Learning From Disneyland

Kevin Anton

Syracuse University School of Architecture Spring 2018 Advisor: Susan Henderson

TABLE OF CONTENTS opening credits 4 script 6 claim 8 imageability 10 goals 12 act one 14 history of utopias 16 disneyland 18 main street usa 20 act two 32 epcot 34 walt disney world 36 epcot center 38 global theme parks 40 act three 44 when you wish upon a starchitect 46 walt disney studios 50 celebration 52 end credits gag reel sequel (THESIS) bibliography

55 56 58 129

OPENING CREDITS “Indeed, by almost any conceivable method of evaluation that does not exclude the public, Disneyland must be regarded as the most important single piece of construction in the West in the past several decades.�1 Charles Moore 4

“I hold a view that may be somewhat shocking to an audience as sophisticated as this, and that is, that the greatest piece of design in the United States today is Disneyland. If you think about Disneyland and think of its performance in relationship to its purpose -- its meaning to people more than its meaning to the process of development -- you will find it the outstanding piece of urban design in the United States. It took an area of activity -- the amusement park -- and lifted it to a standard so high in its performance, in its respect for people, in its functioning for people, that it really became a brand new thing. It fulfills the functions that it set out to accomplish unself-consciously, usefully and profitably. I find more to learn in the standards that have been set and the goals that have been achieved in the development of Disneyland than in any other single piece of physical development in the country.�2 James Rouse 5

script adventure: an unsual and exciting or daring experience behavior: the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especomfort:

cially towards others a state of physical ease and freedom from pain or constraint

commodity: a useful or valuable thing community: a group of people living together and practicing common ownership

consumption: the action of using up a resource entertainment: the action of providing or being provided with ersatz: escape: fantasy: feeling: illusion: 6

amusement or enjoyment not real or genuine a form of temporary distraction from reality or routine the faculty or activity of imagining impossible or improbable things an emotional state or reaction a deceptive appearance or impression

leisure: use of free time for enjoyment magic: a quality of being beautiful and delightful in a way that seems remote from daily life of inferior quality

mickey mouse: narrative: a spoken or written account of connected events; a nostalgia:

story a sentimental longing or wistful affection for a period in the past

order: a state in which everything is in its correct place reassurance: the action of removing someone’s doubts or fears replica: an exact copy or model of something, especially one safety:

on a smaller scale the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury

theme: a setting intended to evoke a particular country, hisutopia:

torical period, culture, etc an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect

7

claim With the opening of Disneyland in 1955, Walt Disney translated the perfection in his animations into three-dimensional design. The Disney parks have been the subject of much debate by architectural critics and scholars ever since. Defenses of Disneyland have come from Charles Moore, James Rouse, and Robert Venturi, who went so far as declaring, “Disney is nearer to what people really want than anything architects have ever given them.”3 This thesis agrees with the opinion of Mr. Venturi.

thesis Similar to his animations, the heart of Disney architecture is found in storytelling, where the form follows fiction. Walt Disney hired a team of the best animators and filmmakers to construct Disneyland, but in the 1980’s, Michael Eisner, CEO of The Walt Disney Company, hired prominent architects to design Disney’s office buildings, hotels, and international park resorts. This thesis will be a historical and deconstructive formal analysis of Disney architecture that aims to reveal the story of Disney’s architectural language throughout the company’s history. Using my own criteria of formal analysis, I will design a book that organizes the research extracted from my analytical drawings of Disney parks and buildings. The goal is to expand on the available research of Disney architecture to create a catalog of Disney design principles.

8

Disneyland’s success was followed by the growth of commercial development adjacent to the park, a condition that displeased Walt Disney. To prevent this undesirable expansion in his next project, Walt Disney secretly purchased over 27,000 acres near Orlando.

Walt Disney’s plans for EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community Of Tomorrow) were never realized. Epcot Center, a theme park with the qualities of a permanent World’s Fair, is far different from his utopian vision of a city for 20,000 residents. Its equivalent today is the creation of Celebration, a master-planned comunity designed by The Walt Disney Company. Downtown Celebration features buildings designed by Michael Graves, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, and Cesar Pelli.

Legibility is one of the many achievements of the Disney parks.

Kevin Lynch, in Image of the City (1960), defines the five spatial elements of imageability that are evident in both Disneyland and Walt Disney World: paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks.

These qualities enhance the guests’ experience at Disney parks.

They create a pleasant environmental image that gives its visitors an important sense of security.4

9

imageability According to Kevin Lynch, the content of city images can be classified into five types of elements: • Paths (paths, streets, walkways, canals, railroads) • Edges (linear elements not used or considered as paths; boundaries between spaces) • Districts (medium-to-large sections of city, inside of some common identifying character) • Nodes (strategic points in a city people can enter, instensive foci of travel) • Landmarks (simply defined physical object, relied upon as a journey becomes more familiar)

5

The result of these elements patterned together carefully is a well-defined urban envrionment with legible city images.

Paths 10

Edges

Nodes

Districts

Landmarks

Although Disneyland was built five years before Image of the City was published, Lynch never mentions the park as an example of an “imageable” environment. Though this is no surprise, it is interesting to point out the following statement by Lynch: “Intuitively, one could imagine that there might be a way of creating a whole pattern, a pattern that would only gradually be sensed and developed by sequential experiences, reversed and interrupted as they might be. Although felt as a whole, it would not need to be a highly unified pattern with a single center or an isolating boundary.

The principal quality would be sequential continuity in which each part flows from the next---a sense of interconnectedness at any level or in any direction. There would be particular zones that for any one individual might be more intensely felt or organized, but the region would be continuous, mentally traversable in any order. This possibility is a highly speculative one: no satisfactory concrete examples MAIN come to STREET mind.” 6 Landmark

Path Path

Path Node

District

Path Edges

Edges

Paths

[1] Lynch’s five elements of imageability in Disneyland

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goals One of the goals of this thesis is to assess the role of storytelling in Disney architecture. The following criteria will be the main points for analysis: • Symbols • Reference Points • Scale • Form • Function I posit that Disney architecture is multifaceted, and although the design strategies vary from building type, the architecture always refers back to a singular theme or story. Analyzing every Disney building is out of the scope of this research, so I will carefully select different building types to begin a taxonomy of Disney architecture in the form of a book. An example of the drawings this thesis aims to create are shown on the opposite page.

12

[2] Cincerella’s Castle (Orlando, FL)

[3] Boardwalk Hotel (Orlando, FL)

13

act one

14

15

history of utopias 1898 - Garden City

1851 - The Great Exhibition

1850

1890

1893 - World’s Columbian Exposition

16

1925 - Plan

192

n Voisin

1939 - New York World’s Fair

1933 - Century of Progress

25

1966 - EPCOT

1960

1935 - Broadacre City

1955 - Disneyland

1994 - Celebration, FL

2000

1971 - Walt Disney World

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disneyland The origin of Disneyland came from Walt Disney’s dream of designing a place where children and parents could have fun together.

Once he decided on building an amusement park, he visited dozens of parks to study them. On his visit to Tivoli Gardens, he admired its cleanliness and outdoor entertainment, acknowledging that it was a park for both adults and children.7 Initially, Disney saw architects William Pereira and Charles Luckman for his plans for Disneyland, but was not impressed by their proposals. He later went to architect Welton Becket, Disney’s friend and neighbor, who suggested that Disneyland be built by his own team of animators and artists. Becket knew that there was no architect who could do what Walt demanded.8 For the development of Disneyland, Disney created WED Enterprises. “WED” stands for his initials, Walter Elias Disney. The workers of WED Enterprises were called Imagineers. Disney instructed his Imagineers, “All I want you to think about is that when people walk through...anything that you design, I want them, when they leave, to have smiles on their faces.”9 Walt described Disneyland as having only one entrance that lead guests through a corridor stylized as a turn-of-the-century main street. There would be a circular plaza at the end of main street, and from the circular plaza, pathways would lead to four different themed lands. Guests always had to return to the circular plaza to navigate the park.

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[4] First drawing of Disneyland by Herb Ryman

[5] Hub-and-spoke circulation pattern

19

[6] Aurora’s Castle in Sleeping Beauty (1959)

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[7] Aurora’s Castle in Disneyland (2017)

disneyland The architecture at Disneyland is a result of Disney’s team of storytellers and animators that transformed the medium of animation into three-dimensional space. The Imagineers set the stage and the guests that visit become actors in an animation or a live-action Disney film. This gives the visitors a unique sense of ownership of their environment.

Although Disneyland is a highly controlled immersive envrionment, the park still offers a variety of experiences. From the circular plaza, one could venture into Frontierland, Fantasyland, Adventureland, or Tomorrowland. Another unique element to Disneyland is the convergence of time, where you can be transported back to the past walking down Main Street, travel into the future in Tomorrowland, or live in a fairy tale in Fantasyland.

In Disneyland form doesn’t follow function; instead, form follows fiction. The essence behind Disney’s architecture is always the story, and it is the architecture working to gain emotional responses from the guests. The primary “wienie” in any Disney park is the castle; in Disneyland it is Sleeping Beauty’s castle. This visual stimuli naturally pulls guests towards the circular plaza. These subtle elements Disney uses to tell the story spatially is what makes Disneyland a unique urban experience.

21

main street usa Disneyland’s Main Street is a cleaned up re-imagining of an American town’s turn-of-the-century main street. Spatially, Walt Disney designed the buildings along Main Street to a scale that made the street feel like a “toy.” To achieve this effect, the Imagineers used a film technique called forced perspective.

The first floor of a building is full scale, the second floor is smaller in scale, and the third gets even smaller. The materials also reduce in scale as the structure rises. In addition, the physical space of the street is compressed to give a cozy feeling where the adjacent buildings don’t feel intimidating.

This effect of reassurance is what Walt was after. He believed that guests would behave in a friendly manner when they saw the cleanliness and beauty of the park. Before Disneyland, most amusement parks were dirty with trash being tossed anywhere. Walt knew that people would respect the built environment if it was designed thoughtfully.

22

W Block

SW

E Block

SE

NW Block

NW

NE Block

NE [8] Main Street Blocks in Disneyland: from top to bottom, Block 300, 600, 400, 500

23

24

25

[9] Facade Buildings and Interior Illusion

26

[10] Interior spaces are interconnected

27

main street usa

• Main Street USA is built at 3/4 scale to make the buildings feel more like a toy, provoking a sense of play and happiness.

• The form of the blocks are boxes decorated with Victorian facades • Shopping is the primary internal function of Main Street • Interior spaces are connected to assist with traffic flow and convenient shopping 28

29

[11] Main Street in Marceline, MO. Walt Disney’s childhood home.

30

[12] Main Street USA, Disneyland ca. 1955

31

act two

[13]

32

33

epcot Walt Disney’s vision for EPCOT included a theme park, industrial park, residential community, and an airport connected by a highspeed monorail system. At the core of the project was a utopian city to be named Progress City. The master plan was a radial city, influenced by Le Corbusier and Victor Gruen’s planning ideas.

The urban center would be for commerce, high-rise apartments encircling that, followed by a green belt, and low-density suburban-styled neighborhoods at the outer edge.10 EPCOT was to be a pedestrian-only city with vehicles navigating through underground roadways. Its residents would commute to work by the proposed monorail system.

[14] Progress City

34

[15] Original EPCOT Master Plan

35

walt disney world The total area of Walt Disney World is approximately the size of Francisco and twice the size of Manhattan. Walt Disney purchased the land by concealing his identity through five dummy corporations in order to keep the acquisition prices low. Within eighteen months he acquired 27,400 acres for around $200 an acre. 11 The newly acquired property was split between two counties -Orange and Osceola. As a result, Walt went to the Florida legislature to create a special drainage district to be named the Reedy Creek Improvement District. This gave Disney complete governance over his property. He had control over the roads, building codes, and land-use planning.12 Over the next three decades, Walt Disney World developed its four parks: Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Hollywood Studios, and Animal Kingdom. The Epcot theme park today is not the experimental community Walt envisioned but rather a permanent world’s fair with showcases for other countries.

In 1994, the New Urbanist planned community of Celebration broke ground. True to its name, Celebration’s philosophy was to celebrate all that was good about the American town and American architecture.13 Celebration will be covered in more depth in the later chapters.

36

Magic Kingdom

Animal Kingdom

Epcot Hollywood Studios

Celebration

[16] Walt Disney World Resort

37

epcot center After Walt Disney passed away, the original idea for EPCOT was shelved, in part because of the uncertainty of the project from the company and team of Imagineers. His brother, Roy O. Disney, continued along with the plan to build the Magic Kingdom which opened in 1971.

Epcot (originally named EPCOT Center) opened in 1982 and was the second theme park built in Walt Disney World. Today, the theme park consists of two sections: Future World and the World Showcase. Future World is divided into eight pavillions while World Showcase represents 11 world nations.

The Epcot known today is remarkably different from Walt Disney’s vision for an experimental community. It is seen more as a permanent world’s fair. However, Walt’s vision of showcasing science and technology is reflected in Future World.

World Showcase can be described as a form of “edutainment” or educational entertainment. Each pavillion replicates the architecture of its featured nation. The Italy pavillion is modeled after St. Mark’s Square in Venice, and features a scaled down version of Doge’s Palace and the Campanile.

38

CANADA

MEXICO

World Showcase NORWAY UNITED KINGDOM

CHINA FRANCE

MOROCCO

GERMANY JAPAN AMERICAN ADVENTURE

ITALY

N

39

global theme parks tokyo disneyland In 1983, the first international Disney theme park opened in the Urayasu, Chiba region of Japan, close to Tokyo. Since its opening, the appropriately named Tokyo Disneyland has seen tremendous expansion and growth.14

[17] View from Main Street from Tokyo Disneyland

40

disneyland paris Disneyland Paris (originally named Euro Disney) opened in the spring of 1992. With a collection of luxurious hotels and attractions, Disneyland Paris is among the most visited places in Europe. 15

[18] Sleeping Beauty Castle in Disneyland Paris

41

hong kong disneyland Hong Kong Disneyland opened in 2005, fifty years after Disneyland opened its gates. The park is divided into seven lands: Main Street USA, Fantasyland, Adventureland, Tomorrowland, Grizzly Gulch, Mystic Point, and Toy Story Land.

[19] Main Street USA and Sleeping Beauty Castle

42

shanghai disneyland park On June 16, 2016, the much-anticipated Shanghai Disney Resort opened its gates. It features a Disneyland-style theme park; a shopping, dining, and entertainment complex called Disneytown; and two major themed hotels. 16

[20] The Enchanted Storybook Castle in Shanghai Disneyland Park

43

act three

[21]

44

45

[22] Team Disney Building (Burbank, CA)

46

when you wish upon a starchitect

47

when you wish upon a starchitect In the mid-1980s, then CEO Michael Eisner commissioned a myriad of buildings by famous architects that could communicate Disney’s philosophy of storytelling. He saw the potential of architecture having the same effect as their animated films did on people’s emotions and imagination.

The essence of Disney architecture is appropriating images and symbols from their catalog of characters and films into buildings.

[23] Team Disney (Orlando, FL)

48

[24] Swan Hotel in Walt Disney World

[25] Roy E. Disney Building (Burbank, CA)

49

A [26] Team Disney (Michael Graves)

B [27] Frank G. Wells Building (Robert Venturi)

D [29] ABC Studios (Aldo Rossi)

C [28] Feature Animation Building (Robert A.M. Stern)

50

walt disney studios

A D

C

B

[30] Walt Disney Studios (Burbank, CA)

51

celebration The master plan of Celebration was designed jointly by the firms of Robert A.M. Stern Architects and Cooper, Robertson & Partners.

For the design of its single-family homes, Disney and consultant architects visited towns and neighborhoods to document the architecture that would establish the forms that would be designed in Celebration. As a result, Ray Gindroz created the Celebration Pattern Book which established six dominant housing styles: Classical, Colonial Revival, Victorian, Mediterranean, French, and Coastal.

Celebration’s Pattern Book serves as a blueprint or a kit of parts to specify the basic elements of the Celebration house. Celebration is divided into different villages and its houses were divided into five types: townhouse, garden, cottage, village, and estate.

Downtown Celebration was conceived as a “who’s who of American architecture at that moment in time.”17 The major buildings include:

52

• The Preview Center (Charles Moore) • Town Hall (Philip Johnson) • Post Office (Michael Graves) • Bank (Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown) • Cinema (Cesar Pelli)

[31]

[32]

[33]

[35]

[34]

[36]

53

54

END CREDITS

55

gag reel

Post OďŹƒce in Celebration, FL by Michael Graves

56

“Post Office” in ToonTown (Disneyland, CA)

57

sequel (THESIS) The sequel of the Thesis Prep phase will be the development of analytical drawings of select Disney buildings that will be assembled in the form of a book.

The following semester will be divided into three phases or acts.

Act One: Walt Disney World Trip - Visit to Walt Disney World before the semester begins - Document Epcot and Hollywood Studios - Document All-Star hotels - Create the drawings from my findings at WDW. Act Two: Disneyland Trip - Visit to Disneyland during spring break - Document the original Main Street USA and four theme lands.

- Document Cars Land - Create the drawings from my findings at Disneyland Act Three: Analysis - Continue developing the drawings - Prepare the analysis for final review The goal is to identify and assess the architectural language of different Disney buildings in order to understand how the design logic adjusts for each setting and theme. It is clear that Disney’s design methodology began from a cinematic approach to architecture, and I hope to articulate its significance particularly in the construction of Cars Land in Disney’s California Adventure.

58

[37] Cadillac Ranch by Ant Farm (1974, Amarillo, TX)

[38] Render of Cadillac Range in Cars (2006)

[39] Radiator Springs in Cars Land built in 2012 (Anaheim, CA)

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buildings of interest

A

[40] All-Star Resorts (Orlando, FL)

A

[41] All-Star Movies Resort (Orlando, FL)

60

B

C

B

[42] All-Star Music Resort (Orlando, FL)

C

[43] All-Star Sports Resort (Orlando, FL)

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verisimilitude

62

verisimilitude

reality

verisimilitude

fantasy

reality

verisimilitude

reality

reality

verisimilitude

reality

reality

fantasy

verisimilitude

fantasy

reality

verisimilitude

fantasy

fantasy

verisimilitude

fantasy

reality

verisimilitude

reality

reality

verisimilitude

fantasy

fantasy

verisimilitude

fantasy

reality

verisimilitude

[44]

reality

verisimilitude

fantasy

fantasy

verisimilitude

fantasy

reality

verisimilitude

reality

reality

verisimilitude

fantasy

fantasy

verisimilitude

fantasy

reality

verisimilitude

reality

reality

verisimilitude

fantasy

reality

fantasy

verisimilitude

fantasy

reality

verisimilitude

fantasy

verisimilitude

fantasy

reality

fantasy

63

ACT ONE

64

MAIN STREET USA

SITE PLAN feet

0

20

100

65

MAIN STREET

MAIN STREET USA

MARCELINE, MO

DISNEYLAND ANAHEIM,CA

feet

0

40

200

14’

11’

LOT LINE COMPARISON

feet

0

5

25

COLOR ANALYSIS

13’

9’

11’

14’

25’ 127’

66

6’

400 BLOCK

24’

67

SYMBOLS 500 BLOCK Italianate Eyebrow Window Heads

Curvilin Bracketed Cornice

Palladian Window

68

Gothic Revival Gable Roof

near Cornice

Mansard Roof

Paired Windows

69

SCALE

75’

20’

N Main Street Marceline, MO

70

25’

2

3

10’

13’ 1

2

9’ 1

17’

9’ 0

0

45’

18’

25’

Main Street USA 300 Block Disneyland, CA

71

FUNCTION Emporium

Crystal Arcade

Cinema

72

Bakery

Penny Arcade Ice Cream Parlor

Refreshment Corner Candy Store

Photo Supply

73

FUNCTION

74

[45]

Penny Arcade | Union Beach, NJ (1941)

Penny Arcade Interior | Upper Dauphin County, PA (1950s)

[46]

Penny Arcade Interior | Disneyland, CA

[47]

75

DISTORTION

76

77

DISTORTION

78

79

Main Street Block 400 Block

DISTORTION

Main Street USA 400 Block

80

81

100 E Main Street (Stoughton, WI)

DISTORTION

100 E Main Street (Stoughton, WI)

[48]

82

83

DISTORTION 100 E Main100 Street (Stoughton, WI) Stoughton E Main Street

Main Street Street Block 400 Block Main USA 400 Block

84

85

ACT TWO

86

SITE PLAN

ALL-STAR MUSIC RESORT

feet

0 20

100

87

MOTEL PLAN

OVERSCALED ICONS

feet 0

DECORATED SHED VARIATONS

POP CENTURY SITE PLAN

100

POP CEN

50

A ) VENTURI

B ) VENTURI

C ) DISNEY

88

20

SITE PLAN

feet

0 100

500

ALL-STAR MUSIC ROOMS

feet 0

4

20

NTURY THEMED ICONS

0 60 70 80 90

89

REFERENCE

Corridor Pin, Blue | Claes Oldenburg (San Francisco, CA)

90

[49]

Binoculars Building | Claes Oldenburg (Venice, CA)

[50]

91

REFERENCE

[51]

92

DECORATED SHED VARIATONS A ) VENTURI

B ) VENTURI

C ) DISNEY

93

SYMBOLS POP CENTURY SITE PLAN

POP CEN

50

SITE PLAN

feet

0 100

94

500

NTURY THEMED ICONS

0 60 70 80 90

95

SYMBOLS 50

60

[52] 50’s Decade Buildings

[53] 60’s Decade Buildings

80

[55] 80’s Decade Buildings

96

70

[54] 70’s Decade Buildings

90

[56] 90’s Decade Buildings

97

SCALE OVERSCALED ICONS

98

OVERSCALED JUKEBOX

99

FUNCTION MOTEL PLAN

ALL-STAR MUSIC ROOMS

feet

feet

0

0

100

4

20

[57]

20

100

[58]

[59]

[60]

101

FUNCTION

[61]

102

[62]

103

DISTORTION

104

105

ACT THREE

106

CARS LAND

SITE PLAN feet

0

20

100

107

CAUTION CONE SCALES 30

25

20

15

10

5

0

108

CONE BUILDIN

NG VARIATIONS

WIGWAM MOTEL SAN BERNARDINO, CA

109

REFERENCE CADILLAC RANCH AMARILLO, TX

CADILLAC RANGE RADIATOR SPRINGS

[63]

[64]

110

RADIATOR SPRINGS CARS LAND

[65]

111

REFERENCE

[66]

112

[67]

113

REFERENCE WIGWAM MOTEL SAN BERNARDINO, CA

114

SALLY’S COZY CONE MOTEL

RADIATOR SPRINGS FROM CARS FILM

[68]

COZY CONES

CARSLAND IN DISNEYLAND, CA

[69]

115

SYMBOLS

[70]

116

[71]

[72]

117

SCALE

CAUTION CO 30

25

[73]

20

15

[74] 10

5

[75]

118

0

ONE SCALES

119

FUNCTION A

[76]

C

120

[77]

CONE BUILDING VARIATIONS A

B

C

D

121

DISTORTION MONUMENT VALLEY & ORNAMENT VALLEY

RADIAT

[78]

[79]

122

TOR SPRINGS

123

DISTORTION DRIVE-IN RESTAURANT

[80]

124

FLO’S V8 CAFE

[81]

125

DISTORTION DROP CITY

FILLMORE’S TASTE-IN

[82]

[83]

QUONSET HUT WITH SOLDIER

QUONSET HUT WITH SARGE

[85]

[86]

126

E

CARS LAND

[84]

CARS LAND

[87]

127

128

bibliography

129

images 1. Site map from Google Earth. Web. 11 Dec. 2017.

2. Cinderella Castle drawings provided by Ed on Flickr. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. https://www.flickr.com/peo ple/63631877@N00/ 3. Boardwalk Hotel drawings provided by Ed on Flickr. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. https://www.flickr.com/peo ple/63631877@N00/ 4. First render of Disneyland by Herb Ryman. Web. 07 Nov. 2017. https://disneyparks.disney.go.com blog/2013/12/windows-on-main-street-u-s-a-at-disneyland-park-herb-ryman/ 5. Disneyland Aerial Map. Web. 07 Nov. 2017. https://www.waltsapartment.com/ 6. Sleeping Beauty Castle. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. https://www.buzzfeed.com/ashleyperez/10-real-life-loca tions-that-inspired-disney-films?utm_term=.krMwW9PBWL#.tpy4AaqnAj 7. Sleeping Beauty Castle in Disneyland. Digital Image by Kevin Anton. Mar. 2017.

8. Disneyland Main Street Blocks. Web. 07 Nov. 2017. http://www.mygenealogyhound.com/vintage-post cards/missouri-postcards/mo-marceline-main-street-vintage-postcard.html 9. Main Street drawings provided by Ed on Flickr. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. https://www.flickr.com/peo ple/63631877@N00/ 10. Ibid 11. Main Street in Marceline, MO. Web. 07 Nov. 2017. http://www.mygenealogyhound.com/vintage-postcards/ missouri-postcards/mo-marceline-main-street-vintage-postcard.html 12. Main Street in Disneyland. Web. 07 Nov. 2017. https://beautyineverything.com/4918955164 13. Walt Disney in EPCOT video. Web. 07 Nov. 2017. https://epcotexplorer.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/ slide_251895_1549252_free.jpg 14. Progress City aerial render. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. https://sites.google.com/site/theoriginalepcot/epcot-and- the-heart-of-our-cities 15. EPCOT Master Plan. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. https://sites.google.com/site/theoriginalepcot/master-plan

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images 16. Site map from Google Earth. Web. 07 Nov. 2017.

17. View from Main Street from Tokyo Disneyland. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. http://neverstopdreamingtravel.blog spot.com/ 18. Sleeping Beauty Castle in Disneyland Paris. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. http://www.disneylandparis.co.uk/attrac tions/disneyland-park/sleeping-beauty-castle/ 19. Main Street USA and Sleeping Beauty Castle. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. http://fortune.com/2016/11/22/ hong-kong-disneyland-billion-upgrade/ 20. The Enchanted Storybook Castle in Shanghai Disneyland Park. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. https://www.disneyave nue.com/2017/06/designing-disney-castles.html 21. Roy. E Disney Animation Building. Web. 07 Nov. 2017. http://www.ramsa.com/project-detail.php?pro ject=394&lang=en 22. Team Disney Building. Web. 07 Nov. 2017. https://michaelgraves.com/portfolio/team-disney-building/ 23. Team Disney Building. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. https://alchetron.com/Team-Disney 24. Swan Hotel by Michael Graves Architecture & Design. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. https://michaelgraves.com/port folio/walt-disney-swan-dolphin-resort-hotel/ 25. Roy. E Disney Animation Building. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. http://www.ramsa.com/project-detail.php?pro ject=394&lang=en 26. Team Disney Building by Michael Graves. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. https://www.archdaily.com/769621/spot light-michael-graves 27. Frank G. Wells Building by Robert Venturi. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. http://df82.blogspot.com/2011/09/ 28. Feature Animation Building by RAMSA. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. https://www.animationpagoda.com/studios/ 29. ABC Studios by Aldo Rossi. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. http://www.walkerarchitecture.com/abc---bang.html 30. Site map from Google Earth. Web. 11 Dec. 2017.

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images 31. Select building types from Celebration Pattern Book. Huxtable, Ada Louise. The Unreal America.

32. Post Office in Celebration by Michael Graves. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. https://www.bluffton.edu/homepages/ facstaff/sullivanm/florida/disney/graves/postoffice.html 33. SunTrust Bank by Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. https://www.bluffton.edu/ homepages/facstaff/sullivanm/florida/disney/venturi/bank.html 34. Town Hall by Philip Johnson. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. https://www.bluffton.edu/homepages/facstaff/sullivanm/ florida/disney/venturi/bank.html 35. Preview Center by Charles Moore. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:022306-CelebrationFL09.2.jpg 36. Celebration Cinema by Cesar Pelli. Web. 08 Nov. 2017. https://www.bluffton.edu/homepages/facstaff/sulli vanm/florida/disney/pelli/theater.html 37. Cadillac Ranch. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. https://www.legendsofamerica.com/tx-cadillacranch/ 38. Radiator Springs in Cars film. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. https://style.disney.com/living/2016/05/14/how-to-deco rate-your-room-like-cars/ 39. Radiator Springs in Cars Land (California Adventure). Digital Image by Kevin Anton. Mar. 2017.

40. Site map from Google Earth. Web. 11 Dec. 2017.

41. All-Star Movies Resort. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. https://disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2016/03/room-with-a- view-disneys-all-star-movies-resort/ 42. All-Star Music Resort. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. https://diz-abled.com/disneys-star-music-resort-depth/ 43. All-Star Sports Resort. Web. 11 Dec. 2017. https://www.dicasdaflorida.com.br/2014/07/hotel-disneys-allstar-sports-em-orlando.html 44. Matrix of Disney architectural conditions. Digital images by Kevin Anton. Mar. 2018.

45. Penny Arcade in Union Beach, NJ in 1941. Web. 07 May. 2018. http://www.pinrepair.com/arcade/loc4s.jpg

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images 46. Penny Arcade Interior in 1950’s Pennsylvania. Web. 07 May. 2018. http://www.shorpy.com/files/images/ millersburg_arcade_hi_res.preview.jpg 47. Penny Arcade Interior in Disneyland. Digital image by Kevin Anton. Mar. 2018.

48. Main Street in Stoughton, WI. Web. 07 May. 2018. http://www.stoughtonlandmarks.com/html/building_ width.html 49. Corridor Pin, Blue by Claes Oldenburg in San Francisco, CA. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://media4.trover.com /T/542cbfe5d6bdd44332001527/fixedw_large_4x.jpg 50. Binoculars Building by Claes Oldenburg in Venice, CA. Web. 07 May. 2018. http://www.publicseminar.org/ wp-content/uploads/2016/05/22261052965_7ecc8b8e8f_k.jpg 51. Decorated Shed Diagram. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cc/e9/bb/cce9bb07b3ab 5563bacbd39989a2f652.jpg 52. Pop Century Resort in Walt Disney World. Digital image by Kevin Anton. Jan. 2018.

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid.

55. Ibid.

56. Ibid.

57. Price per night for Disney’s All-Star Music Resort. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://disneyworld.disney.go.com/ resorts/#/value 58. Curtains inside an All-Star Music room. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uSSt8imzdJQ/ WKqSHDbRKxI/AAAAAAAAA_Y/BhHDYlsMQn06j1LIoyPldHed0wUZUh7BQCEw/s320/rIMG_2516.jpg 59. Beds inside an All-Star Music room. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Bff5p7v3VRo/WKqR_ UalfiI/AAAAAAAAA-8/QYVEQ_qRLxILhCwb3J7dpONlt-pYyTn5QCLcB/s320/rIMG_2513.jpg 60. Interior of an All-Star Music room. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i8rzH4rJPtM/WKqSWYf GE7I/AAAAAAAAA_M/T6x16G2d8tcWP4ZuoapNtmYaEClXk5UegCLcB/s1600/rIMG_2518.jpg

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images 61. Price per night for Walt Disney World Value Resorts. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://disneyworld.disney. go.com/resorts/#/value 62. Price per night for Walt Disney World Deluxe Resorts. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://disneyworld.disney. go.com/resorts/#/deluxe 63. Cadillac Ranch in Amarillo, TX. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://pixar-planet.fr/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ cars-carisation-74-1024x768.jpg 64. Cadillac Range from the Pixar film Cars. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://a.dilcdn.com/bl/wp-content/uploads/ sites/25/2015/08/Radiator-Springs-in-Cars.jpg 65. Radiator Springs in Cars Land. Digital image by Kevin Anton. Mar. 2017.

66. Ibid.

67. Digital collage by Kevin Anton. May. 2018.

68. Sally’s Cozy Cone Motel from Cars. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://pixar-planet.fr/wp-content/uploads/2015/ 07/cars-carisation-15.jpg 69. Cozy Cones from Cars Land in Disneyland, CA. Web. 07 May. 2018. http://www.chipandco.com/wp-content/ uploads/2017/12/Cozy-Cone-600x334.png 70. Cone variations in Art of Animation Resort. Digital image by Kevin Anton. Jan. 2018.

71. Caution cone umbrellas in Cars Land. Digital image by Kevin Anton. Mar. 2018.

72. Caution cone railing detail in Cars Land. Digital image by Kevin Anton. Mar. 2018.

73. Interior of Cozy Cone Motel from the film Cars. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/ pixar/images/9/9c/Cozy_Cone_Office.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20140615173018 74. Cozy Cone sign in Cars Land. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://disneynerds.com/2016/05/12/cozy-cone-motelstop-in-for-a-bite-disney-foodie-spotlight/ 75. Cozy Cone in Cars Land. Digital image by Kevin Anton. Mar. 2018.

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images 76. Wigwam Motel. Web. 07 May. 2018. http://www.hotelroomsearch.net/im/hotels/us/wigwam-motel-3.jpg 77. Rendered frame from Disney Pixar’s Cars. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://i.ytimg.com/vi/FyNv0s__Me4/max resdefault.jpg 78. Monument Valley & Ornament Valley. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://assets2.roadtrippers.com/uploads/ blog_post_section/attachment/image/186458/blog_post_section/attachment-image-3a2be7aa-edcb-4c3ebf20-e12c871169e7.jpg 79. Radiator Springs from Disney Pixar’s Cars. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://pixar-planet.fr/wp-content/uploads/ 2015/07/cars-carisation-07bis.jpg 80. Drive-In Restaurant. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://media.spokesman.com/photos/2013/03/11/0311_then_ t1140.jpg?abf36d44fcda22a1f7041162086f31df6a374511 81. Flo’s V8 Café from Cars. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://i.ytimg.com/vi/croQIGdj9vc/maxresdefault.jpg 82. Drop City dome made from car parts. Web. 07 May. 2018. http://www.mkgallery.org/img/events/1191/f/ dropcity.jpg 83. Rendered frame from Disney Pixar’s Cars. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://lumiere-a.akamaihd.net/v1/images/ open-uri20150608-27674-cgj9fg_d8016c13.jpeg?region=0,0,2048,760 84. Filmore’s Taste-In in Cars Land. Digital image by Kevin Anton. Mar. 2018.

85. Soldier outside a Quonset hut. Web. 07 May. 2018. http://www.paulnoll.com/Korea/581-Sig/581-hill-1157quonset.jpg 86. Rendered frame from Disney Pixar’s Cars. Web. 07 May. 2018. https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/p__/im ages/4/4f/Sarge_outside_his_surpluss.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20150901190318&path-prefix=protagonist 87. Sarge’s Surplus Hut in Cars Land. Digital image by Kevin Anton. Mar. 2018.

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notes 1. Moore, Charles. “You Have to Pay for the Public Life.” Perspecta, IX. 1965. pg. 83 2. Rouse, James. Quoted in Karal Ann Marling, “Imagineering the Disney Theme Parks.” Designing Disney’s Theme Parks: The Architecture of Reassurance. New York: Flamarrion, 1997. pg. 203 3. Venturi, Robert. Cited by Paul Goldberger in “Mickey Mouse Teaches the Architects.” New York Times, October 22, 1972. Web. 4. Lynch, Kevin. The Image of the City. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1960. pg. 4 5. Ibid, 47-48 6. Lynch, Kevin. The Image of the City. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1960. pg. 114-115 7. Gennawey, Sam. Walt Disney and the Promise of Progress City. Theme Park Press, 2014. pg. 53 8. Ibid, 54 9. Ibid, 55 10. Dunlop, Beth. Building a Dream: The Art of Disney Architecture. New York: Disney Editions, 2011. pg.34 11. Ibid, 33 12. Ibid, 33 13. Ibid, 140 14. Neary, Kevin F., et al. Maps of the Disney Parks: Charting 60 Years from California to Shanghai. Disney Editions, 2016. pg. 59 15. Ibid, 71 16. Ibid, 123 17. Dunlop, Beth. Building a Dream: The Art of Disney Architecture. New York: Disney Editions, 2011. pg.146

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