Architecture Masters Thesis : Rejuvenation

Rejuvenation “ The renewing of ineffectual landscapes”

Khaled Al Barghouthi

“Abstract”

Architecture is the process of “creation,” Whether it be a house to keep warm or a ladder to climb, they are “tools” created and affect us physically.

This thesis revolves around architecture, which serves as a platform to help us better understand our physical environment and how it shapes us as we flow through it through rejuvenation.

As we move forward, we continuously use architecture to create at an everincreasing rate, which is not realistic nor sustainable & certainly not needed. We are at a time of change; how we interact with our space is shifting.

The rejuvenation process is applied broadly to spaces that are not producing the desired effects, whether a vacant office space to accommodate present needs or the restoration of a vintage harmony chair that isn’t structurally sound.

As we look to investigate my thesis, it leads to ripples forming through the cycle of production that leads to the wasteful discarding we find ourselves in. Yet, we have continued to cover our climate issues with band-aids and understand them as stepping stones to a better future when we are merely postponing the inevitable.

In nature, discarding is fruitful; it leads to a newer purpose.

Thesis

Thesis Student Institution Degree Date Thesis Advisor Thesis Research Teaching Asistant Design Crits

Thesis Student

Khaled Al Barghouthi Boston Architectural College Master of Architecture 05/26/2023 Ralph Jackson, FAIA Ian Taberner, AIA Amanda Khashilo John Seward Jon Christiansen Jordan Levin, AIA NJ Unaka Peter Martin, R A Todd Barnett

Khaled Al Barghouthi

Thesis Advisor

Thesis Research

Dean of Architecture

06

Karen Nelson

“Table of Contents”

Executive Summery

06

Inquiry & Criticisim

Thesis Statment

08

Performance Program

10

Health & Wellness

12

Case Studies

14

Bibliography

26

Conceptual

32

Constructed Argument

36

Situated Scheme

38

Visualizing Program

46

Final Design

48

Annotated Bibliografical

88

Resume

89

Gradtitude

90

07

“Executive Summery”

This thesis revolves around the rejuvenation and renewal of ineffectual landscapes.

Rejuvenation is that of nature, and nature is the process of renewal; it can be gradual and gentle, sometimes violent and destructive; no matter the change in form or space, the values are perpetual.

The proposed is a place of contemplation situated in Cambridge, located within Massachusetts, USA . The project establishes a connection with nature, a place for those to pause.

Such a place, a contemplative or reflective place, should elicit a similar response within the individual because of the nature of the space itself.

By removing all practical constraints and reversing the usual guidelines of an architect’s brief, this project does not focus on how architects create spaces but how they build them.

Methods of inquiry: 1. Can rejuvenation allivate us in an architectural construct?

2. Can rejuvenation create notions which engage the mental plane with lesser impacts of the built environment?

3. Can rejuvenation expliot undesirable spaces with no monetary value serve a greater purpose (that we are yet to acknowledge them to be)?

Terms of criticisim: 1. Can extensive research on the physiojical help refine future implementaions?

2. How can we better assort the essential elements that rejuvenate the space?

3. How can we best approach these spaces? and is their value in their uniqe qualities of what we make of them?

08

abstract study of circular motion flora life cycle

09

“Thesis Statment”

“ The Concept of Rejuvination Is That Of Nature Nature Is The Process Of Renewal Renewal Is Gradual & Gentle, Sometimes It Is Violent & Destructive No Mater The Change In Form Or Space The Values Are Perpetual The Cycle is Timeless....”

Khaled Al Barghouthi.

10

11

“Performance Program”

Good evening; my name is Khaled Al Barghouthi, a master’s student at the Boston Architectural College.

I had just concluded a delightfully rigorous seminar with my professors Ian Taberner & Amanda Khashilo, as we are nearing the semester’s conclusion.

Traveling through the B-line, I exit and begin my walk on the Boston University Bridge. To my right, I glimpse a space tucked away within the tree foliage off the slope leading to the water.

As I approach the entrance, I’m encountered with a serene aroma; the space is welcoming me in, beginning my descent through the foliage, my senses and mind at ease; as I look around, I find cushions available for sitting and a couple of flat benches, I find myself at its base “peaceful” yet I a few moments ago I was engulfed by the cacophony of my student life.

With several places to sit and ponder, I pick up a cushion and take a seat on a bench facing the water; the surface of it illuminates and hovering elegantly through it all an array of brilliant iridescent red with a hint of emerald, the native ruby-throated hummingbirds and the natural beauty that surrounds it.

As I make my way towards the exit, I find a walking path hidden below the Boston University Bridge I had walked on earlier. While Strolling on it over the Charles, the waves are calmer, and I have a sense of peace; I’m greeted by local ducks and geese on the water’s surface as if they are giving me a farewell. I then exit and make my way to the sidewalk, feeling refreshed.

Expressing the Evoked Emotions Through Color Representaion

Afflicted Interest Doubt Relief Joy Renewed 12

emotion transformation stages & linkage

13

“Health & Wellness”

Rejuvenation is a catalyst, it responds to the environment through its design, and the spaces it touches are elevated and evolve to meet present or future needs through the built environment.

Encompassed by its ability to alter through a narrow window, a percentage of the alteration, through this concept, I keep the essence/core true to itself while interacting with all aspects of the built environment, whether that be interior, exterior landscape and sustainable design as this Rejuvenation is a principle of design.

My thesis was born due to the situation I see the world in this era, and we are producing & building at a rapid & unnecessary rate; we don’t need all this space, we are not going to have an overpopulation crisis, and we are nearing a recession, not a boom as many have been emphasizing for years, my thesis of Rejuvenation is the catalyst for a better future, through it I wish to change how we see spaces and their purpose, its easy to start a new.

Still, at the rate we’re going, we won’t have any space for a new one; thus, we must look at ourselves in the present and start to realize what we have before it’s too late; I strive to create ripples of change using my thesis of Rejuvenation in an otherwise stagnant ocean.

My thesis is about elevating the built environment through a percentage of alteration; I feel this percentage will not hinder my thesis. On the contrary, it will push for a better, more innovative design, I have not yet labeled a number for the alteration percentage, and I believe once I do, I will have a better understanding of the health benefits I will be able to provide without suffering design through my limited alterations.

Classifying these elements is critical for the success of the thesis with consistency throughout all its forms, yet not the same cookie-cutter outcomes we see daily in our daily lives.

14

Community Connection

Environmental Quality

Living Standards

Connection & Nature

Mental Health Physical Health

15

“Case Studies”

how

“transparency”

is

“defined”

how

“fabrication”

defines

“space”

how

“pathways”

are

“integrated”

!"#$%#&'()*

16

Crown Hall

Simpson

Lee House

Chapel On Mount Rokko

17

Crown Hall,

Chicago,

USA ,

1956

The architectural grammar of the language, its ideas, structure, proportions, and geometry had been developed and perfected here by Mies Van der Rohe.

The structure, its interior perception, the building’s connection to the ground, the special relationship between interior and exterior, the identification of the glazing... warn us that the new IIT hall is essentially different not only to the small Plano house but also the tremendous open-plan pavilions to come in Mies career.

The Crown Hall is a comprehensive expression of his architectural concepts and theories to the fullest extent.“transform the structure into art.”The building is arranged in a rectangular shape on two levels and is self-contained. Large trees dominate an open volume surrounded by four glass walls, the south facade.

As a result of the glazing on all sides, the faculty can maintain the context while not giving back the rest of the buildings. In addition, steel frames provide a clear indication of their industrial aesthetic.There is free access to light and views from the four sides of the building.Crown Hall is oriented south to north, and covers enter the workshop through the south facade, with the facade’s windows reflecting the city profile of Chicago as background light.

18 22

The building is oriented so that the lighting is natural, mainly north-south, not east-west, which is usually more intense and challenging to control.

It conveys both uniformity and precision of construction through carefully proportioned, repetitive exterior elements. Initially, the design seems simple. However, when Mies described the building, he referred to it as “almost nothing.”

19

Simpson-Lee House,

Mt. Wilson,

Wales,

1994

Using simple materials such as wood, steel, glass, brick, and concrete, he made the Simpson-Lee House appears light in the environment. One of Glean Murcutt’s favorite quotes is an Aboriginal proverb, “Touch the earth lightly.”

Nature can enter the living spaces through the eastern wall of windows, which all open on hinges. The doors to the outside are also glass, so you remain in the natural environment as you enter and exit. Nature must not be disrupted or depleted by design but instead emphasized. Nevertheless, it shouldn’t detract from the natural beauty of the environment.

As early sketches show, the project follows a familiar strategy: north-facing pavilions organized as bays, with service facilities in the rear primarily enclosed. In the final sitting, this house plan was rotated ninety degrees to align with a bush track incorporated into the building’s circulation system.

22

His native land and climate influenced Murcutt’s designs; Australia is known for its uniqueness, which the jury chose to recognize, with Mies Van Der Rohe being the influence behind Murcutt’s modernist designs.

site plan

structure

23

Chapel On Mount Rokko,

Hyogo,

Japan,

1986

It is hidden behind a nondescript adjacent hotel high above Kobe, Japan, on Mount Rokko. In a rich spatial sequence of light and darkness, direct and indirect natural light, Tadao Ando uses concrete, glass, and light to create a powerful spiritual place.

It appears that a long, skinny vertical window to the side of the altar and an unseen slit in the ceiling above it magically illuminate the altar space. Through the passage of light, the light-bathed concrete walls change form over time, animating and redefining the space.

In this space, the dialogue between the hard, direct light from the exterior and the soft, abstract light creates a space capable of transcending, transforming, and returning one to the physical world.

Ando avoids direct, pompous access to the chapel. Instead, replace the steel and glass structure with a concrete porch covered in opaque turquoise glass. Providing procession access to the chapel, this tunnel emphasizes. As a result, Ando virtually engages with nature through a framed landscape view and a sumptuous display of light.

site plan

24

Aside from the modulated exposed concrete surfaces that dialogue with the metal and glass, Ando uses his usual vocabulary in this chapel: Simple geometry A study of light and shadow Meticulous analysis of the play of light and shadow Western elements are included in this chapel, including a bell tower that serves a more formal than utilitarian purpose, providing a vertical contrast to a predominantly horizontal design.

circulation to use

unit to whole

additive & subtractive

repetitive to unique

semmetry balance

hierchy

geometry

25

Therme Vals,

Therm,

Switzerland,

1996

Thermal springs date back to the middle Bronze Age (1500- 1300 BC), but the exact age of the thermal spring is unknown. However, shards of earthenware from the Crestaulta culture are found where the Therme now stands, showing that the spring was already popular at that time. Approximately 750,000 cubic meters of bedrock have been separated from the mountains since the thermal water entered the cave.

According to written references, thermal springs have been used since the 17th century.

Chemical analysis of the mineral springs was first initiated in 1826. According to the study, the “sour source” is light, clear, and soft, as if lukewarm water mixed with delicate soap had been touched, with a very bland, barely perceptible, salty taste. It was qualified for therapeutic indications. Its fixed components are mainly fine clays and limestone... long experience has shown that it has a softening and soothing effect on irritability, cramps, stiffness, damaged skin, eczema and ulcers, rheumatism, and gout.”

“Mountain, stone, water – building in the stone, building with the stone, into the mountain, building out of the mountain, being inside the mountain – how can the implications and the sensuality of the association of these words be interpreted, architecturally?”

Peter Zumthor.

24

Water and landscape are at the heart of Valls at the base of the Swiss Alps. The Valls go beyond natural materials into light, view, and atmosphere.

25

The Therme Vals is a hotel and spa in one which combines a complete sensory experience designed by Peter Zumthor. Constructed over a thermal spring, it serves the hotel guests.

The primary material used was Valser quartzite, native to the site, built on layers of locally found quartzite. It softens the apple of the structure. Working with the natural surroundings, the bathroom lay below a grass-roof structure half buried into the hillside.

Valser quartzite stone became the driving inspiration for the design and is used to its fullest capabilities. The structure is a fragmented puzzle. Thus, the roof covering is not continuous but broken at each connection between these blocks. These slight gaps allow the entry of natural light.

Despite appearing as a massive struct, the building is a composition of slightly spaced apart structures that make up the whole. Overnight, the experience is drastically altered, as most of the light in the building emerges from the water itself; this space was designed for visitors to rediscover the ancient benefits of bathing.

The combinations of light and shade, open and enclosed spaces, and linear elements make for a highly therapeutic experience; qualities of a world of stone within the mountain, for darkness and light, for light reflections on the water or in the steam-saturated air are what guided the design.

+#,-./0* The informal layout of the internal space is a modeled path of circulation that leads bathers to specific predetermined points but lets them explore other areas for themselves the perspective is controlled.

24

Plan

+,"4:'?

+,"4:'?

25

“Bibliography”

Rudolf Arnheim Visual Thinking

What if pictures or hieroglyphics could be made into a more profound and complex language yet more rapidly understandable and recognizable in the same order?

The text takes time to export and absorb in relation to drawings, stalling the creative brainstorming process. Finally, Arnheim shows how this visual language has developed.

Arnheim shows how this visual language has developed. One can quickly think of the long dashes and violent scribbles that translate into speed and dust clouds of coups de poing that are depicted in every newspaper’s comic section.

“Cognitive processes indicated as thinking are not mental processes and beyond perception but essential ingredients of perception itself.”

Rudolf Arnheim.

26

1

Ann Sussman, Justin B Hollander 2 Cognitive Architecture : Designing for How We Respond to the Built Environment The book outlines four main principles: 1. Edges Matter - human beings are thigmotactic.

2. Patterns Matter - our visual orientation.

3. Shapes Carry Weight - why we prefer bilaterally symmetrical forms.

4. Storytelling is Key - narrative tendencies unique to humans play a crucial role in place-making.

Using an inside-out approach, the book argues that the more we understand human behavior, the better we can design. A designer can use the text to anticipate a user’s future experience by analyzing current methods before they are built.

Its key concepts are illustrated with more than one hundred photographs and drawings. From fractals and face processing to our fascination with fractals, six exercises and additional case studies suggest specific topics for further investigation.

Terryl N. Kinder Cistercian Europe: Architecture of Contemplation

3

In their architecture, Cistercian abbeys reflected simplicity and calm, elements that were important to their monastic communities.

Beautifully illustrated, this translation examines the relationship between architecture and spiritualism and demonstrates how the former reflects the latter.

Using maps, plans, and a lot of photographs, Kinder provides an overview of 12th- and 13th-century abbey buildings and discusses the daily life of the monks and nuns.

27

Juhani Pallasmaa The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses

4

In architectural philosophy and teaching, interest in the body and the senses has grown since the book was first published. As a result of this new, revised, and extended edition, architects and students of architecture will not only be inspired to create more holistic architecture and improve their work. Still, it will enrich the general reader’s perception of the world.

Two extended essays in The Eyes of the Skin have become a classic of architectural theory. The first is history and impact of the ocular-centric paradigm on western culture and architecture since the Greeks are presented in the first chapter. The second examines the role of the other senses in authentic architectural experiences and points the way toward a multi-sensory architecture that facilitates a sense of belonging and integration.

“The elements of architecture are not visual units or gestalt; they are encounters, confrontations that interact with memory.”

Juhani Pallasmaa

28

Jordan B. Peterson Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief

5

What is the reason that myths and stories have similar structures across cultures and eras? From this similarity, we can learn a lot about the world’s mind, morality, and structure.

Using modern neuropsychology to examine what religions, myths, and rituals tell us about the brain, Jordan Peterson offers a provocative new hypothesis.

Through the integration of neuropsychology, cognitive science, and Freudian and Jungian approaches to mythology and narrative, a theory of mythology and meaning is presented that makes myths accessible to the modern critical mind.

“The purpose of life, as far as I can tell is to find a mode of being that’s so meaningful that the fact that life is suffering is no longer relevant.”

Jordan B. Peterson

29

Immanuel Kant Crituqe of Pure Reason

6

‘The purpose of this critique of pure speculative reason consists in the attempt to change the old procedure of metaphysics and to bring about a complete revolution’.

Known as the key text in modern philosophy, Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason explores human reason and knowledge, as well as the nature of illusions and the nature of knowledge.

I cannot conclude the natural world from concepts that precede and shape experience, Kant argues because these concepts do not precede and shape experience. Empiricism, which traces all our ability to experience to reason, and rationalism, which draws all our knowledge from sense, are brought together in the Critique. Among these alternatives, Kant’s transcendental idealism suggests a third way.

“All our knowledge begins with the senses, proceeds then to the understanding, and ends with reason. There is nothing higher than reason.”

Immanuel Kant.

30

Mind Mapping With a Hierarchical visual display of relationships between concepts, ideas, and bits of information, with a focus on Rejuvenation and various subtopics, key concepts, and related ideas.

Design

Time

Change

Purpose Resurge Usage

Renovation

Repurpose Rejuvenation

Revival

Space Disturbance

31

“Conceptual”

Conceptul Theme of Pathway start

evolve

flow

present

“core”

“past”

“present”

32

“core”

“adaptation”

33

Concept Model The Concept Drawing & Model are intertwined, they are one and the same.

Those seeking a more profound experience can journey deeper, whereas others not ready yet may hover through lighter envelopes.

The Model represents a journey of the body and mind.

“Form precedes Design. Form is “what.” Design is “how.” . . .

Design gives the elements their shape, taking them from their existence in the mind to their tangible presence. . . .

In architecture, it characterizes a harmony of spaces good for a certain activity.”

[Louis I. Kahn, quoted in Lobell, Between Silence and Light, 28.]

Expressing Levels of Meditaion Awarness

Counscious

Physical

Subcounsciouse

Emotional

Astral

Mental

34

A reflection of the physical & emotional journey overlapping one another, positive & negative spaces.

35

“Constructed Argument”

Nature & Technology Is technology part of nature?

Throughout my research, I have come to the conclusion that technology is necessary as an integral part of nature, but it is not set in stone, as we have free will to choose its trajectory. So to speak, we nurture and cultivate the plant to shape its form and function. Therefore, technology is more than just a mirror reflecting science and philosophy.

However, in order to understand how this type of technology, it is crucial to understand the conditions necessary. In spite of the site’s proximity to the river, a dam will prevent the water levels from fluctuating, which will increase the comfort of the space and its tranquility.

The essential explorations required to achieve such a space are not limited to; Native vegetation selection, lighting analysis, acoustic design, typology study & sustainable design integration.

The key to creating a place of contemplation, where we go on a walk, but the mind roams, is not to rush the process of transferring this concept into the built environment. The relationship between physical and metal will only be realized in this space when this research is undertaken, where the schemata flourish, and the physical meets the metal.

This thesis explores a neglected plot of land near the waterfront that can profoundly affect the area. This notion led me to investigate site selection that can profoundly impact the region. The complementary and bilateral relationship between “nature and culture.”

The most significant effect of urban green space involves its environmental functions, which signify the city as the human society ’s environment and combat adverse impacts of industrial development and inappropriate use of technology, enhancing urban ecological capability.

Urban green space holds so much importance that it finds its position among the development indicators. Some of the functions it offers are as follows: Moderating urban climate.

Reducing noise pollution.

Preventing water and wind erosion.

Mitigating risks of floods.

Preventing urbanization and suburbanization.

36

Site Surrounding Procession

Tally

1:7

3:5

5:3

37

“Situated Scheme”

Site Massachusets

Middlesex County

Over 250,000 students live in Greater Boston at any one time, with 54 colleges to boot. But just how did Boston become the education capital of the world?

The city of Cambridge is located on the north bank of the Charles River in Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., partly opposite Boston. Harvard College (now Harvard University ’s undergraduate school) was founded in 1636 as the site of New Towne by the Massachusetts Bay Company. A county seat was established in 1643 after Cambridge, England, was renamed in 1638. Undoubtedly, Cambridge’s old part (around Harvard Square) is one of the most significant symbols of American culture.

There is an important legacy of Boston education in the fact that it’s home to the oldest colleges in the country. In addition to training future leaders, Harvard has provided a high-quality education from its beginning. Other Boston colleges seemed to follow this theme. It is even home to Boston Latin, the country ’s oldest and first public school. These prominent organizations have shown that education has been valuable in Boston through the ages.

Due to this long-established history of the title, Boston has remained a global hub for education. Despite factors that may seem like they should deter younger populations, like Puritan Blue Laws that ban happy hours and an early curfew that closes bars at 1 a.m., students always return to the city. This continues to make Boston a very young city, an inviting place when deciding what institute of higher education you’ll choose.

38

Cambridge

Goose park Cambridge & Boston

39

Cambridge & Boston (selection)

Water Front Community

Boathouse Public Parks

40

Sailboat

Public Facility

Parking

Pedestrian Bridge

Nolii Analysis

The Nolii analysis allowed me to observe the urban fabric of the City of Cambridge & Boston. Through this, it became clear on site selection in relation to access for students and medical workers.

41

Site Visit

42

Vhicular Access

Parking Space

Walkable Aspect Bridge Connections to Site The site emergency access will incorporate the adjacent park parking lot as a means for siren parking in the close perimeter of the site. In addition, constructing a connection below the Boston University Bridge connecting the site with the park will serve a dual function for pedestrians & medical access.

43

Site Analysis

Sun Path

Existing Site Access Existing Exterior Path Existing Interior Path Existing Canoe Path Existing Site Topography

44

Site Plan

45

“ Visualizing Program” 46

Bubble Diagram The program is a basis representation of firmness, commodity, and delight, as they remain the essential components of the proposed project while translating the program into form.

By no means are all the details of the spaces represented below, yet they are taken into account in the overall physical, perceptual, directional, and interwoven areas, of the proposed project.

1

Charles River

2

Mechanical & Electrical

3

Reception &

4

Locker rooms

5

Balcony

6

Staircase & Elevator

7

Vestibule

8

Cafe & Lounge

9

Meditation Space

10

Office Space

11

Washrooms

12

Accesible Green Roof

6

Waiting

12

1

Roof

7 4

3 2

6

11

10 6

11 10

5

8

9

1

1

Grade

Below Grade

47

Floor Plans Ground Floor Plan L00 1. Exterior Pathway 2. Vestibule 3. Waiting Area 4. Reception Desk 5. Wet Bar & Break 6. Fire Staircase 7. Washroom 8. Elevator 9. Cafe 10. Storage 11. Back of Office 12. Lounge 13. Balcony

Boston University Bridge

“Final Design”

Memorial Drive

48

Memorial Drive

Below Grade Floor Plan L0-1 Meditaion Space Sliding Windows Outdoor Deck Fire Staircase Office Space Washroom Elevator Storage Mechanical & Electrical 10. Locker room 11. Private Units

Boston University Bridge

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

49

50

Boston University Bridge

“Schematic Design”

Memorial Drive

Roof Landscape Plan L01

Memorial Drive

Roof Plan L01 Fire Staircase Sheltered Arrival Designated Pathway Vegitated Recreationa Space

Boston University Bridge

1.

2.

3.

4.

51

Elevations & Sections North Elevation

25’

15’

0’

-15’

52

53

South Elevation

25’

15’

0’

-15’

54

55

Short Section S1

25’

15’

0’

-15’

56

57

East Elevation

25’

15’

0’

-15’

58

59

West Elevation

25’

15’

0’

-15’

60

61

Long Section S2

25’

15’

0’

-15’

62

63

Arrival 64

65

Lounge & Cafe 66

67

Central Inetrior Corridor 68

69

Intersection Moments 70

71

Overlooking Boston University Bridge & the Charles River 72

73

Bridge Connection 74

75

Exisitng Native Wildlife Preservation & Care 76

77

Multipurpose Magazine Beach Bridge Connection 78

79

Boston University Bridge Over the Charles River 80

81

Exterioir Pathway Procession Site Access 82

83

Exterioir Pathway 84

85

Returned Arrival 86

87

“Annotated Bibliografical”

Precedents in Architecture Analytic Diagrams Formative Ideas and Partis https://openlab.citytech.cuny.edu/arch-1210-spring-2013/files/2011/06/Precedents-in-Architecture-Analytic-Diagrams-Formative-Ideas-and-Partis.pdf Peter Zumthor “Therme Vals” https://zumthor.bjorkan.no/project/therme/ https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/thermas-vals/ https://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals Rudolf Arnheim “ Visual Thinking” https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/365660.Visual_Thinking Ann Sussman, Justin B Hollander “Cognitive Architecture : Designing for How We Respond to the Built Environment” https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/22254037-cognitive-architecture Terryl N. Kinder “Cistercian Europe: Architecture of Contemplation” https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/908000.Cistercian_Europe?from_ search=true&from_srp=true&qid=yDOILCkxj0&rank=2 Juhani Pallasmaa “The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses” https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/398621.The_Eyes_of_the_Skin?from_ search=true&from_srp=true&qid=37kN4gEWeo&rank=1 Jordan B. Peterson “Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief” https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/2218102.Maps_of_Meaning?from_ search=true&from_srp=true&qid=TUaW9MqKNX&rank=2 Immanuel Kant “Crituqe of Pure Reason” https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/18288 John Lobell, Louis I. Kahn “Between Silence and Light: Spirit in the Architecture of Louis I. Kahn” https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/4965129

88

“Gratitude”

This thesis would’ve not been possible without the support & guidance of my professors Ralph Jackson, Ian Taberner & Karen Nelson; I’m grateful to have been their student. Moreover, the faculty at Boston Architectural College has made my time there memorable.

Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to my family because, without their unconditional love, support, belief & faith in me, I would not be here today at the crown of my graduate degree. Words cannot describe what they mean to me.

Thank you

89

“Thank You”