]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . oxfF oL sljt\n] ljjfxdf cfPsf hGtLx¿nfO{ xf:of:kb b]vfpFb} Joª\Uo ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o:t} sljt\df P]ltxfl;s, kf}/fl0fs h:tf b]lvg] ;Gbe{ klg 5g\ . oBlk oL P]ltxfl;s jf kf}/fl0fs nfUg] ;Gbe{n] P]ltxfl;s jf kf}/fl0fs 36gfdf s'g} z[ªv \ nf eg] kfOFbg} . pbfx/0fsf nflu oxfF lgDg sljt\ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M uf]vf{nL l;kfO{ sfn' kfF8] lyP afx| jif]{ s]6fn] cDdn' lnP Pp6f s]6fsf] cf]7 kmf]l/ lbof] cf]7F sf] df;' b'Ol{ t/ afF8] Rff/}lt/ s/fpF5g\ tL :ofnsf ;fF8] x} x]hLdf x} . kbd lg/f}nf, ;qmflGt ahf/, $ . sljt\df wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{ klg ;fª\sl] ts ¿kdf 5g\ . o:t} g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns, k|fs[lts cj:yfsf] lrq0f klg ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF pbfx/0fsf nflu lgDg sljt\ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M gf/b d'lgsf] pk/ 7fpF kz'klt b]jtfsf] bz{g kfpFm pFwf]lt/ eG5g\ ;Kt/L dftf pFef] kg{ uof] cf]nfª\rª' uf]nf cf]nfª\rª' uf]nfsf] cl;gfsf] hfnf] ef]6 hfg] l;kfOFsf] d'x8' } sfnf] xftdf k~hf v'§fdf df]rf s;/L prfN5g\ aGb'ssf 3f]rf x} x]hLdf x} . bfdf]b/ e08f/L, @)^@ . o;/L oxfF sljt]x¿n] g]kfnL hflt, wd{, ;+:s[lt, k|sl[ t, e"uf]n, Oltxf;, logLx¿n] ef]us ] f cfly{s / lnª\uLo ;d:of tyf hLjgsf ljljw ;Gbe{sf] lrq0f ul/Psf sljt\ k|:t't u/] .

sljt]x¿n] eg]sf s]xL sljt\ a'lemPg eg]/ ;f]4f xfdLn] klg ToxL ;'Gof}F ToxL eGof}F eGg] hjfkm lbP . o;}u/L P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s tyf ef}uf]lns cj:yfsf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVbf ;d]t pgLx¿n] cfkm"n] h:tf] ;'gs ] f lyP ToxL eg]sf] hfgsf/L lbP . o;/L sljt\sf] ljifo j:t' g]kfnL hg hLjgsf ljleGg kf6fnfO{ sf]6o\ fpg] vfnsf 5g\ tfklg tL ljifodf l;Ëf] k|:t'lteGbf ljz[ªv \ n k|:t'lt /x]sf] 5 . !=#=( ;'/ k|:t't sljt\sf] k|:t'lt d'Qmnodf ul/Psf] 5 . o;df j0f{ jf dfqfsf] lgoldttfeGbf nofTds pRrf/0fnfO{ k|:t'ltsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 . sltko sljt\sf lar lardf kBnofTds cleJolQm e]l6P klg sljt\sf] d"n :j¿k uBnofTds g} 5 . sljt\sf] cleJolQm snf lgs} hf]l;nf], 76\of}nf], Joª\Uod"ns / cgf}krfl/s z}nLsf] /x]sf] 5 . Ps csf]n { fO{ xf]Rofpg, ghfGg] ;fljt ug{ sljt]x¿ tF5f8 / d5f8 ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . hf];df pk|mL pk|mL z[ªv \ nf ljxLg egfOx¿ k|:t't ul/ /x]sf 5g\ . ljleGg p6\k6\ofª vfnsf cleJolQm lbO{ c¿nfO{ lhTg' jf dgf]/~hg ug'{ g} logLx¿sf] p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] :j/nfO{ ld7f;k"0f{ agfpg'eGbf efj cg'sn " sf] :j/df sljt\ k|:t't ul/Psf] x'G5 . o; qmddf sljt\df ljleGg lsl;dsf :yfoL kbsf] klg k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ . oxfF xF} en]hL x}F en]hL, a'9f] sYb} 5 s]6f] eGb} 5, x}F x]hL x]hL x]hL, x} x]hLdf x}, x] hLdf ;'g\ ta efO d'lvof ;'g,\ x] hL ;'g ta x] hL ;'g, x] hL ;'g sljt], ;'g\ ;'g\ ;'g\ ;'g\ ;'g\ ;'G5;\ eg] ;'g,\ ;'Gb}g;\ eg] d]/f sfgdf ltg tf]nf ;'g, t]/f sfgdf ltg kfyL 3'g, ;'G5;\ eg] ;'g,\ ;'Gb}g;\ eg] ;'Gb/] sfdLsf] wf]tL t'g,\ x] hL ;'g ta x] hL ;'g, kfl/ klg ;fGg] jfl/ klg ;fGg], km]l/ km]l/ af]n ;]tf] km]6f afGg] h:tf :yfoLkb nfUg] s]xL kb÷r/0fx¿ k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . oL :yfoL kbx¿ x]bf{ k|To]s JolQmsf cfcfˆgf y]uf h:tf klg nfU5g\ . oL kb sljt\sf] ;'? / cGTodf cfPsf 5g\ . oL :yfoL kbn] sljt\nfO{ nofTds /

egfOnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ . !=#=!) s/0fTj k|:t't sljt\x¿ g]kfnsf] k"jL{ If]qdf kg]{ t]xy| d ' af6 ;ª\sng ul/Psf x'g\ . To;}n] logsf] efiff uf]vf{nL pkeflifsfaf6 k|efljt 5 . efiffsf] k|of]udf a|h, lxGbL, k|frLgkgsf] g]kfnL efiff, cy{xLg zAbsf] k|of]un] sljt\df cToGt hl6n lsl;dsf] eflifs k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 tfklg g]kfnL z}nL, g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] lhpFbf] hfUbf] ¿k / ljifo j:t'df g]kfnL ;Gbe{sf sf/0f efiff a'‰gdf sl7gfO eP klg g]kfnL dgnfO{ cfglGbt t'Nofpg] lsl;dsf] 5 . dfgs ¿ksf ;fy} :yfgLo af]nLnfO{ klg nf]ssljn] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . sltko sljt\sf] cy{ c8\snsf e/df nufpg' kg]{ l:ylt 5 eg] sltko sljt\sf k'/} jf s]xL x/kmsf] cy{ nfUb}gg\ tfklg z}nL÷k|:t'ltdf g]kfnLkg / ljifo j:t'df g]kfnL 5fk 68\sf/f] ¿kdf cfPsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu oxfF sljt\sf] Pp6f gd'gf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M nfdf au/ s] dh'jf/] 8]/f pk/ ;fOFnL nf]st] yf x'sd ' lbFbL t:d} sfh]{ d}F xh'/ yf . jfSkfgL jfSkfgL lr;fkfgL v]t la/fof} afFSs] uf]?nfO{ dxnf nufof} xfF:b} v]Nb} b/jf/ uof} . g]kfnsL g]jfgL{ sk8f a'GyL l5ln{ª 5\ofª\ l5ln{ª 5\ofª\ Ps kmfFs ;'tL{nfO{ b; bfd eGyL d}n] dfUbf To;} lbGyL t}n] dfUbf n] bfd eGyL x}F en]hL x}F en]hL x}F . sljt\ df}lvs cleJolQm ePsfn] logdf jQmfsf] j}olQms k|efj b]Vg kfOG5 . of] ;'Ggf;fy of] s'g eflifs If]qsf] xf] a'‰g ;lsG5 . nf]ssljn] cfˆg} jl/kl/sf] :yfg / rfnrngsf] klg pNn]v u/]sfn] If]qLotfsf] ;Gbe{ klg sljt\df cfPsf 5g\ . sljt\df cfVofg tŒjsf] ;fdfGo pkl:ylt eP klg z[ªv \ nf ljxLg syfgssf ;"Id aLhdfq oxfF kfOg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ n3'÷km'6s/ nf]s k|1 f MM 101

sljtf dflgG5 . o;df dfqf jf cIf/sf] lglZrttf geP h:t} x/kmdf klg lglZrttf kfOFbg} . Pp6f efjsf] Ps sljt\ x'g] x'gfn] efjsf] k"0f{tfnfO{ Pp6f sljt\ dflgG5 . o; cWoogdf b'Ob{ l] v c7f/ x/km;Ddsf sljt\x¿ cfPsf 5g\ . k|foM sljt\df cGTofg'kf| ;sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . logLx¿ k|foM cgf}krfl/s / j0f{gfTds Pjd\ ;+jfbfTds z}nLdf cfPsf 5g\ . !=#=!! k|ltdfgx¿ sljt\sf] k|of]u k|foM ljjfxsf ;dodf x'G5 . ljjfxsf cltl/Qm hfqf, kj{, d]nf jf k"hfcfhfsf ;dodf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf o;sf] k|:t'lt x'g ;S5 . sljt\sf] k|of]u a|fXd0f, 5]qL, sfdL bdfO{, ;fsL{ cflb hfltdf k|rngdf 5 . o;df k'?ifx¿n] dfq efu lnG5g\ . dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt bz{ssf ¿kdf x'g ;S5 . sljt\sf] k|of]usf qmddf sljt\dfq geP/ lax] k|Zgf]Q/L, l;nf]s jf s" 6 kBx¿ klg elgG5g\ . o;df sljt\ n ] ;xefuLnfO{ pT;fx / pdª\u eg]{ sfo{ u/]sf] x'G5 . cGo nf]s sljtfsf lardf sljt\n] vfgfdf crf/sf] :jfb lbPsf] cfef; lbG5 . oxfF klg ljjfxsf ;dodf hGtL / 3/a]6Lx¿sf lar ljleGg lax] k|Zgf]Q/L, l;nf]s, s"6kBsf ;fy} cg]sf}F sljt\ eGg] sfo{ eof] . cfhsn ljjfxsf ;dodf sljt\÷l;nf]s eGg] k|rng sd x'bF } uO /x] s f] 5 tfklg sltko :yfgdf k/Dk/f hf]ufpgsf nflu g} eP klg sljt\ eGg] ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . !=#=!@ ;dfgfGt/tf sljt\ uBnofTds cleJolQm xf] . o;df g]kfnL nf]snosf] ljz]if k|sf/sf] >'lt dw'/tf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu sljt\df k|of]u ePsf zAbsf] ;dfgfGt/tfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . k|foM sljt\sf] k|f/De / cGtdf cfpg] zAb /fVg] vf; k4lt 5 hf] k|foM sljt\df k|of]u x'G5 . h:t} x} x]hL, x]HhL, x]HhL, x}F en]hL, x] hL x] hL h:tf zAb cGo kb jf kb ;d"xsf] k'g/fj[lQn] sljt\sf] ;dfgfGt/tfnfO{ b]vfPsf k|1 f MM 102

5g\ . o;af6 sljt\ j[Tog'kf| ;, >'Tog'kf| ; tyf odsdo ePsf 5g\ eg] sljt\sf] cGTodf cGTofg'k|f;sf] klg ;'Gb/ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu lgDg sljt\\ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M x] hL Û x] hL Û af/Lsf 5]pd F f Ps;/f] uf/f] t]/L cfdfnfO{ d';fn] bf/f] x]g{ hfFbf gfË} kf/f] x] hL Û x}F en]hL . s/s/ sfo{] s/s/ sfo{] kfFr ;o 3f]8L au/df emf/] sf]xL 3f]8L kf/ sf]xL 3f]8L jf/ 3f]8Ldf r8\g] d} ;/bf/ d]/] ;]tL 3f]8L d/Ss d/Ss sfFwsL k5\of}/L km/Ss km/Ss t]/] sfn] 3f]8L s'OSF s s'OSF s x}F en]hL x}F en]hL . oxfF x/kmsf cGTodf cfPsf uf/f], bf/f], kf/f] h:tf ;dfgfGt/ zAbsf] k|of]un] sljtfdf nofTdstf Nofpg'sf ;fy} cGTofg'kf| ; klg kg{ uPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|of]u sljt\df k|foM b]Vg kfOG5 . o:t} oL sljt\df Pp6} egfOsf] cfj[lQ geP klg xf:o / Joª\Uod"ns cleJolQmsf] af/Daf/sf] cfj[lQn] o;df cfGtl/s ;dfgfGt/tfsf] l:ylt 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu dflys} ;Gbe{df xf:o / Joª\Uosf] h'g z[ªv \ nf 5, Tof] k|foM sljt\df cfpg] ub{5 . !=#=!# ;Dkfbssf] :jLsf/f]lQm sljt\x¿ g]kfnL nf]s ;dfhdf k/Dk/fb]lv >'lt k/Dk/faf6 cfPsf x'g\ . logdf g]kfnL hfltsf] ;+f:s[lts Oltxf;, pgLx¿sf] hLjg z}nL, efiff / klxrfg d'vl/t ePsf 5g\ . sljt]n] oL sljt\x¿ cfkm"n] ;'gs ] } e/df eGg] x'gfn] k|frLg g]kfnL tyf ;d;fdlos g]kfnL efiffsf] k|of]u b]Vg kfOG5 eg] logdf a|h tyf lxGbL ldl>t efiffsf] k|of]u klg e]l6g] ub{5 . oL sljt\df k/]sf efiff, To;sf] cy{ tyf ljifo j:t'sf af/]df

hfgsf/L lng vf]Hbf h:tf] ;'lgof] To:t} elgof] eGg] s'/f nf]ssljn] u5{g\ . oxL s'/fnfO{ logLx¿n] sljt\df / aflx/ klg eGg] u5{g\ . logLx¿n] eGg] sljt\ k|foM >'lt k/Dk/fsf x'G5g\ eg] sltko cfkm}n] tTsfn klg l;h{gf u/]sf x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu o; k|:t'ltdf cfPsf] cfkm}n] tTsfn l;h{gf u/]/ eg]sf] sljt\ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M x} x]hL, x]HhL, x]HhL gl9nfpm gl9nfpm d]/f sljt\sf] hjfkm rfF8f] lkm/fpm t]xy| d ' lhNnfsf] 5ft]9Ë' f ufpF slahdf ltd|f] rn]sf] /] gfpF t]xy| d ' lhNnf hnhn] ufpF d]/f] klg l;nf]sdf rn]sf] 5 gfpF df}sfn] ubf{ e}of] cfh e]nf cfh k¥of} bfO xf], slah]sf km]nf sljt\df sljt\ eGg]n] c¿nfO{ lht]/} 5f8\g] dfgl;stf /fv]sf] x'G5 tfklg c¿n] lhTg ;Sg] s'/fdf klg ljZjf; /fV5g\ . sljt\ eGg] qmddf egfeg eP klg sljt]x¿ cfkm"af6 st} uNtL eP dfkm lbgsf nflu cfu|x u5{g\ . sljt\sf k|:tf]tfn] klg ;'gs ] } e/df eGg] / cfjZostf cg';f/ cfkm}n] klg tTsfn k/Dk/fut 9fFrfdf l;h{gf u/L eGg] x'gfn] cfkm"n] hfg]sf] jf cfkm"n] l;h{gf u/]sf] sljt\ g} k"0f{ xf] eGg] gx'g] / cfkm"h:t} csf]{ JolQmn] klg cfkm"n] eGbf w]/} ;'gs ] f], hfg]sf] jf l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] s'/f logLx¿ :jLsf/ ub{5g\ .

@= lgisif{ o;/L sljt\ d'Qm jf :jtGq nofTds 5Gbdf k|of]u x'g] nf]s sljtf cGtu{tsf] Ps ljwf xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . sljt\nfO{ uBno jf d'Qmnodf cfpg] 5Gb ljz]ifsf cy{df / ljjfxsf ;dodf k|:t't ul/g] ljlzi6 nf]s /rgfsf ¿kdf u/L b'O{ cy{df k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;sf] k|of]u nf]s ;dfhdf ljjfxsf ;dodf / cGo ljljw ;Gbe{df df}lvs ¿kdf x'G5 . sljt\sf] k|rng t'ngfTds ¿kdf k"jL{ If]qdf a9L kfOPsf 5g\ . o;sf] k|rng nf]s ;dfhdf slxn]bl] v rn]sf] xf] eGg] lglZrt ug{ g;lsP klg j}lbs k/Dk/fb]lv g} cfˆgf cg'e"lt / cg'ejsf] cleJolQmsf] dfWod uB / kB /x]sfdf uB nofTds cg's/0fdf g]kfnL nf]s ;dfhdf of] k/Dk/f sfod /x]sf] dflgPsf] 5 . o;sf] k|of]u ljjfxsf ;dodf 3/a]6L / hGtLsf lar j}jflxs sfo{ q mdnfO{ xf:o Joª\ U ofTds ;Gbe{ a f6 dgf]/~hg lbg / Ps csf{sf] ;fdflhs, ;+f:s[lts, wfld{s tyf cfly{s l:yltsf af/]df af]w u/L Ps cfk;sf] ldqtf a9fpg] p2]Zoaf6 x'bF } cfPsf] dflgG5 . oBlk cfhsn dgf] / ~hgsf ;fwgsf ¿kdf ljleGg ;fwgsf] ljsf;, sljt\ cflb nf]s ;flxlTos ;fdu|Lsf] ljifo j:t'df k'/fg}kg / lzlIft egfpFbf JolQmdf nf]s k/Dk/fk|ltsf] ljsif{0fn] sljt\ nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf k'us ] f] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL clwsf/L, /fdnfn -;g\ !(&#_, /lj ;KtdL, bflh{lnª\ M :jod\ . cfrfo{, afa'/fd -@)^@_, k'/fgf slj / sljtf, -;ftf}F ;+:s=_, sf7df8f}F M ;femf k|sfzg . pkfWofo, s[i0fb]j -;g\ !((*_, nf]s ;flxTo sL e"ldsf -;Ktd ;+:s=_, Onfxfjfb M ;flxTo ejg k|f= ln= . sGbª\jf, sfhLdfg -@)!$_, sljt, 8fFkm]r/L, ¿v $, km'n @, k[=@#–@% .

——— -@)@)_, g]kfnL hg ;flxTo, sf7df8f}F M /fon g]kfn Ps]8]dL . uËfbf;, -;g\ !(^$_, 5Gbf]d~h/L , -k~r= ;+:s=_, jf/f0f;L M rf}vDaf ;+:s[t l;l/h clkm; .

8f]/;g, l/rf8{ Pd\= -;g\ !(&^_, kmf]snf]/ PG8 km]snf]/, Oª\NofG8 M xfj{8{ o'lgel;{6L k|]; . lqkf7L, jf;'bj] -@)%%_, …sljÚ g]kfnL ;flxTo sf]z, sf7df8f}F M g]= /f= k|= k|= . lqkf7L, jf;'bj] / cGo ;Dkf=, -@)$*_, g]kfnL sljtf, efu @, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg . bLlIft, sdn ;Dkf=, -@)#$_, a'OuF n, -bf]=;+:s=_, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg . aGw', r"8fdl0f, -@)%*_, g]kfnL nf]s ;flxTo, sf7df8f}F M Pstf a'S; .

k|1 f MM 103

——— -@)%(_, If]qsfo{ / ;Dkfbg l;4fGt, g]kfnL ;+:s[lt, jif{ M cÍ M k[= !^–@$ .

——— -@)^#_, nf]s ;flxTosf ljwfsf ;Gbe{df nf]ssfJo, nf]s ;+:s[lt, jif{M !,cª\sM !, k[= !–( . afpDofg, l/rf8{ (Bauman, richard) -A.D.1977_, Verbal Arts as Performance, Prospect Heights (IL): Waveland press .

Ef§, rGb| z]v/ -;g\ !(^^_, xf8f}tL nf]suLt, chd]/ M s[i0ff a|b;{ . e§/fO{, w|j' k|;fb -@)%(_, ljjfxdf elgg] nf]s l;nf]s M Ps l;+xfjnf]sg, k|0fog, jif{M #, cÍM #, k[=@*–#@ . e§/fO{, z/b\rGb| zdf{ -@)%%_, sljQ, g]kfnL ;flxTo sf]z, sf7df8f}F M g]= /f= k|= k|= . e08f/L, uf]kfn k|;fb -@)%#_, k|fUefg'eQmLo g]kfnL sfJo, sf7df8f}F M g]= /f= k|= k|= . e08f/L, bfdf]b/ -@)^@_, ef]hk'/df k|rlnt g]kfnL l;nf]ssf] ;Íng, cWoog / ljZn]if0f, lq=lj=, cg';Gwfg dxfzfvfdf k|:t't ck|sflzt n3' cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg . zdf{, df]xg/fh -@)^#_, ;dsfnLg ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGt / k|of]u, -bf]= ;+:s=_, sf7df8f}F M cS;kmf]8{ OG6/g];gn klAns];g . xfOD;, 8]n, (Hymes, Dell), (A.D.1962) "The Ethnography of Speaking" in T.G. ladwin and W.C. Sturtevant eds. Anthropology and Human Behavour, Washington D.C. pp. 15-53.

xf]ªs \ f], nfp/L, (Honko, Lauri), (A.D.1980) Methods in Folknarrative Research, Ethnologiya Europaya, Vol XI, pp. 6-27 ——— (A.D.1988) Trends in Nordic Tradition Research, NIF Publication No.13.

∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 104

web source: www.khasskhass.com

ljljw cWoog

;flxlTos cg'jfb M ;[hgfTds k7g / n]vgsf] ;ª\ud an/fd clwsf/L ljifo k|jz ] ;flxlTos cg'jfbdf k|jz ] ug{ ;flxTosf] af6f] cg';/0f ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . ;flxTo s] xf] < cyjf s:Tff] n]vg ;flxTosf] ju{df kb{5 < ;flxTonfO{ cYof{pg], a'emfpg] / cGo n]vg ju{af6 cnUofpg] cg]sf}F k|oTg ePsf 5g\ tyflk ;flxTo s] xf] eGg] pNemg p:t} 5 . o; pNemgsf k5fl8 b'O{ sf/0f x'g ;Snfg\ . klxnf], s'g} klg kl/efiff of egf}F s'g} cjwf/0ffnfO{ a'emfpg]–a'‰g] sfo{ ;do / kl/jz ;fk]If x'G5 . x/]s sfnv08n] ;flxTonfO{ cfˆgf] cfjZostf / a'l4 Ifdtfg';f/ cYof{pg] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;flxTosf kl/efiffx¿ lbs\sfn cfl>t x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . bf];f| ] sf/0f, ;dfnf]rs 6]/L OuN6gsf ljrf/df ;flxTo s] xf] eGg] k|Zgaf6 cfPsf pQ/x¿n] ;lxTonfO{ ;xL 9ª\un] cYof{pg ;s]gg\ . To;f] eP ;flxTosf] tTTjs]lGb|t kl/efiffx¿df k'glj{rf/ ug'k{ b{5 .

OuN6gn] ;flxTo s] xf] eGg] ;Gbe{df ;j{:jLs[t eg]/ dflgPsf lgDg cjwf/0ffdf k'glj{rf/ ug'k{ g]{ ljrf/ JoSt u/]sf 5g\ . c_ ;flxTo sNkgfhGo n]vg xf] . cf_ ;flxTo ;[hgfTds n]vg xf] .

O_ af]nrfnsf] ;fdfGo efiffnfO{ c;fdfGo agfO k|:t't ug'{ ;flxTo xf] .

O{_ ;flxTo pRr d"No lbOPsf] Ps k|sf/sf] n]vg xf] . sNkgflgl>t n]vgdf tYo / tYofl>t ;Tosf] :yfg /xFbg} . sfNklgstfnfO{ ;flxTosf] u'0f dfGg] xf] eg] xfn;Dd ;flxTo egL n]vLk9L cfPsf s[ltx¿n] ;flxlTos bIftf u'dfpF5g\ . df]tL/fd e§s[t efg'eStsf] hLjgL, ljlksf] h]n hg{n, sdndl0f bLlIftsf lgaGwx¿, hubLz

l3ld/]sf] cGt/dgsf] ofqf, emds l3ld/]sf] cfTdk/s lgaGw ;ª\ux| hLjg sfF9f ls km"n h:tf tYok/s n]vgnfO{ ;lxTodf /fVg] of g/fVg] b'ljwf pTkGg x'G5 . ptf cª\uh ]| L efiffdf klg Oun6gn] o:t} ;d:of cf}NofPsf 5g\ . ;flxTo sfNkgfsf] n]Vo pkh xf] eg] ˆoflG;; a]sgsf lgaGw, hf]g 8f]gsf cfWoflTds cfTdk/s wdf]{kb]z, ;/ 6f]d; a|fpgsf ;Dk"0f{ n]vg u}/;flxlTos aGg k'Unfg\ . ctM tYok/stf / sfNklgstfnfO{ cfwf/ agfpFbf ;flxTonfO{ Tolt k/;Dd a'‰g ;lsFbg} . sf/0f, hxfF efiffsf] k|of]u x'G5 ToxfF tYo / sNkgflarsf] ljefhg w'ldn x'G5 . tYosf] c+z gldl;Psf] sNkgf x'bF g} / sNkgf gldl;Psf] s'g} tYo xFb' g} . efiffsf] 7]sLdf n]vsLo r]tgfsf] dbfgLn] hj ltgsf] dGyg x'G5 b'j} Ps csf{df ;dflxt x'G5g\ . ctM s'g} klg n]vg sNkgf / tYosf] ldlxg ;+of]hgdf tof/ x'G5 . ;flxTo eGgf;fy ;[hgfTds n]vg eGg] a'lemG5 . o;sf] cy{ ;flxlTos n]vg ;[hgfTds x'G5 eg] u}/;flxlTos n]vg c;[hgfTds . olb ;flxTonfO{ dfq} ;[hgfTds dfGg] xf] eg] Oltxf;, bz{g, ;dfhzf:qsf n]vg c;[hgfTds eGg] cy{ nfUg ;S5 . ;[hgfTdstf ;flxTosf] dfq} u'0f xf]Og . pbfx/0fsf nflu 8flj{gsf] b cf]l/hLg cj :kLl;h, sfk|fsf] b tfcf] cj lkmlhS; h:tf lj1fgs]Gb|L k':tsx¿df ;[hgfTdstf / sNkgf– zlStsf] k|fr'o{ e]l6G5 . ?;L ¿kjfbLx¿n] eg] ;flxTonfO{ a'‰g a'emfpg efiffsf] k|of]unfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfg] . o;sf] cy{, ¿kjfbLx¿n] ;flxTosf] tTTj of ljifoj:t'nfO{ eGbf klg tTTj wf/s / tTTj k|1 f MM 105

afxsnfO{ dxTTj lbP . leS6f]/ Znf]e:sL, /f]dg ofsf]A;g, cf]l;k la|s, o'/L TofGogf]e / af]l/; tf]dfz]E;Ln] ;flxTonfO{ a'emfpg tTTj of n]vsLo efjafx]s kf7\o agf]6nfO{ cu| efudf NofP . pgLx¿n] af]nrfnsf] ;fdfGo efiffnfO{ c;fdfGo b]lvg] u/L k|:t't ug{n ' fO{ ;flxTo n]vg dfg] . ¿kjfbLsf o; dfGotfn] ;flxTo n]vg efiffsf] rnfvLk" 0 f{ / sf} z n v] n xf] . pgLx¿n] ;flxTonfO{ eflifs c;fdGoLs/0f -defamilarization_, b}lgs k|of]uaf6 ljd"vtf -estrangement_ / ;ª\st] -zAb_ / ;ª\sl] tt -zAbn] ;ª\st] u/]sf] hut\_ larsf] c;dtfsf] v]n eg] . oL cjfwf/0ffx¿n] d"ntM sljtf, cfVofg, Jo}olSts lgaGw h:tf z}nLhLljt ljwfnfO{ ;d]65 \ g\ . ¿kjfbL cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] s]xL kf7x¿n] ;flxTosf] ;b:otf u'dfpg] / s]xLn] gofF ;b:otf kfpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, zAbv]n / ;+/rgfTds cbnabn h:tf z} n L sf} z n k| j n gx' g ] cfnf]rgfTds ;dfnf]rgf, hLjgL, cfTdsyf cflbn] ;lxTosf] ;b:otf u'dfpg ;S5g\ eg] k/Dk/fut ¿kdf u} / ;flxlTos 7flgPsf b:tfj]hx¿ ;flxlTos aGg ;S5g\ . efiffz}nLnfO{ ;flxlTostfsf] cfwf/e"t ljz]iftf dfGg] xf] eg] cd]l/sL /fi6« g]tf 6f]d; h]km;{gsf] b l8Sn/]zg cj Ogl8k]g8]G;, sfn{ dfS;{ / k|ml] 8s Pª\uN] ;sf] b sDo"lgi6 d]lgkm]:6f] h:tf /fhgLlts p2]Zon] n]lvPsf b:tfj]hx¿ ;flxlTos kf7sf pQd gd"gf x'g ;S5g\ . To;}u/L, /]l8of]df aHg], 6]lnlehgdf b]lvg], 5fkf / cgnfOgdf cfpg] clwsf+z Jofkfl/s / ;Gb]zd"ns lj1fkgx¿ ;flxTo cGtu{t g} knf{g\ . ;flxTo ;dfhn] pRr :yfg lbPsf] n]vg xf] . ;flxTo ;DaGwL o; cjwf/0fnfO{ OuN6gn] cGo cjwf/0ffeGbf a9L pko'St 7fg]sf 5g\ . o; cjwf/0ff cg';f/ s] n]lvPsf] 5 -ljifoj:t'_ jf s;/L n]lvPsf] 5 -z}nL_ eGbf klg kf7s ;d'bfon] To;nfO{ s:tf] :yfg lbPsf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] k|dv ' e"ldsf v]Nb5 . o;sf] tfTko{, s'g} klg n]vn] ;flxlTos bhf{ kfpg] gkfpg] eGg] k|1 f MM 106

s'/f ;DalGwt kf7s ;d'bfosf] k7g / ltgaf6 cfpg] k|lts[ofn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ;flxTo leq klg pRrsf]l6sf] ;flxTo, dWod :t/sf] ;flxTo, lgDg sf]l6sf] ;flxTo, af}l4s ;flxTo, hg;flxTo, ;'ud ;flxTo h:tf pkju{x¿ /xg] ub{5g\ . o:tf pkju{ ls6fgsf s'g} j:t'ut cfwf/x¿ 5}gg\ . ;DalGwt kf7k|lt kf7sn] agfpg] b[li6sf]0f g} ju{ ls6fgsf] cfwf/ aGb5 . oxfF kf7s zAbnfO{ a[xQ/ cy{df k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . kf7s cGtu{t cfdkf7s -h;n] s]jn k9\gsf nflu dfq k9\5_, ;Dkfbs, ;dfnf]rs, ;dLIfs, cg'jfbs, ;flxTo k9\g] k9fpg] ;d'bfo / n]vs klg cfkm}+ kb{5 . oL ljleGg k|sf/sf kf7sn] ug]{ d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/df s'g} klg kf7sf] ;flxlTostf lgwf{/0f x' g ] ub{ 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;fDojfbL ljrf/wf/faf6 k|efljt /fhgLlts Ph]08f af]ss ] f n]vg oyfy{df ;flxTo g} xf]Og eGg] Psfyl/ kf7s ;d' b fo 5 . csf{ t km{ , ;fDojfbL ljrf/wf/fsf kf7ssf nflu /fhgLlts Ph]G8f af]ss ] f] n]vg g} ;flxTosf] pQd gd'gf xf] . sltkosf nflu, dfS;{jfbL ;f}Gbo{zf:qaf6 lgb]l{ zt ;flxTo g} oyfy{df hgtfsf] ;flxTo xf], csf{yl/sf nflu tL s]jn cNksfnLg k|rf/jfhL n]vg x'g\ . ;flxTodf s'g kIfsf] d"Nofª\sg ;xL of unt egL dfkg ug]{ s'g} Jof/f]ld6/ 5}g . o;sf] cy{, ;flxlTostf kf7sn] ug]{ d"Nofª\sgdf lge{/ /xG5 . o:tf] d"Nofª\sg JolSt, ;d'bfo cg';f/ leGg x'G5, ;do cg';f/ klg kl/jt{g xFb' } hfG5 . ;flxTo cg'jfb ;flxlTos kf7sf] cg'jfbnfO{ ;flxTo cg'jfb elgG5 . s:tf kf7n] ;flxlTostfsf] bhf{ kfpnfg\ eGg] ;fdfGo 5nkmn dfly ul/of] . ;flxTo s] xf] eGg] a'emfOn] ;flxlTos cg'jfbnfO{ a'‰g] cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . lh=Pg= b]jL -!(()_ n] cg'lbt ;flxTosf] peor/ rl/qk|lt ;ª\st] u/]sL 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ cg'lbt ;flxTo b'O{ txdf afFRb5 . . klxnf], d"nefiff ghfGg] / d"n ¿ksf af/]df 1fg gePsf kf7ssf nflu cg'lbt ;flxTo df}lns

;flxTos} ¿kdf /xG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ?l; efiff ;flxTodf k|jz ] ug{ g;Sg] clwsf+z kf7ssf nflu cfGtf]g r]vj, bf]:t]Oef]:sL, DofS;Ld uf]sL{, lnof] tf]N;tf]osf kf7\o ;[hgfx¿ cª\uh ]| L d"ndf g} n]lvPsf] em+} nfU5 . To:t}, cfd g]kfnL kf7ssf nflu efg'eStsf] /fdfo0f g]kfnL efiffsf] df}lns s[lt xf] . of] cg'jflbt s[ltn] df}lns n]vgsf] hLjg kfPsf] cj:yf xf] . ;d;fdlos ljZj ;flxTosf d"wG{ o n]vssf cª\uh ]| L efiffdf pknAw s[ltx¿n] klg o:t} df}lns hLjgsf] efg lbG5g\ . hfkfgL n]vs xf?sL d'/fsfdL, ulj|on ufl;{of dfs]h { , cf]Xfg kfd's h:tf n]vssf ljZjahf/df pknAw cª\u|]hL s[ltx¿ cg'jfb x'g\ . cfd kf7ssf nlu oL cª\uh ]| L efiffsf ;flxTo x'g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf cg'jfb / df}lns n]vglarsf] e]b w'ldn x'G5 . t/ cg'jfb ljifosf ljBfyL{, cWo] t f, d" n efiff ;flxTo a' ‰ g] kf7s of ljZj;flxTosf af/]df hfgsf/ ;dfnf]rsn] eg] d"nn]vg / cg'jfblar e]b b]Vg ;S5g\ . o; cj:yfdf cg'lbt ;flxTonfO{ cg'jfbsf] ¿kdf g} :jLsfg]{ ul/G5 . lh=Pg= b]ljn] cf}NF ofPsf] cg'lbt ;flxTosf] of] bf];f| ] kIf xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf cg'lbt ;flxTonfO{ Jo'Tkflbt ;flxTosf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . cyf{t,\ cg'jfbn] Jo'Tkflbt hLjg afFRb5 . b'j} cj:yfdf cg'jfbssf] e"ldsf cxd\ /xG5 . klxnf]df kf7ssf] Wofg -cg'jfbsLo_ ;[hgfTdstfdf /xG5 eg] bf];f| d ] f cg'jfbs d"n kf7k|lt s] slt Odfgbf/ x'g ;Sof] eGg]df /xG5 . df}lns ;flxTosf] 5gs lbg] u/L cg'jfb ePsf s[ltx¿df cg'jfbsn] ;[hgfTds :jtGqtfsf] clws k|of]u ub{5 . cg'jfbssf] Wo]o cg'jfbnfO{ kf7sn] df}lns ;[hgfsf ¿kdf lnpmg\ eGg] /xG5 . o:tf s[ltx¿nfO{ cfdkf7sn] a9L ?rfpF5g\ . t/ df}lns n]vgsf] 5b\dfj/0f ubf{ ;|f]tn]vssf] z}nLut df}lnstf / ;|f]tkf7sf ;f+:s[lts h/fx¿ 5f]lkg ;S5g\, rFl' 8g ;S5g\ . o;af6 ;|f]tkf7n] cfˆgf] df}lnstf u'dfpF5 . csf{tkm{, cg'jfbs ;|ft] kf7df Hofbf 6fFl;of] eg] nIoefiffsf] kf7df p;sf] ;[hgfTdstfn] :yfg kfpFbg} . ;[hgfTdstf a]u/sf] ;flxlTos cg'jfb

oyfy{df cg'jfb g} xf]Og . l;4fGttM ;flxlTos cg' j fbdf ;[ h gfTdstf / ;| f ] t kf7k| l tsf] Odfgbf/Ltf lår/ h:tf] b]lvP tfklg Jojxf/df eg] oL Pp6} SnfOg cyf{t\ ;txdf /xG5g\ . cg'jfbsdf lognfO{ Pp6} ;txdf ldnfpg] snf x'gk' b{5 . ctM ;flxlTos cg'jfbsn] ;|f]ts[ltsf] ljifoj:t' / o;sf eflifs tyf ;f+:s[lts kIfx¿nfO{ snfTds 9ª\un] nIoefiffdf ptfb{5 . k|fljlws cg'jfbsf t'ngfdf ;flxlTos cg'jfb a9L hl6n / ;+jb] gzLn x'g] ub{5 . k|fljlws cg'jfb ;"rgfsf] ;Dk|i] f0fdf s]lGb|t x'G5 . o;n] ;"rgfsf] ;dt'Notf / ;xh, ;'ud ;Dk|i] f0fdf hf]8 lbG5 . csf{tkm{ ;flxlTos cg'jfb ;|ft] kf7sf] snfTds kIfdf s]lGb|t x'G5 . ;flxlTos cg'jfb kf7\osnf -textual art_ xf] . snfsf] cl:tTj / dxTTj ;f}Gbo{ af]w of egf}F ;f}Gbo{ d"No l;4fGtdf /xG5 . ;f}bGo{sf] af]w / o;sf] d"Nofª\sg j}olSts x'G5 . ax'n af]w, ax'n a'emfO / ax'n JofVofn] snfnfO{ bL3{hLjL agfpF5 . af]w / JofVofsf] oxL d'StfGtsf sf/0f ;flxlTos kf7sf] cg'jfb ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ;flxlTos kf7sf] cg'jfb ubf{ lgDg tTTjx¿sf] cGt/s[ofTds ;DaGwdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 M • d" n s[ l tdf cGt/lglxt sfNklgstf / tYok/stf • d"ns[ltsf]] z}nL, P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld tyf ;f+:s[lts kl/j]z • d"ns[ltdf n'ss ] f] d"No dfGotf / bz{g • nIoefiff tyf ;+:s[lt / nlIft kf7s ;d"x oL / cGo ljljw tŒjx¿sf sf/0f s'g} klg ;flxlTos s[ltsf] k"0f{ cg'jfb jf ¿kfGt/0f x'g ;Sb}g . b'?:t k'gMn]vgn] cg'lbt s[ltnfO{ b'?x agfpF 5 . To;} n ] ;| f ] t s[ l tsf] k' g n] { v gnfO{ ;flxlTos cg'jfbsf] nIo agfpg' x'bF g} . o:tf] oflGqstfn] cg'lbt s[ltnfO{ hLjg/lxt agfpF5 . o:tf] cg'jfbnfO{ cf]d/ v}ofdsf cg'jfbs :s6 km]hu]/fN8n] e':;f sf]r/] ;hfpg /flvPsf] lrn eg]sf 5g\ . aflx/af6 x]bf{ /fd|f], k'i6 t/ hLjg/lxt . ;[hgfTdstfn] l;l~rt cg'jfbnfO{ k|1 f MM 107

pgn] hLjGt eFu/] f] eg]sf 5g\ . x]bf{ ;fgf] eP klg l56f], 5l/tf] / hLjGt . oBlk o;sf] tfTko{ cg'jfbsn] d"ns[ltdf cTofrf/ x'g] cfˆgf] ;[hgfTds s}r + L rnfpg'kb{5 eGg] rflxF xf]Og . cg'jfbsn] cfˆgf] sNkgf zlSt / ;[hgfTds sf}znsf] k|of]u u/L d"ns[ltnfO{ csf]{ efiffdf gofF hLjg lbg] k|oTg ug'k{ b{5 . o;df p;sf] Wo]o, cg'lbt s[ltnfO{ s'g xb;Dd d"ns[lt;Fu ;lGgs6 agfpg ;lsG5 eGg]df s]lGb|t x'g' kb{5 . cfnª\sfl/s efiffdf eGg'kbf{, s'g} klg ;flxlTos s[ltsf] cg'jfb ug'{ eg]sf] To;df h/f] uf8]/ /x]sf P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts / z}nLut tŒjx¿nfO{ xf]l;of/Lk"js { pv]n/] csf]{ efiffsf] kf7\oe"lddf nu]/ /f]Kg' xf] . o; pv]Ng] / /f]Kg] bf]xf]/f] k|so[ fdf ;|ft] kf7sf s]slt df}lns tTTjx¿ nIokf7df hLljt /xG5g\ / sfnGt/df tL nIoefiffdf df}nfpF5g\ eGg] s'/f /f]Kg] JolSt cyf{t\ cg'jfbsn] cg';/0f ug]{ cg'jfb k4lt, ljlwx¿ / p;sf] Ifdtfdf lge{ / /xG5 . cg' j fbssf] Ifdtf cGtu{ t cg' j fbssf] d"nefiffdf k7g Ifdtf, nIoefiffdf n]vg bIftf, ;flxlTos / ;f+:s[lts ;+jb] gzLntf cflb kb{5g\ . cg'jfbdf ;[hgfTds k7g / n]vg ;flxlTos cg'jfb cg'l;h{gf xf] . d"nkf7sf] k7g / nIo kf7sf] n] v g cg' l ;h{ g fsf cGof]Gofl;|t kf6fx¿ x'g\ . k7g / n]vg b'jd } f ;[hgfTdstfn] cxd e"ldsf v]Nb5 . ;|ft] kf7sf] k7gaf6 g} ;[hgfTdssf] ;'?jft x'G5 . k7gdf cg'jfbs–kf7s kf7sf] zflAbs cy{eGbf dfly p7\5 . pknAw zAb, jfSo / ltgsf ;+/rgfsf uf]/]6fx¿nfO{ k5\ofpFb} cg'jfbsn] cfkm"nfO{ n]vsn] ;ª\s]t u/]sf] kf7\oe"uf]ndf k|If]k0f ub{5 . o; dfgl;s k|If]k0fsf nflu p;n] cfˆgf] sNkgfzlStsf] pkof]u ub{5 . k7gsf qmddf cg'jfbsn] cfkm"nfO{ n]vs;Fu} /x]sf] cg'ej ub{5 . n]vssf] clek|fo 7DofpF5 . cg'jfbsn] kf7sf dfWodaf6 n]vs of kf7sf kfqx¿nfO{ cfkm"df cfdlGqt ub{5 / ltg;Fu PstkmL{ aft dfb{5 . o:tf] aftf{ k|foM df}g t/ clt ;lqmo x'G5 . o; k|1 f MM 108

qmddf cg'jfbssf] dgdf ;|ft] kf7sf] k'gn]v { g eO/x] s f] x' G 5 . o;nfO dfgl;s kf7 of cGt/dgsf] kf7 eGg ;lsG5 . pSt cd"t{ kf7nfO{ cg'jfbsn] nIoefiffdf k'gn{v ] g ub{5 . ef/tLo ljåfg\ cg'jfbs ;'lht d"vhL{n] cg'jfbsf nflu ul/g] k7gnfO{ ;a}eGbf pRr txdf /fv]sf 5g\ . pgL ts{ u5{g,\ o:tf] k7gdf cg'jfbsn] Psftkm{ ;|ft] kf7nfO{ ts{;ª\ut ¿kdf af]w ug'k{ b{5 eg] csf{tkm{ cfˆgf] af]wnfO{ csf]{ efiffdf klg ;Fu;Fu} k'g;{/+ rgf klg ub}{ hfg'kb{5 -!(($, k[= !#(_ . o;sf] cy{, cg'jfbssf] k7g ;|f]tefiff / nIoefiffsf] bf]xf]/f] aGwgdf afFlwPsf] x'G5 . k7gaf6 lgld{t cGt/kf7nfO{ nIoefiffdf n]Vg' cg'l;h{gsf] csf]{ kf6f] xf] . df}lns l;h{gfTds n]vgdf h:t} cg'nv ] gdf klg k|f/lDes n]vg, n]vg / k'gn]v { gsf] qmd rln/xG5 . n]vgsf qmddf cg'jfbsn] cfkm"nfO{ ;|ft] n]vssf] :yfgdf k|If]k0f ub{5 . sltko cj:yfdf cg'jfbs cfkm}+ d"n n]vs h:tf] eP/ n]Vb5 . t/ ulxl/P/ larfbf{, cg'jfbsf] n]vg r]tgf d"nn]vssf] n]vgaf6 kl/rflnt x'G5 . d"n n]vssf] afOansf cg'jfbs o'lhg gfo8f -O{= !(^$_ n] k|f/lDes n]vgnfO{ zflAbs cg'jfbsf] r/0f / k'gn]v { gnfO{ ;flxlTos cg'jfbsf] r/0f eg]sf 5g\ . zflAbs cg'jfbsf] r/0fdf cg'jfbsn] d" n kf7sf] ljifoj:t' n fO{ ;Dej eP;Dd nIoefiffdf n]vg ub{5 . of] d"ntM ;|ft] kf7s]lGb|t r/0f xf] . k|f/lDes r/0fsf] zflAbs cg'jfbn] d"nkf7sf] ljifoj:t' / z}nLnfO{ nIoefiffdf ptf5{ . o;sf] Pp6f ;fgf] gd"gf x]/f}+ M cª\uh ]| L M Henry David Thoreau Whenever I have read any part of the Vedas, I have felt that some unearthly and unknown light illuminated me. In the great teaching of the Vedas, there is no touch of sectarianism.

g]kfnL cg'jfb M x]G/L 8f]le8 yf]/f] j]bsf] s'g} c+z kf7 ubf{ dnfO{ s'g} ckfly{j / c1ft k|sfzn] k|bLKt kfb{5 . j]bsf] dxfg\ lzIffdf st} klg ;fDk|bflostfsf] s'g} ;ª\st] 5}g .

dflysf oL kªlStx¿ uf]ljGb/fh e§/fO{åf/f cg'lbt k"jL{o ;Eotf M ljZj k|l;4 JolStx¿sf] b[li6sf]0f -@)^(_ k':tsaf6 lnOPsf] xf] . cª\uh ]| L d"nkf7sf] zflAbs cg'jfb o:tf] x'g ;S5 M zflAbs cg'jfb M haha d j]bx¿sf s'g} c+z k9\5,' dnfO{ s'g} clt cgf}7f] / c1ft k|sfzn] k|bLKt agfPsf] cg'ej x'G5 . j]bx¿sf dxfg\ lzIffdf ;fDk|bflostfsf] s'g} ;ª\st] 5}g . zflAbs cg'jfbn] d"nsf] cy{ ;Dk|i] f0f t u/]sf] 5 t/ o;df eflifs sf}znsf] cefj 5 .

To;}n] o;sf] k'gn]v { g ug'k{ g]{ b]lvG5 . k'gn]v { gsf] r/0fdf cg'jfbsn] eflifs sfF65fF6 ub{5 . d]/f] o; zflAbs cg'jfbnfO{ e§/fO{sf] cg'jfb;Fu le8fP/ x]bf{ cg'jfbs e§/fOn] lgDg txdf cfˆgf] ;[hgfTdstfsf] k|bz{g u/]sf 5g\ M c_ zAb rog cf_ jfSo n]vg O_ ;ª\syg ;ª\u7g zAb 5gf}6df cg'jfbssf] sNkgf zlSt / eflifs ;[hgfTdstf emlNsG5 . d"nkf7sf] Psn zAbsf nflu cg'jfbsn] nIoefiffdf cs]sf}+ j}slNks zAbx¿ ;f]Rg ;Sg'kb{5 . cg'jfbsn] pknAw zAbx¿af6 ;jf]{Qd ljsNksf] 5gf}6 ub{5 . o:tf] 5gf}6 ubf{ n]vssf] ;Gbe{ut cfzo / d"nzAbsf] :jefj -cf}krfl/s of cgf}krfl/s, k|fl1s, ;flxlTos of k|fljlws cflb_ nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu dflysf] cg'jfbdf cª\uh ]| L cgcy{nL -unearthly) zAbsf nflu g]kfnLdf cnf}lss, ckfly{j, cltk|fs[t, cgf}7f], eof]Tkfbs cflb x'G5 . oLdWo] s'g zAb 5fGg] eGg] s'/f cg'jfbssf] cgcy{nL zAbsf] ;Gbe{ut cy{ a'emfOn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . k7gsf qmddf cg'jfbssf] dgdf Ps k|sf/sf] zAblrq aGb5 . tL dfgl;s zAblrq cyjf laDanfO{ csf]{ efiffsf s'g zAbx¿n] k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;lsPnf egL pm 3f]lTnG5 . ;Defljt pko'St zAbx¿sf] k|of]u] u/L x] b { 5 . pko' S t nfu] s f] nIoefiffsf zAbx¿dfly k'gM 3f]lTnG5 . tL zAbx¿n] p;sf] dgdf pTkGg ug]{ ljDax¿nfO{ ;|ft] zAb lgld{t laDax¿;Fu ldnfP/ x]5{ . nIoefiffsf h'g zAb

laDa ;|ft] kf7sf zAb laDa;Fu ;a}eGbf ;fb[io nfU5 To;nfO{ g} cg'jfbsn] ;j}eGbf pko'St zAb 7fgL 5gf}6 ub{5 . o;y{df x]bf{ ;flxlTos cg'jfbnfO{ k7gåf/f dfgl;s laDasf] lgdf{0f / nIoefifdf ltgsf] n]vg sfo{sf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;[hgfTds / cg'ejL cg'jfbsdf dflgl;s laDa lgdf{0fsf] k|so[ f / To;sf] n]vg c;[hgfTds / l;sf? cg'jfbdf eGbf a9L x'G5 . laDa lgdf{0fsf] dflgl;s k|so[ fnfO{ x]bf{ ;flxlTos cg'jfb / df}lns n]vglar ;fb[io b]lvG5 . oBlk, laDax¿sf] ;|ft] df eg] cg'jfb df}lns n]vgaf6 leGg x'G5 . df}lns n]vssf] n]vgsf] ;|ft] v'Nnf / cgGt x'G5 . j}olSts cg'ej, k7g / sNkgf zlStsf] cfwf/df n]vssf] dfgl;s kf7 (mental text) lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 . p;n] ToxL dfgl;s kf7nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ d"tk{ f7sf] n]vg ub{5 . t/ cg'jfbssf] dfgl;s kf7sf] d"n;|ft] eg] n]vssf] d"tk{ f7 dfq} xf] / pSt kf7 lgdf{0fsf] dfWod ;[hgfTds k7g dfq xf] . k7g / dfgl;s kf7sf] lgdf{0fdf cfˆgf] cg'ej, cGt/b[li6 / sNkgf zlStsf] e/k'/ k|of]u ug{ pm ;bf :jtGq x'G5 t/ p;sf] :jtGqtf ;|ft] kf7sf] bfo/fleq ;Lldt x'G5 . cGoyf, cg'jfbdf ;|ft] n]vssf] cfzo sd / cg'jfbssf cfˆgf s'/fx¿ a9L lelqg ;S5 . cg'jfbsLo l;dfeGbf aflx/sf] ;[hgfTdstfn] ;|ft] n]vsk|lt Gofo ug{ ;Sb}g . cg'jfbsf] ;[hgfTdstf jfSo txsf] n]vgdf cem a9L k|an x'G5 . jfSofTds ;[hgfTdstf cGtu{t zAbsf] qmd kl/jt{g / k'gl{ jGof; kb{5 . cg'jfbsn] Psftkm{ nIokf7sf] eflifs z}nLnfO{ ;|ft] kf7 cg'¿k ;dfof]hg ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 eg] csf{tkm{ nIokf7sf] efiffnfO{ :jfefljs / k|efjdo agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf lglDt zAb qmddf kl/jt{g u/L ltgnfO{ gofF lsl;daf6 ljGof; ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . cg'jfbs–slj pbogf/fo0f l;+xn] zAbx¿sf] k'glj{Gof;nfO{ eflifs ;[hgfsf] ¿kdf cYof{Psf 5g\ . t/ ;[ h gfTdtfsf] gfddf clws cfnª\sf/Ls/0faf6 eg] cg'jfbs 6f9} a:g' kb{5 . ;ª\syg of kf7lgdf{0f hl6n tx xf] / of] hl6ntf df}lns n]vg / cg'jfb b'j}df nfu' k|1 f MM 109

x'G5 . cg'jfbs–n]vsn] jfSox¿nfO{ ;';ª\ul7t kf7df 9fNg' kb{5 . cª\uh ]| Lsf] 6]S;\ -kf7_ zAbsf] Jo'Tkflbt cy{ sk8f cflb a'Gg' eGg] x'G5 . jf:tjdf n]Vg' eg]sf] zAb / jfSox¿nfO{ snfTds z}nLn] a'g/] kf7 agfpg' xf] . ;';ª\ul7t kf7 a'Ggsf nflu cg'jfbsdf ;h{sLo r]tgf / eflifs sf}znsf] vFfrf] kb{5 . nIoefiffsf] kf7 a'Gbf cg'jfbsn] d"n kf7sf] ;du| ;+/rgf, cg'R5]b of kb\of+zx¿ larsf] cGt/;DjGw, cg'R5]b of kb\of+z leqsf jfSox¿ larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ Vofn ug'{kb{5 . o;af6 nIokf7 / ;|f]tkf7lar ;ª\u7gfTds ;lGgs6tf sfod ug{ ;xof]u k' U b5 . oBlk ;| f ] t kf7;F u sf] ;lGgs6tf cg';h [ gfsf] Ps kf6f] dfq xf] . pSt kf7nfO{ nIoefiffsf] Jofs/0f / z}nLcg';f/ k'gn]v { g ug'{ csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] . x/]s efiffsf] ;ª\syg lgdf{0fsf cfcfˆg} Jofs/0ffTds ;Ldf / eflifs ;+oGq x'G5g\ . To;}n] cfjZos k/]df cg'jfbsn] d"n kf7sf jfSox¿nfO{ nIokf7df tndfly / bfofFafofF ;fg{ ;S5 . Psn jfSonfO{ ax'jfSodf km'6fpg ;S5 eg] ax'jfSonfO{ Ps} jfSodf ldnfpg klg ;S5 . To:t}, ;|ft] kf7df k|oS' t ;+of]hssf] 7f8f] cg'jfb gu/L To;sf] cy{ af]Sg] cGo ;+of]hssf] k|of]u ug'k{ g]{ x'g;S5 . eflifs ;Gbe{n] a'lemg] cj:yf 5 eg] slt ;+of]hsnfO{ x6fpg'k{] x'G5 . nIo efiffsf] Jofs/0f cg';f/sf] ;dfof]hg kf7 a'gfOsf] dxTTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu km]l/ Ps k6s dfly lbOPsf] cg'jfb x]/f}F M j]bsf] s'g} c+z kf7 ubf{ dnfO{ s'g} ckfly{j / c1ft k|sfzn] k|bLKt kfb{5 . j]bsf] dxfg\ lzIffdf st} klg ;fDk|bflostfsf] s'g} ;ª\st] 5}g . o; cg'jfbdf cª\u|]hLsf] whenever ;+of]ssf] g]kfnL ¿k haha x6fOPsf] 5 . o; ;+of]hssf] cy{ ubf{ c;dflksf s[ofn] af]ss ] f] 5 . To:t}, cg'jfbsn] cª\uh ]| Lsf d'Vo / cf>Lt b'O{ pkjfSonfO{ Ps} jfSodf 9fn]sf 5g\ .

Jofs/0ffTds ;dfof]hgn] o; cg'jfbnfO{ cem :jfefljs agfPsf] 5 . cª\uh ]| Lsf] Vedas sf] l;wf cg'jfb j]bx¿ eGg] x'G5 t/ g]kfnLdf ax'jrg k|1 f MM 110

;ª\st] s x¿ x6fOsf] 5 . sf/0f, sltko cj:yfdf g]kfnLdf ax'jrg ;ª\st] ssf] k|of]ulagf klg PseGbf a9L eGg] cy{ a'lemG5 . cg'jfbsn] nIokf7sf] eflifs l;nfO ubf{ nIoefiffsf Jofs/0fdf lgs} Vofn k'¥ofpg' kg{] x'G5 . cg'jfbsn] eflifs wfuf] gb]lvg] u/L cg'lbt kf7sf] l;nfO{ ug' { kb{ 5 .1 lg/Gt/sf] kl/dfh{ g / ;Dkfbgaf6 dfq of] ;Dej x'G5 . cg'jfbsn] nIokf7df ug]{ o; k|sf/sf] ;dfof]hgnfO{ a]c/– xf]xg] jf6{n] ;[hgfTds cbnabn eg]sf 5g\ -O{=@)!!_ . ;|ft] kf7sf] k7g -k'gk{ 7g_ b]lv nIokf7sf] n]vg -k'gn]v { g_ / k7g -k'gk{7g_ ;Ddsf] k|so[ fdf cg'jfbs ;[hgfTds ¿kn] ;lqmo /xG5 . p;n] cg'jfbsf] x/]s r/0fdf ;Gbe{ut pko'St lg0f{o lng'kg]{ x'G5 . o; lg0f{o k|so[ f cGtu{t ;|ft] kf7sf zAbx¿sf] ;Gbe{ut / ;f+:s[lts cy{ s] x'g ;S5 < n]vssf] cfzo s] x'g ;S5 < nIokf7sf] s'g :yfgdf s'g zAb pko'St x'g;S5 < z}nLsf b[li6n] jfSosf] s:tf] ;+/rgf pko'St x'g;S5 < ;du| kf7nfO{ s;/L ;';ª\ul7t agfpg ;lsPnf < eGg] h:tf k|Zgx¿ cg'jfbssf] dgdf Aff/Daf/ pl7/xG5g\ . k7gb]lv n]vg;Ddsf] ofqfdf cg'jfbs cgj/t ¿kdf lg0f{o k|so[ fdf ;lqmo x'G5 . /f]j6{ h]= :6g{au{ -O{=@))^_ n] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ l;h{gfTdstfsf] k|yd r/0fsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . o;sf] cy{ of] xf] / o;nfO{ d csf]{ efiffdf o;/L k|:t't ub{5' eGg] lg0f{oaf6 g} l;h{gfTdstfsf] cf/De x'G5 . lgisif{ dflysf] 5nkmnaf6 ;flxlTos cg'jfb ;DaGwL lgDg lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 M c_ ;flxlTos cg'jfbsf] cy{, kl/efiff / a'emfO ;flxTo ;DaGwL xfd|f cjwf/0ffdf lge{/ /xG5 . ctM ;flxTo ;[hgfsf] ax'cfoflds kIfx¿sf] a'emfOaf6 dfq ;flxTosf] cg'jfb a'‰g ;lsG5 .

1= Uff]ljGb/fh e§/fO{, JolStut ;+jfbdf cfwfl/t .

cf_ cg'lbt ;flxTo cg'jfbhGo ;[hgf ePsfn] o;nfO{ cg' ; [ h gfsf] :yfg lbg' k b{ 5 . cg';h [ gf d"n ;[hgf h:tf] d'StfGt geO{ ;|ft] kf7a4 x'g] ub{5 .

O_ d"n ;h{ssf] ;h{sLo bfloTj / kf7s;Fusf] ;DaGw PsnefifL / Psn;f+:s[lts x'G5 eg] cg';h{sf] bfloTj / kf7s;Fusf] ;DjGw å}efifL / å};f+:s[lts x'G5 .

P_ cg';h{sn] ;|ft] kf7sf] k7gdf sNkgfzlSt /

nIokf7sf] n]vgdf ;[hgfTdstfsf] clws pkof]u ub{5 .

P]_ cg';h{ssf] ;[hgfTdstf d"ntM eflifs txdf s]lGb|t / ;Lldt x'G5 . cg'jfbsn] cg'lbt kf7df d"nkf7sf] z}nLut ljlzi6tf sfod ug{ / ;flxlTostf Nofpg eflifs c;fdGoLs/0f, b}lgs k|of]uaf6 ljd'vtf / ;ª\st] / ;ª\sl] tt larsf] c;dtf h:tf ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L g]kfnL clwsf/L, an/fd -@)&!_= cg'jfb l;åfGt / k|of]u, sf7df8f}+ M lqlk6s klAns]zg . e§/fO{, uf]ljGb/fh -cg'=_ -@)^(_= k"jL{o ;Eotf M ljZj k|l;4 JoflStx¿sf] b[li6sf]0f, sf7df8f}+ M cf]l/cG6n klAns]zg .

cª\uh ]| L Bayer-Hohenwarter, G (2011). "Creative shifts" as a means of measuring and promoting translational creativity. Meta: Translators' Journal, vol. 56,. 663–692 G. N. Devy (1990). Translation theory: An Indian perspective. Bombay: Literary Review.

Mukherjee, S. (1994). Translation as discovery. India: Orient Longman.

Nida, E. (1964). Toward a science of translating. Netherlands: E. J. Brill, Leiden.

Singh, U. N. (2010). Translation as growth. Indian: Pearson.

Sternberg, R. J. (2006). The nature of creativity. Creativity Research Journal,vol. 18, 87–98

∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 111

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g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] ;Gbe{df å}wdfuL{ /0fgLlt j;GtL cfrfo{ != kl/ro ljZj kl/j]zdf cfly{s ¿kdf pbLodfg b'O{ 7'nf d'ns ' x? ef/t / rLg larsf] e"kl/j]li7t b]z g]kfn ;a}eGbf ul/a / sd ljsl;t b]z dWo]df kb{5 . log} b'O{ d'ns ' x? k|f/Deb]lv xfn;Dd g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] d'Vo ;fem]bf/ aGb} cfPsf 5g\ . j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf] k|f/lDes r/0fnfO{ x]g{] xf] eg] ljutdf æg]kfnn] cfkm\gf] s'n Jofkf/sf] (% k|ltzt ef/t;Fu / yf]/} dfq ltAat;Fu sf/f]af/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;d'bk| f/sf d'ns ' ;Fu em08} z"Gosf] cj:yf lyof] -hf]zL, @))&_ .Æ ef/t;Fusf] Jofkf/sf] ;Lldttfn] ubf{ g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/af6 kmfObf lng ;s]sf] b]lvFbg} . b]zdf ljsf; Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy ;g\ !(%^ b]lv g]kfndf of]hgfsf] ;'?jft ul/of] . æTo;df klg ljb]zL Jofkf/df j[l4 / ljljwtf Nofpg] gLlt t];f| ] of]hgfaf6 dfq ;'? eof] -hf]zL, @))&_Æ . æ;g\ !(^) kl5 ;d'bk| f/sf d'ns ' x?;Fusf] ;Demf}tfn] ubf{ j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf] lbzfdf lgs} kl/jt{g b]vf k¥of] -s0f{, @)^&_ .Æ Jofkf/df ljljwtf Pj+ tLa|td cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/sf] x:tIf]k / lgoGq0f afws x'bF f] /x]5 eGg] cg'ejn] cy{tGqnfO{ la:tf/} la:tf/} pbf/Ls/0f tkm{ ws]ns ] f] kfOG5 . æ;g\ !(*)— () sf] cjlwdf ljZj a}ªs \ / cGt/f{li6«o d'bf| sf]ifsf] ;+oQ' m kxndf g]kfnn] pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLltnfO{ cjnDag u¥of]Æ -kf}8n ] , @))(_ h;sf] p2]Zo lghL If]qnfO{ ljsf;sf sfddf ;xofqLsf ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpFb} k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/sf] ;[hgf ug'{ lyof] . æul/aL lgjf/0f / If]qLo cfly{s ljsf;sf] p2]Zo lnP/ :yflkt blIf0f PlzofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\u7g -;fs{, SAARC_ sf ;b:o /fi6«x?n] k|1 f MM 112

:jtGq Jofkf/sf] dfGotfnfO{ cËLsf/ ub}{ hgj/L &, @))$ df blIf0f PlzofnL :jtGq Jofkf/ ;ª\u7g -;fkm\6f, SAFTA_ sf] :yfkgf u/] hf]zL, @)^&_ .Æ If]qLo ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffaf6 dfly p7]/ ljZj ahf/sf] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ cltsd ljsl;t d'ns ' sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu g]kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] kmf]/dsf] cfjZostf x'g yfNof] . kmn:j¿k æg]kfnn] ljlwjt\ ¿kdf @# clk|n @))$ ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:o x'Fb} ljZj Jofkf/Ls/0fdf xft xfNof] -l3ld/], @)!%_ .Æ o;/L ljsf;df km8\sf] dfg{ ;lsG5 ls eGg] p2]Zon] cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf cg'¿k :yflkt ljleGg ;+3;+:yfx?sf] ;b:o aGb} cfP tfklg ;d:of hxfFsf] ToxLF /Xof] . ljsl;t d'ns ' x?n] ;do ;dodf cjnDag u/]sf ljsf; / Jofkf/sf ljleGg df]8n ] x?nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg] sfd ;d]t ul/of] t/ ck]Iffs[t ;kmntf k|fKt x'g ;s]g . g]kfndf ckgfOPsf ljsf; df]8]nx?sf ;DaGwdf k|f/Deb]lv xfn;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] of] cfoftd'vL g} /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!$ sf] cfly{s ;j]I{ f0fdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ cf=j= @)!#÷!$ df lgof{t÷cfoft cg'kft !@=( k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ljutsf jif{x?df s]xL k|ltztn] tndfly eP klg ;du|df b]zsf] j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf] cj:yf oxL g} dfGg' kb{5 . sd nufgL, k|fljlws kIfdf ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sg', cf}Bf]lus If]qdf cfPsf] x|f;, pmhf{ cfk"lt{df b]lvPsf] clglZrttf, lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L ;':ttf cflbn] ubf{ g]kfnn] pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt, If]qLo ;+3 ;ª\u7g ;Fusf] cfa4tf / ljZj cy{tGqaf6 k6Ss} kmfObf lng

;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] ljZj cy{tGqsf] cg'ejaf6 kf7 l;Sb} cufl8 a9\g ;kmn ePsf d'ns ' x?n] ckgfPsf] af6f] h'g g]kfnsf] jt{dfg kl/j]z, ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;fwg ;|ft] sf] pknAwtf cflb ;Fu d]n vfg] x'G5, To;nfO{ cjnDag ug{ cToGt cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . ;a} /fi6«sf] ljsl;t d'ns ' aGg] rfxgf x'G5 g} . To;sf nflu ;do ;dodf cfly{s /0fgLltx? cjnDag ug]{ qmddf ljutdf sltko cltsd ljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'ns ' x?n] ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf ¿kdf 3/]n' dfu clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] -Domestic Demand-Led Growth Model, DDLG_ ckgfP eg] sltkon] lgof{t clek|]l/t j[l4 df]8]n -Export Led Growth Model, ELG_ ckgfPsf] kfOG5 . oL b'O{ df]8n ] dWo] s'g} PsnfO{ ckgfpFbf ck]lIft ljsf; x'g g;sL kl5 uP/ å}wdfuL{ cfly{s /0fgLlt -Dual Track Strategy_ cyf{t\ ldl>t df]8n ] nfO{ g} cfwf/ agfPsf] b]lvG5 / To;sf sf/0f d'ns ' sf] cj:yf km]g{ ;kmn ePsf klg 5g\ . ljZj cg'ejn] lbuf] Pj+ pRr cfly{s j[l4b/sf] d"n d]?b08 å}wdfuL{ cfly{s /0fgLltnfO{ dfg] em}F g]kfnn] klg cg'z/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . clxn]sf] kl/b[Zodf cfoftd'vL df]8n ] nfO{ k|lt:yfkg ub}{ 3/]n' dfunfO{ clek|l] /t ub}{ hfg] / lgof{tdf klg k|a4{g ub}{ cfly{s j[l4nfO{ a9fpFb} n}hfg ;Sg' kg]{ g} g]kfnsf ;fd' r'gf}tL 5 . å}wdfuL{ cfly{s /0fgLlt ckgfPsf] ljZjsf] 7'nf] cy{tGq cf]u6]sf] d'ns ' rLg æev{/} dfq cd]l/sfnfO{ pl5g]/ klxnf] aGg ;kmn ePsf] 5Æ -kf}8n ] , @))(_ . oL b'O{ df]8n ] dWo] Pssf] cg'z/0f ubf{ ljsf; ;Dej x'bF g} eGg] b]lvO{ ;s]sf] 5 . b'j} df]8n ] nfO{ Ps;fy cl3 a9fO{ cfoft / lgof{tsf] vf8n k'/d] f dfq b]z ljsf;sf] dfu{df rNg ;Sb5 eGg] k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . @= lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] -ELG Model_ lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] n] lgof{td"ns pTkfbgnfO{ hf]8 lbg] ub{5 . lkmlnk -@))@_ eG5g\, ælgof{tn] b]znfO{ pRr pTkfbg / :t/sf] ldtJolotf tkm{ 8f]xf]¥ofpFb} pTkfbgsf] j[l4lt/

pGd'v u/fpF5Æ -lkmlnk / lnd_ . zf:qLo cy{zf:qLx?sf cg';f/, æJofkf/ eg]sf] j[l4sf] OlGhg xf]Æ, o; cy{df ls o;n] b]zdf pknAw ePsf ;|f]tx?nfO{ ;xL ;b'kof]u ub}{ j[l4nfO{ b]zel/ km}nfpg] ub{5 . lgof{t eg]sf] gofF ljrf/ / k|ljlwsf] kl/ro u/fpg] Pp6f pkfo klg xf] . lgof{tn] lgof{td"ns b]zx?nfO{ dfq geP/ cGo b]zx?nfO{ klg gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . of] l;Sg] / gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{ Pp6f ;~hfn xf] . lgof{tdf j[l4 ug'{ eg]sf] w]/e} Gbf w]/} j}bl] zs d'bf| cfh{g ug'{ xf] h;n] ufx{:Yo dfunfO{ alnof] agfpFb} art / nufgLsf] cg'kftnfO{ a9fpFb5 . cGttM bLuf] / pRr cfly{s ljsf; k|fKt ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .

Zff:qLo n]vsx?n] s] bfaL ub{5g\ eg] Jofkf/af6 g} ljsf;sf] k|;f/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . cGt/f{ l i6« o Jofkf/sf] t' n gfTds nfutsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] ts{nfO{ k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . s'g} b]zn] cGo b]zx?;Fu Jofkfl/s ;DaGw a9fpFbf cfkm\gf] b]z;Fu ePsf ;|ft] x?nfO{ To:tf j:t'sf pTkfbg Pj+ lgof{tdf afF8kmfF8 ug'{ kb{5, h;sf] t'ngfTds nfut cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf sd xf];\ -hf]zL, lj=;+=@)^&_ . h:tf] s[lif vfBj:t'df cn}r F L, cb'jf, dx, d;'/f], lrof, tof/L rfprfp, h8La'6L, t]n x'g\ eg] x:tsnf tyf cf}Bf]lus j:t'df xft]sfuh, rfFbLsf uxgf, kmnfd, :6Lnsf j:t', kl:dgf cflb kb{5g\ . g]kfnn] lgof{t ug{ ;Sg] ;]jf If]qdf ko{6g >d ;]jf, ;"rgf k|ljlw, :jf:Yo, lzIff, hnljB't\ nufotsf 5g\ . ctM ljZj Jofkf/ ahf/n] ;xefuL d'ns ' sf pTkfbs Pj+ pkef]Qmf b'jn } fO{ sd d"No kg]{ pRr u'0ffTds j:t'af6 kmfObf lng k"lt{df ljljwLs/0f / pRr j[l4 ug{sf nflu cg'/f]w ub{5 . k"jL{ PlzofnL d'ns ' x? !(&) b]lv !(() sf] dWo;Dd lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] nfu" u/]/ g} pRr cfly{s j[l4 k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP . @=!= lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] sf s]xL u'0fx? cfly{s ljsf;sf lglDt ;[hgf ul/Psf k|To]s df]8n ] sf cfcfkm\g} kmfObf / a]kmfObfx? k|1 f MM 113

5g\ . cGo df]8n ] x?sf h:t} lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] sf s]xL ljz]iftfx? 5g\ . lkmlnk / lndn] atfP cg';f/ ælgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] cg';/0f ug]{ b]zx?n] cTofw'lgs / pRr pTkfbg Pj+ ahf/Ls/0f k|ljlw k|fKt ug{s ' f ;fy} b'ne { j}bl] zs d'bf| k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . k|lts"n e'Qmfg ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;Rofpg'sf ;fy} d'bf| :kmLlt lagf g} b]zsf] s'n dfunfO{ a9fpF5 . dfu a9\gs ' f] sf/0f lgof{tåf/f k|fKt j}bl] zs d'bf| xf] .Æ @=@=lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] c;kmn x'gs ' f sf/0fx? lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] nfu" u/]sf d'ns ' x? h:t}M d]lS;sf] -!(($_, Plzof -!((&_, ?; -!((*_ / a|flhn -!(((_ cflb b]zx?df b]lvPsf] cfly{s ljklQn] lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] nfO{ c;kmn agfof] -T;]g, @))&_ . k]nL -@))@_ sf cg';f/ of] df]8n ] c;kmn x'gd ' f æklxnf], o;n] 3/]n' ahf/sf] j[l4nfO{ hf]8 lbPg . bf];f| ,] o;n] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?nfO{ h/fd} uf8\g] bf} 8 sf] k| l t:kwf{ d f pGd' v u/fof] . t] ; | f ] , ljsf;f]Gd'v d'ns ' sf >ldsx? / cf}Bf]uLs/0f ePsf d'ns ' sf >ldsx? lar åGå ;'? u/fof] . rf}yf], o;n] clws Ifdtf -Excess capacity_ / d'b|f ;ª\s'rgsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/]/ ljZj cy{tGqnfO{ gf]S;fg k'¥ofof] .Æ k]nL -@))@_ lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] sf c;kmntfsf sf/0fx?nfO{ cem hf]8 lbFb} eG5g\— æo;n] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx? ljsl;t b]zx? dfly k/lge{/ x'g] qmd emg\ a9fpg] sfd u¥of] . j}bl] zs k/lge{/tfn] ubf{ g} o"/f]k, cd]l/sf / hfkfg nufotsf b]zx?df cfly{s dGbL b]vf k¥of] . lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] sf sf/0fn] ubf{ g} ljsf;zLn b]zx?df j[l4sf] ult ;]nfpFb} uof] .Æ æof] ljz]if u/]/ ljZj ahf/df rLgsf] k|jz ] ;Fu ;DalGwt 5, h;n] cfkm";uF ePsf] ;:tf] >d, ;:tf] d'bf| , ;|ft] x?sf] ;~ro, Jofkf/ art cflbaf6 kmfObf lnFb} cfkm\gf ;:tf j:t'x?nfO{ ljZj ahf/df km}nfof]Æ -s0f{, @)!$_ . #= 3/]n' dfu clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n] -DDLG Model_ k|1 f MM 114

ælgof{t dflysf] clt lge{/tfnfO{ 36fpg] / j}bl] zs ahf/df b]lvPsf rqmLo cK7\of/fx? / k|lt:kwf{af6 6f9f /xFb} kmfObf p7fpg] 3/]n' clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] sf b'O{ d'Vo p2]Zox? x'g\ s0f{, @)!$_ .Æ 3/]n' clek|l] /t /0fgLltn] 3/]n' If]qnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ub}{ 3/]n' If]qaf6 pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfx?nfO{ alnof] agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 . yflS;gsf cg';f/ æ3/]n' dfu clek|l] /t j[l4 /0fgLltsf] d'Vo ljifoj:t' eg]sf] g} 3/]n' dfunfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ :yfgLo Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx?nfO{ alnof] agfpg' / cfkm\gf] b]zsf] pTkfbg IfdtfnfO{ ljsl;t ub}{ hfg' xf]Æ -lkmlnk / lnd_ . 3/]n' dfu clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] n] :jb]zdf pTkflbt j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgof{t ug{ x'bF g} eGb}g, a? :jb]zdf pTkfbg ug{ g;lsPsf cGt/f{li6«o j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] cfoftdf j}bl] zs d'bf| cfjZos kg]{ ePsf] x'bF f dWodvfnsf] lgof{tnfO{ o;n] k|fT] ;fxg u/]sf] x'G5 . æ3/]n' dfu cl3 a9fpg] j[l4 df]8n ] cGtu{t 3/]n' dfusf d'Vo lgwf{/s tTjx?nfO{ a9fpFb} nu]/ cfly{s j[l4nfO{ a9fpg ;lsG5 . 3/]n' dfunfO{ a9fpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] tTTjx? eg]sf JolQmut nufgL, ;/sf/L vr{ / pkef]u cflb x'gÆ\ -df]xGtL, @)!@_ . 3/]n' dfu clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] n] :jb]zL If]qsf] ;+/rgf ljsf; ug]{ / k/Dk/fut If]qx? h:t}M s[lif, ;fgf tyf dWod Joj;fox?, u|fdL0f kl/jf/ / nufgLstf{x?sf] ljsf; ug'{ kg]d { f hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . yflS;gn] lgof{tsf ;fy;fy} :jb]zL dfunfO{ dxTTj lbFb} JolQmut pkef]unfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug]{ / k/Dk/fut If]qx?sf] ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ atfpF5g\ -lkmlnk / lnd_ . $= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ldl>t df]8n ] -Dual Track Strategy_ æljZjdf g]kfn ;aeGbf ul/a / sd ljsl;t d'ns ' xf] hxfF @#=% k|ltzt hgtf lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /xg afWo 5g\Æ -cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f, @)!$_ . g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f -@)!$_ -Economic Survey_ k|ltj]bg cg';f/ !((%—(^ df $@

k|ltzt hgtf lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf]df xfn cfP/ o;df !*=% k|ltzztn] sdL cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ljsf;sf ;a} ;"rsx? oyfl:yltdf /xFbf /xFb} klg ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;ª\Vof 36\gd' f d'Vo sf/0f Ps dfq ;"rs cfodf j[l4 x'g' xf] . cfo ljk|i] f0f -Remittance_ sf sf/0fn] a9]sf] xf] . g]kfnL >d ahf/df jif]g{ L rf/ nfv >ldsx? pTkfbg x'G5g\ h;nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] s'g} Uof/]06L 5}g . kmntM k|ltlbg em08} !%)) >ldsx?n] /f]huf/Lsf lgldQ dft[el" d 5f8L /x]sf 5g\ . o;n] g]kfnsf] b'/fj:yfnfO{ phfu/ u/L /x]sf] 5 . æg]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yf hLjg lgjf{xd'vL / pRr nfut cy{tGqsf ¿kdf lrlqt ul/G5 . h;sf] ;Ldf ;d'b; | uF hf]l8Psf] 5}g / ;Lldt gfsfsf] dfq ;'ljwf 5 . C0fdf pRr Jofhb/, pRr s/sf] ef/ / pRr nfutsf] Joj;fo cflb gsf/fTds kIfx? 5g\Æ -s0f{, @)!$_ . g]kfn s[lif k|wfg d'ns ' xf] hxfF em08} &) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLjg lgjf{xsf] ;|ft] s[lifIf]q g} /x]sf] 5 / s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf #% k|ltzt of]ubfg s[lif If]qsf] g} 5 -kf08], !( hgj/L, @)!%__ . æt/ s'n ;|ft] sf] #=@ k|ltzt lx:;f dfq s[lifIf]qdf nufgL ul/Psf] 5Æ -cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f, @)!$_ . s[lif If]q ;a}eGbf 7'nf] / k|fyldstfdf /xg' kg]{ If]q /x] tfklg g]kfnL cy{tGqdf s0f{ @)!$_ eG5g\,æb]zsf] ;dli6ut cfly{s ;"rsn] atfP cg';f/ ;g\ !(&% b]vL @)!!–!@ ;Dd g]kfnsf] ;':t cfly{s j[l4b/ $=# k|ltzt /Xof] .

To;}u/L s[lifIf]qsf] ;':t cfly{s j[l4b/ !=! k|ltzt / u}x| s[lifIf]qsf cfly{s j[l4b/ $=& k|ltztn] ubf{ @)!@–!# df #=%& k|ltzt /Xof] . cg'sn " df};d, nufgLsf] jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ / ;dod} cfPsf]] ah]6sf sf/0f cfly{s jif{ @)!#–!$ df eg] cfly{s j[l4b/ %=@ k|ltzt x'g k'Uof] .Æ æg] k fndf ;g\ !(#^ df cf} B f] l us sfplG;nsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 dfq cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ;'? ePsf] xf]Æ -hf]zL, @))&_ t/ cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] xfnt clxn] klg lzz' cj:yfdf g} 5 . cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f -@)!$_ n] atfP cg';f/ cf=j= @))!– )@ df s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] *=% k|ltzt

lx:;f pBf]u If]qsf] /x]sf]df xfn cfP/ cf=j= @)&)–&! o;sf] lx:;f hDdf ^=! k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . b]zdf cf}Bf]lus If]q ;d:ofdf 5 / olb k|a4{g rfxg] xf] eg] pBf]ux?n] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfgdf nfUg' kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf /x]sf] tkm{ of] tYofÍn] OlËt ub{5 . w]/} pBf]ux? k"0f{ Ifdtfdf ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg' s f k| d ' v sf/0fx?df OGwgsf] sdL, k" j f{ w f/sf] ljsf;df sdL, /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yf, >ldsx?sf larsf] ;DaGw, :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL b'j} nufgLstf{x?nfO{ ljZj:t kfg{ g;Sg' cflb /x]sf 5g\ . xfdLnfO{ of] klg yfx 5 ls k"h F L lgdf{0f ePg eg] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; ;Dej x'bF g} . k"h F L lgdf{0fsf] d'Vo ;|ft] eg]sf] art xf] . cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f -@)!$_ n] s] atfpF5 eg] s'n ufx{:Yo art s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] ( k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ cfDbfgLsf] (! k|ltzt pkef]udf vr{ ul/G5 . b]zsf] ljsf;df pkef]usf] dfqf a9\g' kb{5 t/ pkef]u pTkfbgd'vL x'g' k5{ . xfdL cg'Tkfbs If]qdf a9L vr{ ug]{ ub{5f}F h;n] b]zsf] ljsf;df afwf v8f u/]sf] 5 . vr{sf] cyf{t\ pkef]usf] dfqf pTkfbgd'vL ;+/rgfx?df x'g' kb{5, tadfq b]zsf] bLuf] ljsf; x'g hfG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdLn] k"h F L lgdf{0f s;/L ug]{ < tnsf] tflnsfn] g]kfnsf] pkef]u, nufgL / z'4 lgof{t -Net export_ sf] lx:;fnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . tflnsf ! s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kft r/x? cfly{s jif{ @))!—)@ @)!#—!$ pkef]u ()=% (!=! nufgL @)=# #&=! z'4 lgof{t —!)=* —@*=@ ;|ft] M cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f, @)!$, cy{ dGqfno, g]kfn

cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f -@)!$_ n] g]kfnsf] k"h F L lgdf{0fsf cj:yfnfO{ 5n{Ë kf/]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] k|1 f MM 115

jif{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf k"h F L lgdf{0fsf] lx:;f #^=( k|ltzt /x]sf]df rfn" cf=j= df #&=! k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . b]zdf k"h F L lgdf{0fsf] lx:;f hlt a9L x'G5, cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult klg Tolt g} pRr x'bF } hfG5 . hn;|f]tsf nflu ljZjd} wgL dflgPsf]] g]kfndf hnljB'tsf] k|r/' ;Defjgf x'bF f x'bF } klg OGwgsf] clwstd cefj ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] 5 . hnljB'tsf] ljsf; jf hn;|ft] sf] pkof]usf nflu k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; x'g' cfjZos 5 . ;/sf/sf] sdhf]/ gLlt, nfdf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yf, sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/, aGb Pj+ x8tfn cflbn] ubf{ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLstf{x? nufgL ug{sf nflu k|fT] ;flxt 5}gg\ . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf pTkfbgd"ns If]qsf] lx:;f ljutdf !) k|ltzt /x]sf]df xfn cfP/ & k|ltztdf ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . ctM cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg Pj+ pTkfbsTj a9fpg'

eg]sf] 7'nf] r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ If]q, h;n] /fli6«o cfly{s j[l4nfO{ afwf k'¥ofO{ /x]sf] 5, Tof] xf] afXo If]q . ;dli6ut cfly{s gLltsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] afXo If]qsf] :yfloTjnfO{ sfod /fVg' eP tfklg ;/sf/sf] pbf/ gLlt / ljZjJofkLs/0f gLltaf6 kmfObf lng g;Sbf of] yk r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'bF } uPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df k|jz ] u/]sf] ;dob]lv g} g]kfnsf] cy{tGqn] Jofkf/ 3f6f Joxf]b{} cfPsf] 5 . afXo If]qsf] :yfloTj sfod ug]{ xf] eg] lgof{t a9fpg] / cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 . cltl/Qm lgof{tof]Uo j:t'sf] klxrfg u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{ g;Sg' / cfoftdf j[l4sf sf/0fn] Jofkf/ 3f6f k|To]s jif{ psfnf] nfUb} uPsf] 5 . tnsf] tflnsfaf6 g]kfnsf] cfoft / lgof{tsf] cj:yfsf k|i6 ¿kdf a'em\g ;lsG5 .

tflnsf @ j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf] lbzf ?= bz nfvdf cfly{s jif{ 2008—09 2009—10 2010—11 2011—12 2012—13

s'n -@±#_ 1 67,697.5 60,824.0 64,338.5 74,261.0 76,917.1

lgof{t ef/t cGo d'n's

s'n -%±^_

cfoft ef/t

cGo d'n's

s'n -!—$_

2 3 4 5 6 7 41,005.9 26,691.6 284,469.6 162,437.6 122,032.0 —216,772.1 39,993.7 20,830.3 374,335.2 217,114.3 157,220.9 —313,511.2 43,360.4 20,978.1 396,175.5 261,925.2 134,250.3 —331,837.0 49,616.3 24,644.7 461,667.7 299,389.6 162,278.1 —387,406.7 50,999.8 25,917.3 566,740.3 367,031.3 189,709.0 —479,823.2

Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng ef/t cGo d'n's -@—%_ -#—^_ 8 9 —121,431.7 —95,340.4 —177,120.6 —136,390.6 —218,564.8 —113,272.2 —249,773.3 —137,633.4 —316,031.5 —163,791.7

;|ft] M g]kfn /fi6« a}s F

g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] s'n lgof{tsf] clwsf+z efu ef/tdf lgof{t ug]{ u/]sf] 5 eg] cfoftsf] clwsf+z lx:;f klg ef/taf6 g} x'g] u/]sf] 5 . æcf=j= @)!#—!$ df ^^=& k|ltzt ef/taf6 cfoft u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] g]kfnsf] s'n lgof{tsf] ^% k|ltzt ef/tdf lgof{t u/]sf] kfOG5Æ -vgfn, @)!% hgj/L @^_ . ctM xfdL s] eGg ;Sb5f}F eg] g]kfnsf] j}bl] zs Jofkf/ ef/tdf lge{/ 5 .

To:t} j}bl] zs Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng gsf/fTds 5 / k|1 f MM 116

gsf/fTdstfsf] qmd psfnf] tkm{ a9L /x]sf] 5 . æPs bzs cl3 s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] !%=# k|ltzt /x]sf] Jofkf/ 3f6f cf=j= @)&)—&! df sl/a ?= &)( ca{sf] cfoft t/ ?= () ca{sf] dfq lgof{t u/L g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f ?= ^!* ca{ hlt k'us ] f] 5, h'g cf=j= @)&!—&@ sf] ah]6 a/fa/ 5Æ ->]i7, @)&! efb| #!_ . tnsf] tflnsfn] g]kfnsf] cfoft / lgof{tsf] cg'kftnfO{ k|i6 kfb{5 .

tflnsf # g]kfnsf] lgof{t / cfoftsf] cg'kft cfly{s jif{ lgof{t÷cfoft cg'kft Ü df

2008—09 23=8

2009—10 16=2

2010—11 16=2

2011—12 16=1

2012—13 13=8

2013—14 12=9

;|f]tM cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)!$

dflysf ;a} kl/b[ioaf6 of] :ki6 x'G5 ls g]kfnn] yflS;gåf/f k|ltkflbt å}w dfuL{ /0fgLlt cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 . g]kfnL cy{tGqsf r'gf}tLk"0f{ ljifox?nfO{ dfly g} JoQm u/L ;lsPsf] 5, h;n] ubf{ g]kfn ljsl;t d'ns ' sf] ;"rLdf ;dfj]z x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;sf nflu g]kfnn] 7'nf] d]xgt ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 t/ lg/fz x'g' kg]{ cj:yf eg] 5}g . ljsf;sf nflu xfdL;Fu y'k}| ljsNk Pj+ cj;/x?

5g\ . æolb xfdLdf sfdk|ltsf] OdfGbf/L, ;dk{0f, w}o{ x'g] / a'l4dfgLsf ;fy k|oTg ug]{ xf] eg] cGo ljsl;t d'ns ' x? h:t} g]kfnn] klg zlQm k|bz{g ug{ ;Sb5 / rLg, a|flhn, ?;, ef/t, blIf0f clk|msf h:t} Pp6f alnof] /fi6«sf ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ kl/0ft ug{ ;Sb5Æ -s0f{, @)!$_ . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn wgL /fi6«x? dWo]df kb{5 . ltg} k|fs[lts ;|ft] x? h:t}M hn;|ft] , s[lif, ko{6g cflbnfO{ pkof]u u/]sf] v08df g]kfnn] cfly{s If]qdf 7'nf] km8\sf] dfg{ ;Sb5 . hn;|f]tnfO{ dfq} ;xL ;b'kof]u ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] klg pRr cfly{s j[l4 x'g ;Sb5 . æcg';Gwfgx?n] of] atfPsf] 5 ls hn;|ft] af6 g]kfnsf] OGwg pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf *#))) d]ufjf6 5 . h;dWo] $$))) d]ufjf6 ljB't cfly{s Pj+ k|fljlws b[li6sf]0fn] pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . t}klg xfdL s'n Ifdtfsf] ! k|ltzt klg pTkfbg ug{ ;sL /x]sf 5}gf}ÆF -hf]zL, @))&_ . æxfn;Dd &!@ d]ufjf6 lah'nL pTkfbg ePsf] 5Æ -cj:yL, @)&! h]7 @$ ut]_ . g]kfnn] @))$ df ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy} ljZjJofkLs/0f / pbf/ gLltnfO{ cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . afXoIf]qsf] ljsf; k"0f{¿kdf ;Gtf]ifhgs 5}g . lgof{tsf] kl/df0f eGbf cfoftsf] kl/df0f Hofb} w]/} 5 . cfoft k|lt:yfkgsf] d'Vo laGb' eg]sf] 3/]n'

dfunfO{ a9fpFb} :yfgLo Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx?nfO{ alnof] agfpg' xf], h;nfO{ 3/]n' dfu clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] elgG5 . To;}n] g]kfn h:tf] d'ns ' n] 3/]n' dfu clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] nfO{ a]jf:tf gu/L o;sf /fd|f kIfx?nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg' kb{5 . lkmlnk / lndn] yflS;gsf ts{x?nfO{ lnP/ lgDgfg';f/ of] df]8n ] k|of]u u/]/ b]znfO{ ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 eg]sf 5g\M !_ j[l4nfO{ tNnf] txaf6 k'gtf{huLs/0f ug]— { o; cGtu{t ;fgf tyf demf}nf Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx?sf] k|a4{g ug]{, ls;fgx?sf] C0f df]rg, u|fdL0f tyf zx/L ;d'bfosf nflu rqmLo sf]if -revolving fund_ sf] Joj:yf ug],{ ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fox?nfO{ C0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . @_ cTofjZos If]qx?sf] klxrfg Pj+ k|a4{g— of] cTofjZos If]qx?sf] ljsf; ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu :jb]z tyf ljb]z b'js } f nflu s[lif If]qaf6 pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] gofF j:t'sf] klxrfg u/L dfu ;[hgf ug]{ . ;fgf tyf demf} n f pTkfbgzLn Joj;fosf] clej[l4sf nflu gofF nufgLstf{sf] vf]hL ug],{ ko{6g If]qsf] k|a4{g u/L rLg, ef/t / o"/f]lkog d'ns ' x?sf pRr Pj+ dWod txsf ju{nfO{ cfkm\gf] kx'Frdf Nofpg], ;Ifd / k|lt:kwf{Tds ljQLo k|0ffnLsf nflu ljQLo If]qsf] u'?of]hgf tof/ kfg]{ . #_ cfly{s s'zntf Pj+ bL3{sfnLg k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf j[l4— pBf]ux?sf] k|a4{gsf nflu pBf]ux?sf] >]0fL klxrfg ug],{ ko{6g, vfB, :jf:Yo ;]jfx? r":t /fVg] . $_ l:y/ / ;xof] u k' ¥ ofpg ;Sg] a[ x b\ -macroeconomic_ jftfj/0f k|bfg ug]{, ;/sf/n] s/af6 cfDbfgL j[lb ug],{ ;Gt'lnt ah]6 tof/ kfg]{ . %_ ahf/ lj:tf/ Pj+ ljQLo l:y/tf sfod u/L afXo If]qsf] k|a4{g ug]{ . yflS;gsf oL ljrf/x? g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df Psbd} pko'Qm b]lvPsfn] o;sf nflu s8f d]xgtsf ;fy 3/]n' dfunfO{ k|a4{g ug'{ kg]{ k|1 f MM 117

cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

3/]n' dfu clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] sf h:t} lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] sf klg y'k}| ;sf/fTds kIfx? 5g\ . w]/} sd ljsl;t d'ns ' x?n] lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] cjnDag u/]/ ljsl;t d'ns ' df kl/jlt{t ePsf 5g\ . ljZjs} clt sd ljsl;t d'ns ' sf gftfn] g]kfnn] klg lgof{t clek|]l/t j[l4 df]8]n ckgfP/ lgDg tl/sfn] kmfObf lng ;Sb5 M !_ g] k fnn] k| l jlwsf] ljsf;df xfn;Dd ;Gtf] i fhgs km8\ s f] dfg{ ;s] s f] 5} g . k/Dk/fjfbL pTkfbg k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] g t s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg a9\5 g t cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] g} . lgof{t clek|]l/t j[l4 df]8]nn] cTofw'lgs / pRr kl/is[t txsf] pTkfbg Pj+ ahf/Ls/0f ug]{ k|ljlwsf] af/]df cfjZos 1fg pknAw u/fpFb5 h;n] b]zsf] pTkfbg IfdtfnfO{ a9fpg d2t k'¥ofpFb5 . @_ g]kfndf j}bl] zs d'bf| sf] sdL 5 . ljb]zL ahf/df j:t' tyf ;]jfx? lgof{t u/]/ 7'nf] dfqfdf j}bl] zs d'bf| cfh{g u/L k|lts"n e'Qmfg ;Gt'ng ;Rofpg ;lsG5 . #_ lgof{t Jofkf/af6 j}bl] zs d'bf| cfh{g u/L d'bf| :kmLlt lagf g} s'n dfu a9fpg ;lsG5 . $_ ljZjdf ePsf ;a} lsl;dsf ultzLn kl/jt{gsf af/]df ;';l" rt x'g] df}sf k|fKt x'G5, h;n] ubf{ hgtfsf] ;f]Rg] Ifdtfdf j[l4 eO{ ;dofg'sn " x'g] df}sf ldNb5 / cfly{s ljsf; ;Dej x'g k'Ub5 . %= pk;+xf/ lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] / 3/]n' dfu clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] s'g} Psaf6 dfq} g]kfn h:tf] cljsl;t d'n'sn] ;kmntf k|fKt ug'{ c;Dejk|foM g} x'G5 . xfd|f] h:tf] b]zn] cy{tGqdf l56f] eGbf l56f] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g xf];\ eGg] rfxgf /fVg] xf] eg] b'j} df]8n ] sf ;sf/fTds kIfx?nfO{ cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 . ;f/f+zdf eGg' kbf{ å}wdfuL{ /0fgLlt g} g]kfnsf nflu >]ois/ b]lvG5 . k|1 f MM 118

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df g t xfdLn] lgof{t clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] ckgfPsf 5f}F g t 3/]n' dfu clek|l] /t j[l4 df]8n ] ckgfPsf 5fF} lsgeg] g]kfnsf] cy{tGq cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|jz ] u/]bl] v g} cfoftd'vL b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf oL b'j} df]8n ] c;kmn ePsf eg] xf]Ogg\ . olb b]znfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4tkm{ ws]Ng] xf] eg] s'g} Ps df]8n dfq k|of]u ug's { f] abnf ldl>t df]8n ] cjnDag tkm{ hf]8 lbg' h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 . yflS;gn] ;'emfP cg';f/ u|fdL0f If]qsf] ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{g u/L ljsf;sf] ;'?cft tNnf] txaf6 g} ug'{ kb{5 . u|fdL0f If]qsf ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]ux?nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;'ljwfx? h:t} M cg'bfg, C0fsf] Joj:yf, C0fdf cg'bfg, s/ 5'6, s/ ldgfxf, C0fdf]rg cflb k|bfg u/L k|a4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . rLg, ef/t, blIf0f sf]l/of h:tf b]zx?sf] ljsf;df o:tf pBf]ux?sf] ljz]if of]ubfg /x]sf] s'/f ljleGg cWoogx?n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf Ps ltxfO{ of]ubfg lbg] s[lif If]q cem} klg cfw'lgs / Jofj;flos aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . ah]6 efif0f @)&!—&@ df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ æklxnf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\ ePsf] gLltut ;'wf/ kl5 lj:tf/ ePsf] cf}Bf]lus If]qn] cf=j= @)%&—%* sf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf ( k|ltzt ;Dd of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . ;f] of]ubfg 36\b} uP/ xfn ^ k|ltztdf ;Lldt /x]sf] 5Æ -ah]6 efif0f, @)&!_ . o;n] ubf{ lgof{t lzlyn ePsf] 5 eg] cfoftsf] kl/df0f a9\b} uPsf] 5 . clxn]sf] kl/j]zdf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf vf;} k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf sfod x'g g;Sg] x'bF f lgof{tdf pNn]Vo j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf klg sd b]lvG5 . t;y{ cfoft k|lt:yfkgsf nflu ;fgf tyf demf}nf 3/]n' pBf]ux?nfO{ k|fT] ;fxg u/L Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ub}{ lgof{t 36fpg] tkm{ pGd'v x'g' kb{5 . g]kfnsf] pj{/f e"lddf s[lif pTkfbgsf] Jofks ;Defjg x'bF f x'bF } klg s[lifdf pGglt ug{ g;Sg'n] xfn cfP/ o;sf] cfoftdf klg tLa| j[l4 x'g uPsf] 5 . ctM s[lifnfO{ cfw'lgs / Joj;fod'vL agfpg ljleGg lsl;dsf tfnLdsf]

Joj:yf ug' { s f ;fy} cfw' l gs k| l jlw / ahf/Ls/0fsf gofF tl/sf leq\ofpg h?/L 5 . s[lif pTkfbgsf nflu gofF j:t'sf] klxrfg, pTkfbgzLn pBf]usf] k|a4{g, ko{6g k|a4{g cflb sfo{x? u/L cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub}{ cfoftnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug]{ / lgof{tnfO{ clej[l4 ug{ hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . ;g\ !(() df g]kfnn] pbf/Ls/0fsf] gLlt cjnDag u/] kl5 lghL If]qsf] nufgLdf j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf j}bl] zs Jofkf/sf] d'Vo cfwf/ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ePsf] x'bF f cfoft k|lt:yfkgdf o;sf] k|dv ' of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . pmgL sfk]6{ , /]l8d]8 ufd]{G6, Xof08Lqmfkm\6 cflbn] j}b]lzs Jofkf/df dxTTjk" 0 f{ :yfg cf] u 6] s f lyP . æg]kfnsf] s'n lgof{tdf ^^ k|ltzt of]ubfg 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] /x]sf] lyof]Æ -hf]zL, @))&_ . xfn cfP/ o;df x|f; cfPsf] 5 . sfk]{6 / ufd] { 0 6sf] u' 0 fdf cfPsf] lg/Gt/ x| f ;n] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf 36\b} uO{{ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ u'ds ] f] cj:yf 5 . ef/tn] s[lifIf]qdf cTolws cg'bfg lbg] x'gfn] g]kfnL s[lif pTkfbgn] ef/tLo;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ g;sL lge{/tf a9\b} uO/x]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] l9nf] gu/L cfjZos gLlt cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 . ;/sf/n] 3/]n' Pj+ lgof{t Jofkf/df pkof]uL dflgPsf pBf]ux?sf] klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu k|r'/ ;Defjgf af]ss ] f] ko{6g If]qsf] k|a4{gsf nflu k" j f{ w f/ ljsf;df hf] 8 lbg] , h8La" 6 L Pj+ jg;Dkbfsf] ;+ / If0f—;Da4{ g tT;DaGwL pBf]ux?sf] ljsf; ug]{ nufotsf sfo{x? u/L 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] k|a4{g ug'{ kb{5 . ;dli6ut cfly{s ;"rsdf ;'wf/ u/L cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug'{ kb{5 . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf s]xL ;"rsx? /fd|f b]lvPsf 5g\ . h:t} M æ/fd|f kl/;"rsx? ah]6 art, zf]wgfGt/ art, j}bl] zs ljlgdo ;l~rlt, /fh:j j[l4 x'gÆ\ -Kofs'¥ofn, @)&! h]7 @$_ cflb ;a} /fd|f] x'bF fx'bF }

klg hgtfn] ljsf;sf] cg'el" t ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ . artsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u gx'bF f Go"g cfly{s j[l4, cfly{s c;dfgtf, a]/f]huf/L, d'b|f:kmLlt / pTkfbgdf x|f; x'g cfPsf] 5 . o;tkm{ ;/sf/sf] Wofg hfg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

To;}u/L pmhf{jfg\ >dzlQmsf] 7'nf] hdft ljb]z knfog eO/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf g]kfnL cy{tGqn] ef]us ] f] ;d:ofnfO{ rfF8f] eGbf rfF8f] ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s] o;n] ljs/fn cj:yf v8f gunf{ eGg ;lsGg . æjflif{s sl/a ;f9] rf/ nfv o'jfzlQm >d ahf/df k|jz ] ub{5g\ h;dWo] sl/a rf/ nfvnfO{ ljb]zL ahf/n] /f]huf/L lbg] u/]sf] 5 . log} o'jfzlQmn] sdfPsf] cfDbfgL cyf{t\ ljk|i] f0f -/]ld6]G;_ n] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf sl/a @% k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf] 5Æ -cj:yL, sflGtk'/_ . o;/L /]ld6]G;n] cfDbfgL a9] klg cfGtl/s pTkfbg a9\g g;Sbf cfoft ug]{ Ifdtf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . æb}lgs !%)) eGbf a9L o'jfx? j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf hfg] qmd g/f]lsg] xf] eg] cy{tGqdf pTkfbg ug]{ hgzlQm sd x'bF } hfg] / ljk|i] f0f k|jfx a9\b} hfg] b]lvG5Æ ->]i7, @)&! efb| #!_ . o;/L ljb]zsf] sdfO ljb]zL pTkfbgd} vr{ ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] b]z l56\6} g} b'/fj:yfdf gk'Unf eGg ;lsGg . :jb]zL pmhf{nfO{ :jb]zd} kl/rfng ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ ;s]df cfoft k|lt:yfkg eO{ lgof{tdf j[l4 x'g ;Sb5 . ljsf;sf] k|r/' ;Defjgf af]ss ] f] csf]{ If]q hn;|ft] sf] Jofks k|of]u u/L hnljB't pTkfbg ug{ ;s]df cfofltt j:t'x?dWo]df 7'nf] lx:;f af]s]sf] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] cfoftdf sdL cfO{ 3/]n' pTkfbgdf dxTTjk"0f{ 6]jf lbg ;Sb5 . ctM g]kfnn] b'j} df]8n ] nfO{ cjnDag u/L Psflt/ 3/]n' dfunfO{ alnof] agfpFb} hfg' k/]sf] 5 eg] csf]l{ t/ t'ngfTds nfesf j:t'x?nfO{ k|a4{g ub}{ lgof{t a9fpg cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf clt sd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 ljsf;zLn d' n ' s df k' U g g] k fnn] /fv] s f] dxTTjfsf+IfL nIo k"/f ug{ ldl>t df]8n ] ckgfpg clt h?/L 5 . k|1 f MM 119

;Gbe{;"rL cj:yL, uf]s0f{ -@)&! h]7 @$ ut]_, æ/fhgLltn] lyRof] ljsf;Æ, sflGtk'/, k[= & . cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f -@)!$_, æOsf]g]lds ;e]{, @)!$Æ sf7df8f}FM cy{ dGqfno, ;|f]t M www.mof.gov.np. s0f{, ;'/]Gb| -@)^&_, æcy{zf:qÆ, sf7df8f}FM h'lk6/ klAn;;{ P08 l8l:6«Ao'6;{ . s0f{, ;f]xgs'df/ -@)!$_, æ8f]d]l:6s l8df08 n]8 u|f]yÆ, ck|sflzt Pd\=lkmn= k|:t'ltkq, lq=lj= . s0f{, ;f]xgs'df/ -@)!$_, æOGe]i6d06 P08 u|fy] Æ, ck|sflzt Pd\=lkmn= k|:t'ltkq, lq=lj= . vgfn, /fh]z -@)!% hgj/L @^_, æxfp Oh ljhg]z <Æ, b sf7df8f}F kf]i6 dgL, kmfOgfG; P08 Osf]gf]dL, k[= @ . l3ld/], ;kmn -@)!%_, æUnf]anfOh];g Og b sG6]S:6 ckm g]kfnÆ, ;|f]tM www.safalghimire.com hf]zL, Zofd -@))&_, OG6«f8] S;g 6' SjflG66]l6e 6]lSgS; P08 g]klnh Osf]gf]dL, sf7df8f}MF gjLg k|sfzg . hf]zL, Zofd -@)^&_, Pg OG6«f]8S;g 6' Osf]gf]lds Yof}/L, sf7df8f}MF gjLg k|sfzg .

T;]g, jf]Ë xs -@))^_, æPS;kf]6,{ 8f]dl] :6s l8df08 P08 Osf]gf]lds u|fy] Og rfOgfM u|~] h/ shln6L PgfnfOl;;Æ, ;|f]tM https://faculty.washington.edu/karyiu/confer/beijing06/papers/wong_ht.pdf Kff08], czf]s -!( hgj/L, @)!%_, æ:68L Og km]n/Æ, sf7df8f}FM dfO{ l/klAnsf, ;|ft] M www.myrepublica.com. k] n L, yf] d ; cfO{ = -@))@_, æc Go" 8] e nkd] 0 6 Kof/f8fOd 8f] d ] l :6s l8df08 n] 8 u| f ] y Æ, ;| f ] t M http://fpif.org/a_new_development_paradigm_domestic_demand-led_growth/

kf}8n ] , nIdLsfGt -@))(_, æb k|fOe]6fOh];g kf]ln;L 6«fG;km/ M c g]lKnh PS;lkl/oG;Æ, g]lKnh hg{n ckm klAns kf]ln;L P08 ueg]G{ ;, @$-!_ ;|ft] Mhttp://www.researchgate.net/publication/265034820 kf}8n ] , n]vgfy -@)&! k'if !@ ut]_, ælrlgofF k'g/f]bosf] cy{ / k|efjÆ, sflGtk'/, k[= & .

Kofs'¥ofn, ljZjDe/ -@)&! h]7 @$_, æcflv/ ljsf; lsg x'g ;s]g <Æ, sflGtk'/, k[= & . lkmlnk, h];; / hf];]km PGyf]gL lnd -ck|fKo_, æPS;kf]6{ c/ 8f]d]l:6s n]8 u|f]y Og Plzof <Æ, ;|f]tM h t t p : / / w w w. j e s u s f e l i p e . c o m / d o w n l o a d s / E x p o r t % 2 0 o r % 2 0 D o m e s t i c led%20Growth%20in%20Asia.pdf.

ah]6 efif0f, @)&!—&@ -@)&! c;f/ #)_, æcfly{s jif{ @)&!—&@ sf] cfoJoo ljj/0fÆ, sflGtk'/, k[= ( . df]xGtL, ;/f]hs'df/ -@)!@_, æOsf]gf]lds u|f]y, PS;kf]6{\; P08 8f]d]l:6s l8df08 Og Ol08ofM Og ;r{ ckm c Go" Kof/f8fOd ckm 8]enkd]06Æ, ;|ft] M http://www.eria.org/RPR_FY2011_No.10_Chapter_6.pdf >]i7, k|sfz -@)&! efb| #!_, æJofkf/ 3f6fsf] jf:tljstfÆ, sflGtk'/, k[= & . ∗∗∗

k|1 f MM 120

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