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October 24 - October 30, 2013
Volume 1 Issue 6
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TIDBITS® LOOKS AT MIRRORS by Janet Spencer
For centuries, mankind’s only mirrors were pools of water or polished metal. It was a long journey to figure out how to make a good mirror. Come along with Tidbits as we go through the looking glass! MAKING MIRRORS • The original glass mirror was made by covering the back of a piece of glass with thin tin sheets which were rubbed down smooth. Then the glass (with the tin on top) would be covered with mercury. A piece of woolen cloth would then be laid on top of the mercury and compressed with iron weights for more than a week. Finally the excess mercury would be drained off and the mirror was complete. This method of mirror making was very dangerous to the craftsman because mercury vapors are poisonous. • Craftsmen in Venice were the first to discover this method of mirror making in the 1300s. It remained a carefully guarded secret and for centuries Venice had a monopoly on mirrors. Those who gave away the secret were subject to the death penalty. Mirrors were expensive and rare and people in France were jealous. • In 1665, the French chief minister to Louis XIV went to Venice and - at the risk of death - bribed 18 Venetian mirrorsmiths, using huge sums of money to convince them to move to France. (continued next page)
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MIRROR MAKING (cont’d)
for Halloween? Kids will find it fun and educational, and your pets will have a safe and fun time. -- Gloria in California
• Soon after the Venetian mirrorsmiths arrived in France, the French passed a law making it illegal to import Venetian mirrors. The new French mirror company, set up in the town of Saint Gobain, is still thriving today. • No sooner had France gotten the secret of mirror making than a Frenchman named Louis Lucas beat the Venetians at their own game when he invented a way to make plate glass in 1668. In Venice, they only knew how to make blown glass. Each mirror started out as a bottle or cylinder which was slit open and flattened while still hot before being made into a mirror. The size of mirrors was therefore very limited. But Lucas discovered how to pour molten glass from the pot onto an iron table where it was flattened with an iron roller. There was no limit to the size a mirror could be. Soon France was famous for its mirrors. • Louis XIV was very pleased, purchasing some 700 mirrors and lining an entire hallway at the Palace of Versailles with them in a stunning display. Venice kindly offered to send some of their very best glassmakers to France to “help out” at the factories; France declined the offer, preferring to keep their secret. • It had long been known that silver would make a better mirror than mercury and tin, but the problem was figuring out how to get the silver to stick to the glass. In 1835, German chemist Justus von Liebig invented a method of making mirrors that is still used today. In this method, the glass is flushed with silver salts and then covered with a solution of silver nitrate. After being heated and left undisturbed for an hour, a chemical reaction causes the metallic silver to separate and adhere to the glass. It’s then coated with shellac and painted with a black backing. (continued next page)
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Halloween Treats Aren’t for Pets By Sam Mazzotta DEAR PAW’S CORNER:
As someone who owns a lot of pets, I feel it’s important to let people know that, especially around candy-rich holidays like Halloween, pets cannot eat the same foods as people. It’s well-known that chocolate is poisonous to dogs, but how many people know that dogs also shouldn’t eat raisins? And that certain herbs and flowers, like eucalyptus and lilies, are toxic to cats? For several years I’ve handed out cards along with my candies reminding kids not to feed any of their Halloween loot to their pets. This year, I’m doing something different. My local pet shelter is holding a “Halloween for pets.” Owners can bring their pets to the event (being held at a nearby dog park), in costume or not, and receive pet treats and coupons for pet products and veterinary services like routine vaccinations. I’m volunteering to help at the event and really looking forward to it. Can you tell your readers about this pet-friendly option
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DEAR GLORIA: Those are both great ideas, and thank you for sharing them! Readers, check your local shelter or other pet charity for upcoming events to see if they’re doing something similar. If not, maybe there’s an opportunity for you to suggest -- or even lead the way to -- holding a pet trick-or-treat event. Send your questions or comments to ask@pawscorner. com. My new book, “Fighting Fleas,” is available now on Amazon. (c) 2013 King Features Synd., Inc.
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The weather-cock on the church spire, though made of iron, would soon be broken by the storm-wind if it ... did not understand the noble art of turning to every wind. ~Heinrich Heine
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October 24 - October 30, 2013
MODERN MIRROR MAKING
On Nov. 5, 1605, King James I of England learns of a plot to explode the Parliament building. Guy Fawkes had been found lurking in a cellar with 20 barrels of gunpowder. Fawkes revealed that he was part of a conspiracy to annihilate England’s Protestant government and replace it with Catholic leadership. On Nov. 6, 1860, Abraham Lincoln is elected the 16th president of the United States over a deeply divided Democratic Party, becoming the first Republican to win the presidency. Lincoln received only 40 percent of the popular vote but handily defeated the three other candidates. On Nov. 8, 1895, physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen becomes the first person to observe X-rays, an advance that became an important diagnostic tool in medicine. In 1897, X-rays were first used on a military battlefield to find bullets and broken bones inside patients. On Nov. 9, 1938, Jewish businesses and homes in Munich are destroyed, and Jewish men, women and children are beaten and murdered, in an exercise in terror. The night would be called “Kristallnacht,” or “the Night of Broken Glass,” because of the cost of replacing broken glass in looted Jewish shops -- 5 million marks ($1.25 million). On Nov. 7, 1944, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected to an unprecedented fourth term in office. FDR remains the only president to have served more than two terms. Roosevelt presided over two of the biggest crises in U.S. history: the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II. On Nov. 10, 1964, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara says that the United States has no plans to send combat troops to Vietnam. By 1969, more than 500,000 American troops were in South Vietnam. On Nov. 4, 1979, hundreds of Iranian students storm the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 American hostages. The students were demanding the return of Iran’s deposed leader, the Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi. After the student takeover, President Jimmy Carter ordered a complete embargo of Iranian oil. (c) 2013 King Features Synd., Inc.
This is the real secret of life-to be completely engaged with what you are doing in the here and now. And instead of calling it work, realize it is play. ~Alan Watts
• Today silver or aluminum is vaporized and sprayed in aerosol form into the air above glass which is travelling on a conveyor belt below. For finer mirrors such as those used in telescopes, aluminum, chromium, or gold are put into a vacuum tank and heated. When they reach the critical temperature, they “flash” into vapor which fills the entire tank with metallic gas. A film is then deposited on whatever is inside the tank. HOW DO MIRRORS WORK? • Mirrors work because they reflect light. Most objects do not give off any light of their own. They can only be seen because light from other sources - the sun, a candle, a flashlight - hits them and bounces off, hitting your eye. When light strikes an object, some of the light is absorbed by the object, some is transmitted through the object, and some of the light bounces back. The part that bounces back is called reflection. Flat shiny surfaces like water, metal, and mirrors reflect light well because very little of the light is absorbed or transmitted, and most of it is reflected. When light hits a surface that is dull instead of shiny, the light bounces off in all directions and is scattered. There is no reflection. When light hits a mirror, the mirror sends the light back in exactly the same direction that it came from. This makes it appear as if the image is coming from behind the mirror. • When light hits a shiny surface that is curved instead of flat, such as a spoon, doorknob, or ripples on a lake, the light rays hit the surface at a variety of different angles and are therefore reflected back at a variety of different angles, instead of bouncing back straight. This makes the reflection look distorted. It’s like a bouncing ball: drop the ball straight down, and it bounces straight up. Throw the ball at an angle, and it bounces up at an identical angle. (continued next page)
If a cat does something, we call it instinct; if we do the same thing, for the same reason, we call it intelligence. ~Will Cuppy
Who’s Minding the Store? The Department of Veterans Affairs’ Office of the Inspector General are the folks who scrutinize all aspects of the VA, from care of veterans at the hospitals, to the security risks, to whether VA physicians have up-to-date licenses. Until recently, they hadn’t focused their laser beam on the VA’s spending on Separately Priced Items, aka SPIs, which are incidentals purchased to support VA programs and events. When it came to light that the VA spent $15.5 million on three financial-management training conferences, the OIG went to work. Here’s what it learned: Of the $15.5 million, $5.3 million was spent on goods and services purchased as SPIs from their prime vendor. They should have required the vendor to provide firm fixed prices. The VA hadn’t approved all SPI purchases in advance, nor was there adequate documentation. They’d apparently relin-
quished control by making the purchases through an interagency agreement with the Office of Personnel Management. The OPM did the purchasing -- on the VA’s dime. Instead of picking a new conference location when the first was found to be too small, the VA paid to have 43 additional classrooms hastily built on the site! The OIG identified approximately $1.1 million that could have been saved via competitive contracting. Approximately $697,000 was spent in service fees, with an additional $132,000 paid to the Office of Personnel Management in service fees, both inappropriate. In other words, no one was keeping an eye on this money and where it went. And it’s not the first time. The OIG found three previous incidents where the VA handed over control of the money to the OPM. The problem: Too many essential components of the project were labeled as incidental. OPM netted a 2.5 percent service fee on the whole cost. Where was its incentive to lower costs?
Freddy Groves regrets that he cannot personally answer reader questions, but will incorporate them into his column whenever possible. Send email to columnreply2@gmail. com. (c) 2013 King Features Synd., Inc.
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October 24 - October 30, 2013
MIRROR SCIENCE (cont’d) • If the mirror is curved in a convex shape so that the reflecting surface faces away from the center of the mirror, light rays reflect away from each other and the reflection becomes smaller. This is handy for use by Samantha Weaver in exterior rearview mirrors (“Objects are closer than they appear”) as well as the large fish-eye mirrors used in stores so clerks can keep an eye on customers. It was British author George Bernard Shaw who made the following sage observation: “If all the economists • If the mirror is in a concave shape so the reflecting were laid end to end, they’d never reach a conclusion.” surface faces toward the center of the mirror, light rays are reflected towards each other and the reflec- If you’re planning a trip to Hollywood next summer, tion becomes very large. Make-up mirrors and tele- you might want to make a stop at the Hollywood Forevscope mirrors are built this way. Funhouse mirrors, er Cemetery. Not only can you visit the graves of such stars as Rudolph Valentino, Jayne Mansfield and Dougwith their convoluted collection of convex and conlas Fairbanks (both Sr. and Jr.), but in the summer you cave surfaces, twist the reflection into comical contor- also can picnic there while watching classic movies. tions. • A one-way mirror uses dark colored glass, such as You might be surprised to learn that eggplants have fairsmoked glass, instead of clear glass. The reflective ly high levels of nicotine. backing is very, very thin - so thin that if the light is You may have heard that painting your kitchen red or equally bright on each side of the mirror, it merely yellow can help stimulate your appetite, while paintlooks like a pane of glass. But if people behind the ing it blue can help suppress it. The kitchen isn’t the mirror are sitting in a dark room looking into a light only living area in which color research has been done, though; those who study such things say that those who room, it looks like a mirror. sleep in yellow bedrooms get an average of 7.7 hours of • It’s the same principal with the interior rearview mirsleep per night, while those in purple bedrooms sleep ror in a car. There are two mirrors there. The daytime only 5.9 hours per night on average. mirror reflects almost all of the light that hits it, but flip the little button and the nighttime mirror reflects Penn Jillette, of the magic team of Penn and Teller, has only four percent of the light so the driver is not blind- a son named Zolten Penn Jillette and a daughter named Moxie CrimeFighter Jillette. ed by headlights. (continued next page)
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ARIES (March 21 to April 19) You enjoy the attention early in the week, but it might be a good idea to opt for some privacy by week’s end so that you can have more time to consider an upcoming decision. TAURUS (April 20 to May 20) You unearthed some surprising facts. Now you need to consider how to use them to your advantage. Meanwhile, it might be best to keep what you’ve learned secret for now. GEMINI (May 21 to June 20) A comment by a colleague piques your curiosity to know more. Best advice: You’ll find people more likely to offer information if you’re discreet when making your inquiries. CANCER (June 21 to July 22) Your energy levels begin to rise by midweek. This allows you to catch up with your heavy workload and still have plenty of get-upand-go to go out on the town this weekend. LEO (July 23 to August 22) You’re probably roaring your head off about a perceived slight from a longtime critic. Ignore it. That person might just be trying to goad you into doing something you might later regret. VIRGO (August 23 to September 22) The early part of the week is open to spontaneity. Then it’s time to settle into your usual routine to get all your tasks done. A personal situation could require more attention from you. LIBRA (September 23 to October 22) A meeting of the minds on a workplace project might well develop into something more personal for Librans looking for romance. Aspects are also favorable for platonic relationships.
SCORPIO (October 23 to November 21) A more-positive mood might be difficult to assume in light of a recent problem involving the health of someone special. But by week’s end, your emotional barometer should start to rise. SAGITTARIUS (November 22 to December 21) Look for a changed attitude from a former adversary once he or she realizes you have your colleagues’ full support. Now you can refocus your energies on that workplace project. CAPRICORN (December 22 to January 19) This time, a difference of opinion might not be resolved in your favor. But be patient. It ultimately could all work out to your advantage, as new information begins to develop. AQUARIUS (January 20 to February 18) A tug of war develops between the artistic Aquarian’s creative aspect and his or her practical side. Best advice: Prioritize your schedule so you can give appropriate time to both. PISCES (February 19 to March 20) You could be entering a career phase awash with job-related demands. But avoid being swamped by the overflow and, instead, keep treading water as you deal with demands one by one. BORN THIS WEEK: You are an exceptionally loyal person, and you’re respected for your ability to keep the secrets entrusted to you. (c) 2013 King Features Synd., Inc.
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MIRROR SCIENCE (cont’d)
study the language, the history, and the dance.
October 24 - October 30, 2013 dancers were replacing her on the stage. When World War I began, she was forced to return home to the Netherlands.
• Another method of making mirrors involves using • Finding her husband to be abusive, she left him and liquid metal such as mercury or gallium. The liquid is fled to Paris where she pursued her love of dancing. spun continuously, causing it to take on the parabolic She was very good at it. She invented a persona in • In 1916, the Germans asked her to spy for them. At shape needed for telescopes. This is a very inexpenorder to add to her mystique, and constantly made up the time, she was having an affair with a German posive method of making a very large mirror. The Large fictional tales about her background, claiming that she lice officer and he may have been the one to talk her Zenith Telescope located near Vancouver, BC is the was a Javanese princess, or a temple dancer devoted into it. By now she was pushing 40 and she needed largest liquid mirror in operation, with a diameter of to Shiva, or the daughter of a baron. Because her givmoney. Later the French also asked her to act as a spy about 20 feet (6 m). en name (‘Margaret Gertrude’) was not very alluring, for them, expecting her to use her womanly wiles to she took a more exotic stage name, choosing ‘Mata coax secrets out of German officers. Hari,’ which is Malayan for ‘eye of the day’ (dawn). • She was a naive and inexperienced spy and was Her seductive and exotic performances caused an incaught in short order. In January of 1917, the GerMAGARETHA ZELLE stant sensation. Crowds flocked to see her. She toured man military attaché in Madrid transmitted radio mes• Magaretha Geertruida Zelle was born in 1876 in the the world and her name became a household word. sages to Berlin describing the helpful activities of a Netherlands to a Dutch father and his Javanese wife. She danced wearing nothing but veils, sarongs, and German spy, code-named H-21. French intelligence She was tall and dark in a country full of short blond body suits in a day and age where proper women were agents intercepted the messages and identified H-21 people. Following her father’s bankruptcy, her parstill required by social norms to cover their ankles. as Mata Hari. The messages were in a code that some ent’s divorce, and her mother’s death, Margaretha esShe was particularly renowned for her famous “fan claimed that German intelligence knew had already caped into a marriage at the age of 19. She answered a dance.” been broken by the French, leading to speculation that “wife wanted” ad in the paper which had been placed the Germans were tired of her and wanted her out of as a joke, but ended up marrying the man. He was 20 • Her heyday lasted from 1905 to 1912 before her popularity dropped off, not only because she was gaining their way, but wanted France to do the dirty work for years her senior, and he took her to Indonesia to live. weight and aging, but also because younger, better them. (continued on page 8) There, she fell in love with the culture and began to
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Often and often afterwards, the beloved Aunt would ask me why I had never told anyone how I was being treated. Children tell little more than animals, for what comes to them they accept as eternally established. ~Rudyard Kipling
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By Samantha Mazzotta Fall Isn’t Too Late for Roofing Repair Q: Most roofing repair advice I’ve read says that summer is the best time to make repairs. But I didn’t have time to fix some damaged shingles on my roof this year. Is it too late for rooftop repairs? -- Bill in Hartford, Conn. A: It’s not too late. While the weather in New England at this time of year can vary between near-summertime highs to teeth-chattering lows, it’s not unusual to hear the nonstop hammering of roofers finishing up repairs and replacements before the snow flies. For shingle repairs, a few days of sunny, above-freezing weather will ensure that the patching material cures properly. Go onto the roof to figure out how many shingles are damaged and need replacing, and
buy replacements and supplies a few days ahead of the planned repair. Keep an eye on the weather, and when a clear patch is predicted, go ahead. When replacing shingles, it’s important to follow the offset layout of the undamaged shingles to provide the best protection against rain and weather. Working carefully, slightly lift the edges of the undamaged shingles directly above the shingle you need to replace. Then work loose the damaged shingle and slide it out. Don’t worry if you leave behind pieces of the old shingle under the roofing nails; you’ll pry those out next. If the building paper underneath the shingle is torn, patch it with roofing cement. Then, begin installing the replacement. If you’re replacing more than one shingle, start with the lowest one first. Nail the shingles down using either 7/8-inch or 1-inch roofing nails, placing them at the tab slots. The final shingle -- or the only shingle, if that’s the case -- shouldn’t be nailed down immediately. Instead, apply a bead of roofing cement to the underside top of the shingle and slide it into place under the shingle above it. Once it’s correctly set, carefully lift the shingle above it so that you can nail the replacement shingle into place. Tack down the shingle above with a bit of roofing cement if necessary. HOME TIP: A torn shingle can be repaired temporarily by gluing the torn parts together with roofing cement. Send your questions or home tips to ask@thisisahammer. com. My new e-book, “101 Best Home Tips,” is available to download on Amazon Kindle! Pick it up it today for just 99 cents. (c) 2013 King Features Synd., Inc.
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October 24 - October 30, 2013 1. Who was the last Atlanta Brave before Jason Heyward in 2012 to have a season of at least 20 stolen bases and 20 home runs? 2. How old was Babe Ruth when he last led the American League in homers for a season? 3. True or false: Darrell By Chris Richcreek Royal never had a losing season in 20 years as head coach of the University of Texas football team. 4. In 2013, Dirk Nowitzki became the fifth-highest-scoring 7-footer in NBA history. Who was ahead of him on the list? 5. How many Hart trophies (NHL MVP) and Norris trophies (top defenseman) combined did Bobby Orr win during his 12-year NHL career? 6. When was the last time that a Major League Soccer team did not win the U.S. Open Cup? 7. In 2013, Gary Stevens became the oldest jockey to win the Preakness (50 years old). Who had been the oldest?
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1. Is the book of Deuteronomy in the Old or New Testament or neither? 2. Along with his sons, who was the first to be cremated? Samuel, Solomon, Shadrach, Saul 3. Especially from biblical times, what did “to sup with” mean? Journey, Pray, Dine, Wash 4. Who bet 30 men they could not solve his riddle? Moses, Samson, Daniel, Paul 5. In Revelation 3:19, Jesus tells us to be zealous and “do what”? Repent, Share, Love, Witness 6. Who was Paul’s companion at Philippi? Stephen, Silas, Jude, Luke Contact Wilson Casey at WC@TriviaGuy.com (c) 2013 King Features Synd., Inc.
If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or make a better mousetrap, than his neighbor, though he build his house in the woods, the world will make a beaten path to his door. ~Ralph Waldo Emerson
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1. GEOGRAPHY: Where is the Levantine Basin found? 2. ART: Who created the work titled “Twittering Machine”? 3. LANGUAGE: What does the Greek word “dactyl” mean? 4. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE: How long is a giraffe’s tongue, on average? 5. THEATER: Actor Richard Burbage was closely associated with which famous playwright? 6. LITERATURE: Who wrote the book “Where the Wild Things Are”? 7. TELEVISION: Who played the lead female character in “The Bionic Woman”? 8. MEDICAL: What is the common name for “tinea pedis”? 9. ANIMAL KINGDOM: What does a lepidopterist study? 10. MEASUREMENTS: How much champagne does a magnum hold? (c) 2013 King Features Synd., Inc.
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MATA HARI (cont’d) • Fred Astaire was nearly as good at golfing as he was at dancing. In the 1938 film “Carefree,” he danced • On February 13, 1917, Mata Hari was arrested in her over tables, down the hallway, out onto the terrace, room in Paris. She was put on trial in July, accused and onto a golf course. There he was to dance over of spying for Germany and consequently causing the to a golf club and hit - in rhythm and on cue - a dozdeaths of at least 50,000 soldiers. However, there was en golfballs that were lined up on the fairway. When little clear evidence against her. She was not allowed the crew went to retrieve the golf balls, they found to testify on her behalf during the trial, and her deall twelve balls within eight feet of each other on the fense attorney was not allowed to cross-examine the green. prosecution’s witnesses or directly question his own • In the film “Royal Wedding” Fred did a solo dance witnesses. Under the circumstances, her conviction called “You’re All the World to Me” that made it look was a foregone conclusion. She was sentenced to as if he were dancing up the walls and on the ceiling. death. This was done by creating a room that turned, while • She was executed by firing squad on October 15, the camera remained firmly fixed to the “floor.” Those 1917, at the age of 41. She refused a blindfold and in the know can watch the number and see the mostood facing the guns. Her final act was to blow a kiss ments when Fred hesitates, balancing while waiting to the firing squad. for the ‘wall’ to become his new floor. • German documents unsealed in the 1970s proved that • Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers danced the number Mata Hari was truly a German agent. “Cheek to Cheek” in the movie “Top Hat” while Rogers wore a dress that was covered with feathFREDERICK AUSTERLITZ ers. The dress had been made rather hastily, and as • Fred Astaire was born Frederick Austerlitz II in OmaAstaire whirled her around the dance floor, feathers ha, Nebraska in 1899. He was very close in age to his came flying off till the air looked like a pillow fight older sister Adele, and he accompanied her to her balwas in progress. The feather dress went back to the let lessons because his parents didn’t want to pay for seamstresses, who used more glue and more feathers. a babysitter. Soon he was the best dancer in the class. During the second take, fewer feathers flew off, yet • He began performing with his sister at the age of it was still quite noticeable. By the third take enough 5. They toured the vaudeville circuit and made it to glue had been used so that only a few feathers came Broadway in 1917, eventually starring in the Gershloose and cameramen were able to film around them. win musical “Funny Face.” When Adele retired from • In the movie “Shall We Dance” Fred Astaire and Gindancing in order to get married in 1932, Fred was cast ger Rogers wore roller skates while dancing to the adrift, and decided to try to break into film. song “Let’s Call the Whole Thing Off.” • A studio executive wrote concerning his first screen test: “Can’t sing. Can’t act. Slightly balding. Can • Ginger Rogers is often quoted as having said, “I did everything Fred did, only backwards and in high dance a little.” heels.” • He landed a small role in the 1933 film “Dancing • Not only was his singing dubbed in films, but his tap Lady” starring Joan Crawford, and shortly afterwards dancing was as well. was cast with Ginger Rogers in “Flying Down to • His legs were insured for one million dollars. Rio.” • He was self-conscious about his hands, which he felt were too large. When dancing with his arms outstretched, he would disguise the size of his hands by curling his two middle fingers towards his palms. • In 1946 Astaire retired from motion pictures to create a chain of dancing schools. Later a petition signed by over 10,000 fans lured him out of retirement. Locally Owned and Published Weekly By • Astaire received his only Academy Award nomination for his supporting role in the 1974 disaster film “The Towering Inferno.” LambdaTech Solutions, LLC • He died of pneumonia in 1987, and was buried in a 7526 Highway 62 smoking jacket, black slacks, and patent leather shoes. White City, OR 97503
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ANSWERS 1. Andruw Jones, in 2000. 2. He was 36 when he led the A.L. with 46 home runs in 1931. 3. True. His worst record for a season was 5-5-1. 4. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Wilt Chamberlain, Shaquille O’Neal and Hakeem Olajuwon. 5. Eleven -- three Hart trophies and eight Norris trophies. 6. In 1999, the USL’s Rochester Rhinos won. 7. Eldon Nelson was 45 when he rode Bee Bee Bee to victory in 1972.
1. Mediterranean Sea 2. Paul Klee 3. Finger 4. 18 inches 5. Shakespeare 6. Maurice Sendak 7. Lindsay Wagner 8. Athlete’s foot 9. Butterflies or moths 10. Two standard bottles
1) Old 2) Saul 3) Dine 4) Samson 5) Repent 6) Silas