Herbarium - BS Pharmacy 1-D ('21-'22)

Herbarium Project A

Presented to

Pearle Joy T. Caro, RPh

Instructor Central Philippine University

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion in the course

Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy

Submitted by

Pharmacy 1-D

First Semester, AY 2021-2022 December 2021

her· bar· i· um

NOUN

a collection of dried plant specimens usually mounted and systematically arranged for reference.

Philippine medicinal plants are a valuable but often underappreciated resource with various applications for different indications. The medicinal plants in this material were sourced locally which signifies the abundance of herbal resources in our locality.

Herein are 20 herbal specimens along with their scientific names, taxonomic classifications, and therapeutic uses to serve for the benefit of taxonomic and anatomical studies.

Table of Contents

Alibotbot

Scientific Name

Tabernaemontana pandacaqui

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Gentianales Family: Apocynaceae Genus: Tabernaemontana Species: T. pandacaqui

Therapeutic Use

Medicine that can cure eczema, skin lesions, erectile dysfunction, fever, pain, and dysentery. Decoction of root and bark is used for a variety of stomach and intestinal ailments.

Roots are used to treat fever, pain and dysentery.

Fresh leaves are fried in oil and applied to itchy skins lesions for symptomatic relief.

Poulticed leaves applied on the abdomen to hasten childbirth.

Alibotbot

Aloe vera

Scientific Name

Aloe barbadensis Miller

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Monocotyledonae

Therapeutic Use

Aloe vera is known for its thick, pointed, and fleshy green leaves, which may grow to about 30–50 centimeters in length. Each leaf contains a slimy tissue that stores water, making the leaves thick. This water-filled tissue is the “gel” that people associate with aloe vera products. The gel contains most of the beneficial bioactive compounds in the plant, including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and antioxidants.

Order: Asparagales Family: Xanthorrhoeaceae Genus: Aloe Species: A. barbadensis Miller

Aloe vera gel contains powerful antioxidants belonging to a large family of substances known as polyphenols. These polyphenols, along with several other compounds in Aloe vera, help inhibit the growth of certain bacteria that can cause infections in humans.

Aloe vera is known for its antibacterial, antiviral, and antiseptic properties. This is part of why it may help heal wounds and treat skin

People also use aloe vera as a remedy for diabetes. This is because it may enhance insulin sensitivity and help improve blood

Artamisa

Scientific Name Artemisia vulgaris Linn. 10

Taxonomic Classification Therapeutic Uses

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Viridiplantae Infrakingdom: Streptophyta Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida

Superorder: Asteranae Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae Genus: Artemisia L. Species: Artemisia vulgaris L.

Artemisa can:

• Lower blood sugar level;

• Reduce some symptoms and help to get rid of pinworm infections in adults and children after three days of treatment;

• Cure stomach upset;

• Alleviate common cold;

• Help treat measles;

• Treat cough;

• Help fight inflammation of the body;

• Remove the pain and swelling of arthritis; and

• Boost appetite.

Artamisa

Artemisia vulgaris Linn.

Atsuwete

Scientific Name Bixa orellana

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida

Therapeutic Uses

Antioxidant properties

Atsuwete, a natural food coloring, contains numerous plant-based compounds with antioxidant properties, including carotenoids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and tocotrienols. Antioxidants are compounds that can neutralize potentially harmful molecules known as free radicals, which can damage your cells if their levels rise beyond normal.

Order: Malvaves Family: Bixaceae Genus: Bixa L. Species: Bixa orellana

Antimicrobial properties

Research suggests that this plant may have antimicrobial properties. In test-tube studies, its extracts were shown to inhibit the growth of various bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli In another study, it killed various fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Neurospora sitophila, and Rhizopus stolonifer.

May have anticancer properties

Early research suggests this plant’s cancerfighting potential. For example, studies have found that extracts of this plant may suppress cancer cell growth and induce cell death in the human prostate, pancreas, liver, and skin cancer cells, among other types of cancer. This potential anticancer properties have been linked to compounds it contains, including the carotenoids bixin and norbixin, and tocotrienols, a type of vitamin E. While these findings are promising, human studies are needed to investigate these effects.

May promote eye health

Atsuwete is high in carotenoids, which may benefit eye health in particular. In an animal study, supplementing with norbixin for three months reduced the accumulation of the compound N-retinylidene-Nretinylethanolamine (A2E), which has been linked to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, human studies are needed before this plant can be recommended for this purpose.

Atsuwete

Babana

Scientific Name

Annona muricata

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Viridiplantae Infrakingdom: Streptophyta Superdivision: Embryophyta Division: Tracheophyta Subdivision: Spermatophytina

Phylum: Vascular plants Class: Magnoliopsida Superorder: Magnolianae Order: Magnolianae Family: Annonaceae Genus: Annona L. Species: Annona muricata

Therapeutic Uses

Consuming babana can also safely prevent cancer cells from forming while effectively slowing down tumor growth.

It helps lower fever, spasms, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also helps relieve pain, inflammation, and asthma.

It also helps stop the growth of harmful bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, even as it stimulates digestion and stops convulsions.

Balbas pusa

Scientific Name Orthosiphon aristatus

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Vascular plant Class: Magnoliopsida

Therapeutic Uses

Kidney stones treatment

Clinical trials have shown that 40% of patients with kidney stones of 0.5 cm diameter subjected to orthosiphon indicated an improvement in six months. In a similar study, about 20% of the patients with other kidney complaints were cured, and the patients were free of pain and discomfort.

Order: Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Orthosiphon Species: Oorthosiphon aristatus

Diabetes treatment

A study conducted for Orthosiphon aristatus demonstrated a reduction in blood sugar level for non-insulin-dependent diabetics after undergoing treatment in six months. O. aristatus also acts on hypertension (high blood pressure). It also has a significant effect on high renal blood pressure. As a consequence of treating high blood pressure, kidney stones and disorders can also be cured.

Balbas pusa

Bay leaf

Scientific Name

Cinnamomum tamala

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Cinnamomum tamala Class: Magnoliopsida

Therapeutic Uses

It is unclear as to how much bay must be consumed to obtain health benefits. Nevertheless, bay is full of antioxidants and is a good source of minerals and dietary fibers. It complements food flavor, and bay tea is used to treat stomachaches, clear up mucus in the lungs, colds, and sore throat. A poultice of bay leaves is used to treat rheumatism and neuralgia.

Order: Laurales Family: Lauraceae Genus: Cinnamomum Species: Ciccamomum tamala

To treat headaches, a leaf of bay is kept in a nostril or under the headbands to relieve pain. Traditionally, it has been used to treat gastrointestinal problems such as impaired digestion, flatulence, eructation, and epigastric bloating and used as a diuretic because of its many analgesic effects. Bay is great for adding flavor and taste to food and many dishes with health benefits.

Bay leaf

Bayabas

Scientific Name Psidium guajava

Taxonomic Classification Therapeutic Uses

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Viridiplantae

Infrakingdom: Streptophyta Superphylum: Embryophyta

Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Spermatophytina Class: Magnoliopsida Superorder: Rosanae

Bayabas or guava leaves may help prevent spikes in blood sugar and improve symptoms in people with type 2 diabetes.

Taking supplements with guava extract may reduce menstrual cramps.

Drinking guava leaf tea may help fight off the flu. The antiviral effect of the tea may result from the leaf’s flavanols, which are a natural antioxidant.

Bayabas is used as antiseptic, to disinfect wounds and as mouthwash to treat tooth decay and gum infection.

Its fresh leaves are boiled in water and used in washing cuts and wounds to prevent infection.

Bayabas is traditionally used as antiseptic and anti inflammatory for skin conditions such as skin burns, scalds, scrapes, sunburn, wounds, psoriasis, eczema, and others. Crushed bayabas leaf or boiled leaves is applied directly to the affected skin, providing relief and believed to improve healing.

Bayabas is also traditionally used to treat stomach problems i.e., diarrhea, dusentery, and flatulence. A decoction of bayabas leaves is taken 3-5 glasses per day.

Bayabas

Psidium

guajava

Blue ternate

Scientific Name Clitoria ternatea

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Viridiplantae Infrakingdom: Streptophyta Phylum: Spermatophyta

Therapeutic Uses

Blue ternate can:

• boost brain health;

• fight against cancer;

• exhibit anti-inflammatory properties;

• lower blood pressure; and

• improve skin health.

Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Genus: Clitora Species: Clitora ternatea

Bugnay

Scientific Name

Antidesma bunius

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Virdiplantae Infrakingdom: Streptophyta Superdivision: Embryophyta Division: Tracheophyta

Therapeutic Uses

Antidesma bunius, also locally known in Visayas, Philippines as bugnay, is a plant found in several Asian countries. In the traditional medicine, various plant parts such as root, bark, leaves, fruits which are used in traditional system of medicine for a long time, for the treatment of various disease due to having cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiradical,

Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Euphorbiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Genus: Antidesma Species: Antidesma bunius

thrombolytic activity, antiplatelet, anticoagulant, anti-dysenteric, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anticancer and sudorific activity. This plant also has a role in improvement of blood circulation. It is a good remedy for snakebite, coughs, flatulence and intestinal colic.

Bugnay

Insulin

Scientific Name Chamaecostus cuspidatus

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Viridiplantae Infrakingdom: Streptophyta Phylum: Tracheophyta

Therapeutic Uses

Insulin plant is said to:

• Lower blood glucose level;

• Provide antioxidants; • Provide protein; • Provide iron; and • Treat diabetes.

Class: Lillopsida Order: Zingiberales Family: Costaceae Genus: Chamaecostus Species: Chamaecostus cuspidatus

Chamaecostus

Insulin

cuspidatus

Kasla

Scientific Name Jatropha curcas L. 28

Taxonomic Classification Therapeutic Uses

Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta

Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledonae

Order: Euphorbiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Genus: Jatropha

Species: Jatropha curcas L.

Direct application of kasla leaves can heal wounds, jaundice, malaria, mouth infection and guinea worm sores.

Decoction of the leaves are also used as medicine for fever and rheumatism.

It has also been used to promote lactation by applying crushed leaves of Jatropha curcas L. directly to the breast.

The ethanolic extract of defatted leaves together with its twigs is utilized in fighting lymphocytic leukemia.

Its juice is used as remedy to dysentery and colic.

Lampunaya

Scientific Name Plectranthus scutellarioides

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledonae

Therapeutic Uses

Lampunaya or mayana leaves contain phytochemicals that help eliminate free radicals that invade our bodies.

Coleus extract has been discovered to have a smooth muscle relaxant action, which lowers airway resistance and increases lung air volume capacity. It is an effective in the treatment of allergy-related asthma because it decreases histamine (a chemical

Order: Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Plectranthus Species: Plectranthus scutellarioides

generated by cells in response to injury and in allergic and inflammatory reactions, producing smooth muscle contraction and capillary dilatation.)

According to several studies, injecting forskolin, a molecule contained in coleus, enhances the function of the heart in persons suffering from dilated cardiomyopathy.

Lampunaya

Luy’a

Scientific Name Zingiber officinale

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Monocotyledonae

Therapeutic Uses

Ginger is used to relieve headache, migraine and fever

Ginger is reported in Ayurvedic and Tibb systems of medicine to be useful in neurological disorders. It is proposed that administration of ginger may exert abortive and prophylactic effects in migraine headache without any side-effects.

Order: Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Zingiber Species: Zingiber officinale

Ginger oil as antibacterial and used to treat infections

Ginger possesses effective anti-bacterial activity against multi-drug clinical pathogens and can be used for prevention of drug resistant microbial diseases and further evaluation is necessary.

Makabuhay

Scientific Name Tinospora rumphii 34

Taxonomic Classification Therapeutic Uses

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Ranunculales Family: Menispermaceae Genus: Tinospora Species: Tinospora rumphii

Makabuhay is a vine found throughout the Philippines. It contains a bitter principle, colombine, traces of an alkaloid, and a glucoside, berberine.

The Filipinos and Malay in general consider this vine as a universal medicine. The name in Tagalog means “to give life.” It is commonly used for stomach trouble, indigestion, diarrhea, and ulcers. It is known as a febrifuge and is said to have anti-malaria properties. Recent studies in the Philippines have found it useful as an insecticide for rice crops. Not for pregnant women, as can cause abortions.

Makabuhay

Oregano

Scientific Name Origanum vulgare

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Tracheobionta Infrakingdom: Streptophyta Superphylum: Spermatophyta Phylum: Magnoliophyta Subphylum: Spermatophytina

Therapeutic Uses

Oregano has olive-green leaves and purple flowers. It is closely related to other herbs, including mint, thyme, marjoram, and basil. Oregano contains chemicals that might help reduce cough. Oregano also might help with digestion and with fighting against some bacteria and viruses.

Class: Dicotyledonae Superorder: Asteranae Order: Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Origanum Species: Origanum vulgare

People use oregano for wound healing, parasite infections, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

Oregano and other herbs provide antioxidants. Dietary antioxidants help the body eliminate free radicals, which are toxic substances that result from natural processes and

A buildup of free radicals can trigger oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can lead to cell damage that may result in various diseases, including cancer and diabetes

Sambong

Scientific Name Blumea balsamifera 38

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plantae Subkingdom: Viridiplantae Infrakingdom: Streptophyta Superphylum: Embryophyta Phylum: Tracheophyta Subphylum: Spermatophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida Superorder: Asteranae Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae Genus: Blumea Species: Blumea balsamifera

Therapeutic Uses

Sambong roots and leaves are used as an herbal treatment for fevers. Sambong leaves and roots are pounded, then dissolved in cold water then applied with a soft cloth over the nape, forehead, underarms, and other body parts to bring down the body temperature.

Sambong roots and leaves are also used as an herbal medicine treatment for rheumatism. Sambong roots and leaves are pounded and applied as a poultice on the affected body parts. Sambong roots and leaves may also be boiled and used as a warm compress onto the affected area.

Sambong is also used to treat headache. Sambong leaves are pounded and applied as a poultice over the forehead.

Blumea balsamifera Sambong

Tanglad

Scientific Name Cymbopogon citratus

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliopsida Class: Liliopsida

Therapeutic Uses

Tanglad or lemongrass is used for treating digestive tract spasms, stomachache, high blood pressure, convulsions, pain, vomiting, cough, achy joints (rheumatism), fever, the common cold, and exhaustion.

Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Genus: Cymbopogon Species: Cymbopogon citratus

It is also used to kill germs and as a mild astringent.

Tawa-tawa

Scientific Name Euphorbia hirta 42

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledonae

Therapeutic Uses

Antibacterial, Anti-fungal, and Ameba Agent

Tawa-tawa is a good antibacterial, antiameba, and anti-fungal agent that inhibits the growth of these infections, plus the tea can be used externally for treating athletes foot. It is recommended for internal use to boil up to 50 grams of the fresh leaves in 4 cups of water for 3 or 4 minutes, then drink 3 to 5 cups a day.

Order: Euphorbiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Genus: Euphorbia Species: Euphorbia hirta

Anti-diuretic

Tawa-tawa is excellent for those who suffer from drinking too much coffee and becoming too dehydrated or drinking too much alcohol. This tea decreases urine output, thus helping to prevent dehydration. It contains tannins and other compounds that reabsorb electrolytes and water into the system.

Increases Platelet Production

Tawa-tawa tea boosts platelet production. A study with rabbits at San Pedro College in the Philippines showed a 194% increase in platelet production. Steep 1 teaspoon of dried leaves in one cup of hot water for 10 minutes and drink 2 to 3 times a day.

Practitioners of traditional medicines believe that “tawa-tawa” leaf decoction can reverse viral infection and prevent the fever from moving into critical stages. It was described described how “tawa-tawa” effectively increased platelet count and improved the symptoms in dengue patients.

Lowers Blood Pressure

Tawa- tawa lowers blood pressure by being an anti-diuretic agent containing an angiotensin enzyme that decreases urine output.

GI Tract

Tawa-tawa tea calms and soothes the GI tract and puts an end to diarrhea. For diarrhea use, one teaspoon of the dried leaves steeped in one cup of water for 5 to 10 minutes and drink 2 or 3 cups a day.

Tawa-tawa

Turmeric

Scientific Name Curcuma longa

Taxonomic Classification

Domain: Eukaryote Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Liliopsida

Therapeutic Uses

Turmeric is taken in some Asian countries as a dietary supplement, which allegedly helps with stomach problems and other ailments. It is popular as a tea in Okinawa, Japan.

Order: Zingiberales Family: Zingiberaceae Genus: Curcuma Species: Curcuma longa

It is currently being investigated for possible benefits in Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, and liver disorders.

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