Parametricism in the formation of environmentally responsive building skins

School of Architecture Delhi Technical Campus, Greater Noida.

Affiliated to – Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University ,Delhi.

PARAMETRICISM IN THE FORMATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIVE BUILDING SKINS

Submitted by:

KEVIN LU Enrollment no.

01018001613 Submitted to:

AR.TANYA GUPTA

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture

Batch:2013-2018 Date-22-12-2016

CERTIFICATE OF ACCEPTIBILITY COMPLETION OF RESEARCH WORK

Registered with

AR.TANYA GUPTA

Degree followed - Bachelor of Architecture

I hereby certify that Mr. / Ms. no. -

KEVIN LU . 01018001613

Enrollment is a registered student of the

Institute has completed his/her B. Arch Research Paper in accordance with the requirements as laid down by the department & as per GGIPU syllabus.

The work is acceptable for examination.

Title of Research Paper

Signature of Internal Guide (Name of Internal guide) Designation Architecture

Signature of Research Paper Coordinator (Ar. Sushma Garg) Prof.

Signature of HOD (Ar. Tanya Gupta) HOD, School of Delhi Technical

Campus(GGSIPU) Greater NOIDA

Date

.

Seal of Dept.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Research Paper presented here would not have been possible but for the guidance & support of Ar. Tanya Gupta, HOD, School of Architecture for extending her support & valuable guidance whenever wherever required.

AR.TANYA GUPTA

,Guide & mentor for her/his

relentless pursuit of high academic standards, the can-do attitude & imbibing professional ethics have helped this project meet high academic standards & professional working.

My parents who have taught me to strive for perfection in everything I do.

Any other person And also my friends & colleagues who were always around to help me.

Appreciation & gratitude is owed to them.

______________________.

Student (______________________) Batch Date _____________.

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Contents 1-INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.1-ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2-BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.3-NEED FOR THE STUDY .............................................................................................................. 9 1.4-Aim.......................................................................................................................................... 9 1.5-Objective ................................................................................................................................. 9 1.4Hypothesis................................................................................................................................ 9 1.5 METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.6-Scope .................................................................................................................................... 11 1.7Limitation ............................................................................................................................... 11 2.0 CONTEXT STUDY ........................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.HISTORY ................................................................................................................................ 12 2.2Heuristics................................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.1-Functional heuristics ....................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2-Formal heuristics ............................................................................................................ 13 2.3- Parametricism through the times.......................................................................................... 14 2.3.1-Proto Parametricism (1952-1992) ................................................................................... 14 2.3.1-Early Parametricism (1993-2008) .................................................................................... 14 2.3.2Parametricism 1.0 (2009-2014) ........................................................................................ 16 2.3.4-Parametricism 2.0 (2015- 2016) ...................................................................................... 17 2.4-Outlook ................................................................................................................................. 18 2.5- COMPARASON STUDIES ........................................................................................................ 19 2.5.1CASE 1 - Guggenheim museum in Bilbao ,Spain by Frank Owen Gehry.............................. 19 2.5.2CASE-2: Heydar Aliyev Center, Baku, Azerbaijan by Zaha Mohammad Hadid .................... 20 2.5.3-CASE 3: Parametricism by Patrik Schumacher.................................................................. 21 2.6 CONCLUSION OF SAMPLE STUDIES ......................................................................................... 22 3- Case study - Park Hotel Hyderabad,S.O.M.................................................................................... 23 Order of the Case study ................................................................................................................... 23 3.1-Brief of case study 3.2-National and state level location 3.3-location and surroundings 3.4- Landuse 3.5- parameters - program space type and solar orientation 3.6- quality of view n access daylight 3.7 cumulative effect n climate 3.8 - Climate n psychometric chart 3.9- Wind Season variation n Venturi effect Parame ters 3.10- Solar shading and shading analysis 3.11- Solar insulation and Sound sources 3.12 - Building acoustic response 3.13- Solar stress and visual sensitivity 3.14- facade design 3.15 - facade design detail

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Formulation of design 3.16 - Optimization 3.17 - geometry of facade 3.18- site pictures End result .......... 23 3.1- Brief of case study ................................................................................................................ 24 3.2-National and state level location ............................................................................................ 25 District Level Surroundings ...................................................................................................... 25 Neighborhood level site surrounding ........................................................................................... 27 3.5.1-Parameter 1- Space type and solar orientation ................................................................... 28 3.5.2 Parameter 2 - Quality of view and access of daylight ........................................................... 29 3.5.3 Parameter 3 - Cumulative effect and Climate ...................................................................... 30 4.2 National and State Level Location .......................................................................................... 43 4.3 Site Surrounding .................................................................................................................... 44 4.4 Location in the existing land use plan ..................................................................................... 45 4.5 Design Values ........................................................................................................................ 46 4.6 Site Plan ................................................................................................................................ 50 4.7 Roof Design of the Terminal ................................................................................................... 51 4.8 Symbolism- A Gateway to India.............................................................................................. 52 4.9 Canopy Design ....................................................................................................................... 53 4.10-A Hub of Energy Efficiency ................................................................................................... 54 4.12 Construction Photographs.................................................................................................... 56 4.13 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 57 5- Case study 4- Jet airways Head quarters ...................................................................................... 58 5.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 58 5.2Design Values ......................................................................................................................... 59 5.3-Building Skin Design ............................................................................................................... 60 5.4- Space Programming .............................................................................................................. 61 5.5-Surface Physical properties of modeled double wall glazing system ...................................... 62 5.6-Double skin facade as individual supply of preheated air ...................................................... 63 5.7Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 64 6-Case study - Hill County SEZ ,Hyderabad ,AP ................................................................................. 65 6.1-Abstract -form follows the sun ............................................................................................... 65 6.2 National level location ........................................................................................................... 65 6.3- Site Photographs .................................................................................................................. 66 6.4-Site location and surroundings............................................................................................... 66 6.4- Need for energy conservation ............................................................................................... 67

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6.5-Assumptions for the energy consumed by different components of the building .................. 69 6.6High Performance analysis and design process ....................................................................... 71 6.7- Climate analysis .................................................................................................................... 72 6.8- Day lighting for optimum lease span ..................................................................................... 73 6.9- Building massing ................................................................................................................... 74 6.10- Building massing plan ......................................................................................................... 76 6.11- Guiding parameters ............................................................................................................ 77 6.12- Building facade opening design ........................................................................................... 80 6.13 Energy consumption chart ................................................................................................... 81 6.13 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 83 7- ANALYSIS..................................................................................................................................... 84 Case study-1 conclusion............................................................................................................... 85 Case study 2 - conclusion ............................................................................................................. 85 case study 3 conclusion ............................................................................................................... 86 Case study 4 - conclusion ............................................................................................................. 87

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1-INTRODUCTION 1.1-ABSTRACT

"We Shape Our buildings and thereafter they shape us " -Winston Churchill Theories help Architecture to evolve and transform along the way of time .The theory of parametericism tends to drift away from the basics of modern architecture such as 'form follows function','purity of form'.and 'Structural honesty'.The study leads an analytical approach based on selected parameters .The parameters are based on design considerations inclusive of space programming ,solar orientation and quality of view .The observation derived from the study helps in critical appreciation of theories of Parametricism through the works of renowned architects .

The study shows how cultural programs and for sensitivity towards culture are integrated.

There is a continuous relationship between topography, building envelope and interiors.

Fluidity in form formation goes with the natural topography. It shows us how there is an interlink of parameters forming a web of information rich data which can be used to design and define facades for which are more environmentally responsive . Parametricism is a style within contemporary avant-garde architecture, promoted as a successor to post-modern architecture and modern architecture. The term was coined in 2008 by Patrik Schumacher, an architectural partner of Zaha Hadid (1950-2016).

Parametricism is a global architectural style that has converged rather than being invented.

Parametricism is architecture's answer to our computationally powered network society, representing a paradigmatic shift in architecture after the collapse of the hegemonic style of Modernism, in response to the global shift from the Modernist era of Fordism (mass production) to the Post-Fordist era (mass customization). The style continues to evolve in an increasingly complex and fluid network of global communications. Parametricism evolves with the advancing computational design and fabrication technologies. e.g. multi-agent computational systems, genetic algorithms and robotic fabrication. However, it is imperative to state that the emergence of a new style does not occur solely as the outcome of innovation in the technological arena. "The intelligence that is able to invent and think through such correlations is prior to its computational implementation. And, to a limited extent there can be "computation without computers".Despite the radical paradigmatic shift that Parametricism achieved in architecture, older styles of architecture continue to persist in the mainstream. However, it is the implicit (and in some cases explicit) aim of those working within the style of Parametricism to conquer the mainstream arena and see Parametricism evolve into a global best practice standard for architecture and the design disciplines.

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1.2-BACKGROUND 











 

This Style falls under contemporary Avant garde Architecture and is a successor to the post modern architecture .

Term "PARAMETRICISM" was coined by Patrick Schumacher in year of 2008 an architectural partner with Late Zaha Hadid( 1950-2016).

Parametricism=Parameters (constraints )+Ism (idea) So its based on the constraints which are present in a parametric equation .

The basis of Parametricism are computers ,programs and algorithms to manipulate equations for the purpose of design .

According to Schumacher the system is a self referential system in which all the elements are interlinked to one another and any outside influence which changes one alters all others .

Pametricism does not take up homogeniation (Serial repetition )and pure difference (agglomeration of unrelated elements )in favour of differentiation and corelation as key compositional values Main aim is to have a more spatial complex (while maintaining legibility ) This allows to translate architectural complexity of Contemporary life process in the global post Fordist network Society Fig1-The Kartal-Pendik master plan

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1.3-NEED FOR THE STUDY The need for the study in Parametricism is to know how architecture needs to be reframed .The desire for new technology driven march of progress. In today's context we need to know how to incorporate the information richness of data we can acquire to have more efficient and environmentally responsive designs .The definition of a Parametricism whether it is a Style which is epochal ,subsidiary or transitional is need to be known.

1.4-Aim "The

aim is to study the use of Parametricism in the formation of environmentally responsive building skins ."

The main aim to achieve with the use of Parametricism is to make a building more responsive to the present scenarios and the environment in which the building is placed .The use of technology to have quantities in the parameters which are used to measure the parameter which is being used for selection is very important as only then we can measure how much efficiency in terms of energy efficiency and design has been achieved .

1.5-Objective    

To define a process for integrated design derived from programmatic and environmental analysis To understand the evolution of Parametricism as the next level of Post modernism.

Building envelops impact on the surroundings To decipher a method which uses certain parameters for a particular project which become the basis for problem solving for that process and thus having the formulation of guidelines .

1.4Hypothesis The hypothesis to be attained is Parametricism as a solution for the future of architecture having methods in order to solve design problems with more efficiency and more expression.

The very use of technology helps to get a variety of options and also saves on the time for a more efficient design .

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1.5 METHODOLOGY

Literature review and background study

Objective formulation

Data Collection

Context Study

Literature study

Case Study

Sample studies -by Frank owen Gehry, Zaha Hadid , Patrick Schumarcher

   

Park hotel ,hyderabad Chattrapati Shivaji Airport ,Mumbai Hill County SEZ Jet Airways HQ,Mumbai

Analysis

Recommendation and conclusion

Guideline formation

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1.6-Scope  

The study of formation of façade development of a hotel which can also cover the typology of other building types such as museums ,cultural centers .

The Study of parameters such as space programming ,solar orientation and the quality of view can be applied in every case as the surroundings and the environment is totally different in each case .

1.7Limitation  

The study limits to the principles and the evolution and does not cover the technical algorithms used to make the interlink relation of different parameters.

The study also limits to the working of the material used in construction as its different in each case .

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2.0 CONTEXT STUDY 2.1.HISTORY Parametricism emerged as a theory-driven avant-garde design movement in the early 1990s, with its earliest practitioners - Greg Lynn, Jesse Reiser, Lars Spuybroek, Kas Oosterhuis among many others – harnessing and adapting the then new digital animation software and other advanced computational processes that had been introduced within architecture much earlier by pioneers like John Frazer and Paul Coates, but that only spread to make an impact within avant-garde architecture in the last 10–15 years.

Schumacher has said that he believes the work of Frei Otto (1925 - 2015) is a precursor of Parametricism, as Frei "used physical processes as simulations and design engines to 'find' form rather than to draw conventional or invented forms. The inherent lawfulness of the engaged physical processes produced a combination of complexity, rigor and elegance that was otherwise unattainable. The power and beauty of this approach

Greg Lynn, Embryological House Early instances of proto-Parametricism, as manifest through the prolific generation of innovative designs and radical experiments within the transitional styles of Deconstructivism and Folding - including the work of the discipline’s discourse leaders such as Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, Rem Koolhaas, Wolf D. Prix, Bernard Tschumi, and Daniel Libeskind -were later radicalized by younger practitioners who matured in the context of these early practices, and stabilized the discipline around prolonged research programmes thriving on emerging digital technologies, and culminating in the emergence of Parametricism.

Parametricism co-evolved with the global shift from the Modernist era of Fordism (mass production) to the Post-Fordist era (mass customization) of contemporary global society, and continues to evolve in an increasingly complex and fluid network of global societal communication systems.

Parametricism offers advantages over styles that cannot (because they were never intended to) resonate and respond to the complexity and rapid fluidity of today’s society. Despite the persistence of styles such as modernism, minimalism, postmodernism, historicism and deconstructivism, a hard core of continuous innovation in research and building has stabilized around the new heuristics of Parametricism, and is continuing to proliferate the new style in academic and practice domains worldwide.

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2.2Heuristics Parametricism offers functional and formal heuristics based on set of general abstract rules distilled from a very complex ecosystem of sustained avant-garde design research that spans over twenty five years of continuous innovative communication. Parametricism achieves elegance in both senses of the word – it is unified (compact) and beautiful (vital).

2.2.1-Functional heuristics

The functional heuristics of Parametricism include both Negative Principles and Positive Principles that have evolved since the mid-1990s across many projects worldwide, and that together constitute unifying heuristics. The Negative Principles include the avoidance of functional stereotypes (i.e. prescriptive program typologies), and the avoidance of segregative functional zoning (i.e. impermeable separation spaces according to single function allocation). The Positive Principles include the networking of parametric activity/event scenarios, and the communication of all spaces, activities and events.

2.2.2-Formal heuristics

Similar to the Functional heuristics, there are unified Formal heuristics distinguishing Parametricism from other styles of architecture. The Negative Principles include the avoidance of rigid forms that lack malleability; the avoidance of simple repetition that lacks variety; and the avoidance of collage of isolated and unrelated elements that result in a lack of order. The Positive Principles include the intelligent information-rich deformation of soft forms; differentiation of all systems through gradients, thresholds and singularities; and interdependent correlation of all systems.

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2.3- Parametricism through the times 2.3.1-Proto Parametricism (1952-1992)

Throughout his career, Frei Otto conducted research focused on constructing light-weight, tensile structures through form-finding physical models that performed analog "material computation". This work is regarded as the precursor to Parametricism. His design for the Olympic Stadium, Munich, built for the 1972 Summer Olympics, is a celebrated example of highly innovative lightweight tent construction, designed in collaboration with the architect GĂźnther Behnisch.

Munich Olympic Stadium (Frei Otto and GĂźnther Behnisch, 1972) 2.3.1-Early Parametricism (1993-2008)

Beyond the discursive paradigm shifts that led to the emergence of Parametricism, the ambition of the early built projects (1993-2008) was focused on adapting and innovating manufacturing and construction processes, upgrading the discipline's capacity to translate complex digital designs into constructible material assemblies.

One of the earliest built examples, Lars Spuybroek's (NOX-Magazine) Water Pavilion (19931997), was the first building to utilize sensors throughout the interior, creating an interactive environment (also known as responsive architecture) where light and sound could be transformed by visitors. It was praised by the renowned architecture critic Charles Jencks as "yet to be surpassed" in his book The New Paradigm of Architecture.

The Water Pavilion (Lars Spuybroek, 1993-1997)

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Among the most critically acclaimed and stylistically defining of the earliest projects is the Yokohama International Passenger Terminal (1995-2002), designed by Foreign Office Architects, FOA, headed by Farshid Moussavi and Alejandro Zaera-Polo. The project was praised for its "inventive architectural methodology and socially conscious thinking". The project broke new ground, both formally and socially, enriching a prominent shared urban space.

Yokohama International Passenger Terminal (Foreign Office Architects, 1995-2002

Among the most celebrated and stylistically defining of the early built projects is the Phaeno Science Center in Wolfsburg, Germany, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects starting in 2000. The building opened to the public in 2005, and has been described as a "hypnotic work of architecture - the kind of building that utterly transforms our vision of the future." It won a 2006 RIBA European Award, and the 2006 Institution of Structural Engineers Award for Arts, Leisure and Entertainment Structures.

Phaeno Science Center (Zaha Hadid Architects, 2000-2005)

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2.3.2Parametricism 1.0 (2009-2014)

The most complex and important built projects designed in the style of Parametricism were completed after the global financial crisis of 2008.

Coop Himmelb(l)au's Dalian International Conference Center in Dalian, Liaoning, China, was completed in 2012. It has become "an instantly recognizable landmark" and "centerpiece of emerging Central Business District in the city of Dalian, bringing a parametric design to the edge of the Bay of Korea. The dynamically fluid, modulated vector field articulated on the exterior enclosure correlates the level and direction of natural light penetration to the organizational spatial distribution of the interior spaces.

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Terminal 2 in Mumbai, India, designed by Skidmore Owings and Merrill and completed in 2014, serves over 40 million people yearly.

The terminal is designed to accommodate traditional Indian departure and arrival ceremonies, and the complex veriagated patterns incorporated in the architecture at all scales are reminiscent of native regional patterns.

Dalian International Conference Center (Coop Himmelb(l)au, 2008-2012)

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2.3.4-Parametricism 2.0 (2015- 2016)

Examples of projects that fit the Parametricism 2.0 paradigm and are currently in the design phase include Google's California Headquarters by Bjarke Ingels (BIG) and Thomas Heatherwick (Heatherwick Studio), Beijing New Airport Terminal Building in Beijing China

by Zaha Hadid Architects - which will be the world's biggest airport terminal, Harbin Cultural Center in Haerbin, Heilongjiang, China by MAD Studio, and Earthly Pond Service Center International Horticultural Exposition by HHD-FUN.

Google's California Headquarters by Bjarke Ingels (BIG)

3 Beijing New Airport Terminal Building in Beijing China by Zaha Hadid Architects

Dongdaemun Design Plaza at night(Zaha Hadid Architects,2009-2014)

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2.4-Outlook Parametricism is a global architectural style that has converged rather than being invented.Parametricism is architecture's answer to our computationally powered network society, representing a paradigmatic shift in architecture after the collapse of the hegemonic style of Modernism, in response to the global shift from the Modernist era of Fordism (mass production) to the Post-Fordist era (mass customization). The style continues to evolve in an increasingly complex and fluid network of global communications. Parametricism evolves with the advancing computational design and fabrication technologies. e.g. multi-agent computational systems, genetic algorithms and robotic fabrication. However, it is imperative to state that the emergence of a new style does not occur solely as the outcome of innovation in the technological arena. "The intelligence that is able to invent and think through such correlations is prior to its computational implementation. And, to a limited extent there can be "computation without computers". Despite the radical paradigmatic shift that Parametricism achieved in architecture, older styles of architecture continue to persist in the mainstream. However, it is the implicit (and in some cases explicit) aim of those working within the style of Parametricism to conquer the mainstream arena and see Parametricism evolve into a global best practice standard for architecture and the design disciplines.

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2.5- COMPARASON STUDIES 2.5.1CASE 1 - Guggenheim museum in Bilbao ,Spain by Frank Owen Gehry

The Guggenheim museum in Spain is the very first examples of Deconstructivism .The museum belogs to Solomon R.Guggenheim foundation . It is an example of modern and contemporary art designed by the Canadian American Architect Frank Owen Gehry .It was inaugurated in 1997 and its construction was finished in time and budget ,which is quite a rare type of scenario in such type of architecture ."the greatest building of our time " are the words of Architect Philip Johnson .The full aesthetic quality has been fullfilled by three materials which are limestone ,titanium and glass .The functional requirement decides where the material is to be used for example Titanium cladding is used for cladding galleries ,limestone for public facilities and glass is used to insulate both acoustically and thermally .

The Museum is integrated into the city in terms of heights and the use of the materials ,also has a sculputral roofscape responsive to the city's undulating . The building is built around a centralaxis, it has load bearing walls and ceilings. In 2001 it received the Outstanding Structure Award. It is situated on a plot of 32,500 m2, of which 24,000 m2 are occupied by building. 9,066 m2 areas is devoted to exhibition spaces. The nineteen galleries and ten galleries follow a classic orthogonal plan and irregular shape and both can be easily identified from outside by their exteriors such as stone finish and swirling organic forms and titanium cladding respectively. Exhibition spaces are columns free which given flexibility in display.

Architect is inspired by the shape and texture of a fish. Therefore, the museum can be said as ‘work of art’ or the ‘sculpture’ in itself. The museum exhibits the works by Spanish and international artists. The socio-economic impact of the museum was too deep in the city.

After opening it became the popular tourist attraction with visitors around the globe. In the initial 3 years almost 4 million tourists visited the museum and generated almost 500 million in profit. Therefore, the "Bilbao effect" refers to how the museum transformed the city itself.

Even today the Museum remains an iconic structure for its complexity and form.

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2.5.2CASE-2: Heydar Aliyev Center, Baku, Azerbaijan by Zaha Mohammad Hadid

The building is designed by the famous Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid after the competition in 2007. She is known as “queen of curve”. She has received the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2004 and the Stirling Prize in 2010 and 2011. She is internationally famous for both her theoretical and academic work. After graduating in 1977 she opened her own architectural firm in 1980 which was a big challenge. Frank Gehry describes the architect as "an extraordinary force of nature", while designer Donna Karan heaps praise on her "female sensibility" and "goddess's touch". Her thinking about spatial issues sets her apart from the crowd; her firm has 350 employees and has handled 950 projects in over 44 countries. She pushes the boundaries of architectural and urban design with new spatial concepts integrating the urban landscapes. She works in various fields of design ranging from urban scale to interiors, product design and furniture design. The building is designed for nation’s cultural programs and for sensitivity towards culture. There is a continuous relationship between topography, building envelope and interiors. Fluidity in form formation goes with the natural topography. Space frame structures are used for construction asthey provide column free spaces. It has incorporated urban fabric and tradition Azeri culture. The centre is designed to express the sensibilities of Azeri culture through the spaces and the builtform. The form of the centre merges with the landscape and its natural topography. The functional spaces and the built form are created by folds in a single continuous surface. The free flowing form has given an opportunity for interconnected cultural spaces. The building has become a signature landmark because of its innovative design and has created its own identity. Glass fibre reinforced concrete and Glass fibre reinforced polyester were used as ideal cladding materials. Architect has done studies on surface geometry for establishing the building in the given context. Lighting has been given a due care to merge with the fluidity within the interior and exterior of the building.

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2.5.3-CASE 3: Parametricism by Patrik Schumacher

Patrik Schumacher and Zaha Hadid has explored the possibilities of parametric design.

Parametricism is a new style after modernism, reveals in all scales from architecture, interior design to urban design. Parametric design is the latest development in CAD software, and refers to the inclusion of parametric data embedded within 3D objects (i.e., all the parameters, such as height, depth, thicknesses, weight, and even attributes such as model numbers and materials). The objective of such technology is to reduce drafting time caused by having to make multiple corrections and additions to multiple drawing files, which is common in regular CAD software, such as Autocad .Some of its principles are soft forms, communication between activities whereas negatives are lack of zoning, lack of repetition and rigid forms. Architects are able to do the in-depth study of materials, structure properties, form formation and so on with the help of parametric software. Before becoming up of this software architectural design was an evolution whereas today it has become a generative and reactive process. Such tools also bring complexity in design issues and require deeper understanding of geometry, mathematics.

Schumacher added: ‘Parametricism is a fundamental rethinking of the primary constituting elements of architecture… It is not just one of many tribes, even empirically. It is the largest of the movements and directions [within architecture] and the only truly innovative one in terms of offering design solutions and in terms of making an impact on the built environment’.

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2.6 CONCLUSION OF SAMPLE STUDIES Theories proved that Architecture is in a continuous process of evolution from handmade drawings to software drawing. Sketching plays a main role in architecture as conceptual designs are conceived during the initial stage only. There is a co-ordination in the development of deign between sketching and the thinking process but takes its own time.

Whereas software’s skips initial stages of sketching and are quite fast in delivery but requires sound knowledge of geometry and mathematics. For analytical study architectural designs of selected architects, few parameters have been established such as understanding their philosophy, ideas and inspirations, and aspects such as functional, spatial, structural, material, aesthetics, economics, user, socio-cultural and sustainability. But all these parameters change with time and technology available. Each architect has its own way of interpretation and analyzing various solutions for a single problem. Deconstructivism, developed since 1960, has in the advent of time, proved itself and is supported by very strong aspects like formgeneration, functionality, material and construction technology with structural logic.

Whereas, Parametricism, on the other hand which is a new style developed since 1990s, has yet to be established in terms of material, construction and structural logic. The psychological and social acceptance by the users yet remains to be answered. Parametricim is the step ahead of Deconstructivism in terms of technology, geometry, mathematics, speed of construction and societal aspect. Sustainability and innovation plays a major role in both the theories and thus are avant-gardes of their time. The future of architecture lies in the hands of educators as to how they teach- interact with the younger generation and how the viewers perceive the architectural designs.

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3- Case study - Park Hotel Hyderabad,S.O.M Order of the Case study 3.1-Brief of case study 3.2-National and state level location 3.3-location and surroundings 3.4- Landuse 3.5- parameters - program space type and solar orientation 3.6- quality of view n access daylight 3.7 cumulative effect n climate 3.8 - Climate n psychometric chart 3.9- Wind Season variation n Venturi effect Parameters 3.10- Solar shading and shading analysis 3.11- Solar insulation and Sound sources 3.12 - Building acoustic response 3.13- Solar stress and visual sensitivity 3.14- facade design 3.15 - facade design detail Formulation of design 3.16 - Optimization 3.17 - geometry of facade 3.18- site pictures

End

result

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3.1- Brief of case study The Park Hotel at Hyderabad, a 270 room flagship property of The Park Hotels' collection of boutique hotels is one of the finest luxury hotels in Hyderabad. The hotel's contemporary design derives succor from Hyderabad's traditional lineage as a historical nerve centre and a modern day capital of design and production of precious stones and rich textiles. The breathtaking facade references jewelry settings and metal reminiscent of the Nizam's legendary jewellery collection, evokes passion of the era gone-by, and sets the royal ambiance of this Hyderabad hotel.

The unique perforated metal exterior has been inspired by the 'Jalis' of old Indian palaces, while the naturally illuminated, indulgently luxurious interiors reflect traditions of patterning, craftsmanship and style to carve a niche of exclusivity at this hotel in Hyderabad. With a jewel tuned palette and custom installations, lighting and furniture in the rooms and suites, all inspired by the legendary jewels of the Nizams, every guest would feel like royalty.

This Hyderabad hotel brings to you exceptional spaces; from the varied range of rooms and suites to choose from to the choicest of lounges, hippest of restaurants and other areas of absolute entertainment. The array of facilities, services and recreational options added to the fantastic location of being right in the heart of the leading business and pulsating city, guests at The Park are guaranteed to have a truly inspired stay.

View of park hotel from outside

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3.2-National and state level location Park hotel ,Hyderabad Location-22, Raj Bhavan Road, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana 500082 website theparkhotels.com phone number 040 4499 0000

District Level Surroundings

The hotel is located near the hussain sagar lake of hyderabad .

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Surrounding areas include the Hussain sagar in the front of the hotel ,the lake is the centre of attraction in this area and therefore is surrounded by hotels ,the north east side has the general bazaar and the KBR national park is located towards the west .

The area of the hotel falls under the land use for the commercial zone and most of the major areas is covered by commercial Zone .

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Neighborhood level site surrounding

Building Acoustics Hotels are places for resting, sleeping, meeting and working. The requirement of these applications and activities provides the basis for architectural acoustic standards and isolation design in hotels.

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3.5.1-Parameter 1- Space type and solar orientation

Space type programming

In the above diagram red color shows the service cores ,blue shows the room bays and green is the outdoor area

Solar Orientation The key to design a passive solar building is to best take advantage of the local climate performing an accurate site analysis. Elements to be considered include window placement and size, and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading.

Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings .The darker shades of yellow signify less sunlight while the lighter shades have more sunlight hence more solar heat gain .

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3.5.2 Parameter 2 - Quality of view and access of daylight

Quality of view 77

The quality of view of the rooms facing towards the Hussain Sagar Lake have a better quality of the view as compared to the rooms which do not face the natural landscape.

The rooms with quality view have been demarcated by dark blue lines whereas the rooms with lesser view have been marked with the lighter shades of blue .

Access of daylight The access of daylight of the building are determined by the shape of the building .

The side which are open have greater accessibility of light than compared to the sides which are closed .

The sides which have greater access of light have been marked with light shades of grey and the sides with lesser access of light are marked with darker shades of grey .

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3.5.3 Parameter 3 - Cumulative effect and Climate

Cumulative effect The following diagram sows the cumulative effect of all the parameters which are taken into place such as the space programming ,quality of view ,access of daylight and solar orientation Psychrometric Chart Location - Hyderabad ,India Display of Mean monthly maximum /Minimum comfort :Direct Evaporative cooling

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Venturi effect The system utilizes Bernoulli's Principle which states that in fluid flow ,an increase in the velocity occurs simultaneously with decrease in pressure ,This principle is the simplification of Bernoulli's equation which states that the sum of all forms of energy along an enclosed path Roof geometry helps to mitigate heat generated from facade and preserve microclimate

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The parts with the dark shades receive less heat and the parts with the warm colors are more cold with the current building form

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Program Diagram

Interior daylight - over exposed glare -Each guest room with a glazed facade was tested with Radiance ,an advanced ray- trace lighting simulation tool ,to provide the designers with highly accurate photometric data .The environment was over exposed to light and glare from the harsh Indian sun and subject to solar passive heat gain .This was a critical step in understanding how light would need to be reflected in order to reduce glare and promote cooling.

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Solar Orientation

Program Space type -

-Proper shading for direct sunlight

Concealing core concrete wall

-Use of Indirect daylight

-Selective opening for service

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Scale of the jali in accordance with the scale

Different options of the elevation treatments in accordance with different scales generated by simulations .

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Sectional view showing the how the skin is being attached to the building

Facade Perforation Detail .

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Sectional details of the building skin and below the fabrication of the skin in workshop

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Conclusion Space type Solar Quality of programming orientation view and access of daylight

Climate

Building acoustic response

Project type Functional requirements

Roof geometry helps to mitigate heat generated from facade and preserve microclimate

The acoustical design of hotels encompasses a wide variety of issues including control of exterior noise, control of noise from plumbing, HVAC and elevators, sound isolation between guestrooms, isolation of music from entertainment areas, room acoustics of ballrooms and meeting rooms and effective design of movable walls.

Elements to be considered include window Program Space type placement and size, and glazing Concealing core type, thermal concrete wall insulation, -Selective opening thermal mass, for service and shading.

Solar Orientation -Proper Shading for direct sunlight -use of indirect sunlight

The access of daylight of the building are determined by the shape of the building .

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4- Case study 2- Chatrapati Shivaji Airport 4.1-Brief of case study Abstract The new Integrated Terminal Building a t Mumbai’s Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport combines international and domestic operations at one of the busiest airports in India.

The 410 000 m2 building, being constructed at the site of the existing terminal, will achieve a capacity of 40 million passengers per annum upon completion in 2014.

The primary design feature of the building is a long-span roof covering a total of 70 000 m2 over various functional requirements, making it one of the largest roofs in the world without an expansion joint. The Headhouse Roof, supported by only 30 columns spaced at 64 m in the North–South direction and at 34 m in the East–West direction, produces a large columnfree space ideal for an airport. By increasing the depth of the trusses near the columns and running trusses in both an orthogonal grid and a 45° grid, large spacing and cantilevers of 40 m along the perimeter are achieved with an overall truss depth of only 4 m. In response to site constraints and proximity of the existing operational terminal building, the mega-columns are also designed to serve as hoist mechanisms s uch that the entire roof can be constructed without tower cranes. The Terminal Building also includes the largest and longest cable wall system in the world. The structural studies completed include solid finite element analysis of connections to optimize material efficiency. Furthermore, the structural design prioritizes modular construction for economy and facilitation of an accelerated construction schedule.

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4.2 National and State Level Location

National level location

The new iconic Terminal 2, is India’s first and most advanced vertical passenger terminal that integrates world class design, architecture, infrastructure and operational efficiency, with a rich infusion of Indian heritage and cultural character. The transformation of CSIA, a brown-field project, is a one-of-its-kind unique infrastructural project in the world, unlike any other airport development projects. With a vision to become one of the world’s best airports, GVK has been continuously and consistently upgrading CSIA to an airport that delights its guests by offering best in class comfort and convenience.

Art and Culture The T2 is home to India’s largest public art programme, titled ‘Jaya He’, in the form of a 3.2 km multi-storey Art Wall, illuminated by skylights, that has over 5000 pieces of artwork and artifacts from every region & corner of India.

State Level Location

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4.3 Site Surrounding The site is surrounded by residential area around it and hotels are also there to serve international and national guests .

In the north side there is the JW Mariot hotel with industrial estates adjacent ,the west has the SAHAR village followed by CPWD colony .

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4.4 Location in the existing land use plan The Land Use plan shows that the site is in the built up area region .

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4.5 Design Values The following pages present the values that have informed the design of the new terminal and the total experience we wish our customers to enjoy. Please take the time to reflect on them and consider how you might be able to bring them to life in all aspects of the project .

A Flexible Footprint The construction site of the new terminal building was located in close proximity to the existing terminal which had to remain fully operational during construction. This site requirement inspired the elongated X-shaped plan of the terminal, which could both mould around existing structures and incorporate modular designs to accommodate rapid and phased construction. This innovative form also allows for the consolidation of important passenger processing, baggage handling, and retail/dining functions at the centre of the terminal. On each floor, radiating piers permit the shortest possible walking distances from the centre of the terminal to boarding areas, while also maximizing the terminal's perimeter for aircraft gates.

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Architectural renders

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Domestic departures Once passengers have passed through security and drop down to Level 3 they will enter the domestic departure lounge (SHA).

Retail outlets surround a central seating area which will also have a selection of food outlets and retail kiosks located in it. Half way through the departure lounge passengers will be signed to the gates located to the North East and North West Piers. Passengers who are departing from the southern domestic gates will pass through the length of the lounge where there are located more shops and food outlets as well as a food court located against the South facade.

International departures Having checked in, passed through security and emigration, passengers enter the International Departures Lounge (SHA) through a walk-through duty free shop.

Immediately on entering the lounge, there is a fashion zone surrounding two niche food & beverage units. The departure lounge opens up with shops surrounding a central landscaped seating area encompassing a range of food & beverage units as well as a variety of retail kiosks. At the end of the lounge is a food court with seating overlooking the apron with further bars and restaurants on the exit from the lounge towards the departure gates

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Circulation pattern

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4.6 Site Plan Although the terminal is four storey's, interconnecting light slots and multi-storey light wells ensure that light penetrates into the lower floors of the building, acting as a constant reminder of the surrounding city and landscape. At dusk, illuminated from within, the terminal glows like a sculpted chandelier.

Design concepts used in the the interiors of the airport

The check-in hall leads to a retail hub - a common space that allows passengers to shop, eat, and watch planes take off though expansive, floor-to-ceiling windows. Centrally located at the junction of the concourses and the terminal core, these commercial plazas provide a focal point of activity in close proximity to the gates. Within these spaces and throughout the concourses, culturally referential fixtures and details, such as custom chandeliers inspired by the lotus flower and traditional mirror mosaic work created by local artists, ground the traveler to a community and culture beyond the airport. Regional artwork and artifacts are displayed on a central, multi-storey Art Wall, illuminated by skylights above. The prevalence of local art and culture, coupled with the use of warm colours and elegant accents, elevates the ambience of terminal beyond the typical, often unimaginative airport experience.

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4.7 Roof Design of the Terminal The terminal's roof - one of the largest in the world without an expansion joint - ensures further terminal flexibility. The long-span capabilities of the steel truss structure allow for the spacing of the thirty 130-foot columns to be far enough apart to not only give a feeling of openness to the large processing areas below but also to allow for maximum flexibility in the arrangement of ticket counters and other necessary processing facilities.

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4.8 Symbolism- A Gateway to India All international and domestic passengers enter the terminal headhouse on the fourth floor, accessed from a sweeping elevated road. At the entrance, the lanes split, making room for wide drop-off curbs with ample space for traditional Indian departure ceremonies. From the moment of arrival, the terminal embraces travellers. Above, the headhouse roof extends to cover the entire arrivals roadway, protecting passengers and their guests from Mumbai's heat and unpredictable monsoon weather. A 50-foot-tall glass cable-stayed wall - the longest in the world - opens to the soaring space of the check-in hall. The transparent facade also allows accompanying well-wishers, who must remain outside of the terminal due to Indian aviation regulations, to watch as their friends and family depart.

"We designed an airport that is intimately connected to its surroundings," said SOM partner Roger Duffy. "By subtly incorporating regional patterns and textures at all scales, Terminal 2 resonates with a sense of place and serves as a spectacular symbol for India and Mumbai."

But just as the terminal celebrates a new global, high-tech identity for Mumbai, the structure is imbued with responses to the local setting, history, and culture. Gracious curbside drop-off zones designed for large parties of accompanying well-wishers accommodate traditional Indian arrival and departure ceremonies. Regional patterns and textures are subtly integrated into the terminal's architecture at all scales. From the articulated coffered treatment on the headhouse columns and roof surfaces to the intricate jali window screens that filter dappled light into the concourses, Terminal 2 demonstrates the potential for a modern airport to view tradition a new.

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4.9 Canopy Design The panelled cells of the canopy spanning this new airport terminal in Mumbai was designed by American firm SOM to reference both the open-air pavilions of traditional Indian architecture and the arrangement of feathers in a peacock's tail (+ slideshow).

The check-in hall is located on the upper level of the four-storey terminal, directly beneath the perforated ceiling, which was created using glass-fibre-reinforced gypsum panels.

This canopy is supported by 30 tapered columns that are punctured with similar recesses, creating a decorative pattern of openings that are infilled with coloured glazing to allow light to filter through the space.

"The monumental spaces created beneath the 30 mushrooming columns call to mind the airy pavilions and interior courtyards of traditional regional architecture," said the design team.

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4.10-A Hub of Energy Efficiency Terminal 2 uses a high-performance glazing system with a custom frit pattern to achieve optimal thermal performance and mitigate glare. Perforated metal panels on the terminal's curtain wall filter the low western and eastern sun angles, creating a comfortable day-lit space for waiting passengers, and responsive daylight controls balance outdoor and indoor light levels for optimal energy savings. Strategically-placed skylights throughout the check-in hall will reduce the terminal's energy usage by 23%.

At Terminal 2, modern materials and technologies are used to powerful effect. But while cutting-edge strategies set a new standard for sustainable, modern airport design, the terminal is as much a showpiece of the history and traditions of India and Mumbai as it is an unprecedented structural and technological achievement. Rising from the Mumbai cityscape, Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport celebrates both India's rich cultural heritage and the country's increasingly global future.

A 900-metre long glass wall with a gridded cable frame provides the hall's facade. The decorative canopy extends beyond the walls to offer protection from both intense heat and monsoons, but also creates an area where Indian departure ceremonies can take place.

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4.11Constructon Details

Figure a-

Figure b

Figure C

Fig. 5: (a) Cable wall plan and support conditions; (b) Headhouse Roof and cable wall wind tunnel study model; (c) cable wall structural analysis model with back-up systems Fig. 6: Three-dimensional solid finite element analysis model of column pod top node connection: (a) three-dimensional finite element mesh of column pod top node; (b) fi nite element von Mises stress results of column pod top node (N/m2)

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4.12 Construction Photographs

Fig. 4: Headhouse Ro of construction photographs: top, terminal buil ding panorama; Headhouse roof to left, May 2012; middle, Headhouse Roof over departure level roadway, February 2012; bottom, stages of column pod installation Concluding Remarks The design of the Terminal Building placed a high priority on material efficiency and ease of construction. All parts of the building utilized repetitive, modular designs that accommodate construction phasing and permit rapid construction. Ensuring the stability of the individual portions of the Terminal Building throughout the phased construction was an important consideration in selecting the building ’s structural systems. Construction of Phase 1 began in 2008 and was completed in early 2012. By November 2013, both Phases 1 and 2 of the Terminal Building are expected to be fully operational, and at that time the remaining portion of the existing terminal l is to be demolished and construction will begin on Phase 3, the gate areas on the eastern pier. Upon completion in 2014, the terminal will serve 40 million passengers per annum.

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4.13 Conclusion Design values Flexible foot print Circulation pattern Concepts used in the interior design Roof design -(Large open free space

Symbolism

culturally referential fixtures and details, such as custom chandeliers inspired by the lotus flower and traditional mirror mosaic work created by local artists, ground the traveler to a community and culture beyond the airport.

Energy efficiency Terminal 2 uses a highperformance glazing system with a custom frit pattern to achieve optimal thermal performance and mitigate glare

Construction

5: (a) Cable wall plan and support conditions; (b) Headhouse Roof and cable wall wind tunnel study model; (c) cable wall structural analysis model with back-up systems

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5- Case study 4- Jet airways Head quarters

5.1 Abstract The new Jet Airways Headquarters conveys a dynamic and contemporary identity for a young airline that is committed to technology, service, and progress. The state-of-the-art facility provides office and meeting spaces designed for flexibility and easy reconfiguration.

Sustainable innovations earned the project a LEED® Gold rating.

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5.2Design Values Solar angles on each direction of the building can be calculated by placing the sun path diagram .

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5.3-Building Skin Design Layers of various materials are used in the skin to have optimal design while achieving the purpose .Key concepts Aesthetics ,block radiation ,redirect daylight ,block

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5.4- Space Programming

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5.5-Surface Physical properties of modeled double wall glazing system

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5.6-Double skin facade as individual supply of preheated air

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5.7Conclusion Design values

Solar heat gain

Building design space programming

Space programming of head quaters

The solar heat gain is measure using the sun path diagram corresponding to the given area

The building space requirements in accordance with the functional needs of the building

Surface physical properties of module double glazing wall Energy in n out Absorbtivity and emmisivity Emmitence and refletance of the materials used in the facade

Double skin facade as individual supply of pre heated air

Layers of various materials are used in the skin to have optimal design while achieving the purpose .Key concepts Aesthetics ,block radiation ,redirect daylight ,block

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6-Case study - Hill County SEZ ,Hyderabad ,AP

6.1-Abstract -form follows the sun

This project has been solved for daylight reducing loads ,enhancement of occupant comfort and perfomance (Visual ) ,Heat gains and losses through conduction ,convection and radiation and occupant comfort

6.2 National level location

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6.3- Site Photographs

6.4-Site location and surroundings

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6.4- Need for energy conservation

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6.5-Assumptions for the energy consumed by different components of the building

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6.6High Performance analysis and design process

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6.7- Climate analysis

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6.8- Day lighting for optimum lease span

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6.9- Building massing

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6.10- Building massing plan

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6.11- Guiding parameters

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6.12- Building facade opening design

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6.13 Energy consumption chart

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6.13 Conclusion

Need for energy conservation

High performance design and analysis

Climate analysis

Climate

Reduce Energy Traditional jali Consumption Enhance Quality of Space & Occupant Comfort Reduce Maintenance and Enhance Longevity of Buildings Reduce Dependence on Unreliable Infrastructure

Design Buildings comprise of Orientation 76% of total Facade design electricity consumption in the US •Between 1990 and 2000, India’s carbon emissions increased 62%

Facade design inspiration

Optimum fin angle

Using the sun path diagram optimum fin angle is taken out

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7- ANALYSIS

Learning objectives 

Defining a Process for Integrated Design

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Deriving from Environmental & Programmatic Analysis

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Simulations: Applying the Right Tools



Building Envelope’s Impact on Indoor Environment/Comfort

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Conjunctive Design of Building Envelope and Systems

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Passive & Active Façade Technologies

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Designing Globally

     

OVERALL DESIGN GOALS: AESTHETIC PROGRAMMATIC/ FUNCTIONAL EFFICIENCY STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY PERFORMANCE ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACHIEVING COMFORT CRITERIA

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Case study-1 conclusion

Space type Solar programming orientation

Quality of view and access of daylight

Climate

Building acoustic response

Project type Functional requirements

The access of daylight of the building are determined by the shape of the building .

Roof geometry helps to mitigate heat generated from facade and preserve microclimate

The acoustical design of hotels encompasses a wide variety of issues including control of exterior noise, control of noise from plumbing, HVAC and elevators, sound isolation between guestrooms, isolation of music from entertainment areas, room acoustics of ballrooms and meeting rooms and effective design of movable walls.

Program Space type Concealing core concrete wall -Selective opening for service

Elements to be considered include window placement and size, and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading.

Solar Orientation -Proper Shading for direct sunlight -use of indirect sunlight

Case study 2 - conclusion Design values Flexible foot print Circulation pattern Concepts used in the interior design Roof design -(Large open free space

Symbolism

culturally referential fixtures and details, such as custom chandeliers inspired by the lotus flower and traditional mirror mosaic work created by local artists, ground the traveler to a

Energy efficiency Terminal 2 uses a highperformance glazing system with a custom frit pattern to achieve optimal thermal performance and mitigate glare

Construction

5: (a) Cable wall plan and support conditions; (b) Headhouse Roof and cable wall wind tunnel study model; (c) cable wall structural analysis model with back-up

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community and culture beyond the airport.

systems

case study 3 conclusion Design values

Solar heat gain

Building design space programming

Space programming of head quaters

The solar heat gain is measure using the sun path diagram corresponding to the given area

The building space requirements in accordance with the functional needs of the building

Surface physical properties of module double glazing wall Energy in n out Absorbtivity and emmisivity Emmitence and refletance of the materials used in the facade

Double skin facade as individual supply of pre heated air

Layers of various materials are used in the skin to have optimal design while achieving the purpose .Key concepts Aesthetics ,block radiation ,redirect daylight ,block

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Case study 4 - conclusion Need for energy conservation

High performance design and analysis

Climate analysis

Climate

Reduce Energy Traditional jali Consumption Enhance Quality of Space & Occupant Comfort Reduce Maintenance and Enhance Longevity of Buildings Reduce Dependence on Unreliable Infrastructure

Design Buildings comprise of Orientation 76% of total Facade design electricity consumption in the US •Between 1990 and 2000, India’s carbon emissions increased 62%

Facade design inspiration

Optimum fin angle

Using the sun path diagram optimum fin angle is taken out

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Case Space type Solar studies programming Orientation Case1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

    Surface physical properties of double glazing wall

Case1 Case2 Case 3 Case 4

   

Access Climate Building Symbolism Energy of acoustic Efficiency daylight response            

Double skin facade as individual supply of pre heated air

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Research Questions 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

How is Parametricism a new global movement for architecture Parametricism as a Style .

What type of research programs are present currently .

What are the defining principles of Parametricism.

What is Parametricism and its understanding .

In the distinction of epochal ,transitional and subsidiary architecture styles what are these categories and how does Parametricism fit into the landscape.

7. In today's world of mass information and elaborate social and geographical networks ,a new architectural language to aid users in navigating this landscape why Parametricism is best suited for this ?

8. The last epochal architectural style was modernism What similarities a there between the two .

9. One of the features of modernism was its political aspirations to create a more equal society and its appetite for the moral improvement of man .Does Parametricism also have an explicit political and more agenda.

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STEPS FOLLOWED 1. CLIMATE ANALYSIS: DIURNAL CHART (ECOTECT/WEATHER MANAGER): 2. CLIMATE ANALYSIS: CRITICAL SOLAR ANGLES 3. CLIMATE ANALYSIS: VERIFICATION (RAINFALL DATA) 4. CLIMATE ANALYSIS: CUSTOMIZING DATA 5. BOX STUDIES: DAYLIGHTING CRITERIA 6. BOX STUDIES: DAYLIGHTING CRITERIA 7. BOX STUDIES: DYNAMIC THERMAL ANALYSIS (INTERNAL LOAD BREAKDOWN) 8. FACADE OPTIMIZATION

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Source Image 1 - HtwoOexpo, the water pavilion by NOX/Lars Spuybroek Source -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Spuybroek Image 2 -Maison Folie. Lille, France Source-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Spuybroek Image -3,4, Source-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto Image - 5 Source -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Eisenman Image -6,7 Source -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaha_Hadid Image -7,8,9 Source -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k73342&pageid=icb.page338428 http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic831443.files/WK3-HCSEZ-process.pdf Based on Parametric Design to Analysis the Skin Design of the Cultural Complex-http://www.scientific.net/AMM.357-360.191

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