[Dissertation] Marriage-Arranging Corners In China_2018

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WHAT ARE THE C AUSES AND MOTIVATIONS BEHIND BLIND DATE CORNERS IN CHINA?

Author: Kaiwen Yu Tutor: Igea Troiani School of Architecture / Royal College of Art (2018)

Figure 1; Paper Cutting of Traditional China's Marriage Celebration, Unknown <http://www.hunlimao.com/news/1378> (accessed 30 June 2015)

Video Clip: Blind Date Corners in People’s Park (Shanghai, China)

1

1 CCTV, Blind Date Corners in People’s Park (Shanghai, China) , online video recording, (accessed on 01 April 2018)

Parents: ‘You are no longer a child.’

‘I will never die before you get married.’

‘Do not be self-willed, bays of being parents’ ‘You are aimless, always believed that no one is appropriate.’

Daughter: ‘Being a son or daughter in China, you should always know that filial piety is of the priority, and being not married is one the factors against filial piety.’

‘I personally do not like the Blind Date Corners in People’s Park (Shanghai), Parents may carry an introduction of their son or daughter and put it there, in order to show how their jobs, whether they have a house property or a car, it feels like they are putting an advertisement to sell you out…’

—— Video: She finally went to the Blind Date Corner, SK-II (2015) 2

2

SK-II, She Finally Went to the Blind Date Corner, online video recording,YouTube < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2R9xOCD5xA> (accessed

on 06 April 2018)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... VI METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................................................................. VII CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION:THE FORCED MARRIAGE CULTURE ................................................................................................. 1 FORCED MARRIAGE AND MARRIAGE CUSTOMS ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 FORCED MARRIAGE .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 MARRIAGE CUSTOMS IN CHINA ............................................................................................................................................................................. 5 THE CONTEMPORARY TRANSFORMATION ................................................................................................................................................................ 7 DATING APPS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 DATING SHOWS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

CHAPTER II

INSIDE THE CORNERS .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 THE ORIGIN ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26 THE FLU OF THE PARK ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 28 OVERALL DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 28 PARKS’ USERS AND ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................................................................................................... 28 BLIND DATE CORNERS ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 THE ADVERTISEMENT AND INTERGENERATIONAL VALUES OF MARRIAGE .................................................................................................. 31 DETAILS OF ADVERTISEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 32 PARENTS’ CRITERIA ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 VALUES OF CHILDREN ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 35

CHAPTER III

OUTSIDE THE CORNERS................................................................................................................................................... 39 POPULATION CONTROL IN CHINA............................................................................................................................................................................. 54 FAMILY STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 54 PARENTS’ BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 54 BIRTH CONTROL AND ONLY-CHILD .................................................................................................................................................................... 55 DUAL HUKOU (HOUSEHOLD REGISTRATION) SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................................... 56 URBANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ............................................................................................................................................... 58 STRUCTURE OF POPULATION IN CITIES ............................................................................................................................................................... 58 THE URBANIZATION MODE IN CHINA ................................................................................................................................................................ 59 THE IMBALANCED DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................................................................................ 61

CHAPTER IV

THE CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 65 IT IS A BIG SOCIAL PARTY....................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 MARRIAGE IS A METHOD ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 66 BEAUTY ECONOMY ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 67 A PRODUCT OF CHINA’S URBAN DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................................................. 68

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 70 ILLUSTRATIONS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72 APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74

ABSTRACT

The thesis will examine and elaborate the reasons and

not too much interest in this. The love of parents is

motivations behind the phenomenon: “Blind Date Corners

understood but not willingly accepted by most unmarried

” (also named Marriage Arranging Corners) in China.

children.

Arranging a marriage is a custom in most regions around the world. Today, in China’s cities, senior citizens gather

The reasons why arranging blind date prevailing in an exact

together, attempting to advertise their child, to arrange a

open space (park) of a city are complicated. There are several

blind date between their choice and their child. Although the

subtle connections between the phenomenon and other

blind date is not an unusual phenomenon in China, what is

disciplines. These include traditional ethical values and

strange is that people spontaneously gather together to

conventional culture of marriage in China, the structure of

arrange their children’s blind dates in a public space without

social level and population, the urban development and urban

any organisation. The blind date is almost an indirect material

transition, the urban plan and urbanism between city and

business between parents while the candidates (daters) show

countryside, and the public space in a city centre and the sharing community space.

METHODOLOGY

The research design of this dissertation is concerned with both qualitative and quantitative directions. There are several

Photographs and Propaganda Posts;

methods planned for different subjects and topics;

Photographic recording is good at understanding the environment, circumstances, how people gather together,

Documentary Collecting & Analysis;

what they do in the Blind Date Corner, the place they occupy

Quantitative research always collects numerical data,

in the park and the detail of their ‘advertisements’.

including Observational Research and Data Collection, and

Historical Propaganda Posts is the most straightforward

Statistical Analysis.

method to display the recent history of China and its

The ‘advertisements’ could also seem as questionnaires they

important historical events which influenced the generations.

fill. In a way, collecting these ‘advertisements’ and analysis of the requirements for classifying their criteria is a crucial

Interviews and Video Recording;

method to help us understand what they want. Additionally,

The emerging community in Blind Date Corners is so unusual

when it comes to the drives behind Blind Date Corners, it is

and unexpected, having conversations with people in the

also important to realise some urban data from the

group and record their behaviours are the most flexible and

macroscopic angle, by comparing and analysing the evolution

direct way to discover their feelings, experiences and views of

of policy, the change and development of cities, to find the

agents (parents) and ‘clients’ (single child).

relation between citizens’ behaviours and the city.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION: THE FORCED MARRIAGE CULTURE

1

Figure 2; Freedom of Marriage, Happiness and Good Luck,Yu Yunjie (1953)

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Figure 3; Be Filial to Your Parents, Huang Hongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;en (1996)

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Figure 4; A Still from TV Show: If You are the One (2016)

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FORCED MARRIAGE AND MARRIAGE CUSTOMS

three per cent of young people, before the age of legal

Forced Marriage

marriage, are forced to marry by their parents.

Since last century, China has been advocating free marriage by implementing the New Marriage Law to give the females

Regarding the forced marriage, the most serious situation is

equal rights as males. (Figure 2) However, most people's

in Henan Province, followed by Sichuan Province and

marriage will still be interfered with their parents.

Shandong Province.

There is a Chinese proverb saying “the commands of parents

Marriage Customs in China

shall never be against with, the words of marriage brokers

The structure of the Chinese character 孝 (filial piety) can

shall precede over the sky”, the parents are too accustomed

be split into two parts. The upper part is 老 (the elder), and

to arranging everything for their children from young to old, the children are also accustomed to following their parents’

the lower part is 子(child). It can be understood that parents

will.

regard their children as cushions to solve the bad situation that they have to face when becoming old. (Figure 3) Their

According to the result of a survey with around 1000

children sacrifice part of their personal sovereignty to

samples about people’s value of marriage, more than 70 per

support them, 4 including following their advice, providing

cent of respondents have been forced to marry by their

financial support or accompanying in person. In China, all

parents, and those aged 25 to 35 are the most stressed group.

these are parts of the back feeding system in the customs.

The rate of forced marriage is as high as 86%, and the rate of forced marriage is 6% higher for women than for men. 3 Even

"Chinese parents emotional training for their children is to

3

Chinese Parents' Distorted View of Love and Marriage’ <

Report on the Status of Forced Marriage in China, (Beijing, Working

Committee for the Care of the Next Generation, 2016) 4

https://www.douban.com/note/648286357/ > (accessed on 08 December 2017)

A Mao, ‘From The Prohibition of Early Love to Crazy Marriage Promotion:

5

make their children depend on them permanently, instead of

child to stay in cities nearby, engage in stable jobs and listen

being independent" 5, said Sun Longji in his book "The Deep

to their opinions. When a child becomes an adult, mothers

Structure of Chinese Culture" when explaining how "Mama

tend to be dependent on their child. And all of these appear

Baby" came into being. The only reason is that parents fear

in the form of back feeding and filial piety. In other words,

that they would become lonely and psychologically helpless

Chinese mothers' love for their children can limit their child’s

once their children leave them to work and live in other

independent development in some cases, and regarding the

places. From this point of view, parents who insist on their

love, it is not only an umbilical cord but also a chain.

children's "obedient" and "filial piety" are the true "giant babies" 6.

Guan Jun, the author of the book "Having No Male Heir is the Gravest of the Three Cardinal Offences against Filial

Moreover, among Chinese parents, mothers are more typical

Piety" 8, said that China's marriage system is substantial "the

of low self-personality 7. Similar to the females in other Asian

inter-generational support system based on filial piety", which

counties, Chinese women are more likely to sacrifice their

means that parents have to foster their child to be the one

career and work for the family. Once getting married, they

who can support them in their later life.

will try to serve their husband. And once being pregnant or having a baby, mothers are more likely to stay at home and

Family-based filial piety culture focuses mostly on the

give up their work, taking good care of the baby as much as

maintenance and inheritance of blood ties 9. Marriage and

possible. It should be a good thing, but due to every intimate

raising a child are viewed to be the most critical two steps.

relationship they have made with their child and sacrificed a lot for this, they are reluctant to let child go and often ask the

5

Sun Longji, The Deep Structure of Chinese Culture (Guangxi: Guangxi

https://www.douban.com/note/648286357/ > (accessed on 08 December 2017) 8

Normal University Press, 2011) 6

Wu Zhihong, Country of Gaint Baby, (Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Press,

Guan Jun, Having No Male Heir is the Gravest of the Three Cardinal Offences

against Filial Piety (Shanghai: Shanghai Cultural Press, 2012)

2016)

9

7

Chinese Parents' Distorted View of Love and Marriage’ <

A Mao, ‘From The Prohibition of Early Love to Crazy Marriage Promotion:

Chinese Parents' Distorted View of Love and Marriage’ <

A Mao, ‘From The Prohibition of Early Love to Crazy Marriage Promotion:

https://www.douban.com/note/648286357/ > (accessed on 08 December 2017)

6

THE CONTEMPORARY TRANSFORMATION

follows, "this is a naked exhibition of human nature because it

Dating Apps

truly reflects the view of mate-selecting and values of the

Dating and matchmaking apps cater to the demands of the

current society" 10. Le Jia, a host of "If You Are The One"(one

young people today. In the contemporary society, those young

of China's hottest dating shows) said: this is not merely a

people who have to be fully involved in work have less time

service or entertainment program, but a comprehensive

to engage in the relationship.

emotional program with a lot of social observation and humanistic thinking. Dating and making friends is just a carrier.

With the portable communicating devices and the Internet,

(Figure 4)

they can find the right person more directly than ever before on this effective social platform and obtain information about

Similarly, Chinese dating shows are divided into two

each other. In other words, through screening and

categories: those with parents’ participation (such as

comparison of the objects according to their preference,

"Chinese Blind Date") and those without parents’

dating apps allow people to connect and communicate

participation (such as "Let's Date" and "Date of the Rose").

directly through video, voice, and text, thereby creating a

However, no matter what format it is, China's dating shows

dating process without space constraints. Although the

are so open and inclusive that they can expose the true idea

Internet world is full of deception and lies, such fast dating

and the thinking of young people and their parents about

method is still prevalent.

marriage. Love could be defined by hobbies and common languages and could also be measured by money, looks, and

Dating Shows

material.

In China, dating show is popular but controversial as well.

Writer Han Haoyue appraised the TV dating programs as

10

What's more, dating shows also provide an opportunity for

Han Haoyue, ‘TV Dating, A True Exhibition of Human Nature’, Jingjiang

Evening Paper (accessed on 07 April 2018)

7

parents and children to exchange their views on marriage and love in the shows or in front of the screen. In fact, young Chinese people are generally hard to imagine how to communicate and discuss with their parents about their relationship. And the dating showsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; booming does open a gate for the children and parents to exchange their values.

However, it is even harder for young Chinese to imagine that, in the corner of a city park, their parents may post their information and seek for marriage partners for them with or without their knowing.

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CHAPTER II

INSIDE THE CORNERS

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Figure 5; Marriage-Arranging Corner in Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park of Shanghai, Jing Qi (2017)

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Figure 6; Parents and Their Umbrellas in Marriage-Arranging Corner, Unknown (2015)

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Figure 7; Advertising Wall in Marriage-Arranging Corner, Jing Qi (2017)

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Figure 8; Advertisements in Marriage-Arranging Corner in Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park of Shanghai, Jing Qi (2017)

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Figure 9; The Way Parents Dominate Roads in Blind Date Corner, Author (2018)

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Figure 10; Parents Were Walking and Talking in the Corner, Author (2018)

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Figure 11; The Way Parents Dominate Roads in Blind Date Corner, Author (2018)

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Figure 12; Longtan Park in Beijing, from Map Box (2018)

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Figure 13; The Main Blind Date Corners in Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cities, Author (2018)

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Figure 14; Plan of Blind Date Corners in the Park, Author (2018)

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Figure 15; The Advertisement in Blind Date Corners, Transformed by Author (2018)

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Figure 16; Details of Femalesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Typical Advertising Paper, Author (2018)

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Figure 17; Details of Malesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Typical Advertising Paper, Author (2018)

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Figure 18; The Typical Spatial Qualities for Parents in Blind Date Corners, Author (2018)

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Figure 19; The Typical Spatial Qualities for Other Activities Happened in Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Urban Parks, Author (2018)

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Figure 20; Characters of Different Activities in the Park, Author (2018)

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THE ORIGIN

Who; Senior Citizens (on-the-spot/agent candidates), Single Young Individuals (true candidates) When; Weekends and Holidays, Morning to Nightfall Where; central park in big China’s cities What; in order to make blind dates for their single child How; by layout child’s information on a piece of paper and show it to others The Marriage-Arranging Corner’s emerging could be traced back to Longtan Park (Figure 12), Beijing, September 2004. 11 The park is the main public place for leisure, recreation, and fitness for the city’s south citizens. It is located in the southeast of Chongwen District, with a total area of 118 hectares, including 300,000 square meters of water area and 3,700 meters of winding lakeshore. 12 Also, It would hold the Temple Fair which is one of four biggest Temple Fairs in Beijing.

conversations as well. They were more likely to talk about any rumours and their family. Once some people realised that they have something similar, a single adult child at home, there comes the sparkle! They began to exchange each one’s child’s information in a small group and even published “newspapers” to introducing their single children, 14 and try to pick ideal ones by their principles, then arranging blind dates for their child. (Figure 5)

Initially, the park attracted the tourists and citizens. Senior citizens, the dominant users 13, are more likely to gather in

One day in September 2004, people spontaneously hold an

the park to do some healthy daily exercise like Tai Ji and

event named “Party of Magpies Bridge” 15, which is the first

Chinese Yo-yo. They enjoyed their activities and the social

11

Langchao Studio, ‘What Do You Think of the Social Phenomenon of "Blind

%AD/3201878> (accessed on 11 September 2017)

Date Corners"?’,

13

Report of the Main Users in China’s Urban Public Park (Tianjing, 2013)

<https://www.zhihu.com/question/21159821/answer/207486804?utm_source=c

14

Wu Xin, ‘Beijing Magpies Bridge’, Beijing Moring (accessed on 15 November

om.evernote&utm_medium=social> (accessed on 2 October 2017)

2017)

12

15 Every year in the Chinese valentine’s day (Lunar 7th July), according to

Renshengwuwei, ‘Beijing Longtan Park’

<https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%BE%99%E6%BD%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%9B

Chinese myth, there will be a flying magpie bridge in the Milky Way, lets the

26

time that all the people gathered together to arrange a blind date for their child.

At that moment, the press called the activity “blind date market” or “blind date bazaar”.

Later, the party began a convention and some of the participants started being fully involved in this arranging

After many the media reports hit the cities, the “blind date”

activities after chores. They printed or wrote their child’s

scale is increasing, also gradually spread to Beijing Zhongshan

information in one piece of paper, and the majority of them

park and Zizhu Mountain park, and Shanghai (People’s Park),

pasted the “advertising” paper on an opened umbrella, sat

Hangzhou (Songxiang College), Shenzhen (Lotus Mountain),

behind it like a guardian, waiting for every parent interested

Tianjin (People’s Park), Shenyang (the South Lake Park),

in their advertisement (Figure 6). Or pasted the paper onto a

Suzhou, Luoyang, Jinan and Xuzhou and other large and

wall or hang it up together, walking around the park for any

medium-sized cities.

potential prey. (Figure 7)

cowherd and his lover,Vega, to meet. This is called Magpie Bridge, this noun later

extended to link all kinds of good things that could connect men and women.

27

THE FLU OF THE PARK

Overall Distribution As it was mentioned, after more than 14 years, the Marriage-

1. Being in the first-tier and second-tier cities

Arranging Corners (or Blind Date Corners) nowadays

2. Being in public space which is big enough for sharing

appeared in almost every first-tier and second-tier cities. The

information and big parties

tendency behind the forming of Blind Date Corners is highly

3. Being in the centre area and have convenient

related with economic progress and urban development.

transportation

Especially in the most developed regions with high Gross

4. Being in a dense population area with high population

Domestic Product (GDP), respectively from the top 1 to the

mobility

follow 16: Shanghai (People’s Park), Beijing (Zhongshan Park

5. Being in a developed area with sophisticated urban facilities

and Longtan Park), Shenzhen (Lianhuashan Park), Guangzhou (Tianhe Park), Chongqing (Hongyadong Plaza), Tianjin (People’s Park), Suzhou (Guihua Park), Chengdu (People’s

To summarise, they should be in a developed area of highly

Park), Wuhan (Zhongshan Park), Hangzhou(Wansong

developing or developed cities.

Academy), Nanjing (Gulou Park, Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake) and etc…(Figure 13)

Parks’ Users and Activities Despite the Hongyadong Plaza (a public plaza in the

The main users of Chinese parks are senior people, and the

commercial street) in Chongqing, others Blind Date Corners

age of heavy users matches the age of the parents in the blind

are all public parks of their cities. By comparing these Blind

date corner. (Figure 21) As park users, these senior people

Date Corners, here are some common vital factors;

are more likely to gather together and form a certain social group due to their similar age and life experience.

16

2017 China Statistical Yearbook Data (Beijing, China Statistic Press, 2017)

28

number of groups. As a linear activity, it also has the most flexible requirement on road width. (Figure 20) On the one hand, the blind date corner can adapt to the layout structure of China's urban parks. On the other hand, its target group is exactly the main users of the park.

Figure 21; Utility Frequency of Parks, Report of Users of Urban Comprehensive Parks (2005)

Blind Date Corners (Figure 22) The main activities include viewing, walking, sitting,

People’s Park in Shanghai (Figure 11) is the most well-known

talking and exercising which are quite similar to what parents

Blind Date Corner and has frequently been reported by the

do in the Blind Date Corner: sitting (waiting beside the

domestic press. It is located in the most prosperous area in

booth), communicating (to communicate with other parents)

Shanghai with the most accessible transportation and dense

and walking (looking for the ideal target). (Figure 18)

population. It is close to People’s Park Metro Station which connects three metro lines. Moreover, the park is in the centre of Nanjing West Road which is the best commercial pedestrian street in Shanghai, and the road itself is famous for its surrounding building heritages constructed by western countries in last two centuries. (Figure 23) In People's park, parents mainly gather in the north gate of the part. They usually carry a small chair and an umbrella.

(Figure 9) Some of them sit next to an umbrella while the

Figure 22; Frequency of Main Activities in Parks, The Post Occupancy Evaluation

others may go around and ask their friends to look after their

of the Honghu Park, Shenzhen, Guangzhou University, Tang Yongqiong (2009)

booth. (Figure 10)

The activity pattern in the blind date corner is also the main

At the Blind Date Corner, they usually occupy both sides of

direction of functions in the design of cities’ park.

the road whether it is wide or narrow which looks like a

(Figure 19) Among many activities, Blind Date Corner is the

Christmas Fair, setting up their booth along the route. (Figure

activity with the most aggregation effect and has the largest

14)

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simulate the natural landscape and natural randomness.

Therefore, China's urban parks, mainly composed of roads and divisions as well as fewer wide open spaces, are very suitable for the development of the linear activities.

On the one hand, Blind Date Corner is a fair activity which is public and open. On the other hand, it has certain requirement of privacy. When talking about their children's marriage, people obviously prefer to communicate in a place with a certain degree of enclosure.

China's Urban parks generally are an open space. However,

Figure 23; Blind Date Corners in People's Park, Shanghai, Author (2018)

due to the density of green plants and some spatial elements (pavilion, gallery and narrow footpath), parts of the internal

Unlike western parks, most of the city parks in China follow

park are not quite open. Therefore, given the diversity of

the traditional Chinese garden design; seeing the big in small

space qualities, even the city park is open, it can also provide

and seeing the infinite in the limitation. 17 For the traditional

a hotbed for many activities requiring certain privacy. The

Garden of China, the road layout is of high density and full of

Blind Date Corner, mainly held around the linear roads, is one

randomness. Garden designers are trained to adopt highly

of the colourful activities in the park.

dense plants and rockery and water to emphasize and divide the space and apply the tortuous roads and space blocks to

17

Zhou Jie, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Harmony in Diversity â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The Analysis of the Chinese and Western

Landscape Designing Principleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Nanjing, Nanjing University of Technology, 2013)

30

THE ADVERTISEMENT AND INTERGENERATIONAL VALUES OF MARRIAGE

What are you looking for? A girlfriend?

Hello, Madam, I am just trying to collect some data for research here.

Yes, but you are not welcomed here. Don’t take photos.

Sure, it is clear, and are all those four umbrellas yours?

No, only this one is mine, and the rest belongs to my friends.

Wow, and where are they now? Are you their agents?

I just help them looking after their umbrellas, they are walking around at this time.

Is it kind like a shift work system? … (awkward bitter smile) May I know how long you have been here?

Uhnnn… Quite a long time…

—— Dialog between a Madam and Author in Shanghai’s Blind Date Corners, (01 April,.2018)

31

They would also show where their Hukou (Household

Details of Advertisements

Registration) in. If they do not have a Hukou in the current

In this bazaar, parents share not only basic information, but

city (Shanghai), some of them would like to note that they are

most importantly, highlight childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s material advantages and

seeking a target with local Household Registration.

external advantages (literally describe or put a photo). They distinguish other children not only by different cities but also

On the one hand, most parents in Blind Date Corners care

by different districts of the city (In fact, this could be the

about something material which they actually do not like. On

easiest way to estimate the property amount of others).

the other hand, they spend their time and energy on

(Figure 15)

participating in Blind Date Corners but wish the government to prohibit the Blind Date Corner. They do not like the

According to the advertisement shown in the Blind Date

corner and most of them have spent much time here but

Corner, Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park, Shanghai, it is clear to see what the

received nothing. However, they have to stay here day by day

parents care most and what is their criteria for an ideal

because there is no better alternative for them if they want

partner of their child. (Figure 8)

to find a relationship for their child. 18

In every single advertisement (Figure 16) (Figure 17), the first word would always be the location of their estate, which, in another word, is about their housing and where they are from if they do not have an immovable property in the current city (Shanghai). In addition to the gender, they would introduce their age, height, educational background, job and salary and any relevant information by sequence.

18 Jiang Sida, Parents in Blind Date Corners are not Monsters, online video recording,YouTube <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cx8acJwTRSI> (accessed on 24 August 2017)

32

Parents’ Criteria What are they showing 1.20% 5.61% 6.01%

What are they concerning 0.26% 0.26% 8.99%

Age 100.00% 18.12%

Height 97.24% Education 85.08%

10.61%

Age 62.43%

29.89%

15.34%

Education 38.12%

Job 80.11% 17.62%

10.91%

Porperty （in SH） 32.04%

Household Registration in SH 60.22% Porperty in SH 58.56%

Household Registration （in 18.25%

Only Child 33.15% 14.51%

15.42%

Height 56.35%

Salary 30.94%

SH） 18.78% Salary 0.55% 26.98%

Parents' Statues 6.63%

Parents's Status 0.55%

Figure 24: What are Parents Showing in Blind Date Corners, Survey of Blind Date

Figure 25: What do Parents concern in Blind Date Corners, Survey of Blind Date

Corners in People’s Park, Author (2018)

Corners in People’s Park, Author (2018)

According to my investigation of 181 advertisements samples

Registration and the property, the proportion is higher than

in Blind Date Corners (People’s Park, China)

19, in

age (18.12%), being as the top 1 frequent description

terms of

together. (Figure 24)

the context describing their single child, the mentioned frequency of age (100%), height (97.24%), educational background (85.08%), work (80.11%), Household Registration

The requirement of the date mate of their single child is also

(in Shanghai) (60.22%), property (in Shanghai) (58.56%), one-

worthy of attention. In their description of the criteria for

child (33.15%), salary (30.94%) and parents’ status (6.63%). A

date mates, the mentioned frequency from high to low

total of 21.52% of the content is about Household

respectively are age (62.43%), height (56.35%), education

19

Author, Survey of Blind Date Corners in People’s Park (2018)

33

background (38.12%), property (in Shanghai) (32.04%),

According to the statistics above, we can clearly find that

Household Registration (in Shanghai) (18.78%), salary (0.55%),

when parents seek the date mates for their single child,

parents’ status (0.55%). The requirements for real estate and

property and Household Registration, are of great value and

Household Registration both account for 24.33% of the total

advantages from parents’ perspectives, apart from age and

content, higher than educational background (18.25%) and

height which belong to the conventional conditions,

after age (29.89%) and height (26.98). (Figure 25)

Household Registration and real estate, in a sense, is more important than educational background.

One Parent: ‘Housing is crucial; it is all because the gap in wealth now is enlarging, it is all about the money. For males, they should definitely have a car, an immovable property, and money. If they do not have a house, they will not find a relationship even in their 40s’ ‘And To be honest, the government should clamp down Blind Date Corners.’

—— Dialog from an interview: Parents in Blind Date Corners are not Monsters, Jiang Sida, (2017) 20

20 Jiang Sida, Parents in Blind Date Corners are not Monsters, online video recording,YouTube <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cx8acJwTRSI> (accessed on 24 August 2017)

34

open and independent society. In a word, the daters and their

Values of Children

parents are from two distinct generations with a big gap and enormous differences. And there is a quite significant

Educational Background of Daters 14.92%

difference in their value of marriage as well. Most young single people cannot accept their parentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; values of marriage; they

0.55%8.84%

1.66% 6.63%

Associate

do not support their parents to participate in Blind Date

Bachelor/Oversea

Corner.

Bachelor Master 39.23%

According to the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the number of

Master/Oversea PHD

single people aged between 20 and 59 in China was 170

unclaimed

26.52% 1.66%

million in 2013 and has risen to nearly 200 million in 2016.

High School or Lower

From 2013 to 2016, the number of people who experienced marriage procedures in China has been decreasing from 9.9%

Figure 26: Educational Background of Daters, Survey of Blind Date Corners in

to 8.3%. Meanwhile, the number of who choose divorce has

Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park, Author (2018)

The average birth year of the daters in Blind Date Corners is

been increasing from 2.6% to 3.0%. 22 Social openness and

1977 for males and 1984 for females. 21 For this generation,

economic independence have made people more self-

people have benefited a lot since the return of National

independent and fewer people want to marry. The rising

University Entrance Examination (1977, Winter)(Figure 37) in

divorce rate is another sign that the Chinese are increasingly

educational development and the economic opening-up

pursuing high-quality marriage. Since divorce is generally

policy (18.December.1978)(Figure 38). Thereby most of

accepted, young people have more choices about marriage

children are well-educated (Figure 26) and live in a more

than they did in the past. Everyone is longing for a happy

21

Author, Survey of Blind Date Corners in Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park (2018)

22

Gao Zhenyu, Le Linjin, Xu Min and Fang Shuyi, Report of Chinese Marriage Values in 2017 (Shenzhen, Tecent Dazhe Net, 2017)

35

marriage. If the marriage is not perfect, divorce will become

Even 36.8% of female believed that they would be happy

their choice.

without marriage. 23

More than half of the respondents believed that the couples should have common goals and work together. People with a higher diploma tend to keep a more independent career when they get married. The number of those who own a master or higher degree select "the couple could develop independently" is as high as 37.71%, doubling that proportion of the people with junior middle school education and the

Figure 28; People's Choices about Marriage, Report of Chinese Marriage Values

lower degree (Figure 27).

in 2017, Gao Zhenyu, Le Linjin, Xu Min and Fang Shuyi (2017)

(Figure 28) People who choose to "go for marriage and have a child" are the majority, but as the respondents get younger, the approval ratings get lower.

Different from the parents, young men and women will give more priority to the characters, tempers, life habits, Figure 27; How to Live with Your Partner, Report of Chinese Marriage Values in

worldviews, values and outlooks on life while selecting a

2017, Gao Zhenyu, Le Linjin, Xu Min and Fang Shuyi (2017)

relationship. Males care more about femalesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; appearance and

Young people are unwilling to marry early. Their first marriage

background, while women pay more attention to the man's

mainly happens in the age of 22-28, 63.29% of males voted for

ability to work and their career. (Figure 29)

late marriage, and it is 83.07% for females. Especially in big cities, people getting their marriage after 30 is quite common.

23

Investigation Report of Chinese Marriage and Relationship Status in 2015,

(Beijing, Institute of Social Science Survey, Peking University, 2015)

36

Figure 29; What Concern You in A Relationship, Report of Chinese Marriage Values in 2017, Gao Zhenyu, Le Linjin, Xu Min and Fang Shuyi (2017)

The idea: marriage should go with quality increasingly gains its population in young group and become dominant in the 00â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s.

At the same time, being single and unmarried are more welcomed as respondents get younger.

Unlike their parents who want to urge their children to get married as soon as possible, young people are more willing to marry late or do not marry. Their perception of marriage is totally different from that of their parents, even though parents may more or less influence them and ask them to make concessions in the final.

37

38

CHAPTER III

OUTSIDE THE CORNERS

39

Figure 30; A Happy Marriage, A Happy Family, Li Wenxin and Fu Xiaoxian (1955)

40

Figure 31; Long live the General Line! Long live the Great Leap Forward! Long live the People's Communes!,Yao Zhongyu (1964)

41

Figure 32; The 3 July and 24 July Proclamations Are Chairman Mao's Great Strategic Plans! Unite with Forces That Can Be United with to Strike Surely, Accurately and

Relentlessly at The Handful of Class Enemies, Unknown (1968)

42

Figure 33; To Villages We Go, to The Borders We Go, to Places in The Fatherland Where We Are Most Needed We Go, Unknown (1970)

43

Figure 34; Practice Birth Control for the Revolution - Freely Supplied Anti-Contraceptives, Zhang Baogui, (1975)

44

Figure 35; The Construction of the Bridge Over the Yangzi at Nanjing is A Great Victory of Mao Zedong Thought!, Jiangsusheng Geming Committee, (1975)

45

Figure 36: Beijing University Ceremony to Welcome New Students in 1977, Unknown (1977)

46

Figure 37; Special Economic Zones - China's Great Open Door, Sun Yi (1987)

47

Figure 38: Sample of Hukou (Household Register) <https://m.sohu.com/n/489493017/> (accessed 19 April 2018)

48

Figure 39; Person of the Year 2009: The Chinese Worker, Song Chao, (2009)

49

Figure 40; The Wave of Immigrant Works Returned Home During Spring Festival, Unknown (2014)

50

Figure 41; Ghost Village_ Fengmen Village, A Zha(2016)

51

Figure 42; The Countryside Watchers_ Countryside Collection,Yun Zhihai (2017),

52

Figure 43; Immigrant Workers and the City They Constructed, Guan Cong (2014)

53

POPULATION CONTROL IN CHINA

from their parents even they are adults, and the economic

Family Structure

benefits include the unmovable properties, cars and even the

(Figure 30) In China, marrying can be divided into two verbs

introduction of jobs. Given their situation, they have lower

according to the gender. For women, it is 嫁(jia), which

speak rights when parents want them to get married. After

means ‘marry, give or send to somebody’, normally, the wife

they get married, their parents would begin to ask for a

would live with the husband in husband’s house after their

grandson or granddaughter. Once the child gets a baby, parents will conventionally live with their child even they do

marriage. For males, it is 取(qu), which means ‘get’ or

not live together before, helping son or daughter look after

‘receive’, as the husband should normally welcome the wife

the grandson or granddaughter.

to become a member of his family and live in his home.

However, marriage should always mean a house for the new

Parents’ Background

couple. In the past, the house was the husband’s home with

The average birth year of the daters in Blind Date Corner is

their parents or including other relatives. Nowadays, as young

1981.48 24. In another word, the average birth year of parents

people become more independent, they prefer to have a

in Blind Date Corners is around 1940s-1960s, which means

house only for two persons. As for this house, traditionally, it

that most of them have experienced the poor material

should be offered by the husband’s family.

period in China. People born in this period were kindly called the Children of Mao 25 by foreign scholars.

A family of five is a typical model of family structure in China nowadays, including grandparents, parents and a son or a

In this tough period of China, food was not enough when

daughter. Chinese children rely too much on their parents.

they were kids (Great Leap Forward, 1958) (Figure 31),

Commonly, children will keep receiving financial assistance

24

Author, Survey of Blind Date Corners in People’s Park (2018)

25

Mao Zedong (20 March 1943 – 9 September 1976), Chairman of the

(Great Chinese Famine, 1959-1961), people could not attend

Communist Party of China

54

school at a school age (Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976)

about survival but an intimate relationship. Parents used to

(Figure 32) and planned to support the rural area in their

get married in the hope of keeping their social status and

adolescence (Down to the Countryside Movement, 1950s-

class level, and clearly, they now turn to apply this to their

1970s) (Figure 33). Most of their marriages were arranged by

child and adapt this method to the new game rules. The only

parents and confronted with the birth control when they

thing is not changed is that China’s society is still changing, so

want to raise a child (One-Child Policy, 1973) (Figure 34).

that their strategy is still working.

Facing with educational marketization when their child at school age (Industrialization of Education, 1990s), people had

The essence of the Blind Date Corner is agent blind date. In

to take the medical insurance and social security by

Sun Peidong’s opinion, the Blind Date Corners are the stages

themselves as they would not be taken care of by

of emotional abreaction for parents, which is resulted from

government when getting retired (Revolution of Pension

their group anxiety and the intergenerational extension of

Insurance System, 1993). People could not afford the housing

children’s marriage issue. 26

price when their child was planning to get married (The Welfare Housing System Cancelled and Housing

Birth Control and Only-Child

Commercialization, 1998) ….

(Figure 34) The One-Child Policy is also an important factor in parents' eagerness to help their child find suitable marriage

They have planned everything and learnt that things

partners.

sometimes do not go as planned. Hence, in their experience,

Nearly 33.15% of parents in Blind Date Corners claimed

it is full of helplessness and anxiety for future. The majority of

their child as only-child. 27 And in fact, this proportion could

parents in Blind Date Corners acknowledge the rules of

be more than 33.15% because parents may not necessarily

individual interest and the significant trend of social

put this information on paper.

transformation. In the process of social transformation and

Potentially, if they claim this, they are more likely to send a

vicissitude, they are born to learn how to survive in the game

message that the child has full right to succeed all their

of social evolution. In their point of view, marriage is more

heritage or the child is their only valuable child who grows up

26

27

Sun Peidong, ‘Blind Dates and the White Hair’s Arranged Marriage’, Youth

Studies (2013), vol.393 no.06 p.12-25

55

Author, Survey of Blind Date Corners in People’s Park (2018)

in an environment with fully material enrichment. It cannot be

the only child who is entirely dependent on their parents

a real advantage nor a disadvantage.

accounts for 18.10%, while it was only 10.10% for the nononly child. The only child's economic dependence on the elders is significantly higher than that of the non-only child. 28

Normally, only-child would be more dependent.

Having only one child in the home, parents would give all hopes on the child, looking forward their only child attend a

Dual Hukou (Household Registration) System

good university, find a good job, look for a suitable partner

(Figure 38) China is a large developing country. Its social

and have a lovely house. The cost of raising a child has been

structure based on the Dual Household Registration System

remarkably increased, which including the educational tuitions

which has been implemented for a long time and determines

and price of commodities and housing. The city's first

the uniqueness of China's urbanisation development.

generation of the only child went to college in a twin-track system, with parents began paying more for college. Not only

In 1958, the Chinese government formally introduced the

that, many parents shrunk their life quality, or managed a

Dual Household Registration System.

financial investment in order to help the child to purchase the

The system distinguishes the entire population by agricultural

marriage house or at least prepared the down payment. Due

and non-agricultural Household Registration; it classifies the

to the risk of existence, employment and pension, the only

population into two large groups, Urban Population and Rural

child and their parents have no choice but to be tied in the

Population.

cooperative marriage.

Meanwhile, Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s government strictly controlled the Relatively, only-child is more likely to be dependent and rely

transformation from Rural Population to Urban Population.

on their parents.

Immigrants from the rural area to the city would not carry

According to a survey, nearly 50.5% of the only child asked

the Household Registration of that city, which means, in

their parents to take care of their own child, compared with

another way, they are not legal residents of the city. Although

28.1 per cent of the non-only child. As for the wedding cost,

they have a long-term job in cities, they are still known as

28

(Beijing, Workers Daily, 2004)

Shanghai Institute of Social Science, The Latest Survey Of The First

Generation Of Only Children In Chinese Cities Entering The Marriage Period,

56

migrants. They would not benefit from political rights and a

6. No illegal fertility

lot of welfare policies in employment, housing, medical care,

7. No criminal record

social security, children’s education and opportunities of

8. The tax bill must be seven years’ old

National University Entrance Examination, even including the

9. With a mid-level title in Shanghai, or equivalent to such a

utility right of some specific urban facilities.

certificate, the Social Security Contribution Base has been twice the average of Shanghai for three consecutive years.

For them, the transformation to be urban residents is a crucial step in the process of their urbanisation, and this step

It should be noted that the average house price in Shanghai in

is never easy to achieve. There are about 150 million urban

2018 is 49135 yuan/m2, while the average salary there is

migrant workers in China, 29 and they are at a hard stage of

10128 yuan. In another word, a house could averagely cost

the transformation to be legal citizens. In China, the tide of

Shanghainese whole 42-years income. And, this is just one of

rural migration to cities has never stopped. And among them,

the criteria.

only a small number of elites can succeed in the end.

China’s big developed cities like Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, Below are the requirements of being a legal Shanghainese 30;

etc. are not easy to be a new home and the people who are

1. The residence permit shall last for seven years

planning to immigrate there shall tackle many difficulties.

2. The integral is 120 points plus

To most people, it is not like you are immigrating to a city, it

3. Own a house

is more like that you are migrating to a country. However, the

4. The payment of Social Security shall be uninterruptedly

benefits are as attractive as migrating to a high welfare

accumulated for at least seven years

country.

5. Qualified for Talent Introduction in Shanghai

29

Development (2018), vol.14 no.1 p3-23

Wang Guixin, Shen Jianfa and Liu Jianbo, ‘Citizenization of Peasant Migrants

30

during Urbanization in China - A Case Study of Shanghai’, Population and

57

Settlement Standard of Shanghai (Shanghai, Shanghai Government, 2017)

URBANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

enjoy the public benefits in the city. The migrant population

Structure of Population in Cities

were excluded from most social security, such as health care,

China’s Shenzhen is not only a young immigrant city but also

employment and pension. On the one hand, Shenzhen's

a miniature of the development of numerous Chinese cities.

development cannot be achieved without migrant population,

In 2009, Chinese workers were listed as people of the year

on the other hand, it also strictly managed and controlled the

by TIME Magazine, and four selected female migrant workers

population. In 2001, the government launched a "100-day

from Shenzhen appeared on the magazine’s cover. (Figure 39)

Campaign to Clean up High-Risk Population in Public Security" and cleared 80,000 so-called ‘high-risk

Same as Shanghai, Shenzhen developed from a fishing village.

population’. 32 In 2004, the government launched a "Combing

China's reform and opening up helped the city attract a large

Campaign" and demolished 38 million square meters of illegal

number of workforce. (Figure 35) In the mid and late 1980s,

residential buildings for immigrant works. Both campaigns are

Shenzhen’s workforce reached over 60% of its population, but

considered to be suspected of excluding outsiders.

most of them were immigrant population who did not belong to the city. Shenzhen's permanent population were up to 20

Among other big cities in China, Guangzhou has 5.3386

million in 2015, but only 4 million of them had registered as

million permanent residents from other cities 33, accounting

residents in the city.31 Only about 79.8% of them can be

for 38% of the total population. Migrant population in Beijing

called Shenzhen people (residents）legally. However, as in

and Shanghai also make up 38% and 40.5% respectively 34.

many other cities, only registered residents were entitled to

31

Peng Guihua, ‘The Research and Strategy of Affordable Housing in Shenzhen’

p.69-73

(Chengdu, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2016)

33

32 Wang Zhanjun, ‘Innovative Research on Regional Security and Social

2016 China Demographic Employment Statistics Yearbook, (Beijing, China

Statistic Press, 2017) 34

Security Control for Special Groups’, Jiangxi Police College Journal (2015), vol.5

58

Shanghai 2010 Population Census Data. (Beijing, China Statistics Press, 2011)

Non-native residents are not qualified to enjoy pension

The Urbanization Mode in China

unless paying pension insurance for 15 consecutive years. It is

Recently, due to the side effects of urban overexpansion,

difficult for the migrant workers to meet the requirement.

voice against the immigrant workers has increased. People

Therefore, it seems impossible to benefit from pension

believe that they take too many urban resources and block

insurance after retirement. In reality, most of them left the

the urban development.

pension they paid while working in the city and subsidised the

The first-tier cities take straightforward or even impolite

city, but they were forced to go back to their small county

measures to limit and expel outsiders in a covert manner.

towns without any benefit in their twilight years. (Figure 40)

Since 2004, Beijing has been implementing the policies of the lottery in purchasing cars and alternate-day driving

Immigrant workers do the most exhausting work to

restrictions. But even so, the capital still ranked first in traffic

contribute to China's urbanisation. According to the

jam across China with a full year of congestion of 1549 hours

Monitoring Report on Immigrant Workers in 2016, 64.4% of

in 2017. 35

migrant people work over 8 hours per day, and 78.4% work for more than 44 hours per week. 2.37 million migrant

According to the data from Professor Liu Yuzhao of Shanghai

workers suffer from arrears in wages of which 65% have

University, Shanghai spent 8.868 billion yuan on the

never signed any contract with the employers. However, they

compulsory education (primary school and junior middle

still don’t have the opportunity to enjoy benefits in the cities

school) for the children of the migrant population in 2015,

they work in. From 1985 to 2009, the average contribution

but 1.1 million non-registered residents and their companies

rate between the migrant workers' labour productivity and

paid at least 52.65 billion yuan of social security charges that

the total labour productivity growth was 17.60%, and their

year, bringing Shanghai a basic pension surplus of 17.3 billion

average share rate of the economic achievements was only

in 2015. If their contribution were deducted, the pension

9.65%, which was far lower than their contribution rate to

would become a deficit of 35.3 billion. 36

35

the economic growth. 37

Wu Di, ’Study on the Problem of Traffic Congestion in Beijing and its

http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001073784?archive > (accessed on 11 August

Countermeasures’ (Beijing, Minzu University of China, 2016)

2017)

36

37 2016 Migrant Workers Monitoring and Investigation Report, (Beijing, China

Nie Riming, ‘Big Cities Should Treat Migrant Children Well’, FT Chinese <

59

labour force and making enough achievements in a certain The inburst of young people from the rural areas to cities is

level, the city should get out of the quagmire of initial

in the hope of a better life. According to a survey of seven

development and try to obtain more qualified and

provinces in Central and Western China, the age structure of

professional high-end labour force for the need of further

those who choose to "stay in the countryside" and "go out to

growth and transformation. In this circumstances, the Hukou

work" is the opposite - young migrant workers leave their

policy makes the government's management and regulation of

old parents and little child at home, which lead to another

the population efficient, though also ruthless. (Figure 43)

social problem - ‘left-behind children and left-behind parents’.

(Figure 42)

Therefore, many parents in the Blind Date Corners seeking for someone with house and Hukou is not only for some

Without young people, the rural areas enter into an ageing

material guarantees but also some of them want to fulfil their

society earlier than the cities. According to the census in

urbanisation from a rural population to urban population.

2010, ageing rate of population in the rural areas has gone up to 10.06%, which is 2.26% higher than that in the cities. 38 In

China’s villages are no longer idyllic so that it is not a bad thing that people choose to leave the countryside permanently. For a long time in the future, China's countryside will continue to grow old and even disappear. However, this is the inevitable choice of history. It is the only way for every developing country. China should indeed not block this process.

rural areas of Hubei Province, the ageing rate is even more than 20% and will probably exceed 30% by 2028. Some high ageing areas have become ghost villages. Between 2004 and 2010, traditional villages in China's river basins area averagely disappeared by 1.82 per day 39. (Figure 41) It can be said that China's urban development model is based

—— Is there any hope for China’s villages?. Zhuang Yixie, (Beijing, Netease

on sacrificing rural development and bringing rural vital

Langchao Studio 2017)

labour force to urban area. However, after obtaining enough

Statistic Press, 2017)

39

38

http://www.52rkl.cn/langchao/022MH9322018.html> (accessed on 23 February

Wang Guixin, ‘Great Importance to the Rapid Aging of the Rural Population’,

Exploration and Contention (2015), vol.02 p.28-30

Zhuang Yixie, ‘Is There Any Hope for China’s Villages?’ <

2018)

60

due to the consideration of future development and career

The Imbalanced Development

platform, the East area attract much more workforce than

In Blind Date Corners, the rule of the game is that the Hukou

the Midwest. The external condition has created the spatial

of rural area is worthless compared to that of the city area,

imbalance pattern of China's urbanisation and strengthened

and the ordinary cities’ Hukou is of less value than first-tier

the development gaps in different regions. The gaps involve

cities’. This is a minor reflection of the development of

the unbalanced education, medical insurance, employment

China’s cities and the movement direction of China’s labour

and pension which are all the profound reasons and the

force.

motivations of eastern region’s agglomeration in population and industry.

Distribution of China’s cities tends to concentrate in the eastern region, especially those mega-cities. This arouses enormous environmental pressure for a specific region, also results in the spatial imbalance between energy supplement, the commodity circulation and economic development.

(Figure 44) The country initially implemented the development strategy which was of regional disequilibrium and made the industry and population gather quickly and extensively to the eastern coastal areas. Due to the development gap that is already existing among various regions, the policy again aggravated

Figure 44; The Density of Urban Population And Cities among Provinces in

the development gap between the East and Midwest.

China 40

In the new country starting from zero, people have an instinct

The existence of the Household Registration System causes

longing for the so-called metropolis life. On the other side,

difficulties to the labour force flowing from the countryside

40 Guan Xingliang, Wei Houkai, Lu Shasha, ‘Patterns and Driving Mechanism of

Research (2016), vol.35 no.2 p.227-241

Spatial Agglomeration during the Urbanization Process in China’. Geographical

61

large cities. 44 (Figure 45)

to the city, and from the low-tier cities to the higher-tier cities. 41 By implementing the Rank-Size Rule 42, Liang Qi found that the Household Registration System can hinder the flow of labour force, hence making the city scale flat and deviating from the Pareto Optimality of the urban hierarchy system

43. The

relaxation of the Household Registration

System will not lead to an unlimited expansion of cities, and by contrast, the high living cost in large cities will internally

Figure 45; Structure of City Size in China 45

lead to the decentralisation of urban expansion.

The loosening of the Household Registration System will raise the level of urbanisation in first-tier cities in China and

Many scholars hope to abolish the Hukou policy, arguing that

reduce the development of low-tier cities as these cities

China's policymakers be sticking to it because they are

cannot compete against the first-tier ones, which will expand

worried about the unlimited expansion of cities, exacerbating

the discrepancy in different regions. The uncontrolled

the various diseases of megacities which have already arisen.

movement of the labour force always heads to first-tier cities.

However, it may not be the whole truth.

Moreover, the increasing labour mobility resulted from the relaxation of the Household Registration System policy will

Due to the restrictions on labour mobility, the size of China's

make the central - peripheral structure more obvious. 46

cities has always been under control. Currently, the typical

First-tier cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and

condition of cities’ development hierarchy is an increasing

Shenzhen will continue to strengthen their dominance in the

number of small and medium developing cities and stagnant

urban system like the predators at the top of the food chain.

41

44

Liang Qi, Chen Qiangyuan and Wang Ruyu, ‘Household Registration Reform,

(same as previous)

Labor Mobility and Urban Hierarchy Optimization’, Social Sciences in China

45 Liang Qi, Chen Qiangyuan and Wang Ruyu, ‘Household Registration Reform,

(2013), vol.12 p.36-205

Labor Mobility and Urban Hierarchy Optimization’, Social Sciences in China

42

G. Zipf, Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort, (New York:

(2013), vol.12 p.36-205

Addison-Wesley, 1949) 43

46

Liang Qi, Chen Qiangyuan and Wang Ruyu, ‘Household Registration Reform,

M. Bosker, S. Brakman, H. Garretsen and M. Schramm, ‘Relaxing Hukou;

Increased Labour Mobility and China’s Economic Geography’, Journal of Urban

Labor Mobility and Urban Hierarchy Optimization’, Social Sciences in China

Economics (2012), vol.72 no.2-3 p.252-266

(2013), vol.12 p.36-205

62

various measures for more high-quality and well-educated However, China's policymakers do not want to see that the

labour while Beijing and Shanghai take the initiative not to

development allow any one region to become the absolute

compete.

and exclusive top one. China needs more than one economic While the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;unscrupulousâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Hukou policy has aroused doubts, it

centres because of its territory scale and population.

is still a powerful weapon for policymakers to manage the movement of the labour force and regulate regional development.

Figure 46; GDP Amount of Top Cities in China 2016 < http://www.chyxx.com/industry/201712/591618.html> (accessed 12 December 2017)

Beijing and Shanghai are the two dominant cities in China.

(Figure 46) They have been increasing their requirements for move-in Hukou every year. In 2018, for the majority of the population, the two cities' requirements for Hukou relocation were equivalent as the closure of the approval for move-in.

While the regular channel gets narrow, the two cities open their green channels for senior elite labour, senior enterprise managers, top scholars and overseas students.

At the same time, many second-tier cities in China are opening up their Hukou hoping to absorb labour force rejected by Beijing and Shanghai. These cities have introduced

63

64

CHAPTER IV

THE CONCLUSIONS

It is A Big Social Party

65

The Blind Date Corner attracts thousands of parents, but the

family troubles, their child and other family trivial affairs. They

successful matching rate in the Blind Date Corner is not

usually start the conversation with their child's marriage, but

optimistic, and below are some reasons behind:

not necessarily end the conversation with it.

1. Proxy blind date lacks the direct participation of the daters, so it is more about the parents' choice

Indeed, the Blind Date Corner also functions as a social

2. Due to the span of two specific generations, there are

bazaar. Maybe the majority of parents there acknowledge that

many differences between children and their parents in

their effort for arranging a blind date for their child is

the views on marriage

unidirectional and inefficient. The fact may be that they enjoy

3. Most parents in the blind date corner are not

this big social party and want to grasp some possibilities

supported by their children

attributing their child’ marriage.

Through observation in the blind date corner, it is not

Marriage Is a Method

difficult to find the running logic in the blind date corner.

Some scholars investigated Educational Homogamy in 65

Many parents have been engaging in dating for years without

countries around the world and pointed out that there is a

managing to help their children find a partner. In the Blind

relationship of inverted "U" type 47 between the

Date Corner, some friends set up stalls together, and there

homogeneous educational marriage and the level of social,

are also some individuals who fight alone.

economic development. In a certain range, homogeneous educational marriage is more likely to happen in an

Still, they enjoy it. At the Blind Date Corner, they meet their

undeveloped society with a high proportion of the population

peers and make friends with each other. Many parents have a

in agriculture and low per capita energy consumption. During

fixed position and specific social circle. They look after each

a low level of social development and the social income,

other’s stalls by taking the shift. They walk around and look

social members tend to seek a partner with similar

for the right preys or talk to others while their stalls are

educational background and social status in the hope of

looked after by their friends. They communicate about same

maintaining their current social status. Homogeneous

47

Explanatory Variables’, American Sociological Review (1998), vol. 63, no. 2, p.

Jeroen Smits, Wout Ultee and Jan Lammers, ‘Educational Homogamy in 65

Countries: An Explanation of Differences in Openness Using Country-Level

264-285

66

marriage will gain its population at this point. And with the

homogeneous marriage as the tool to maintain and guarantee

improvement of social development and social welfare level,

their familyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s status are increasing. They realise that their

the quantity of educational homogamy marriage will decrease,

current status is easy to lose but difficult to keep, so they

social members would be more likely to choose the one that

determine to seek security for their families and their child

they truly love instead of regarding the marriage as a method

by marriage, as what their parents did for them.

to secure their social status and class level.

When striving for an urban Hukou, directly buying real estate in the city, marrying to the local people or buying real estate together with their spouses are all effective methods for the most migrant population to consolidate and maintain their position in the Hukou contest game, and parents in the matchmaking corner know the truth well.

Figure 47: Multivariate Relationship between Indicators of Economic

Beauty Economy

Development and Educational Homogamy in 65 Countries 48

One interesting fact is the proportions of genders in Blind The principle of educational homogamy reflects the market

Date Corners. Nearly 65.75% of the daters are females while

logic in Blind Date Corner.

the male accounts for 34.25%

Having experienced a turbulent period in Chinese society

overall proportion of male is higher than female. The sex

after the founding of the People's Republic of China, parents

ratio of mainland-born in 2015 was 113.51, higher than the

in Blind Date Corner understand that China's social class has

normal 103 to 107 set by the United Nations. In reality, the

formed and tended to be stable. Given the changeable and

population of males in mainland China is 33.66 million more

undeveloped social welfare and insurance system, parents

than women, and a skewed sex ratio is making it difficult for a

know the ladder of social class is very narrow, which is

large number of males to find a partner. (Figure 48)

49. By

contrast, in China, the

difficult to climb up and easy to slide down. Moreover, in this social situation, the proportion of parents who want to adopt

48

49

(same as previous)

67

Author, Survey of Blind Date Corners in Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park (2018)

The Constitution of 'Daters'

For females’ parents in the Blind Date Corner, marriage is a deal between money and woman. Parents would like to secure their daughter’s better lives and social status through

34.25%

marriage. And they know, in China’s marriage market, their daughter will devalue with gaining age. Therefore, they force 65.75%

and wish their daughter to get married as soon as possible in

Male Female

order to ‘trade’ a wonderful husband and exchange for a maximum benefit in young age. Moreover, this result has

Figure 48: The Constitution of Daters, Survey of Blind Date Corners in People’s

naturally given birth to the booming "beauty economy" and

Park, Author (2018)

"womanism" 50 in the Blind Date Corner.

In the past, it was traditional in China for men to be superior to women. Although women's status has improved recently,

A Product of China’s Urban Development

compared to males, females are more dependent, and it is still

Although there is a culture of forced marriage and blind date

hard to find sufficient female managers or leaders in China’s

all over the world, and the modern society has provided

companies. Women who lack a smooth promotion channel

enough diverse platforms for young people to find a partner.

are more likely to be forced to get married because it is in

Apart from the traditional blind date culture, the blind date

common sense that these females can rely on their husbands

corner in China’s parks is more of a product of Chinese

to obtain better living conditions.

policy and urban development.

There is a saying "Men are afraid of getting into a wrong

The population control policy has amplified the social

career and women are afraid of marrying the wrong men."

civilians’ demand for housing and Hukou, which are no longer

In society's long-term indoctrination, most women are willing

an advantage but a necessary indicator for daters in Blind

to accept to improve their life quality by males.

Date Corner. This reflects that in the process of China’s

50 A Mao, ‘From The Prohibition of Early Love to Crazy Marriage Promotion:

https://www.douban.com/note/648286357/ > (accessed on 08 December 2017)

Chinese Parents' Distorted View of Love and Marriage’ <

68

urban development, the restrictions on population mobility exceed the demand for population mobility.

In the early stages of urban development, cities can bring migrant rural labour force, and in the phase of urban transformation, the urban managers can upgrade the city's labour force with an extremely low price through Hukou policy, leaving the normal labour force who are in the bottom social level be passive and negative.

In the meantime, the social members usually tend to spontaneously find suitable strategies to adapt to the policy.

As players in Hukou game, parents in Blind Date Corner implement their childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s marriage as the channel to win the game.

In the marriage market, parents are intentionally or unintentionally amplified their demand to consolidate or enhance their social status with marriage. And the Hukou and house in big cities are absolutely the exchange condition which has the most value and are the best insurance of material. In their eyes, a Hukou is a green card for marriage.

As the primary users of the park, these parents have excellent trading places. They all have one single child, they all will gather in public parks, they all share some specific leisure time and activities, moreover, they also have same demands and purposes during the urbanisation. Thus, the formation of Blind Date Corner is more inevitable than accidental.

69

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Journal Sun, Peidong, ‘Blind Dates and the White Hair’s Arranged Marriage’, Youth Studies (2013), vol.393 no.06 p.12-25

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Zhou Jie, ‘Harmony in Diversity – The Analysis of the Chinese and Western Landscape Designing Principle’ (Nanjing, Nanjing University of Technology, 2013)

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Wang, Guixin, ‘Great Importance to the Rapid Aging of the Rural Population’, Exploration and Contention (2015), vol.02 p.28-30

Sun, Longji, The Deep Structure of Chinese Culture (Guangxi: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2011)

Liang, Qi, ‘Household Registration Reform, Labor Mobility and Urban Hierarchy Optimization’, Social Sciences in China (2013), vol.12 p.36-205

Wu, Zhihong, Country of Gaint Baby, (Hangzhou, Zhejiang People’s Press, 2016) Guan, Jun, Having No Male Heir is the Gravest of the Three Cardinal Offences against Filial Piety (Shanghai: Shanghai Cultural Press, 2012)

Bosker, M, ‘Relaxing Hukou; Increased Labour Mobility and China’s Economic Geography’, Journal of Urban Economics (2012), vol.72 no.2-3 p.252-266

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71

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1; Paper Cutting of Traditional China's Marriage Celebration, Unknown

i

Figure 2; Freedom of Marriage, Happiness and Good Luck,Yu Yunjie (1953)

2

Figure 3; Be Filial to Your Parents, Huang Hong’en (1996)

3

Figure 4; A Still from TV Show: If You are the One (2016)

4

Figure 5; Marriage-Arranging Corner in People’s Park of Shanghai, Jing Qi (2017)

10

Figure 6; Parents and Their Umbrellas in Marriage-Arranging Corner, Unknown (2015)

11

Figure 7; Advertising Wall in Marriage-Arranging Corner, Jing Qi (2017)

12

Figure 8; Advertisements in Marriage-Arranging Corner in People’s Park of Shanghai, Jing Qi (2017)

13

Figure 9; The Way Parents Dominate Roads in Blind Date Corner, Author (2018)

14

Figure 10; Parents Were Walking and Talking in the Corner, Author (2018)

15

Figure 11; The Way Parents Dominate Roads in Blind Date Corner, Author (2018)

16

Figure 12; Longtan Park in Beijing, from Map Box (2018)

17

Figure 13; The Main Blind Date Corners in China’s Cities, Author (2018)

18

Figure 14; Plan of Blind Date Corners in the Park, Author (2018)

19

Figure 15; The Advertisement in Blind Date Corners, Transformed by Author (2018)

20

Figure 16; Details of Females’ Typical Advertising Paper, Author (2018)

21

Figure 17; Details of Males’ Typical Advertising Paper, Author (2018)

22

Figure 18; The Typical Spatial Qualities for Parents in Blind Date Corners, Author (2018)

23

Figure 19; The Typical Spatial Qualities for Other Activities Happened in China’s Urban Parks, Author (2018)

24

Figure 20; Characters of Different Activities in the Park, Author (2018)

25

Figure 21; Utility Frequency of Parks, Report of Users of Urban Comprehensive Parks (2005)

29

Figure 22; Frequency of Main Activities in Parks, The Post Occupancy Evaluation of the Honghu Park, Shenzhen, Guangzhou University, Tang Yongqiong (2009)

29

Figure 23; Blind Date Corners in People's Park, Shanghai, Author (2018)

30

Figure 24: What are Parents Showing in Blind Date Corners, Survey of Blind Date Corners in People’s Park, Author (2018)

33

Figure 25: What do Parents concern in Blind Date Corners, Survey of Blind Date Corners in People’s Park, Author (2018)

33

72

Figure 26: Educational Background of Daters, Survey of Blind Date Corners in Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park, Author (2018)

35

Figure 27; How to Live with Your Partner, Report of Chinese Marriage Values in 2017, Gao Zhenyu, Le Linjin, Xu Min and Fang Shuyi (2017)

36

Figure 28; People's Choices about Marriage, Report of Chinese Marriage Values in 2017, Gao Zhenyu, Le Linjin, Xu Min and Fang Shuyi (2017)

36

Figure 29; What Concern You in A Relationship, Report of Chinese Marriage Values in 2017, Gao Zhenyu, Le Linjin, Xu Min and Fang Shuyi (2017)

37

Figure 30; A Happy Marriage, A Happy Family, Li Wenxin and Fu Xiaoxian (1955)

40

Figure 31; Long live the General Line! Long live the Great Leap Forward! Long live the People's Communes!,Yao Zhongyu (1964)

41

Figure 32; The 3 July and 24 July Proclamations Are Chairman Mao's Great Strategic Plans! Unite with Forces That Can Be United with to Strike Surely, Accurately and Relentlessly at The Handful of Class Enemies, Unknown (1968)

42

Figure 33; To Villages We Go, to The Borders We Go, to Places in The Fatherland Where We Are Most Needed We Go, Unknown (1970)

43

Figure 34; Practice Birth Control for the Revolution - Freely Supplied Anti-Contraceptives, Zhang Baogui, (1975)

44

Figure 35; The Construction of the Bridge Over the Yangzi at Nanjing is A Great Victory of Mao Zedong Thought!, Jiangsusheng Geming Committee, (1975)

45

Figure 36: Beijing University Ceremony to Welcome New Students in 1977, Unknown (1977)

46

Figure 37; Special Economic Zones - China's Great Open Door, Sun Yi (1987)

47

Figure 38: Sample of Hukou (Household Register)

48

Figure 39; Person of the Year 2009:The Chinese Worker, Song Chao, (2009)

49

Figure 40; The Wave of Immigrant Works Returned Home During Spring Festival, Unknown (2014)

50

Figure 41; Ghost Village_ Fengmen Village, A Zha(2016)

51

Figure 42; The Countryside Watchers_ Countryside Collection,Yun Zhihai (2017),

52

Figure 43; Immigrant Workers and the City They Constructed, Guan Cong (2014)

53

Figure 44; The Density of Urban Population And Cities among Provinces in China

61

Figure 45; Structure of City Size in China

62

Figure 46; GDP Amount of Top Cities in China 2016

63

Figure 47: Multivariate Relationship between Indicators of Economic Development and Educational Homogamy in 65 Countries

67

Figure 48: The Constitution of Daters, Survey of Blind Date Corners in Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park, Author (2018)

68

73

APPENDICES

Interview Date: 01 April, 2018 Time: 14:27 Location: People’s Park, Shanghai, China Anonymous mother: What are you looking for? A girlfriend?

Author: Hello, Madam, I am just trying to collect some data for research here.

Anonymous mother:Yes, but you are not welcomed here. Don’t take photos.

Author: Sure, it is clear, and are all those four umbrellas yours?

Anonymous mother: No, only this one is mine, and the rest belongs to my friends.

Author: Wow, and where are they now? Are you their agents?

Anonymous mother: I just help them looking after their umbrellas, they are walking around at this time.

Author: Is it kind like a shift work system?

Anonymous mother: … (awkward bitter smile) Author: May I know how long you have been here?

Anonymous mother: Uhnnn… Quite a long time…

74

Survey in Blind Date Corner, Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Park, China (02 April, 2018) NO.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

Educational Degree Household Gender Only Height Age Associate/Bach Registration's M/F child? /cm elor/Master/PH Location D/Oversea M M M F F F F F F F F F F F F F F M M F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F M M M M M M M

1988 1988 1983 1992 1993 1992 1973 1992 1992 1985 1992 1974 1983 1991 1987 1987 1992 1989 1990 1982 1983 1982 1992 1985 1989 1990 1987 1989 1992 1986 1973 1988 1961 1988 1992 1990 1990 1986 1989 1989 1989 1970 1973 1986 1970 1989 1973 1980 1990 1990 1978 1993 1983 1987 1992 1986 1982 1980 1985 1990 1984 1988 1982 1976 1988

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -

175 175 181 169 163 164 165 169 162 161 164 160 170 164 161 167 169 175 164 165 164 156 157 163 161 167 168 162 160 168 160 164 168 165 168 168 169 165 168 163 160 167 166 167 163 161 163 160 158 163 164 167 162 160 169 160 174 170 180 175 184 170 175

B B B M/O B/O B B M/O M/O B B M M B M/O B M B D D B B B M B M/O B M/O B M B B D M D B D M B B/O D B/O B D M M B B M M/O M/O B M M/O

Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Jiangsu Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai

Porperty Location

Job

Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai -

Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Teacher Internet Employee Employee Employee Civil Servants Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Manager Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Manager Employee Manager Employee

Salary

Parent's Status

Age/from

Age/to

20w/y 20w/y 2W/M 2W/M 8000/M 1W/Y 1W/M 1W/M 5000/M 1W/M 1W/M 25W/Y 20W/Y 20W/Y 30W/Y 20W/Y

Civil Servants Civil Servants Retirement Teacher Retirement Teachers -

1993 1988 1986 1987 1988 1987 1987 1987 1980 1985 1986 1982 1987 1985 1987 1980 1979 1987 1984 1987 1981 1963 1983 1954 1983 1987 1985 1986 1984 1960 1963 1980 1960 1984 1987 1986 1968 1988 1978 1983 1987 1976 1975 1990 1990 1985 1980 1990

1988 1993 1992 1993 1992 1992 1992 1990 1991 1987 1992 1995 1992 1990 1989 1993 1987 1992 1986 1983 1988 1993 1992 1995 1994 1950 1983 1986 1970 1987 1978 1990 1990 1978 1993 1983 1987 1992 1985 1993 1989 1993

75

Educational Household Degree Min_Height Porperty Registration' Associate/Bac /cm Location s Location helor/Master/ PHD/Oversea 162 162 178 175 178 178 175 178 170 178 170 175 178 175 170 172 170 170 178 170 176 175 175 170 175 178 175 178 175 175 175 178 172 175 178 170 173 175 175 170 175 172 170 176 174 165 165 158 -

Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai

Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai -

B B B B B B B B B B D B B B B B B B B B B B D B B B B B B

Salary

1W/M -

NO.

66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130

Educational Degree Household Gender Only Height Associate/Bach Registration's Age M/F child? /cm elor/Master/PH Location D/Oversea M F F F F F F F F F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F F F F F

1988 1987 1983 1980 1978 1980 1989 1983 1984 1986 1974 1985 1978 1954 1986 1956 1983 1978 1979 1962 1982 1875 1991 1945 1982 1979 1969 1982 1979 1991 1961 1957 1974 1977 1982 1966 1976 1983 1977 1985 1978 1982 1983 1974 1969 1962 1979 1979 1988 1991 1979 1985 1975 1976 1978 1985 1970 1983 1987 1983 1986 1987 1990 1980 1988

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

182 168 162 169 163 164 160 160 164 162 172 177 170 173 175 177 178 170 172 173 176 174 168 182 170 172 173 172 174 170 168 175 170 183 170 174 181 171 180 175 168 175 172 175 168 175 173 174 170 175 178 178 170 175 175 170 175 163 165 160 160 165 169

D B M B M M B M B P B D B B M D M M B B D M M B B B M B M B B P D M M B M D M M/O B B B B H B B B B B P M/O M B

Shanghai Shanghai Zhejiang Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai JAPAN AUSTRALIA Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai JAPAN Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai_NEW

Porperty Location

Job

Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Nanchang Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai

Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee College Teacher Nurse Doctor Employee Employee Retirement Employee Employee Employer Employee Employee Employee Employee Employer Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Manager College Teacher College Teacher Teacher Employee Employee

Salary

Parent's Status

Age/from

Age/to

20W/Y 10W/Y 30W/Y 8000/M 600W.JP/Y 7000/M 30W/Y 7000/M 30W/Y 30W/Y 8000/M 4000/M 25W/Y 1W/M 15W/Y 1.5W/Y 8000/M 50W/Y 800W/Y 7000/M 20w/y 6000/M 1WM -

Civil Servants Retirement Retirement Civil Servants -

1992 1982 1978 1974 1970 1976 1978 1978 1980 1988 1981 1948 1986 1982 1980 1986 1977 1991 1957 1969 1985 1974 1980 1986 1967 1989 1986 1983 1952 1979 1981 1983 1990 1985 1981 1980 1985 1977 1986 1981 1980 1975 1983

1987 1983 1980 1979 1980 1983 1984 1991 1962 1990 1991 1981 1988 1977 1972 1982 1993 1993 1990 1990 1982 1987 1988

76

Educational Degree Household Min_Height Porperty Associate/Bac Registration' /cm Location helor/Master/ s Location PHD/Oversea 178 170 175 170 175 170 163 162 160 160 165 160 160 165 165 165 163 160 160 161 160 160 160 168 170 175 170 175

Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai JAPAN AUSTRALIA -

-

B D B B B B B B B B D B B D B B B B B B -

Salary

-

NO.

131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181

Educational Household Degree Gender Only Height Age Associate/Bach Registration's M/F child? /cm elor/Master/PH Location D/Oversea F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F

1988 1981 1982 1982 1988 1979 1982 1983 1965 1983 1980 1993 1983 1983 1978 1984 1977 1985 1978 1980 1982 1973 1980 1980 1980 1980 1988 1982 1982 1982 1980 1974 1982 1979 1982 1985 1987 1988 1976 1987 1983 1989 1980 1986 1986 1983 1985 1986 1988 1983 1984

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y -

160 165 165 160 161 165 165 170 163 161 166 161 162 165 158 171 169 160 165 160 170 166 165 160 160 169 163 174 161 162 160 166 162 167 160 163 163 170 168 165 166 164 166 170 165 168 174 166 163 163

B M B D M D B B M B M B B B M M B B M B M B B B B M B M M/O M D M M B M B M M M B B M M M M B

Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghaienzheng Shanghai Singapore Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai_NEW Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai_NEW Shanghai_NEW Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai_NEW Shanghai_NEW

Porperty Location

Job

Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai Shanghai -

Employee Architect Employee Military Officer Employee Manager Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Teacher Manager Teacher College Teacher Employee Maneger Employee Employee Employee Maneger Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Maneger Employee College Teacher Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Maneger Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee -

Salary

Parent's Status

Age/from

Age/to

30W/Y 10W/Y 1W/M 1W/M 20w/y 1.5W/M 25W/Y 50w/y 15W/Y 30W/Y 1W/M 8000/M 20W/Y 1W/M 6000/M 1.7W/M 12W/Y

Retirement Retirement Retirement -

1980 1971 1975 1968 1988 1978 1967 1978 1967 1975 1983 1976 1978 1973 1980 1982 1983 1970 1981 1981 1983 1977

1984 1980 1982 1984 1993 1980 1973 1988 1983 1985 1987 1988 1986

77

Educational Household Degree Min_Height Porperty Registration' Associate/Bac /cm Location s Location helor/Master/ PHD/Oversea 172 170 170 173 173 170 176 170 170 170 173 170 180 170 170 175 170 177 173 172 173 170 175 175 175 170

-

-

B B D B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B

Salary

-