Florida Scientist Article on Key Biscayne's Citizen Science Program

Citizen Science Programs in Florida

Development of a Key Biscayne citizen scientist initiative to improve local natural resource conservation Manoj Shivlani(1), Robert L. Molinari(2), and Nathan Moyer(3) (1)

University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Key Biscayne, Florida 33149 (2) 276 Seaview Drive, Key Biscayne, Florida 33149 (3) Light Made Liquid, 708 SE 8 Street, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 33316

Abstract Initiated by the Key Biscayne Community Foundation, the Key Biscayne resident survey was conducted to gage opinions on the most important natural resource issues of the Key in view of increasing natural and anthropogenic stressors. The results are being used to develop goals for a citizen scientist project directed at protecting the resources of Key Biscayne. An Internet-based survey sent to 8,000 residents, resulted in the completion of 735 (9.25%) responses. Overall, the respondents were well educated and share concerns about the local environment. About half of those who took the survey were willing to participate in future monitoring and data collection indicating that a community-based citizen science program could provide long-term benefits for the Key’s coastal and marine resources. The survey results set the initial direction for the Key Biscayne Citizen Scientist Project. The main interest of respondents (77%) was increased educational opportunities. An educational web site, lectures and field trips were instituted to satisfy this requirement, with the emphasis of these activities on beaches, water quality, green spaces and trail use. Future activities will address scientific issues relative to these assets.

Keywords Citizen Scientist, demographics, environment, Internet survey, Key Biscayne, natural resources

Introduction Key Biscayne is the last barrier island in a chain of islands that extend down Florida’s southeast coast. The Key is situated 5 miles off the coast of mainland Miami. The Key and surrounding Biscayne Bay and the Atlantic Ocean (Figure 1) are home to numerous and critical natural resources including beaches, green spaces, mangroves, sea grass beds, and coral reefs. These resources are important to both the ecological health of the Key (e.g., sea grass beds and mangroves are important nurseries for fishes), and they protect the Island from storm surge, and thus maintain the economic well-being of the island particularly by way of tourism.

The citizen scientist program on the island was conceived in early 2012 through collaboration between the Key Biscayne Community Foundation (KBCF) (http://www.keybiscaynecommunityfoundation.org/impact/donor-funds/ citizen-scientist-project/) and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric

Corresponding author: Robert L. Molinari, robertmolinari9@gmail.com

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Figure 1. Map of Key Biscayne and Virginia Key. Green spaces with the same names as the beaches are located either adjacent to or somewhat inland of the latter resources.

Science (RSMAS) of the University of Miami. Dr. Andrew Baker, a coral expert, and Dr. Diego Lirman, a sea grass expert, of RSMAS reached out to the KBCF in an effort to foster cooperation between the University and the Village of Key Biscayne to produce a baseline understanding of the island’s natural resources (e.g., coral and sea grass) and inform the residents of the Key of potential effects of state and local policies on these resources. The impetus for this collaboration was that many residents were unaware that a County/State dredging project in Government Cut, the main channel to the port of Miami (Figure 1), was approved to allow larger ships to enter the port (e.g., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2011).

As a barrier island just south of Government Cut (Figure 1), Key Biscayne is particularly vulnerable to the aggregate effects of dredging, such as sand displacement and its effect on local sea grass and coral, alterations to coastal, and ecological morphology, and current/water flow disruptions (e.g., Sierra 0

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Club 2010, Biscayne Bay Waterkeeper 2014). A citizen scientist project was envisioned as a means to educate and engage residents on these stressors. This newly acquired knowledge would further encourage islanders to participate in efforts to monitor the local impacts of policies like dredging and use the data to inform policy makers of the effects of their decisions.

Based on the KBCF and RSMAS conversations a proposal was written and submitted to the Knight Foundation (www.knightfoundation.org) to form a citizen scientist project. The primary goal of the proposal was to provide Key residents increased understanding of the island’s natural resources and their stressors. Government Cut dredging was not considered in the proposal because dredging had already begun when the proposal was being written. The Knight proposal to establish the project was successful. The Key Biscayne Citizen Scientist Project (KBCSP) received funding for a two-year period beginning in September 2012. Thus, it should be noted that the KBCSP is a relatively young program.

Methods In view of the large number of valuable environmental features found on the Key, an initial issue facing the KBCSP was to identify those resources of most importance to island residents. An Internet survey of Key residents was selected as the most efficient method to quantify resource use, views on resource conditions, trends, stressors and several other factors. The survey results would then be used to establish the initial objectives of the KBCSP. The effort to develop a survey was a joint venture involving scientists from the RSMAS, civilians from the Village of Key Biscayne, and the lead agency, the Key Biscayne Community Foundation. The three groups provided a balanced perspective on establishing the objectives of the KBCSP. The researchers ensured that scientifically sound methods were used to evaluate survey results and determine initial foci of the KBCSP. The Key residents provided the input to the survey from the users of the resources. The KBCF provided an interface with the Village of Key Biscayne to ensure local laws and regulations were satisfied.

The combined research team developed and implemented an online self-administrated survey instrument with the following objectives: 1.

2.

3.

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Determine residents’ frequency of use of Key Biscayne resources and habitats; Understand residents’ views on resource conditions; Assess residents’ priorities on resource protection and conservation; Evaluate support for resident participation in the KBCSP. To meet these objectives, the survey was divided into the following sections:

1:

2:

3:

Demography of island residents included questions relating to likely experience with and knowledge of the Key’s natural resources such as age, years lived on Key, portion of year spent on Key, education level achieved.

Uses of Island resources included questions relating to location and name (if available), frequency of use (daily, weekly, etc.), knowledge of resource and condition of the resource.

Initially, beaches, mangroves, sea grasses, corals, sea turtles, fisheries and water quality were selected to be rated. However, after additional consideration, four resources were added; green spaces, bicycle/walking pathways, boating, and diving/snorkeling. The selection of these resources was based on the local knowledge of preparers of the survey relative to the importance of resources to residents.

Conflicts between users of different resources, such as fishing versus sun bathing from Key beaches.

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Knowledge of resources and resource conditions. Knowledge was rated on a scale from 1, very knowledgeable to 5, not knowledgeable at all for the following resources, beaches, mangroves, sea grasses, corals, sea turtles, fisheries and water quality. Resource condition was also rated on a scale of 1, excellent to 5, very poor. The respondents could also answer ‘don’t know’. The same resources were rated for condition as were for knowledge.

Questions on stressors and management priorities. Stressors on natural resources were listed as (1) pollution, (2) solid waste, (3) overfishing, (4) development, (5) tourism, (6) sewage, (7) Port of Miami, (8) climate change, (9) beach nourishment. Management priorities were given as (1) restricting access to areas during turtle nesting, (2) restricting fishing areas to allow fisheries to increase, (3) restricting access to mangrove areas, (4) setting limits for beach visitors, (5) improving existing enforcement measures, (6) increased environmental education on natural resources among residents and visitors, and (7) establishing a program in which residents work to monitor resource conditions.

Questions on willingness to participate in citizen scientist project and in what resource areas.

The research team developed a list of questions for the survey sections (e.g., specific uses of an asset). The team decided upon the best format for each question (e.g., multiple choice, ranked, or open-ended formats). The team sought to achieve a balance between the time to complete the survey and the information collected, and selected questions within each section based on their overall value to the project objectives. The survey also included online maps to increase the respondent’s ability to identify locations of specific resources.

A pilot survey was given to a group of environmental scientists at the University of Miami and Key Biscayne residents to ensure that the questions were understandable, formats were suitable and the time required to complete the survey reasonable. A total of 23 respondents completed the pilot survey, the results of which were used to update the online survey into its final version. A Spanish version of the survey was also generated.

Eight thousand of the island residents (i.e., residents listed on the Village’s mailing list) were provided access to both the English and Spanish versions of the survey via email. An introduction to the survey explained the purpose of the activity, i.e., determine residents’ usage of the island natural assets and how they should be managed. The introduction went on to state this information will provide background knowledge for Key Biscayne residents to evaluate actions planned for the island.

Additional efforts and follow-up reminders were utilized following established mail and Internet survey methodology (Dillman et al. 2008). The survey was left open for a total of eight weeks. At the end of the fourth week, the Foundation sent a reminder to the entire email list, requesting again that residents participate in the survey.

Survey Results and Discussion Demographics of respondents. A total of 735 of the 8000 residents (9.2%) who received the survey responded. Over two-thirds (69.1%) of the respondents were female as compared to the 53.6% female population of the Key reported in the 2010 US Census (United States Census 2013).

Exact comparisons of the age groups of respondents to those reported by the 2010 US Census for Key residents are not possible because of the differences in age intervals used by the Survey and the Census. However, for those groups using similar age intervals, the results are similar. For example, the greatest number of survey respondents were in the less than 18-year-old group, 31.5%, compared to the US Census estimate for this age group of 28.2%. The least number of respondents were in the 18–30 year-old age group, 3.2%, similar to the US Census estimate for the 20–24 age group of 2.9%.

Thus, the age distribution of responders is qualitatively representative of the age distribution determined by the 2010 US Census.

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The survey also determined the number of years respondents lived on the Key. Longest-term residents comprised 21.6% of the sample, but at least 20% have lived on the Key for between 1–5 years, 6–10 years and 11–15 years. The 16–20 year group displayed a dip in numbers (below 10%). Thus, the majority of permanent residents who responded were not recent arrivals providing qualitative support for well-informed answers to the survey questions.

Almost 80% of respondents lived on the island on a full time basis.

Another 12.5% lived on the Key between 7–11 months out of a year and less than 10% lived on the Key for six months or less per year. This large percentage of permanent residents responding to the survey provides additional qualitative evidence that respondents were likely somewhat knowledgeable about the island’s resources.

The education level of the respondents was high. Some 51.7% of respondents older than 18 years (i.e. old enough to have attended graduate school) had completed some postgraduate studies. Nine out of ten of the responding Key residents had completed their college studies. The correlation between education level and knowledge of natural resources is not necessarily high. However, the large number of college graduates suggests that respondents gave some thought to the survey questions.

Knowledge of resources. Survey results indicate that residents felt they were most informed about beaches and least knowledgeable about fisheries.

While 69.5% of the respondents felt that they were either very knowledgeable or somewhat knowledgeable about beaches less than half felt the same about the remaining resources. Thus, residents acknowledged that their knowledge base is limited mainly to the resource which they encountered most frequently, beaches, and less knowledgeable about marine resources, as described in the next section. These limitations must be considered when overall survey results are addressed.

Percent usage of Key resources and other factors used in initial design of KBCSP. The top resource used by respondents was beach visitation with 94% of respondents reporting beach use. To determine the use of beaches on the eastern side of the Key (Figure 1), the total number of visits per beach per month was calculated. Key Biscayne Beach was the most frequently visited (35%), followed by Bill Baggs Beach (27.3%) and Crandon Park Beach (24.5%).

Independent of the Beach visited, visitation peaked at 2–3 times per month as reported by 27.9% of respondents. Almost 20% of respondents visited less than once per month, the lowest visitation rate given on the survey. Only 5% of respondents visited beaches daily.

Beach use is multi-faceted. Almost 85% of the respondents reported that they either walk or jog on the beach. Swimming and sun bathing followed in popularity at 76.4% and 64.2%, respectively. Bird watching was also a popular activity (46% of survey respondents) followed by recreational fishing from the beach (17.7%).

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Beach use was followed by the following percent use of selected resources: green spaces (90%), bicycling and walking trail (77%), fishing (71%), boating (54%) and diving and snorkeling (39%). However, the hierarchy of natural resource usage is not the only factor in designing the initial KBSCP. For example, resource use is affected by access to the resource. Specifically, access to Key beaches, green space and trails is relatively easy. However, access to near shore resources such as mangroves and marine resources such as sea grasses and coral is more difficult (e.g., coral access typically requires a boat).

In addition to access to a resource, other factors to usage must be considered when designing initial KBCSP activities. For example, the potential for harm to a particular resource must be addressed in preliminary decisions.

Mangroves, although not among the top five usage resources, are subject to many natural (e.g., extreme weather events) and human (e.g., construction to increase space for new buildings) stressors. Mangroves play a large role in the ecology of the Key (e.g., provide protection from extreme weather events, serve as breeding grounds for birds and fish, etc.). The importance of mangroves to the Key and the large potential for degradation resulted in early lectures, clean ups and dissemination of monitoring strategies even though mangrove usage was considerably lower than other resources. In summary, although percentage of use by respondents was the major factor in determining initial activities of the KBCSP, other factors were also used in the initial design of projects.

Resource health. The condition of a particular Key resource is a likely factor in obtaining volunteers for the initial KBCSP projects. For example, maintaining healthy and clean resources is probably a condition for determining resident participation in resource clean ups. Over half the residents felt that beaches were in the best condition of the resources considered (using the 5-point scale described in the Method section), not surprising as beaches were the most highly used resource. Respondents rated mangroves second to beaches in good condition. Corals and water quality were most often identified as resources in the worse condition.

Resource stressors and management priorities. It is obvious that for both stressors and management, there are certain factors that are beyond the immediate control of the respondents. For instance, climate change was viewed as a serious stressor, but it’s a stressor that requires global actions. However, it was included in the list of stressors with the hope of increasing residents’ appreciation of the potential for climate change effects on the Key’s resources (e.g., sea level rise).

Similarly, restricting areas for fishing, a management tool, is based on considerable research conducted by government agencies to determine fishing limits for certain species. Thus, local residents cannot directly control establishing these restrictions. However, it is important for them to be aware of this issue and to provide their opinions to the appropriate agencies.

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Potential stressors given in order of importance by respondents were (1) pollution, solid waste, (2) development, (3) beach nourishment, (4) sewage, (5) Port of Miami dredging, (6) tourism, (7) climate change, (8) boating and (9) overfishing. Over three quarters of the respondents (76.8%) agreed that pollution and solid waste had a major or moderate impact on Key resources.

Overfishing, Port of Miami dredging, climate change and boating were listed by less than half of the residents as having significant effect on resources.

However, the respondents’ understanding of the exact nature of these stressors was limited as more than a fifth of them did not have enough information to determine the impact of these factors.

Management priorities given in terms of decreasing priority were (1) increased environmental education, (2) restrict fishing area access, (3) restrict access to sea turtle nesting areas during nesting season, tied with, (3) improve existing enforcement, (4) better land and water signage, (5) resident-based resource monitoring program, (6) restricted access to mangrove areas, (7) exotic plant removal, and (8) place daily limits on beach visitors. Thus, when establishing initial KBCSP activities, increased education must be a major activity. This is an important result because other highly-ranked priorities such as limiting access to fishing and turtle areas require action by government agencies, a more difficult activity.

Applying survey results to plan initial and future project activities. Increased environmental education received the most votes among management priorities. Thus, the initial objectives of the KBCSP were to provide education opportunities to K-12 students and to serve as an information service providing all residents with opportunities to increase their knowledge about the most popular of the Key’s natural resources and actions they could take to preserve these features.

With respect to education opportunities, the KBCSP closely followed the example of the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Challenge (http://www. fairchildgarden.org/education/TheFairchildChallenge/) a very successful competition among Miami-Dade schools. Specifically, KBCSP formulated a ‘Key Challenge’ in the areas of Art, Writing and Technology. The Key Challenge was further divided into subcategories based on media and grades. For example, the Arts category included but was not limited to collage, photography, and mixed media subcategories; the Writing category included subcategories on books and reports on local ecosystems and performance/ video recordings and the Technology category included environmental blogs and computer Apps subcategories. In terms of grades, for example, the Technology category was limited to junior and high school students while the Books category to kindergarten students.

All subcategories required the use of a Key ecosystem as the main theme.

Over 900 Key students participated in the Challenge. The subcategory winners range from books on beaches generated by kindergarten students to exquisite drawings of shore birds by older students. The wide range of entry topics 0

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indicates that participating students are obtaining the desired diverse view of Key resources.

Several types of information sources were initiated including a web site (www.keyscience.org), lectures, field trips and a newsletter. The web site includes a Citizen Scientist Laboratory (CSL). The CSL allows residents to input data on Key resources and the condition observed. It provides questions to answer relative to these observations. It has the ability to display the locations of the data collected. It also includes a Learn section, which provides information on important Key resources including beaches.

Attendance at the lectures typically ranged between 15 and 25 residents ranging in age from students to seniors. Following the survey results in which beaches and water quality were considered the most important resources; several lectures were directed at beaches and water quality. For example, lectures were given on the history of Key beaches showing the transformation from beaches on both sides of the Key over the past years to the present state of beaches only on the ocean side. Another lecture was given on causes of pollution on the Bay side of the Key. The lecturers noted that water quality on the Bay side was good, but the sand bordering the water included many pollutants. They went on to note methods to reduce this pollution, such as increased enforcement of waste disposal regulations.

The respondents to the survey rated water quality as being in the worst condition of the 7 items listed on the survey (see methods for list). This survey result led the KBCSP to participate in the World Water Monitoring Challenge (WWMC; http://www.worldwatermonitoringday.org). The WWMC is ‘‘an international education and outreach program that builds public awareness and involvement in protecting water resources around the world by engaging citizens to conduct basic monitoring of their local water bodies.’’ Volunteers from the Key took water samples using a test kit provided by the Challenge.

The kit included tests for pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and temperature.

Three sites located on the northern, central and southern portions of the Key were designated as sample points and a total of 29 volunteers collected the required data.

The resulting data were submitted to a central database where in 2013 they were combined with at least 83,000 samples from 49 countries (i.e., the WWMC is a true global citizen scientist program). Key data were collected on WWMC Day, September 18. The data are then used to generate a picture representative of the state of the earth’s near-shore waters, rivers, lakes, etc. Key participants in the WWMC also performed a beach clean-up recognizing the survey finding that pollution and solid waste were the primary stressors to Key resources.

In addition to lectures, KBCSP activities included visits to the resources with the greatest number of survey votes. Field trips included a beach walk led by a shore bird expert. The extensive variety of birds, many migratory, demonstrated the importance of the Key beaches to wildlife.

Bicycle and walking paths, many through the Key’s parks, were also top resources identified in the survey. Working with the Bill Baggs Cape Florida 0

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State Park, a bicycle tour of the Park was arranged. Park rangers described some of the many ecological regimes located in the Park such as the mangrove restoration area, the beach and a natural harbor. Visiting these sites should encourage participants to use the paths and appreciate and preserve the diversity along them. A walking tour through the Park provided similar information from a somewhat different (i.e., slower) perspective.

The natural resources identified as important to users such as beaches, green spaces and trails are not static features but evolve, in part, through the effects of stressors, both natural and anthropogenic and natural. Thus, it was determined that the KBCSP should not be static but also evolve with an emphasis on the resources identified as most important.

Near term projects will involve establishing monitoring programs conducted by citizen scientists. Water quality, rated as a top concern of residents, will be one of the first features to be monitored both on the ocean and Bay side of the Island. Historical data of water quality are being obtained and will be compared to new data to determine if there have been any dramatic changes in this property. The potential for extreme weather events causing increased run off from the Key to the Bay and/or ocean and thus degraded water quality in these water bodies will be evaluated through comparisons with meteorological data. Discussions with Village of Key Biscayne officials have begun to establish water quality testing routines. Potential citizen scientist volunteers are being contacted to collect the required data.

Our internet survey provided Key Biscayne residents the opportunity to state their views on the status of risks to, and management priorities of, their local natural resources. The use of internet surveys remains an emerging field (Dillman et al. 2008). However, its use provided an excellent result in this effort as measured by the significant number of residents (,10%) responding to the survey and the ability to use this response to plan the initial KBCSP. It is therefore recommended that future planning for CSP activities take advantage of this user-friendly, versatile technology.

Serving as both an information service and education resource relative to the topics of highest ranking (e.g., beaches, water quality) provided many opportunities to provide relevant knowledge. However, it is important to note that other resources such as mangroves and sea grasses were also initially addressed by the KBCSP based on issues such as difficulty in accessing these assets and their importance in protecting shoreline properties of the Key. Thus, a mangrove cleanup was conducted resulting in removal of solid waste (a top stressor) requiring 1.5 pickup truck beds to transport to official waste sites.

In addition, Dr. D. Lirman a University of Miami professor (www.rsmas. miami.edu) and an expert on sea grasses led a survey of a Key sea grass bed.

The survey was conducted in an area within the jurisdiction of the Village of Key Biscayne, which is severely impacted by high vessel activity. This activity causes considerable damage to the sea grass beds, e.g., bottom scarring caused by boat propellers. The survey provided data that will be used to develop 0

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methods to protect the sea grass area and will serve as the foundation for future monitoring efforts to determine the efficacy of the restoration effort.

Some of the difficulties encountered in trying to implement KBCSP activities are worth considering when developing strategies to overcome these problems. For instance, responses from local government agencies to requests for information and/or for permission to conduct activities were often slow causing delays in initiation of projects. Involving local residents in contacting local officials could lead to more rapid responses.

Two graduate school interns provided valuable assistance in developing many of the initial activities of the KBCSP. For instance, they developed sampling strategies for future-monitoring activities, developed environmental criteria for use by local schools and assisted in fieldwork. However, funding limitations prevented hiring of replacement interns when the terms of the first two ended. Mechanisms for obtaining funding for hiring interns are being explored.

Limited marketing of lectures, workshops, and field activities has often resulted in small numbers of participants at these events. Contacting commercial marketing groups is being considered to address this issue.

Obtaining sufficient funding to continue the KBCSP beyond the end of the 2-year Knight grant has been challenging. Proposals have been submitted to government agencies and private foundations. The response letter typically comments on the high quality of the proposed research but goes on to state that because of the large number of proposals received, and their limited budgets, support for the project will not be available. Continued submission of proposals is the only solution to this problem we have developed to date.

Finally, by completing the survey and agreeing to become involved in the KBCSP, residents expressed their desire to work to protect the important natural resources of the Key (48.5% of residents stated that they would be willing to participate in the project). The results also indicate that the Key population should be engaged in developing measures for management and education such that calls for local measures are developed using a bottom-up approach.

Acknowledgments Funding for the Key Biscayne Citizen Scientist Project was provided by the Knight Foundation as a Knight Community Information Challenge Support Grant, the Key Biscayne Community Foundation, the Village of Key Biscayne and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science of the University of Miami. Support in developing mapping capabilities was provided by Google. The extensive comments on the original manuscript by Florida Scientist editor, Dr. James Austin are greatly appreciated.

References Biscayne Bay Waterkeeper. 2014. Why are these corals important? http://bbwk.org/why-are-thesecorals-important/. Accessed: June 15, 2014.

Dillman DA, Smythe JD, Christian LM. 2008. Internet, mail and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method. 3rd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken.

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Sierra Club. 2010. Deep threat to Biscayne Bay. http://florida.sierraclub.org/miami/cons_portofmiami. asp. Accessed June 15, 2014.

United States Army Corps of Engineers. 2011. Miami Harbor Phase III Dredging Project. Fact Sheet. Jacksonville, FL: US Army Corps Of Engineers, Jacksonville District.

United States Census. 2013. Key Biscayne (Village) quick facts from the U.S. Census. http:// quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1236300.html. Accessed: June 15, 2014.

Submitted: May 5, 2014 Accepted: August 13, 2014

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