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Chapter 7 - The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Typology systems make each of the following assumptions except one. Which one? a. Each person belongs in one personality category. b. All people within a personality category are basically alike. c. People in one personality category are distinctly different from people in other

categories. d. Not all people can be classified into a type category, but most of them can.

ANS: D

REF: 149

2. Which of the following assumptions underlies the trait approach to personality? a. Personality characteristics are relatively stable over time. b. Each person belongs in one and only one personality category. c. People in one personality category are distinctly different from people in other

categories. d. Personality can change as a function of the situation the person is in.

ANS: A

REF: 150

MSC: WWW

3. If we say Ted is high on the personality trait of assertiveness, we would expect that he will act

assertively a. b. c. d.

all of the time. more often than someone low in assertiveness. in some situations that call for assertiveness, but not in others. because he puts himself in situations that call for assertion.

ANS: B

REF: 150

4. The trait approach is built on the assumption that personality characteristics are relatively

stable over time and that a. b. c. d.

personality characteristics are relatively stable over situations, too. through trait descriptions we can make comparisons across people. the typical behavior of a person with one trait is different from that of another. while explanation is not possible, trait researchers focus on describing personality.

ANS: A

REF: 150

5. Which of the following statements is true about the trait approach? a. b. c. d.

No major schools of psychotherapy have evolved from the trait approach.

The trait approach is the best approach for predicting change in personality.

Most trait researchers do not focus on predicting behavior.

Trait theorists place emphasis on identifying the mechanisms that determine behavior.

ANS: A

REF: 152

139

6. Which approach to personality has relatively little to say about why people behave the way

they do? a. Trait b. Humanistic ANS: A

c. Behavioral/social learning d. Cognitive REF: 151

7. Which of the following is true about the trait approach to personality? a. Trait researchers generally are not interested in understanding and predicting the

behavior of a single individual. b. It is not easy to make comparisons across people with the trait approach. c. The trait approach has been responsible for generating a number of useful

approaches to psychotherapy. d. Trait theorists place a greater emphasis on discovering the mechanisms underlying

behavior than do theorists from other approaches to personality.

ANS: A

REF: 151

8. “If asked why Carol hugged Tom, we say it is because Carol is affectionate; however, if asked

how we know Carol is affectionate, we say it is because she hugged Tom.” This example is used to criticize which approach to personality? a. Psychoanalytic b. Trait ANS: B

c. Humanistic d. Behavioral/social learning REF: 152

MSC: WWW

9. Traits were introduced into the field of personality psychology by a. Gordon Allport b. Raymond Cattell ANS: A

c. Carl Jung d. Henry Murray

REF: 152

10. According to Allport, which of the following is true about central traits? a. b. c. d.

They are basically the same for all people.

They are useful when examining personality through the nomothetic approach.

They are useful when examining personality through the idiographic approach.

They are comprised of a number of secondary traits.

ANS: C

REF: 153

MSC: WWW

11. The idiographic approach to personality has advantages. For example, a. b. c. d.

researchers can compare all people on measures of a certain trait. it reveals common traits. the person rather than the researcher determines what traits to examine. it provides information about the relationship between traits and behavior.

ANS: C

REF: 153

140

12. A man is said to have one personality trait that dominates his personality. Allport would

identify this personality trait as a a. common trait. b. central trait.

ANS: C

c. cardinal trait. d. secondary trait.

REF: 153

13. A psychologist collects data from a large number of people. She places each person on a

continuum ranging from high to low conscientiousness and makes predictions about how people in the high range will act compared to those in the low range. This psychologist is using which approach to understanding personality? a. Type approach b. Nomothetic approach ANS: B

c. Idiographic approach d. Common trait approach

REF: 153

14. People with traits that dominate their personality can be described with a a. cardinal trait. b. central trait.

ANS: A

c. idiographic map. d. secondary trait.

REF: 153

15. In terms of personality development, Allport believed that a. b. c. d.

infants learn they have little control over their environment. infants at birth have no concept of themselves as distinct from the environment. the child’s concept of “self” develops from the genetic blueprint. infants know from birth that their body is different from other objects.

ANS: B

REF: 155

16. Allport called the five to 10 traits that best describe an individual’s personality a. central traits. b. common traits.

ANS: A

c. cardinal traits. d. the Big Five.

REF: 153

17. Which theorist had a strong influence on Henry Murray’s theorizing about personality? a. Gordon Allport b. Alfred Adler ANS: D

c. Sigmund Freud d. Carl Jung REF: 155

18. Which theorist identified psychogenic needs as the basic elements of personality? a. Gordon Allport b. Raymond Cattell ANS: D

c. Carl Jung d. Henry Murray

REF: 155

141

19. Sometimes a man with a high need for Affiliation will engage in social interactions, but

sometimes he will not. According to Murray, what determines the man's affiliation behavior? a. b. c. d.

Whether or not he has recently spent time with people The strength of his need for Affiliation relative to other needs The need for Affiliation levels of other people His need for Power

ANS: B

REF: 155

MSC: WWW

20. Which of the following is not a psychogenic need? a. Sexual intercourse b. Affiliation ANS: D

c. Autonomy d. Safety

REF: 157

21. According to Murray, we need to know all of the following pieces of information except one

in order to predict a woman's achievement behavior. Which one? a. b. c. d.

The strength of her need for Achievement Where her need for Achievement fits on her hierarchy of needs The press Her fear of failure

ANS: D

REF: 156

MSC: WWW

22. A researcher compares speeches of American presidents to determine the presidents’ needs for

Achievement. The researcher’s research was influenced by which personality theorist’s work? a. Gordon Allport b. Raymond Cattell ANS: D

c. Carl Jung d. Henry Murray

REF: 155

23. Murray referred to each environmental force that activates a need as a(n) a. trigger. b. repressor.

ANS: C

c. press. d. itch.

REF: 156

24. Raymond Cattell argued that in their efforts to understanding the basic structure of

personality, psychologists should a. begin with a theory about the basic structure of personality. b. examine personality characteristics shared by everyone as well as those found in

only a few people. c. allow empirical data analyses to describe the basic structure of personality to us. d. examine only one type of personality data.

ANS: C

REF: 158

142

25. In his quest to understand the basic structure of personality, Cattell relied heavily on a. the idiographic approach. b. factor analysis.

ANS: B

c. the examination of central traits. d. case studies.

REF: 158

26. Personality psychologists use factor analysis to help them determine a. b. c. d.

a person’s central traits. which personality traits correlate together. the stability of personality traits over time and situations. the validity of personality trait measures.

ANS: B

REF: 158

27. A psychologist examines six personality tests. She suspects that four of the tests are really

measuring the same personality trait and that the other two measure another personality trait.

What kind of research should the psychologist conduct to test her hypothesis? a. A field study b. A case study ANS: C

c. Factor analysis d. Idiographic research REF: 158

28. To determine the basic structure of personality, researchers often use a. idiographic studies b. factor analysis ANS: B

REF: 158

c. central trait measures d. theory-based typologies MSC: WWW

29. According to Cattell, which of the following traits ultimately constitute the human

personality? a. Cardinal b. Source ANS: B

c. Secondary d. Factor REF: 158

30. Recent research on the “Big Five” personality factors uses an approach to understanding

personality similar to that advocated by a. Gordon Allport. b. Raymond Cattell.

ANS: B

c. Carl Jung. d. Henry Murray.

REF: 159

31. Recently, many researchers using factor analysis have uncovered what they believe to be the

number of basic personality factors. How many of these factors did they find? a. Three b. Five ANS: B

c. Sixteen d. Sixteen to 20 REF: 159

143

32. Karen always approaches tasks in an organized, faithful manner. She persists at a difficult job

longer than most people and generally accomplishes more. Karen is probably high in a. agreeableness. b. openness.

ANS: C

c. conscientiousness. d. extraversion.

REF: 162

MSC: WWW

33. Andrew has strong opinions and enjoys a good argument in which he can stand up for his

beliefs. He prefers to work where he can compete with others, rather than an organization that stresses cooperation. Andrew would probably score low on a measure of a. conscientiousness. b. agreeableness.

ANS: B

c. introversion. d. openness.

REF: 161

34. Alicia has an active imagination and a strong intellectual curiosity. She likes new ideas and

unconventional ways of looking at problems. Alicia is probably high in a. agreeableness. b. neuroticism.

ANS: D

c. conscientiousness. d. openness.

REF: 161

35. People high on the __________ dimension are helpful and sympathetic to others. a. agreeableness b. openness ANS: A

c. conscientiousness d. psychoticism REF: 161

36. Which of the following is true about the five-factor model? a. Few have criticized it for its lack of predictive value. b. Hypotheses about the origin of the Big Five factors were generated after the results

of the research were seen. c. Trait theorists would be better off focusing their research on the five main traits. d. Both b and c ANS: B

REF: 163

37. Tonya often becomes upset over daily stressors. More than most people, she experiences such

emotions as sadness, anger and anxiety. This description of Tonya is best accounted for by which of the factors in the five-factor model? a. Agreeableness b. Neuroticism ANS: B

c. Extraversion d. Openness REF: 159

MSC: WWW

38. Compared to most of us, individuals who score high on Openness are more likely to a. tell a stranger all about themselves. b. change their self-concept.

ANS: D

c. make friends easily. d. consider new ideas.

REF: 161

144

39. Among the Big Five personality dimensions, individual differences in _________ typically

are the best predictors of job performance. a. Extraversion b. Openness ANS: D

c. Agreeableness d. Conscientiousness REF: 162

40. According to the “person by situation” approach, a. b. c. d.

personality is more important than the situation in determining behavior. there is little evidence for cross-situational consistency. behavior is determined by an interaction of personality and the situation. personality researchers need to measure behavior in more than one way.

ANS: C

REF: 166

MSC: WWW

41. Critics of the trait approach to personality have raised each of the following points except one.

Which one? a. Personality researchers do not measure behaviors correctly. b. There is little evidence for cross-situational consistency. c. Psychologists place too much emphasis on personality test scores when making

psychological diagnoses. d. Trait measures do not predict behavior well.

ANS: A

REF: 165

42. Critics of the trait approach have argued that the correlations typically found between

personality trait measures and measures of behavior a. indicate that only a small percentage of variance in behavior can be accounted for

by personality traits. b. could be improved by aggregating data. c. are not as large as those found in medical research. d. indicate that there is little evidence for cross-situational consistency of traits.

ANS: A

REF: 165

43. Many researchers fail to produce strong links between personality traits and behavior. Epstein

has argued that the reason for this failure is because a. b. c. d.

researchers don’t perform the correct statistical analysis. researchers don’t measure personality traits correctly. researchers don’t measure behavior correctly. none of these

ANS: C

REF: 167

44. Psychologists often use personality traits to predict behavior in the workplace. This research

has benefited recently by looking at a. the Big Five personality dimensions. b. psychogenic needs.

ANS: A

c. central traits. d. the idiographic approach.

REF: 170

145

45. One team of researchers improved its ability to predict behavior from personality measures by

dividing participants into those for whom the trait is and is not relevant. This approach is similar to that advocated earlier by a. Gordon Allport. b. Raymond Cattell.

ANS: A

c. Carl Jung. d. Henry Murray.

REF: 168

46. Julie sets high goals for herself at work. She is more committed to reaching these goals than

most employees. She is organized, works hard, and remains persistent in the face of obstacles to reaching her work goals. Julie would probably score high on a measure of a. extraversion. b. agreeableness.

ANS: D

c. openness. d. conscientiousness.

REF: 171

47. According to critics of the five-factor model of personality, a. knowing how sociable a person is allows for a better prediction of behavior than

knowing how extraverted that person is. b. researchers need to use factor analysis in order to determine the number of basic

personality factors. c. although Extraversion is a basic personality factor, there is no evidence that Neuroticism is. d. factor analytic researchers should all use the same personality tests so that they can produce the same results.

ANS: A

REF: 163

48. Rather than examine a large number of personality variables that may or may not be related to

how well people perform in the workplace, many researchers now address the questions of job performance and personality a. b. c. d.

by using the personality dimensions identified in the five-factor model. by categorizing workers by personality types. by using the several psychogenic needs developed by Murray. by responses to work interests on self-report inventories.

ANS: A

REF: 172

49. Each of the following is true about the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

except one. Which one? a. b. c. d.

It is among the most widely used psychological tests.

It provides a pattern of scores on a number of scales.

It provides test givers with an overall mental health score for each test-taker.

It is a self-report inventory.

ANS: C

REF: 173

146

50. Test-takers who “fake good” a. are able to fool most test givers with their inaccurate responses. b. are not likely to be detected unless they admit that they are faking their test

answers. c. are trying to present a better image than is accurate. d. are not aware that they are distorting their responses to create a false image.

ANS: C

REF: 175

51. A psychologist knows the man he is testing wants to be admitted into the psychiatric ward of

the hospital. With which problem should the psychologist be concerned? a. Faking good b. Faking bad ANS: B

c. Social desirability d. Acquiescence response REF: 175

52. Sometimes test makers include the same test questions more than once on the test. This is

done to detect which potential problem? a. Faking good b. Faking bad ANS: C

c. Carelessness and sabotage d. Social desirability REF: 176

MSC: WWW

53. A woman indicates on a test that she agrees with the statement, “I am confident in my

abilities.” Later on the same test she agrees with the statement, “I have doubts about my abilities.” This woman’s responses may indicate the presence of which potential problem? a. Faking good b. Faking bad ANS: D

c. Social desirability d. Acquiescence response REF: 179

54. Social desirability scales measure the extent to which a person a. b. c. d.

possesses socially desirable characteristics. understands the rules of social interaction. tries to present him- or herself in a desirable light. is able to understand the meaning of the test items.

ANS: C

REF: 176

55. Sometimes test makers reverse the direction of the test items. That is, whereas sometimes

agreeing with an item indicates a high score on the trait being measured, sometimes disagreeing with the item indicates a high score. Test makers do this to control for which potential problem? a. Faking b. Carelessness and sabotage ANS: D

c. Social desirability d. Acquiescence response

REF: 179

147

56. Test makers often examine the correlation between scores on the new test and scores on a

measure of social desirability. They do this to a. b. c. d.

make certain they are measuring something that is socially appropriate. establish the discriminant validity of the new scale. ensure that people are not offended by items on the new scale. establish the face validity of the new scale.

ANS: B

REF: 177

SHORT ANSWER

1. Discuss several ways in which the trait approach differs from other approaches to personality.

Distinguish the special features of the trait and what it emphasizes, including the advantages of studying personality through the trait approach.

ANS: Answer not provided

REF: 149-152

2. Discuss the contributions of Gordon Allport to understanding personality and distinguish

between nomothetic and idiographic approaches to personality. Give three kinds of personality traits proposed by Allport and an example of each. What alternative explanations for adult behavior and personality did Allport propose?

ANS: Answer not provided

REF: 152-155

MSC: WWW

3. Describe two of your best friends in terms of the Big Five factors. For each friend, state

where that person fits along each of the dimensions. Give two ways that Henry Murray and Raymond Cattell influenced this model.

ANS: Answer not provided

REF: 158-165

MSC: WWW

4. Summarize the situation versus trait controversy. Discuss two criticisms of the trait approach

given by Mischel with respect to this controversy. Give a defense of the trait approach and specify how the criticisms and defense have improved our understanding of personality traits.

ANS: Answer not provided

REF: 165-170

5. What is meant by using the score on a measure of social desirability to test discriminant

validity? List the problems associated with self-report inventories and the logic behind assessment of social desirability.

ANS: Answer not provided

REF: 176-179

148

TRUE/FALSE

1. Trait psychologists believe that one can take any person and place him or her somewhere in a

set of categories.

ANS: F

REF: 150

MSC: WWW

2. While research shows that personalities continue to develop, the changes are gradual,

evolving over a period of years.

ANS: T

REF: 150

MSC: WWW

3. The nomothetic approach to personality measurement looks at cardinal traits.

ANS: F

REF: 153

MSC: WWW

4. The projective test that Murray developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).

ANS: T

REF: 155

MSC: WWW

5. To discover the structure of personality, Cattell used a sophisticated statistical technique

called correlation analysis.

ANS: F

REF: 158

MSC: WWW

6. Research has shown that among the Big Five personality factors, the best predictor of

performance is conscientiousness.

ANS: T

REF: 171-172

MSC: WWW

149