East Bottoms Vision Study pt. 3

e as t b o tt o m s v i s i o n s t u d y

industrial space reconsidered

197 209 229

ID 195

Industrial District Overview The Industrial Greenhouse Universal Avenue

INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT

industrial district

electric park district

river front park

working landscape

I N D U ST R I A L D I ST R I C T OV E R V I E W

ID 197

Located in the northern half of the East Bottoms, the Industrial District serves most of the employees working in the East Bottoms. Despite the significant amount of users in the area, the area currently lacks public space and a continuous public realm. The Industrial District design proposal focuses on connecting the existing economies in the area, stormwater management, and ecological restoration, providing opportunities to build relationships with the four schools in this district.

The proposal focuses on two separate areas. The first includes the 'Industrial Greenhouse' to the northwest of the site featuring vertical farming connected to Missouri Organics and a primary stormwater basin. The second area features the 'Universal Bridges', the 'North Lab Park', and the 'School Playgrounds' that focus on the rehabilitation of Universal Ave, the existing stormwater management infrastructure, and school recreation opportunities while also providing ecological education opportunites.

Analytical - East Bottoms

brownfield site / treatment or long-term stewardship brownfield site / ongoing actions current hazardous site backflow greenspace

Missouri River lowest retention sites

1 - 500 500 - 5,000 0

Land Ownership - 12k

Stand alone parcels Out-of-State Owners

Regulatory - Eastbottoms Mapping lowest sites for retention annual average daily traffic 1 - 500 500 - 5,000 5,000 - 10,000 10,000 - 20,000 20,000 - 40,000 40,000 - 100,000

gateway regional local

g a t e w ay s a n d t r a ff i c v o l u m e

0.5

City of KC Railroad Mystery Owner

1.0

KC P&L LLC INC

1.5

Bayer Port Authority Institute

ecological conditions City of Kansas City Railroad Evergy LLC

INC Bayer Port Authority Institute

land ownership

20 40

5,000 - 10,000 10,000 - 20,000

Bottoms Up LLC Universal Land Dev't Co. Planned-Industrial Expansion Co. Real Estate &/or Investment Co.

Midwest Terminal Warehouse Standalone parcels

Bottoms Up L Universal La Multiple Par

logistics and recycling zone logistics and manufacturing significant buildings parks

Convention & Exhibition

Mobile Home Park

20k

Commercial

Single-Family

Parking

ottoms Mapping

Hotel

Vacant (Residential)

With the Industrial District's western half designated as a 100-yr floodplain, and its eastern half designated as a 500-yr Rail floodplain, in combination with excessive amounts of paveSpaceproblems of flooding and standing Recreationment has ledCity to Open incessant polluted water runoff in the Industrial District.

Office Utilities While the area contains many manufacturing and 1.0 logistics 0 0.5 Services businesses Church that constantly utilizes freight, the district is also home to businesses and corporate offices that employ over 15,000 employees and brings in many more surrounding businesses to use these services. There are also over 2400 students through the Metropolitan Community College - Business and Technology Campus, Frontier School of Innovation Elementary School, Frontier STEM High School, and KC Fire Academy.

Revive 1.5

identity conclusion heavy industrial park institution vacant (non-residential) vacant (residential) light industrial

mobile home park single-family convention & exhibition commercial parking hotel

rail recreation office city open space utilities church

Revive the E. Side PIEA TIF 353

Enterprise Opportunity Zone Opportunity Zone

ID 199

Light Industrial

existing conditions

land use

incentives

sites analyses Abandoned railroads currently overgrown with vegetation has potential to be repurposed into greenways.

Largest collection of vacant lands in Industrial District with potential to become connected natural landscapes and retention basins.

Great visibility from the Riverfront Park, Levee Rd and Chestnut Trafficway.

Hydric soils unsuitable for development, but indicator of wetlands.

Underutilized parking lots have the opportunity for reuse for recreation for students, and for stormwater storage.

potential to use

Excessive amount of pavement and underdeveloped streets.

Underdeveloped link to riverfront and underutilized underpass.

Fragmented sidewalks and poor east to west connections.

Nonexistent pedestrian connection to the riverfront and levee.

"Area turns into a bathtub after it rains."

If lots are bought and developed, there will be lack of space for stormwater and loss of biodiversity in the area.

Site is a bowl within a bowl, in close proximity with the Missouri River with levee as barrier.

Students currently use parking lot as playground.

2400 students lack access to recreation.

375,202 sq ft of underutilized parking.

Universal Avenue as a stream corridor currently acts as a barrier.

ke y i s s u e s

g r e e n i n f r as t r u c t u r e f r a m e w o r k Lands with the most potential to be used for the project were mapped in order to see which areas need more in-depth investigations. Being in a floodplain with excessive amount of grey infrastructure, a sizeable amount of undeveloped land is critical for the proposed green infrastructure framework. The public right-of-way and other land already owned by the city is utilized.

Different locations in the Industrial District present different issues and opportunities. While each area has unique issues and possible resolutions, both contribute to the overall green infrastructure and trail framework of the East Bottoms vision study as a whole. While the green infrastructure framework focuses on reducing polluted stormwater runoff and maximizing water storage in the Industrial District, the trail serves as a catalyst and interface for chance encounters between the trail users and industries that can possibly lead to personal, educational and career advancement.

Primary stormwater basin introduced. Rain gardens are added along the sides of NE Chouteau Trafficway.

Secondary stormwater basin made wider from existing stormwater basin. This will also capture stormwater surge from GoBond project.

Route for water conveyance to larger retention basins during extreme storm events.

industrial district

ID 201

+1,546 trees +653,757 gallons water

Existing GoBond project in E Front St.

i n d u s t r i a l d i s t r i c t g r e e n i n f r as t r u c t u r e f r a m e w o r k

d e r a m u s av e n u e Completed streets allow the coexistence of pedestrian and vehicles in the Industrial District.

rails to trails Connecting The Industrial Greenhouse with the Universal Avenue bridges and parks, abandoned railroads are proposed to be repurposed and act as greenways and also wildlife corridor.

u n i v e r s a l av e n u e Safe corridors that is immersed in nature can provide users with higher confidence and enjoyability in commuting.

Existing Trail

Immersiv

trail framework existing proposed completed streets pedestrian / cyclist trail only rails to trails

Linking C

social industrial hub loop working landscape loop riverfront loop social hub loop stem connection

trail t ypologies

trail loops

existing trail corridor immersive corridor linking corridor social urban fabric waterfront

nature sports

0

0.25

0.50

1.25

1.00

0

ID 203

node

nodes and corridors

0

rails to trails

ID 205

The Railroad Crossings are a series of old railroad tracks converted into trail links that not only provide a continuous safe path for pedestrians and cyclists completely separated from vehicular traffic, but they also act as important wildlife corridors.

From traffic calming techniques of permeable pavers and safety crossings, to the addition of native vegetation lining up the sidewalks, the design utilizes different techniques that better the environment by reducing heat island effect, providing bioinfiltration on existing streams that are present alongside the abandoned railroads, resulting to an environment that is safe to both people and wildlife.

The Railroad Crossings run between industry buildings in the Industrial District, providing intimate and quiet reprieve right in the back yards of the industries. Additionally, they connect major key areas in the Industrial District: The Industrial Greenhouse, the Universal Bridges, the North Lab, and the School Playgrounds.

cu r r e n t a b a n d o n e d r a i l s

a b a n d o n e d r a i l r o a d s t u r n e d i n t o g r e e n w ay s

concept The concept of the project is to create continuous passage through an industrial area absent of public right-of-way and produce an experiential and recreational trail that connects critical project features that ensure continuity with the rest of the trail system. While Integrating the public realm with the much needed green infrastructure framework, the design not only provides a safe and inhabitable public space, but also provides one that may contribute to the East Bottoms and its surrounding communities' long-term educational and career goals.

By connecting key areas with repurposed infrastructure, continuous greenways connect the industries and educational institutions with one another. This not only benefits the existing population in the Industrial District, but also provides critical habitats for wildlife such as pollinators.

design concept

e as t i n d u s t r i a l d i s t r i c t t r a i l

ID 207

west industrial district trail

proposed plan

T H E I N D U ST R I A L G R E E N H O U S E

ID 209

Capitalizing on the found existing conditions and the proposed framework, the Industrial Greenhouse is an intersection of green infrastructure and public space transformed into a new urban typology.

An organic, year-round food production site, The Industrial Greenhouse is a living machine that not only aids in food scarcity in the East Bottoms and the surrounding community, but also provides the community with a farm-to-table experience that contributes to long-term individual educational and career goals. Sustainable and resilient, the Industrial Greenhouse is the face of the Industrial District serving as a landmark near the Chouteau Bridge across from the Riverfront Park.

existing conditions The chosen location has a unique set of existing conditions that the proposed program can build upon.

While it is problematic that the site is essentially a bowl within a bowl that is affected by runoff problems from NE Chouteau Trafficway, these conditions present opportunities for the proposed green infrastructure, trail, and new program. Due to the site’s location and identity, there is a wide range of users that interact with the site. The identity of the mulch processing facility in a potential retention basin played a huge role in the development of the new program.

water capacit y 654,000+ gallons

topography and water flow

e x i s t i n g i n f r as t r u c t u r e s

intersection of users

ID 211

existing identity

ver tical farm as "billboard" g r e e n h o u s e as l i n k , b i l l b o a r d , a n d l a n d m a r k - With its location right at the entrance of Chouteau Trafficway, the new program can act both as billboard and a landmark by taking advantage of the viewsheds. This not only bring awareness to trail and vehicular users that a special program in the Industrial District exists, but also elevates the identity of the Industrial District and emphasizes its role as a sustainable recycling area.

The addition of The Industrial Greenhouse and trail serves as a link between the Levee Rd, NE Chouteau Trafficway and Stilwell Rd, connecting the Industrial District to the Riverfront Park. Because of its size, The Industrial Greenhouse acts as a landmark and assists in wayfinding both for trail and vehicular users coming in and out of the East Bottoms.

v i e w f r o m c h o u t e a u t r a ff i c w ay e n t e r i n g t h e e a s t b o tt o m s

v i e w f r o m c h o u t e a u t r ff y u n d e r p a s s , w h i l e o n l e v e e r d

viewshed study

ID 213

environmental response

summer radiation study

winter radiation study

program organization and skins Stages of plant growth dictated the programs and design of The Industrial Greenhouse.

Each type of plant growth has different environmental requirements that also affected the skins of the greenhouse.

With seedling stages and microgreen shelves to the north where there are more LED's, there are also double skin polycarbonate walls that protect the plants in the winter.

To the center-south of the building you have rotating aquaponics to receive the most light transmission.

winter wind rose study

ID 215

summer wind rose study

p as s i v e s t r a t e g i e s Operational costs tend to be the most expensive part of vertical farm greenhouses, making it imperative to design the building with passive strategies for daylight, humidity and ventilation. Garage doors and a retractable roof allows passive ventilation while resulting to a loggia or patio for the trail.

summer solar angle study

06/20/2020 0800

winter solar angle study

06/20/2020 1000

06/20/2020 1200

06/20/2020 1400

06/20/2020 1600

ID 217

resiliency

ID 219

By the end of the century, due to global warming, drought and flooding will become more rampant and more severe. With the increasing population, the need to sustain and feed the populace in the city has been challenging for farmers, not to mention unsustainable. Centuries of crop farming has resulted in deforestation and loss of habitats to make way for crops and grazing cattles. Copious amounts of water are used and contaminated by fertilizers, affecting the waterways downstream causing "dead zones" as evident in the Gulf of Mexico.

Crop farming is an outdated way of farming and The Industrial Greenhouse demonstrates how crops can be produced on little land mass and water. Sustainable and resilient, The Industrial Greenhouse is capable of year-round food production no matter what environmental condition it is in.

symbiotic relationships With the idea of a vertical farm conceived out of the existence of the Missouri Organic Recycling next to a sizable retention basin, the Industrial Greenhouse forms a symbiotic relationship to the food waste facility and to the green infrastructure network.

The greenhouse is design to utilize the soil from the facility for its microgreens operation, and returns fresh food and produce waste to be recycled.

Located next to a large retention basin that is a part of a much larger green infrastructure network, The Industrial Greenhouse is a living machine that recycles stormwater not only for its rotating aquaponic system, but also for its geothermal system that maintains the greenhouse’s humidity and temperature, essential for keeping the cost of operation down.

g e o t h e r m a l l o o p sy s t e m

With the cost of operations to maintain humidity and temperature being the most expensive part of operating a vertical farm greenhouse, The Industrial Greenhouse is designed to harvest, clean and store water and use that same water to keep the humidity and temperature controlled.

ID 221 the industrial greenhouse axon

3/3 the industrial greenhouse

2 / 3 s e c t i o n s h o w i n g a q u a p o n i c s sy s t e m

ID 223

1/3 section showing microgreens

t h e i n d u s t r i a l g r e e n h o u s e a ff e c t i n g t h e l a n d s c a p e a t n i g h t

farm-to-table experience The programmatic elements of the Industrial Greenhouse are designed to create a farm-to-table experience that is visible inside and outside of the greenhouse. With the rest of the trail framework providing educational experiences, the journey through the Industrial Greenhouse is meant to inspire change and curiosity to its trail users.

The seeding and preparation area is located just inside the northern entrance of the greenhouse, followed by the microgreens and rotating aquaponics system, and finally the greenhouse's kitchen.

Across and outside of the greenhouse is a public gathering space where people can rest and consume the harvested produce that was prepared in the kitchen.

section of the industrial greenhouse

e l e va t i o n o f t h e i n d u s t r i a l g r e e n h o u s e

facilitating learning through design of movement By providing its users with farm to table experience, The Industrial Greenhouse is a living machine that demonstrates to the trail users the process of harvesting and cleaning water, and organic, year long farming: from seeding to harvest; recycling food waste into compost; using compost for growing food; growing fish in recycled water; and finally using fish waste for growing food.

facing south from nor th of greenhouse private living walls semi-public public

to levee rd

ID 225

living walls inside the greenhouse

t o s t i l w e l l r d & n e c h o u t e a u t r a ff i c w ay

facing nor th from south of greenhouse

seedlings & lobby

m i c r o g r e e n s (e a r l y p h as e s)

m a ke r s p a c e

m i c r o g r e e n s ( l a t e r p h as e )

m a ke r s p a c e

aquaponics

m a ke r s p a c e

kitchen & prep

outdoor public meeting space

restrooms, benches & b i ke r a c k s

the industrial greenhouse plan

ID 227

aquaponics aquaponics

U N I V E R S A L AV E N U E

ID 229

Universal Avenue is the only corridor in the East Bottoms containing several educational institutions and commercial businesses and is one of the few streets in Kansas City intersected by a stream. Running north to south and connecting Levee Rd to E Front St, Universal Avenue caters to both vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

While the stream has an important role in managing stormwater in the Industrial District, its existence presents challenges and opportunities for the Universal Avenue. The goal in this part of the Industrial District is to meaningfully integrate public realm and the green infrastructure in order to elevate the identity of the Industrial District and assist the existing and visiting community with their personal and career goals.

existing conditions riverbelt powerline right-of-way levee

+191,697 gallons

+81,031 gallons

I-435

Equitable Rd

Universal Avenue

Equitable Rd

Universal Avenue +38,590 gallons

Executive Drive

+40,714 gallons

+27,465 gallons +93,747 gallons

Universal Plaza Drive

connecting to E Front St and GoBond Project

s t r e e t s a n d i n f r as t r u c t u r e s

t o p o g r a p h y a n d r e t e n t i o n b as i n s

stormwater network Much of the eastern part of the Industrial District have underground streams that are currently covered in permeable paving. These streams connect various retention basins in the Industrial District, aiding in the prevention of flooding in the area. The Universal Avenue (1) is a major stream corridor connecting E Front St to the rest of the streams and retention basins. Hidden from the street view is a major retention basin surrounded by the community college and STEM High School (2). Connecting to Levee Rd are two impassable large retention basins (3) connected to Universal Avenue.

Industrial District

+1 5 , 7 0 0 j o b s M C C B u s i n e s s & Te c h n o l o g y

+1 ,1 3 6 s t u d e n t s Fr o n t i e r S c h o o l s o f I n n o va t i o n

+1 , 2 0 0 s t u d e n t s

E c o sy s t e m

educational institution staffing agency night club money service gateway node e-w connections park proposal riverfront belt

ID 231

+50 animal species

intersection of users

campus network The enrollment of over 2400 students at Metropolitan Community College and the Frontier Schools of Innovation means that a large amount of students travel to the Industrial District area of the East Bottoms. The community college currently offers training in different industries, and its advantageous location allows for the students to have direct access to the industries that could become their employers. The educational institutions, staffing agencies and unions, and industry comprise the network of career and educational opportunities in the Industrial District.

green infrastructure + public realm b i o r e m e d i a t i o n a n d h o w i t a ff e c t s t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e l a n d s c a p e - Observational experiences are orchestrated in the Industrial District that facilitate self-learning. The transformative remediation strategies can be used as a systematic design tool providing conceptual bridges between aesthetics, recreation, and ecological design. Allowing the public realm to complement nature, the landscape investigates a new method of transforming and reclaiming an industrial area. The design proposes to insert and develop a public realm that capitalizes on existing green and grey infrastructure elements that provides amenities both for local employees as well as the general public.

The section on the right examines how remediation process can be exhibited, and how landscapes of cleaning can become part of the urban infrastructure to create new revitalized industrial areas. The purification process of water and soils can be showcased and experienced by the public and the green infrastructure framework not only heightens the identity of the landscape but also becomes part of the urban infrastructure.

existing condition Currently covered in muddy ground and overgrown vegetation, the path at northern end of Universal Ave leads to a series of impassable swamps that act as barriers within the Industrial District. Home to abundant wildlife, these retention basins have the potential to become part of the proposed green infrastructure network.

entrance to north lab Retention basins connect the Universal Bridges to the North Lab and serve as important wildlife habitats. Through the process of bioremediation, water runoff in the Industrial District is cleaned and stored in streams and ponds that provide quiet reprieve for human and animal users.

Boardwalk crosses over water filtering process.

Stormwater basin widened and improved through phytoremediation & bioremediation.

ID 233

Outfall pipe revealed & stormwater is filtered.

s e c t i o n s h o w c as i n g g r e e n i n f r as t r u c t u r e i n t e g r a t e d w i t h p u b l i c r e a l m

plan

u n i v e r s a l av e n u e c o n n e c t i n g t o e f r o n t s t o n t h e s o u t h

universal bridges

ID 235

The Universal Bridges are series of bridges connecting the north, south, east and west of Universal Avenue. This circulation corridor not only provides a reprieve where one can be immersed in nature directly across their place of work or learning, but also acts as a series of catalytic spaces which promote interaction and chance encounters that may nurture the exchange of ideas among users who work in different industries and operates as social pollinator. The daylighted stream lays below the boardwalk trail and directs stormwater to a series of different stormwater basins.

By using traffic calming techniques and integrating the bridges with the stream bed that is lined with native vegetation and tree canopies, this creates a safe and quiet environment that cleans air, water and soil pollution.

u n i v e r s a l b r i d g e s b r i d g i n g r a i l - t o - t r a i l t o s c h o o l p l ay g r o u n d s

u n i v e r s a l av e s t r e a m as b a r r i e r Because of the presence of a stream corridor in the middle of Universal Ave, this prevents pedestrian crossing between east and west of Universal Avenue.

p o t e n t i a l p e d e s t r i a n v s v e h i cu l a r

ID 237

To create a coexistence between pedestrian and vehicular traffic in Universal Ave, potential pedestrian paths are mapped along with current vehicular paths. A goal of the Universal Bridges is to separate the public realm for pedestrian and vehicular.

connecting intersections and entry points Important intersections and entry points of different parcels along the Universal Ave are mapped, and connected using the Universal Bridges.

u n i v e r s a l av e n u e s e r i a l v i g n e tt e A serial vignette of the experience from the entrance of Universal Avenue from E Front St is pictured above. Right at the entrance of Universal Avenue is El Dorado's signature piece, a landmark that mimics the Evergy Coal Burning Plant's smoke stacks. A stream corridor runs through the entire street of Universal Avenue, separating the east and west of the street. Unlike most of the streets in East Bottoms, the Universal Avenue has maintained sidewalks, although tree canopy is sparse. Water runoff coming from the road goes directly to the stream in the middle of the street.

existing

proposed

e n t r a n c e t o s c h o o l p l ay g r o u n d s

ID 239

Connecting the Railroad Crossings to the School Playgrounds, shown is a part of the Universal Bridges with a public bookshelf folly that provides an interface for free books and job postings to anyone walking by the trail.

north lab park plan

e x i s t i n g r e t e n t i o n b as i n s u r r o u n d e d b y w a r e h o u s e s , w i t h l e v e e r d a n d r i v e r f r o n t o n t h e n o r t h

north lab park At the northern terminus of the Universal Bridges is the North Lab Park, a series of learning maker-spaces on multiple retention basins that connects E Front St. to the Levee Rd. The North Lab Park is close enough to the schools but also far enough to be completely away from the hustle and bustle of the Industrial District. The park proposal is a series of immersive maker-spaces that are geared to provide opportunities for intentional environmental learning and can be implemented as needed.

Inspired by the existing STEM schools along Universal Avenue, the maker-spaces are meant for the public trail users but also can stand as outdoor classrooms for students. The North Lab Park then ultimately contributes to the workforce development in the East Bottoms by offering students opportunities and education regarding environmentally related careers.

1

2

3

4

4

ID 241

3

1 2

typologies tables, seats & informational boards

t y p o l o g y 1 - A resting pavilion by the thoroughfare connecting E Front St to the Levee Rd and the Riverfront Park, the first typology is one that is unavoidable by trail users. It is the first opportunity to connect its trail users, no matter their intent in going through the North Lab Park. By providing a space to rest with informational boards, the space becomes a catalyst for chance encounters between a user and a potential employer.

net seating attraction

stationary binoculars

informational board & seating

ID 243

t y p o l o g y 2 - Typology two is a space designed for its users to feel the coolness of the water beneath it and provides an immersive playful experience for its users and encourages wonder and curiosity. Beyond the net seating this area also features wildlife educational boards and binoculars for birdwatching.

presentation board & storage

work tables

rubber or net seating

t y p o l o g y 3 - Typology three is larger and allows space for large groups of users and full classrooms. This typology also provides a learning space where students can learn about different environmental careers, wildlife, and vegetation.

outdoor storage

soil/plant root studies

floating wetlands

ID 245

t y p o l o g y 4 - Nearly a third of the world’s living organisms exist within the soil, and have barely been identified or recorded. Typology four stands as an outdoor learning lab where students can learn about plant properties and how they can be utilized for remediation. This lab also showcases floating wetlands and provides opportunities for soil and root studies.

e x i s t i n g s c h o o l s a n d p a r k i n g l o t s u r r o u n d i n g b as i n

d e t e n t i o n b as i n w i t h j o b f a i r i n t h e b a c k

p r o p o s e d s c h o o l p l ay g r o u n d s s u r r o u n d i n g e x p a n d e d r e t e n t i o n b as i n

s c h o o l p l ay g r o u n d s

ID 247

Despite the 2400+ students attending the schools along the Universal Ave, there is no sense of community or campus. Instead, makeshift playgrounds are found in the parking lot. Even though the schools encircle a major retention basin, one would not be able to tell its existence from the street. The design proposal for the school playgrounds aims to solve these issues by focusing on stormwater management and recreational amenities where career fairs and weekly farmers market can take place.

Increased water retention is made possible by increasing the size of the existing retention basin surrounded by the schools, permeable pavement on the fields and playgrounds, and a constructed basin that dual functions as a water fountain. The creation of a denser tree canopy and the addition of native vegetation results in the formation of microclimates that provide cool and relaxing environments within the urban fabric. Beyond this, vehicular corridors are reduced and redirected, prioritizing the safe passage of pedestrians.

p l ay g r o u n d s as f o l l i e s w i t h d e t e n t i o n b as i n f o r p u b l i c s p a c e

I N D U ST R I A L R E C L A M AT I O N S T H R O U G H N AT U R A L P R O C E S S E S

BY S A M A N T H A D AV I S Today, our experience as designers are very different from our predecessors. “While designers of the past dramatized the beauty of nature in picturesque landscapes and relied on nearly untouched lands, landscape architects today are confronted with unforgiving environmental issues and derelict properties that are direct representations of our society’s habit for overconsumption [29]." Cities slowly morph overtime, and once as busy industrial centers, they are becoming decaying monuments with another need/level of evolution through remediation. As a studio, we often discuss the challeneges to cause real change because of all the seperate systems working. Therefor, there are a few major steps the East Bottoms Vision Study has pointed out that would lead to more transformative design practices. If these methods are adopted, this would represent a significant enhancement to the quality of life through land use and collaboration.

Staging of phytoremediation and bioremediation as landscape typologies

munities, rather than implementations of specific private developers.

Landscapes to support environmental education through interpretation of positive natural processes "From an evolutionary perspective, the phenomenon of walking in the landscape, and learning, represents one of the oldest and most profound processes of human understanding [30]." Beyond a simple means of circulation, this vision study’s green loop trail conveys ecological concepts to visitors with the goal to educate, at the least, and at the most, change human attitudes and behaviors.

This leads to better design because it conveys the importance and need of implementations, and educates communities. This in return will lead to inspiring and giving fuel to younger generations and developers to design in these new ways as well, eventually leading to a better standard of design.

This speaks to forming a landscaping plan for which plants and organisms and minerals would best be put in place de- Integration of multi-scale approaches, from mipendent on site context. This is specifically important to city cro to macro scale implementations planning for urban transformation, because this needs to be In "The Landscape Imagination" (2014), James Corner thought in long-term views and a job for the city and full com- criticizes the profession because of the divide from cul-

Interdisciplinary collaboration between scientists, designers, planners and the community This guideline is an important aspect to a remediation framework for the functionality of implementations as well as changing public perceptions. Right now, landscaping urbanism and city planning is hindered by the barriers between disciplines. This is the same argument of cultural verse natural or environmentally friendly developments. The East Bottoms framework argues that

design and landscaping are both interpreters as well as mediators and can bring that interdisciplinary colloboration. This is between local and global theories as well as ideas between recovery and invention. There is a strong need for collaborative work across all disciplines for successful implementations and true city transformations.

Creating a flexible green infrastructure framework through recreation of systematic connectivity “Green infrastructure is defined as the interconnected network of waterways, wetlands, woodlands, wildlife habitats, and other natural areas; greenways, parks, and other conservation lands; working farms, ranches and forests; and wilderness and other open spaces that support native species, maintain natural ecological processes, sustain air and water resources and contribute to health and quality of life [31].”

These are a lot of systems that once have been polluted or ruined, it takes some hard work to remediate and connect these systems, especially to co-exist within the urban framework of cities. A systematic and thorough plan with many different strategies needs to be put in place for success and chances of adaptability.

ID 249

tural developments verse nature by “drawing more from objectivist and instrumental models of ecology, while design creativity has been reduced to environmental problem solving (know-how) and aesthetic appearance (scenery).” It is important to see the broader picture and design in a way that all these ecological implementations can be utilized at a local and regional level with a large spectrum of strategies at different levels. This leads to the highest probability of success and/or development.

These strategies should then be pushed for more, not just as environmental problem solving but in a way that supports imagination and innovation, allowing for a true transformation of a city, rather than patchwork of solutions here and there.

253 259 269 279

WORKING LANDSCAPE

WL 251

Overview Green Infrastructure Development Layer Ecological Development Layer Public Development Layer

working landscape

electric park district

river front park

industrial district

W O R K I N G L A N D S C A P E OV E R V I E W

WL 253

The Working Landscape is the easternmost and lowest part of the East Bottoms and is characterized by flooding, heavy industries, and interstitial farmland. The Missouri River and Blue River border the site to the east and south, while highway 435 frames its western edge. Feeding the industries and polluting the environment, train tracks weave through the landscape delivering coal, agricultural chemicals, and raw goods. The narrow potted roads, network of railroads, and lack of sidewalks make navigating throughout the area an intimidating affair. The frequent flooding, polluted ecology, and public dis-connectivity are prime opportunities for improvement and the foundation of design interventions. These interventions include three concepts: a redeveloped green infrastructure system, restoration of ecological habitats, and public access to the site and industries.

existing conditions

llc

real estate co

railroad

inc

midwest terminal wa.

state of missouri

bayer

stand alone parcel

evergy

universal land dev. co

faultless starch b.a. co

possible to use

difficult to use

land ownership

potential-to-use

The land ownership in the Working Landscape has four main owners including Evergy, Bayer, City of Kansas City, and the Universal Land Development Company. There are also many smaller industries closer to the western side of the Working Landscape. Although Evergy and Bayer are very private, relationships should be formed to monitor and repair the land right next to our rivers.

The potential-to-use map is an analytical map showcasing undeveloped land that is not in use and therefore possible to use without displacement to any industries. The Working Landscape has the most potential-to-use land more so than any other area in the East Bottoms, besides the riverfront. The studio suggests this land should be kept in reserve and not further developed on for ecological restoration and stormwater management.

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The Working Landscape goals and objectives can be broken down into three main development layers including green infrastructure, ecological restoration, and public involvement.

The green infrastructure layer looks at flooding and solves extreme rainfall event stormwater management for all of the East Bottoms. This layer also builds on the ideas of Evergy switching to renewable energy and phasing out of their coalburning plants as stated in their vision plans. Both of these require a system of conveyance and retention of stormwater, that not only holds large amounts of rainfall but also naturally cleans the stormwater and recharges groundwater through phytoremediation and bioremediation.

The ecological layer involves reconnecting disconnected habitats and ecological restoration, grounded on the ideas of taking land used for industry and farming and returning it back to nature. This visioning study looked at endangered wildlife, defined best habitat types based on physical characteristics of the site, and defined landscaping techniques ecologically beneficial for these different habitat types.

The public development layer focuses on the coexistence of industry, ecology, and people. By allowing minimal physical access to the site but allowing for extraordinary experiences and unique views to the green infrastructure, ecological systems, and large industrial elements on the site, this Working Landscape can become a true recreational destination site for Kansas City.

G R E E N I N F R A ST R U C T U R E D E V E LO P M E N T L AY E R The green infrastructure layer not only solves issues of flooding but also utilizes remediation techniques.

While the industries in the East Bottoms are still critically important to Kansas City, there is a need to start planning for a sustainable transformation of these areas. According to the Missouri Department of Conservation, the quality of water in Blue River is in good condition upstream but deteriorates as it passes through the industrial area of the East Bottoms.

The green infrastructure development layer uses techniques to filter, divert, or slow down the release of stormwater runoff so that it no longer contributes to combined overflow events and pollution. From here, the green infrastructure development features vegetation, rain gardens, and a bioswale network between primary stormwater basins. The Working Landscape area holds the majority of stormwater in the East Bottoms (due to low topographical characteristics) and focuses on the idea of giving land back to the rivers and creating wetlands. Through these stormwater basins and bioswale networks phytoremediation and bioremediation techniques work to remediate the air, soil, and water. This study also greatly supports the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by both showing implementations that reduce and absorb CO2, such as reenvisioning Evergy operations based on their vision plans. These systems then create habitable environments for native species in the area and provide better air quality for all surrounding communities.

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By first conveying stormwater by filtering and slowing down stormwater we can stop contributions to overflow events and polluted rivers. By retaining water and allowing for wetlands, it in return provides a buffer for storms and wind, and provides extreme flood control, wildlife nurseries, fertile farmland, and stands as a carbon sink and pollution filter. These systems then allow for inhabitation through ecological restoration and improved ecosystems.

These systems are all connected through a closed loop that ultimately remediates the East Bottoms and surrounding communities' soil, groundwater, rivers, and air.

convey

retain

inhabit

remediate

slight soil erosion hazard moderate soil erosion hazard severe soil erosion hazard

brownfield site / treatment or long-term stewardship current hazardous site brownfield site / ongoing activites

separate sewer system

soil conditions

l o w e s t s i t e s f o r r e t e n t i o n a n d d e t e n t i o n b as i n s

To grasp a better understanding of these issues, the studio also looked into the existing soil contamination of the site as well as the topography. Based on these findings the studio found that a lot of the land has brownfield sites and highly saturated soil conditions making future development and digging difficult.

Using the common geographically low points on the site, the studio was able to draw a conclusion that these would be the best places for water basins. These water basins would be able to retain large amounts of runoff from all of the East Bottoms in case of extreme rainfall events.

site influences separate sewer system combined sewer system smart sewer

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* b i g g e s t w tt p i n r e g i o n

existing stormwater management To better understand the stormwater situation in the Working Landscape area, existing sewage conditions were explored. The site is almost divided in half with the separate sewer system to the east of the site and the combined sewer system on the west - causing a lot of backflow problems. The studio also looked into existing plans for this area which include the Smart Sewer plan that is a 25 year, 4.5 billion dollar plan to address the 50-150 year sewer system that frequently overflows. The map above shows the two water treatment plants on the site and sewage outfall points. Overall, this shows the need to remediate the land at sewage outfall points and that stormwater management at this geographical position is critical and needs support.

topography manipulation modeling In conducting topography manipulation studies, the studio modeled the existing topography of the East Bottoms and examined how the land is already working when normal and extreme rainfall events happen.

Next, the topography was manipulated again in many different ways to find the best manipulation for water flow. The volume of soil that we removed and how much would be transferred to Evergy was calculated.

topography manipulation The low points on the site have relatively low-quality soil and become the chosen sites of excavation.

The soil that is removed from these parcels would then be used to cap the coal ash brownfields that exist as a byproduct of Evergy’s Hawthorn Generating Facility. The overall tactic here is to cut soil, then use that soil to cap and remediate polluted soil over time. The void that is created by the cut will be filled with water collected from the bioswales, and the capped soil will then serve as a pedestal for a utility-scale photovoltaic array, which utilizes existing electrical infrastructure. This way, by creating wetlands, soil can be re-used rather than transporting it away somewhere. These ideas of a resilient landscape planning design can help communities live with periodic or even constant flooding, adapting to a new way of life. It’s important that a system-based approach is used that goes beyond a single project and looks at larger areas of land. These systems can be preserved and strengthened ecosystems that act as natural channels and buffers; parks and open spaces that let water flow through safely; store excess water for later use; and robust green infrastructure systems that cleanse and absorb stormwater runoff. This allows the private industries in this area to effectively live with more water and be more sustainable.

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main stormwater basin During large rainfall events, water will be conveyed to this basin – the Main Stormwater Basin. The entire East Bottoms sees about 390 million gallons of rainwater during a 6� rainfall. This holds 180 million gallons at peak capacity or about 45% of total rainfall. With the soil already highly saturated, stormwater collection on this land is ideal and not only would provide security for extreme floods but also provide roughly 62 acres towards ecological restoration and wildlife preservation.

This basin would also have an overlook tower to the South for public interaction.

Currently, this land plot is owned by the Universal Land Development Company and is labeled as a PIEA zone, which offers incentives to encourage investment b as i n a r e a ke y and to remove blight conditions.

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Water will be held in the Main Stormwater Basin during the rainfall event, but over the course of 24 hours, it would flow to fill the Wetland Stormwater Basin. The Wetland Basin has a maximum capacity of about 142 million gallons at peak capacity.

This brings the total to 319 million gallons, or about 83% of a 6� rainfall event. This section shows various nodes of habitable woodland patches within the ephemeral marshes. This land is owned by Evergy to stand as a buffer to their Hawthorne Coal Burning Facility, but the studio believes a much stronger buffer could be utilized here that not only protects the rest of the East Bottoms and Kansas City from a major flood, but also provides ecosystem rehabilitation and CO2 sequestration.

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p h o t o v o l t a i c p a n e l a r r ay c a l cu l a t i o n s usable land = 126 acres

P r o j e c t e d p a n e l e ff i c i e n c y i n 2 0 5 0 = 2 8 . 8 % e ff i c i e n t *Using thin-film crystal gallium arsenide (GaAs) panels

E v e r g y p e a k c a p a c i t y = 5 5 0 M e g aw a tt s ( AC )

s o l a r a r r ay p l a n

P o w e r p e r A c r e f o r G a A s i n KC M O = 4 .0 5 MW ( AC ) / A c r e *Derivd from NREL estimation tables

To t a l p r o v i d e d p o w e r = 3 1 .1 M e g aw a tt s ( AC ) *Largest in Missouri

t h i n - f i l m c r y s t a l g a l l i u m a r s e n i d e (G a A s) p a n e l s

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In a recent statement given by Evergy in March 2020, it was declared that Evergy will be decommissioning all of their coal-burning plants between the years 2040 and 2050 except for one that was built in 2010. Considering this, the topography concept to remediate soil while providing renewable energy through solar panels is a strong concept for the evolution of this plant.

The panel type used is the gallium arsenide thin-film crystal panels, which peaks at about 29% efficiency. Last month, the National Renewable Energy Lab made a cell that reached almost 50%. After reaching out to solar developers with experience in the field, they argued that the Evergy site could generate 37-43 megawatts in 2050. In accomplishing this concept, this once environmentally detrimental plant could become a sustainable contribution to all of Kansas City, greatly increasing air quality.

aerial rendering Photovoltaic cells have come a long way in the past twenty years, and advances have been made to monumentally reduce the number of dollars per watt. Given that the Hawthorn Plant is estimated to be decommissioned in 20-30 years, the dollar per watt is hoped to be cut in half. In many utility-scale projects, the efficiency is about 15% using thin-film CdTe technology. As the price of solar continues to decline, technology like crystalline cells with an efficiency of 26.7% will become the norm in utility-scale projects.

E C O LO G I C A L D E V E LO P M E N T L AY E R Surrounded by the Missouri River and the mouth of the Blue River, whatever happens in the Working Landscape directly affects the ecosystem of the rivers and all the animals that traverse these bodies of water. Years of the railroad and industrial use and heavy traffic in the floodplain have resulted in pollution, the degradation of the quality of the rivers, and disconnected habitats. The ecological layer involves reconnecting disconnected habitats and ecological restoration which is grounded on the idea of taking land used for industry and farming and returning it to nature. From the existing conditions of the site, 4 key habitats were established based on their site characteristics. Along with this, it was found that several ecological detriments that need to be mitigated to develop an ecological loop system that promotes biodiversity across the fragmented habitats. The other element of this development layer includes the establishment of ecologically significant plants and a remediation process that recharges groundwater, sucks up toxic elements in the soil, and cleans rainwater and sewage outfall points before they contaminate the Missouri River and Blue River. The Working Landscape area strongly recommends natural remediation techniques and ecological restoration because these methods are critical to truly making Kansas City healthier, cleaning rivers and making them habitable, and restoring biodiversity. This project can inspire new treatment to underappreciated, neglected or contaminated properties in the East Bottoms area as well as other industrial districts. It encourages the integration of ecology as sites are remediated through technical means and may propose an ecological framework from which other designs and cities can stem from.

ecological design concept

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After a thorough site analysis, this concept diagram was developed to establish a framework for restoration efforts. To create these habitats, there is a need to enact controlled burns, seed and plant native vegetation, and manage / monitor the new growth in order to promote inhabitation for wildlife. While these fragmented habitats are being developed, they need to connect in order to reduce conflicts caused by vehicular infrastructure.

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American Bittern

Snowy Egret

Candidates ast-Bottoms Working landscape Endangered Species Reintroduction endangered wildlife andidates Plains Spotted Skunk Plains Spotted Skunk

Plains Spotted Skunk IndianaMapleleaf Bat Winged Indiana Bat Mollusk

Gray Bat Gray Bat

Gray Bat Peregrine FalconM Ebonyshell Peregrine Fa

ms Working landscape Endangered Species Reintr s Plains Spotted Skunk

Gray Bat

Plains Spotted Skunk

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American Bittern American Bittern

Gray Ba

Snowy Egret

East-Bottoms Working landscape Endangered Species Reintro oms Working Endangered Species Reintroduction toms Working landscape landscape Endangered Species Reintroduction East-Bottoms Working landscape Endangered Species Reintroducti Candidates es esCandidates East-Bottoms Working landscape Endangered Species Reintro tomsCandidates Working landscape Endangered Species Reintroducti es ape Endangered Species Reintroduction breeding

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American Bittern

Plains Spotted Skunk

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Gray Bat

Plains Spotted Skunk Winged Mapleleaf MolluskPeregrine Ebonyshell Mo Falcon Gray Bat Indiana Bat Plains Spotted Skunk Snowy Egret Decurrent Fa Winged Mapleleaf Mollusk Ebonyshell Mollusk Lake Sturgeon PeregrineYellow Falcon Gray Bat Indiana Bat Long Eared Bat ebonyshell mollusk Eastern Massasauga Mud Turt plains spotted skunk eastern massasauga Decurre Winged Mapleleaf Mollusk Ebonyshell Mollusk Lake Sturgeon

American BitternHarrier Northern american bittern

Winged Mapleleaf Mollusk

American Bittern

American American Bittern Bittern

Ebonyshell Mollusk

Winged Mapleleaf Mollusk

Snowy Egret

Ebonyshell

Snowy Snowy Egret Egret

breeding

Plains Spotted Skunk

year-round

nonbreeding Northern Harrier

Gray Bat

Indiana Bat

Winged Mapleleaf Gray Mollusk Ebonyshell Mollusk Mead’s Milkweed Plains Spotted Skunk Plains Plains Spotted Skunk Bat Bat Long Eared Bat Northern Decurrent False Aster Peregrine Falcon Gray Bat Indiana Bat Eastern Massasauga Yellow Mud Turtle Peregrine Falcon Gray Bat Indiana Bat Long Eared Bat Mollusk Ebonyshell Mollusk Lake Sturgeon Eastern Massasauga Yellow Mud Harrier Mead’s MilkweedIndiana PlainsSpotted SpottedSkunk Skunk Winged Decurrent FalseTurtle Aste harrier Winged Mapleleaf Mollusk Mollusk Lake Sturgeon Peregrine Falcon Gray BatMassasauga Indiana Bat winged Mapleleaf mapleleaf mollusk indiana bat Long Earednorthern Bat mead's milkweed Eastern Yellow Mud Plains Spotted Skunk Ebonyshell Peregrine Falco Gray BatTurtle Indiana Bat

Northern Harrier

Northern Harrier

Long Eared Bat

Northern Harrier Snowy Egret Snowy Egret American Bittern American Bittern Snowy Egret

Snowy Egret

Plains Long Eared BatSpotted Skunk

Gray Bat

Eastern Massasauga

Indiana Bat Eastern Massasauga

Yellow Mud Turtle

Yellow Mud Tu

Snowy Egret

Snowy Egret

ms Working landscape Endangered Species Reintroduction s breeding

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year-round

nonbreeding Northern Plains Spotted Skunk Northern Harrier Harrier

Long GrayEared Bat Bat Long Eared Bat

American Bittern

migration

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Indiana Bat

Mead’s Eastern Massasauga Yellow Mud Mead’s Milkweed Milkweed Peregrine Falcon Mollusk Indiana Bat Decurrent False Decurrent False Aster Winged Ebonyshell Lake Sturgeon Massasauga MudTurtle Turtle Winged Mapleleaf Mollusk Ebonyshell Mollusk Lake Sturgeon WingedYellow Mapleleaf Mollusk Ebonyshell Mollusk Lake Sturgeon Decurrent Snowy Egret Decurrent FalseAster Aster peregrine falcon WingedMapleleaf MapleleafMollusk Mollusk Eastern Ebonyshell Mollusk Lake Sturgeon decurrent false aster snowy egret lake sturgeon Winged Mapleleaf Mollusk Ebonyshell Mollusk Lake Sturgeon

Long Eared Bat

Eastern Massasauga

Winged Mapleleaf Mollusk

Ebonyshell Mollusk

Winged Mapleleaf Mollusk

Ebonyshell Mollusk

Yellow Mud Turtle

Lake Sturgeon Lake Sturgeon

Snowy Egret

Long Eared Bat Long Eared Bat Winged Mapleleaf Mollusk Long Eared Bat Northern Harrier Northern Harrier

Mead’s Mead’s Milkweed Eastern Massasauga Yellow Mud Eastern Massasauga Yellow Mud Turtle Mead’sMilkweed Milkweed Decurrent False Aster Ebonyshell Mollusk Lake Sturgeon Eastern Massasauga Yellow MudTurtle Turtle Mead’s Milkweed Mead’s Milkweed Spotted Skunk Eared Bat Eastern Massasauga Turtle Peregrine Gray Bat Indiana Bat Long Eared BatLong Massasauga Yellow Mud TurtleYellow Mud longPlains eared bat Decurren grayEastern bat yellow mud turtle Winged Mapleleaf Mollusk Ebonyshell Mollusk LakeFalcon Sturgeon

existing habitats Being a floodplain of the Missouri River, the East Bottoms is a part of the Missouri River that affects migration of wildlife such as pollinators and waterfowls on a national scale. During 1804, Lewis and Clark recorded a diversity of animals in the East Bottoms. Presently, when one is to visit the vast industrial land of East Bottoms, instead of wetlands and wildlife, one is welcomed with rails, heavy traffic, and massive industrial buildings. Each year, an estimate of 300,000 species become extinct – equivalent to three per hour. This is because agriculture, industrialization and rapid urbanization continues to threaten the planet’s natural ecosystems.

The industrial nature of the Working Landscape is juxtaposed against the ecologically significant Missouri Riparian Corridor and this proximity necessitates considerations for revitalizing degraded habitats while developing a symbiotic relationship between the natural world and this industrial landscape.

This visioning study looks towards design solutions where animals and people can coexist and serves as a model that other cities can follow. To do this, we have identified existing habitats, significant endangered species, migratory patterns, different types of improvement based on habitat type, ecologically significant plants, and looked at ways to 're-tool' infrastructure.

pacific flyways central flyways mississippi flyways

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w a t e r f o w l f l y w ay s After doing some preliminary wildlife research it was found that Kansas City, Missouri was home to an overlap in the flyways of migratory waterfowl. This, in tandem with our sites adjacency to the Missouri River, creates a unique opportunity to help migratory waterfowl populations on an international scale, as these flyways extend far beyond the US.

proposed habitat mapping

ecologically significant plants

riverbank habitats

Native and ecologically significant trees and plantings for riverbank habitats in the East Bottoms should consider: bur oak, cottonwood, river willow, silver maple, sumac, roughleaf dogwood, arrowhead, water canna, eastern bluestar, indian plantain, aquatic milkweed, and field horsetail.

wildlife

ecologically significant plants

marsh habitats

Native and ecologically significant trees and plantings for marsh habitats in the East Bottoms should consider: swamp white oak, bald cypress, black gum, american linden, rose mallow, shining blue star, culver's root, swamp milkweed, reed canary grass, cattail, soft rush, and chainmaker rush.

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riparian forest habitats

Native and ecologically significant trees and plantings for riparian forest habitats in the East Bottoms should consider: missouri river willow, sycamore, cottonwood, silver maple, roughleaf dogwood, common pawpaw, downy serviceberry, american fellowwood, wild sweet williams, indian pink, solomon's seal, and celandine poppy.

ecologically significant plants

b o tt o m l a n d p r a i r i e h a b i t a t s

Native and ecologically significant trees and plantings for bottomland prarie habitats in the East Bottoms should consider: winged elm, black hickory, white oak, shingle oak, oakleaf hydrangea, blue sage, alabama snow wreath, sky blue, blue-eyed grass, little bluestem, prairie dropseed, and mountain mint.

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connecting habitats For the habitats to thrive, they need to be connected. After analyzing the areas of conflict between the vehicular and wildlife circulation, it was found that E Front St. and elevated railroad crossings are the most important areas to develop a system for conflict mitigation as they are effectively blocking any North-South safe passage for animals moving across the East Bottoms.

“ Hu m a n i t y c a n n o l o n g e r s t a n d b y i n s i l e n c e w h i l e o u r w i l d l i f e a r e b e i n g u s e d , a b u s e d a n d e x p l o i t e d . I t i s t i m e w e a l l s t a n d t o g e t h e r, t o b e t h e v o i c e o f t h e v o i c e l e s s b e f o r e i t ' s t o o l a t e . E x t i n c t i o n m e a n s f o r e v e r.� ― Pa u l O x t o n

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The studio proposes a wildlife corridor bridge. This allows for safe animal crossing opportunities for animals coming from the South, allowing them a safe, direct route to the Missouri River. This also promotes and teaches the community about the area's wildlife. In order to be effective, multiple routes for the animals were needed so that prey can avoid predation along entrances of the land bridge. To add to comfortability, the bridge pulls away from the tracks as much as possible and vegetation is added to the wildlife bridge with layers of native plantings to extend the tree line for continued safe navigation of wildlife.

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1. Placement of coir fascines

1. Excavation of soil for basins

1. Burning of invasive plants

1. Burning of invasive plants

2. Overseeding of river plantings

2. Overseeding of marsh plants

2. Overseeding of native plants

2. Overseeding of native plants

3. Monitor succession

3. Monitor succession

3. Monitor succession

3. Monitor succession

habitat restoration and connectivit y

proposed habitats and proposed trail

p r o p o s e d h a b i t a t p h as i n g In order to establish prime habitats for wildlife, a typology system was developed through site analysis and placement of the different habitat typologies. This was done to create a native vegetation framework for ecological succession to occur naturally and to develop a resilient and native ecosystem.

Marsh Habitats are being developed to retain stormwater for a majority of the East Bottoms. However, these marshes are also ecologically significant for migrating waterfowl. As the ecological signature of the East Bottoms, the restoration of the Missouri and Blue Riverbanks is essential for improving native fish and ultimately waterfowl populations. Enhancing the existing riparian forests and removing invasive species will create opportunities for native flora to emerge and create opportunities for native fauna to thrive. Then, repopulating agricultural areas and underutilized properties with native grasses, forbs, and wildflowers will improve pollinator populations.

A phasing strategy was developed to stagger the ecological succession with the most significant habitats first while also creating areas necessary for the stormwater management system. The first step suggested in the process is the placement of coir fascines along riverbanks to help with soil erosion and restoration, chosen because they are biodegradable, won't float, and very slow to decay. The next step of the process would be the excavation of soil for basins and stormwater management. The next step will be burning the invasive vegetation which crowds out native vegetation and lowers biodiversity in riparian forests and bottomland prairies. This process is done by a certified fire team that surveys the extent of the invasive spread and culls populations within the controlled burn area. From here, seeding and planting of native stock plants in all of the habitats is done to prevent the regrowth of invasives whose root systems are still intact and to prevent erosion in their absence. After that, it is just monitoring the succession of growth over time. The phasing strategy shown below is a conceptual view of how these strategies could be implemented over time. While this process is long, the public developments and trail can show the growth of these vegetative elements over time and serve as a learning element of the trail.

p h as e I (0 - 5 y e a r s) Marsh Construction

marsh construction

Riverbank Construction

riverbank construction Construction forestForest construction prairie construction Prarie Construction maitenance Maintenance

Phase II (5-10yrs)

p h as e I I (5 - 1 0 y e a r s)

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P U B L I C D E V E LO P M E N T L AY E R The public development layer focuses on the coexistence of industry, people, and nature. The goal is to allow minimal physical access to the site for ecological purposes but also provide extraordinary experiences and unique views to the green infrastructure, ecological systems, and large industrial elements on the site. To form the trail and experiential nodes for the Working Landscape the studio looked at the natural aspects of the site, proposed green infrastructure system, industrial landmarks, the parks available now, and existing trails. These elements were then overlayed to figure out where these experiential nodes should be and how the public can interact with these different elements.

This resulted in six different public areas. The Main Stormwater Basin Overlook is the site with the primary stormwater basin to the West of the Working Landscape - This viewpoint is provided to engage the public to the reconstructed green infrastructure system and river belt beyond. The Wildlife Corridor Bridge, discussed in the ecological development layer, is designed to connect habitats to the riverfront, but also allows a small public space nearby for public interaction. The E. Front St. Trail Head provides a footbridge tower and is the vehicle oriented trailhead to harness traffic from E. Front St. and Highway 435. The Evergy Bridge stands as an educational experience for the public that allows views to the solar plant, green infrastructure basins, and weir system. The Blue Riverfront Park Trail Head is a pedestrian-oriented trail head harnessing people from the surrounding neighborhoods while also activating the Blue River. Lastly, the Indian Mound Connection allows for access through Kessler park and to the existing trail starting at Indian Mound Park. public development design concept

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These recreational and public elements showcase Kansas City's sustainability efforts and reconnect people back to our rivers, creating community growth and respect. The Working Landscape would become a regional destination point in the future once these ecological systems have been able to blossom and green infrastructure elements have been reinforced.

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These experiential public nodes allow the trail elements to focus on connecting, viewing, and learning. The bridge folly connects areas that are disconnected by industrial traffic. The tower folly allows for views and information on the basins and industrial landmarks. The service follies allow for better usability of the trail through services and also provide information and seating to learn about the new design systems for the East Bottoms.

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main stormwater basin overlook The Main Stormwater Basin Overlookâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design reflects minimal physical access and focuses on views of the green infrastructure basin and ecological habitats.

The tower is located at the end of North Corrington Ave which is north off of E Front St. The public engages with the basin and habitat at a boardwalk attached to the existing concrete structure and base of the tower as well as the top of the viewing tower.

This site is unique because it will provide the most access to the workers at the surrounding industries on North Corrington Ave and it also has the quickest direct access to the river belt to the north and riparian forests to the east. The tower is introduced at the edge of the trail for pedestrians looking for stunning views and we also use this as a wayfinding tool. With the riparian forests to the north and south, this also makes for a prime location for bird watching. Throughout the experience, pedestrians are introduced to educational signage speaking to wildlife habitats, stormwater storage facts, and ecologically significant plants. b as i n o v e r l o o k a r e a ke y s t o r m w a t e r b as i n v i e w

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e . f r o n t s t c i r cu l a t i o n & d e s i g n E. Front St. gives us an opportunity to explore street improvements that allow for the coexistence of industrial traffic and pedestrians. The design utilizes the street as a sequence that explores different design typologies down the busy industrial traffic road. As visitors travel down E. Front St. they are given glimpses of the E. Front St. Trail Head overlook tower and Evergy in the distance with the yellow recreational trail beckoning them to travel there.

On the trail loops system, trail users are brought down Universal Ave before they come to E. Front St. and taken to the middle of the median. The median of the trail becomes a boardwalk with rails to allow protection from the traffic. Vegetation and added trees are provided for shading end ecological restoration. Under the boardwalk, there is a bioswale that is part of the larger green infrastructure system. From here, visitors are brought to the underpass of I-435 where lights and guardrails define the recreational trail. Next, the trail continues East or you have the option to head north to the Main Stormwater Basin Overlook. Lastly, trail users pass by the Wildlife Corridor Bridge public node before they reach the E. Front St. Trail Head e front st design concept public node.

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c i r cu l a t i o n d i a g r a m The circulation on E. Front St. incorporates pedestrian, vehicular, and ecological coexistence. The diagram you see above shows the recreational and pedestrian trail in red as it passes under I-435. The vehicular traffic is shown in yellow.

The green infrastructure sits below the boardwalk trail over the median, introducing ecological systems that carry the stormwater along the bioswale network to larger basins and native street trees line the road.

e. front st trail head

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e f r o n t s t t r a i l h e a d ke y

The E. Front St. trailhead is more vehicle oriented to harness traffic from Highway 435 and E. Front St. This area engages with the wetland stormwater basin to the north and the proposed Evergy solar farm to the east. The focus of this public node is on the circulation of vehicles and pedestrians, the green infrastructure system, and how they can coexist.

As one moves through the space of the E. Front St. Trail Head they are introduced to educational signage regarding the green infrastructure systems put in place, the bioswale network, facts about the wildlife habitats, and facts of the stormwater collection and marshes to the north. A service folly is introduced to serve pedestrians with seating and restrooms and once people make their way up to the footbridge tower, the public engages with views to the solar farm at Evergy and the Wetland Stormwater Basin to the north. This orients users on the trail using industrial landmarks. The footbridge tower also allows a continuous and safe passage past a railroad track and bioswale that brings people back down to continue on the trail on a repurposed abandoned railroad track.

trail head plan rendering

view from atop footbridge facing evergy

footbridge tower design evergy view

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t r a i l h e a d f o o t b r i d g e t o w e r a xo n

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tower view from afar - e front st section perspective rendering

stormwater inlet

b i o sw a l e

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v i e w f r o m o u t l o o k t o w e r f a c i n g e as t t o w a r d s p r o p o s e d e v e r g y s o l a r p l a n t

trail head plan rendering

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v i e w f r o m b r i d g e f a c i n g e v e r g y a n d w e i r sy s t e m - p u t i n p l a c e f o r e x t r e m e f l o o d e v e n t s

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v i e w a l o n g e f r o n t s t . f a c i n g e as t t o I - 4 3 5

evergy bridge

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The Evergy Bridge is located on the edge of the Evergy solar farm and above a stormwater basin. This bridge is slightly sloped upward, allowing the public to engage with the views of the weir system, Evergy, and the primary water treatment plant in the distance. The weir system is put in place here in case of extreme floods and protects the surrounding communities in Kansas City. This system also controls and remediates the runoff coming from the bermed land at the proposed Evergy solar farm. Specific lookout spaces are provided to capture the best views of these different green infrastructure and industry elements as they are provided with educational signage. At the beginning and end of the bridge, users have the option to either head to the Blue Riverfront Trail Head to the southeast or what would be the abandoned railroad track that circles Evergy. This public node is separate and different than the other trail linkages because it is just off the main Working Landscape trail loop, making a smaller trail loop within. Once the solar farm is established, this trail can further be developed to accommodate workers at the solar farm or just provide trail users experiences closer to the converted Evergy e v e r g y b r i d g e a r e a ke y building and the Missouri River.

blue valley park

penn valley park

aerial rendering facing nor theast

swope park

a c t i va t i n g b l u e r i v e r Activating the Blue River connects it to the greater parts of Kansas City and extends the Kessler Parks and Boulevard System. A Kayak Hub is introduced which has a boat launch, allowing the river to be used for recreational activity.

r i v e r f r o n t t e r r a c e a n d sw i n g f o l l y

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ephemeral water front edge

section perspective rendering

river front terrace

sw i n g f o l l y

r e s t o r e d b o tt o m l a n d p r a r i e pollinator habitat

blue river front park trail head

indian mound park

blue riverfront trailhead

northeast athletic fields

plan rendering

v e h i cu l a r a n d p e d e s t r i a n c o n n e c t i o n s

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b as i n o v e r l o o k d e s i g n a r e a

This site of the Blue River currently consists of heavy rail, industrial buildings, and green open space. The new design extends the green spaces and activates the riverfront, while also creating a new vehicle connection. Easy access to the natural amenities are provided, transforming it into a destination site. The overall concept of the area is to provide circulation for pedestrians, cyclists, vehicles, and remediating/utilizing the riverfront. The studio first explored the vehicle connection by using the existing parking and connection to Indian Mound Park and pulling it to the Blue Riverfront Park Trail Head. For the pedestrian and cyclist circulation, industrial traffic is avoided by using bridges in some areas to create a smooth transition from Indian Mound Park to the Blue River.

The rendered plan below and renders to the left shows the newly introduced parking lot, dock, kayak service folly, riverfront terrace, folly swing, as well as the trail and footbridges leading trail users up to Indian Mound Park. The map shown below to the right shows a more zoomed out site plan with the pedestrian trail in red, the vehicular connections in yellow, and the river/kayak trail in blue.

aerial rendering

a c t i va t i n g ke s s l e r a n d i n d i a n m o u n d p a r k

v i e w f r o m t r a i l o n Ke s s l e r B l u ff

indian mound park connection

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The trail that leads people to and from Indian Mound Park connects the neighborhood residents to the Blue River but also to the rest of the Working Landscape.

This area is also an essential part of the overarching connection system for the people of Kansas City to the East Bottoms and Blue River. At Indian Mound Park there is currently the Cliff Drive Scenic Byway trail that would meet up with the newly designed trail allowing people to interact with nature, industries, and the prominent railyard just north of this site. Over 100' in elevation, this site allows for breathtaking views of the East Bottoms that currently is hardly seen due to the overgrown brush of Kessler Park. This design proposal can then become a destination point attracting people from all over the region.

The newly designed entrance to this area starts at this platform at Indian Mound Park which is looking at Evergy in the background as well as the significant industrial building, Bartlett Grain. As you move down the boardwalk you are able to float over natural habitats and the public is able to engage with nature without disturbing it. This also allows for easier maintenance and planning for Kessler Park, which e f r o n t s t d e s i g n c o n c e p t is greatly needed as it currently holds a lot of trash and invasive species.

conclusion The Working Landscape is unique to every other section of the trail loops system. The design of this area looks into the future for what is truly needed for Kansas City to thrive sustainably and socially regardless of the hurdles needed to take. The term Working Landscape is chosen because it is a related concept of working landscapes. "The “landscape” part of working landscapes has the same meaning – a cohesive, ecologically and socially connected area of land. The “working” part tells us about the economic importance of landscape and land use [32]."

The design concept of this area speaks about creating economies that are socially and ecologically sustainable based on the natural resources of the land. The idea is to use these eastern low lying sites of the East Bottoms to work towards multiple sustainability goals for Kansas City. This includes stormwater management, flood control, pollution remediation, wildlife and ecological restoration, riverfront access, recreational and educational amenities, and finally, it will stand as a regional attraction reflective of Kansas City's responsive ideals and morals. This stems from the site analysis of the existing conditions in the East Bottoms. Currently, there is a strong need for flood control and stormwater management, but also pollution control due to the current land use of industries and the site's proximity to the Missouri River and Blue River.

The Working Landscape design takes these needs into consideration and offers solutions that are trifold, reflecting the three design development layers: green infrastructure development, ecological development, and public development. These transformative strategies can be used as a systematic design tool providing conceptual bridges between aesthetics, industrial development, recreation, and ecological design.

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“ W h e n m o s t p e o p l e t a l k a b o u t t h e ‘ Wo r k i n g L a n d s c a p e ’ t h e y a r e r e f e r r i n g t o t h e l a n d a c t i v e l y u s e d i n p r o d u c t i v e a g r i c u l t u r e a n d f o r e s t r y. Ye t t o m a ny, t h e w o r k i n g l a n d s c a p e a l s o m e a n s a d d i t i o n a l p u b l i c va l u e s i t p r o v i d e s , i n c l u d i n g a e s t h e t i c s , c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e t o u r i s m e c o n o m y, a n d i t s c e n t ra l r o l e i n b u i l d i n g a c o m m o n s e n s e o f p l a c e a n d q u a l i t y o f l i f e . T h e s e va l u e s a r e a l l h a r d t o q u a n t i f y, b u t v i t a l t o t h e p e r s o n a l identity of a city [33]."

A LT E R N AT I V E E N E R GY I N T H E M I DW E ST

BY T I M R O D D E N Study area in question: Evergy's Hawthorn Plant in already fragile ecosystem of the Gulf of Mexico.

Kansas City The coal-burning facility in Kansas City was rebuilt in 2005 with low NOx burners, selective catalytic reduction removal, dry flue gas desulfurization, and a pulse jet fabric filter. As far as emissions are concerned, this is a pretty advanced system, so that is not the most immediate concern. The dominant concern is the siting of the plant and its geography.

The coal ash pond is in the lowest geographical point in the area, which happens to be directly adjacent to the oldest and weakest segment of the Missouri River levee in Kansas City.

The Missouri River floods regularly during spring and summer and is often unpredictable. Given these scenarios, it may be possible to have an incident similar to Wilmington, NC. Though the Kansas City plant is similar in size to Wilmingtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, it would have effects even greater than the Sutton Plant had. Downstream of Kansas City are many major cities that depend on the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers as their main drinking source â&#x20AC;&#x201C; St. Louis, Cape Girardeau, Memphis, Baton Rouge, and New Orleans to name a few. If there were an incident of a similar magnitude to Wilmington, it could potentially contaminate the primary drinking source for millions of people, damaging countless ecosystems in its wake. When the contamination has passed by the cities, it heads into the

Sustainable Futures The best option becomes two-fold: First, decommission the Hawthorn Generating Facilities coal-burning plant, capping the fly ash pond and polluted soil for remediation. Then, connect a utility-scale photovoltaic field that rests on the remediating soil to the existing electrical infrastructure. It happens to be that this drastic move would end up falling in line with the direction that the electrical infrastructure company is headed in. Evergy, the Midwest electrical giant that operates the Hawthorn plant, was recently influenced by their 4th largest shareholder: Elliot Management Corporation. Elliot Management Corporation is an activist hedge fund that leans has a proclivity to lean on large energy corporations, leading to higher performance in the stock market, benefiting both parties. Elliot Management used their weight in shares to pressure Evergy into dismantling all their coal plants, save one.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;As part of Thursday's announcement, [Evergy] reiterated its pledge to reduce its carbon output by 80% of 2005 levels by 2050. By the end

Project Relationships In a related project, Kansas City Design Center looks to use two large land plots westward of the proposed solar farm as water basins that serve the entire East Bottoms, where backflow is a monumental concern. They serve the greater area via a network of bioswales. Each of the two has a different approach: one has a utility focus, while the other has an ecological and wildlife habitat focus.

Searching for ways to increase the amount of energy produced on-site, we found an interesting case study in the Hyogo prefecture in Japan. In 2008, it was discovered that solar arrays can be placed on the water by using a floating raft-like structure. At the very least, this could be deployed in the utility-oriented 55-acre water basin, adding a potential 13.4 mW to the supply. If this system could be applied strategically in the wildlife basin to create habitats for various fish species – say, at a rate of 40% of available water surface of the 86-acre basin – it could add 8.4 mW to the supply. Using both methods would increase the net capacity from 30.7 mWp to 52.5 mWp, a

71% increase in net peak capacity.

Conclusion To succinctly distill this information – It is necessary for us to be prepared for the moment when coal plants cease to be a valid form of electrical production. As soon as possible, we should have plans for renewable sources to replace them at the ready. In the study area of Kansas City, it happens to be most advisable to use existing electrical infrastructure and land to harvest energy from the sun. Each of these actions solves a multitude of problems. They provide the maximum amount of power while mitigating the effect on the environment and its ecologies. In a similar sense, each site should act as a retort in the form of an ecological parry. They should maximize energy production without sacrificing the health of the environment, like coal and NGCC plants do. The plans must be in order even before the inevitable demolition of the plants occurs. The day to begin re-designing these obsolete power plants is today.

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of this year, Evergy will have reached the halfway mark toward this goal — with an estimated 40% reduction in emissions [34].”

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CONCLUSION

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Project Conclusion Masterplan Bibliography

o r i g i n a l p r e - c o n c e p t i o n s - Through the study and analysis of several critical assets and detriments in the East Bottoms, design themes emerged which could not be addressed through prototypical building and design solutions, but required to be studied on their own terms. Ultimately, this led to the discovery of new possibilities for urban industrial design interventions. Through site analysis, collaboration with the advisory council, and research on the plans already established: the Riverfront Industrial Area Plan[10] and Blue River Plan[11], the studio soon realized these interventions needed to revolve around ecological restoration, flood resiliency, established identity, and continuous connectivity. Beyond this, in order for the vision study to be a success, there was a constant need to address environmental, industrial, and pedestrian coexistence as well as activating some of the best natural and entertainment features Kansas City has to offer: the Missouri River, the river belt, Electric Park District, Kessler Park, and Blue River.

This vision study was the initial scratching of the surface of an idea of industrial public space being born out of life and environmental-related functions (including infrastructure). The East Bottoms Vision Study is not about completing a design and then claiming that these are the best options for public space in the East Bottoms. Instead, the project is much more of a critical intervention to reveal, or unlock specific possibilities, to provide the staging for the qualities of the places. By staging these various ideas, we are hopeful that this studio has provided a strong foundation for others to explore these possibilities further. v i s i o n f r a m e w o r k - The vision framework articulated in the East Bottoms Vision Study explicitly addressed the varying conditions and relationships of ecological resiliency and industrial recreational creation. This was accomplished by designing for a continuous trail loops system connecting different areas of the East Bottoms as well as an innovative green infrastructure system. The studio created this framework through thorough site analysis, vacancy, and public realm studies. The infill iterations capitalize on the found conditions of disjointed urbanism, and key areas were selected for a more in-depth study where traditional vacancy infill could not resolve the urban challenges. From here, identity was established by connecting these infill iterations through a connected color-coded trail and folly system.

These strategies are replicable and create expansive public space that utilizes vacancy as an asset, rather than a liability. Ultimately, through using the public realm and vacant lots along the public realm, we designed for environmentally related and beneficial functions first and then the trail and folly system can hover above and connect these systems. Through juxtaposing strategies of nature interaction, colorful recreational trails and follies, and existing site conditions of expansive pavement and industrial buildings, the East Bottoms Vision Study aims to showcase different strategies that can transform industrial space through sustainable, resilient solutions.

P R OJ E C T C O N C LU S I O N c r i t i c a l a r e a s o f i n t e r v e n t i o n - The defined critical areas of intervention were established by the different identities present throughout the East Bottoms. With the massive scale of the East Bottoms, first catalytic developments would be critical to get people excited about restoration and development throughout the area. The studio set these first catalytic destination points as the revitalization of Electric Park and Riverfront Park, which allows for a reconnection to the Missouri River and Kansas City's industrial heritage. Beyond this, the Industrial District and the Working Landscape focus more on positive industrial change, school and community relationships, and flooding resiliency.

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c l o s i n g t h o u g h t s - This publication is not only an exhaustive record of the comprehensive East Bottoms Vision Study of the industrial district in KCMO, but also an attempt to, in its organization and content, reflect on the results of the project from the perspective of possibilities of implantation of its ideas, both in planning and design sense. It is a conceptual blueprint that defines a viable urban idea, which currently doesn't exist, and on the basis of which strategic development and restoration of industrial space could be carried forward towards significantly enhancing quality of the urban environment in the industrial districts of Kansas City. As is, the overall vision plan could be retained as an internal working document that would help guide strategic decisions within city planning, or, with a minimal investment and professional expertize it could be developed into a working professional planning document that complements the Riverfront Industrial Plan and the Blue Valley Plan. It is anticipated that this publication has also provided the opportunity for a more inclusive dialogue between multiple entities for future collaboration on significant decisions that can not be determined solely by developers or the City. The studio hopes it will be used as an instrument for the strategic development of industrial spaces that are inspiring, sustainable, equitable, and inclusive.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Background

Vision Framework

[1] Image published in 1869 by the Merchants Lithographing Co. accessed through Library of Congress [2] Image courtesy of the Kansas Historical Society [3] Combs, Lanna J, and Charles A Perry. 2003, The 1903 and 1993 Floods in Kansas The Effects of Changing Times and Technology, pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0019/report.pdf.

[4] Associated Press. “1951 Flood Painting Sells for Nearly $1.9M in NYC.” Fox News, 2014, www.foxnews.com/us/1951flood-painting-sells-for-nearly-1-9m-in-nyc.

[5] Image courtesy of Kansas City Public Library, Missouri Valley Special Collections [6] Leavesley, George H. “IAHS Conference.” IAHS, Destructive Water: Water-Caused Natural Disasters, Their Abatement and Control, 1997.

[7] Image courtesy of Kansas City's Northeast News [8] Image courtesy of Shorpy Historic Picture Archive [9] Friestad, Thomas. “Isle of Capri Casino Will Get New Name, $61M Renovation.” Kansas City Business Journal, 2020.

[10] Eley, Angela, and Gerald Williams. “Riverfront Industrial Area Plan.” City of Kansas City, Missouri, 2018.

[11] Associated Staff. “Blue Valley Plan.” Johnson County Department of Planning, Development and Codes, 1996.

[15] Pflaum, Nadia. “Damage Control.” The Pitch, 2004.

[16] The Disappearing West, Center for American Progress, 2020, disappearingwest.org/land.html.

[17] Loures, L., and T. Panagopoulos. “Sustainable Reclamation of Industrial Areas in Urban Landscapes.” WIT Press, 2007.

[18] Brooks, C.N., A model for redeveloping complex, highly contaminated sites, the Industri-plex Site in Woburn, Massachusetts. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 94: 229-238, 2006.

[19] Sleegers, Frank (2010) "Phytoremediation as Green Infrastructure and a Landscape of Experiences,"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments, Water and Energy: Vol. 15 , Article 13.

[20] “National Water Summary on Wetland Resources.”

U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, water.usgs.gov/nwsum/ WSP2425/state_highlights_summary.html#:~:text=Missouri%20has%20lost%20as%20much,%2C%20and%20 flood%2Dcontrol%20measures.

Inventory & Analysis [12] Mau, Bruce. Massive Change. Phaidon Press Limited, 2004.

[13] [14] “Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.” UN Report: Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented’; Species Extinction Rates ‘Accelerating,’ United Nations, 6 May 2019, www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-report/.

Electric Park District [21] Roe, Jason, and Kansas City Public Library. “Tripping the Light Fantastic...and Then Some!” KC History, 10 July 2019, kchistory.org/week-kansas-city-history/tripping-light-fantasticand-then-some.

[22] Image courtesy of Lindsay Wang and accessed through VisitKC [23] LaFlore, Alana. “Istillery Hopes Proposed CID Will Revitalize Kansas City’s East Bottoms Neighborhood.”

Fox 4 KC, 2019, fox4kc.com/news/distillery-hopes-proposed-cid-will-revitalize -kansas-cit ys-east-bottoms-neighborhood/.

[24] Atlanta BeltLine Project Plan of Work for 2006-2010

Budget. Atlanta Development Authority. 5 July, 2006.

[25] Atlanta BeltLine 5 Year Work Plan 2006-2010 Review. Atlanta Beltline TAD Advisory Committee. January, 2012.

for Promoting Working Landscapes in North America and Europe.” Vermont Council on Rural Development, 2010.

[34] Lieberman, Lily. “Evergy Pledges to Increase Wind Power as Activist.” Kansas City Business Journal, 2020, https:// www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/news/2020/01/30/evergy‐ Riverfront Park pledges‐to‐increase‐wind‐power‐as‐activist.html?iana=cp_ [26] Leahy, Mike. “The Wetlands of Missouri.” Missouri news_link Department of Conservation, 1 Sept. 2001, mdc.mo.gov/ conmag/2001/09/wetlands-missouri.

[27] “Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and All aerial drone images made possible by Evan Pierson.

Ecosystem Services.” UN Report: Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented’; Species Extinction Rates ‘Accelerating,’ United Nations, 6 May 2019, www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-declineunprecedented-report/.

[28] Mau, Bruce. Massive Change. Phaidon Press Limited, 2004.

Industrial District [29] Poore, Lindsey. “A Post-Industrial Landscape.” Ball State University, 2011.

[30] Schusky and Culbert 1987; Campbell 1974 [31] McDonald, Allen, Benedict, O’Conner / Journal of Conservation Planning Vol 1 (2005) 6 — 25

Wo r k i n g L a n d s c a p e

CALS Communications & Cyber Technologies Team (CCT), 2020, globalrangelands.org/topics/large-landscape-conservation/landscapes-and-working-landscapes-what-are-they.

[33] Morse, Cheryl E., and Richard Kujawa. “Strategies

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[32] “Landscapes and Working Landscapes: What Are They?” Landscapes and Working Landscapes: What Are They? | Global Rangelands, University of Arizona