REHABILITATION CENTER

Kingdom of Bahrain University of Bahrain Collage of Engineering Department of Architecture and Interior Design Graduation Project Programming Stage Academic Year 2021/ 2022

REHABILITATION CENTER

GRADUATION BOOK

University of Bahrain College of Engineering Department of Architecture and Interior Design 2021-2022 DECLARATION We hereby declare that all the material in this Graduation Project-Report titled as: “______________________________Rehabilitation Center ___________________________” is our own work except where there is clear acknowledgment or reference to the work of others, and our work complies with the rules and regulations related to Plagiarism and Academic Integrity at the University of Bahrain.

In addition, we give our consent to make use of the contents of the submitted work in this report towards research and publication in joint authorship between the students and the supervisor at University of Bahrain Date: 1/1/2022 Names and IDs of the students:

Signature of the students

1. HESSA KHALID ALMEEALI

20180874

2. ABRAR MOHAMMED

20155927

3. HUDA SAYED AHMED

20177753

4. KAWTHER ALI SALMAN

20166513

Instructor:

Dr. Hana Aljowder

ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all, we praise and thank Allah for His greatness and for giving me the strength and courage to complete our book. This project would not have been possible without the help of many people. We would like to express our deep and sincere gratitude to our instructor Dr. Hana Aljowder for her support and encouragement through this research and her wonderful guidance in completing this research. Last, but not least, our warm and heartfelt thanks go to our family and friends for their tremendous support and hope they had given to us. Without that hope, this journey would not have been possible, thank you all for the strength you gave us.

Summery Rehabilitation is a space made to restore people’s energy psychologically and physically where they can train themselves to adapt to society and maintain maximum independence. This research is willing to provide us with the amount of information and guidelines in order to design a rehabilitation center in the future. This project’s aim is to provide healthcare by introducing a rehabilitation center that will use several elements such as technology techniques, new facilities, and components to positively affect the patient’s needs. Furthermore, improving the interior environment by providing exceptional care service that aids in the healing process.

In this research, we are proposing four types of rehabilitation centres which are: post-trauma rehabilitation for kids , psychological rehabilitation, cancer rehabilitation center for women, and finally, cardiology rehabilitation. The research has been divided into five chapters in order to highlight the importance of this topic.

Chapter one initiated the introduction and background of Rehabilitation in Bahrain, and distinguish the methodology of the project as well as the aim behind it.

Chapter two includes data collection and analysis of several literature reviews, observations, interviews, and surveys to help us write down important design guideline Chapter three consists of multiple case studies from different countries around the world that aims to understand the users’ needs by analysing the building and how it meets the user’s need.

Chapter four is mainly about identifying the major, minor, and services components that will be involved in our proposed design.

Chapter five is about the selection of the site in the kingdom of Bahrain and the suitable building proposed for our design.

Content CHAPTER 1: PROJECT STATEMENT

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1.1 Introduction 1.2 project background 1.3 Project aim 1.4 Methodology 1.5 Project components 1.6 Conclusion CHAPTER 2: DATA COLLECTION AND DISCUSSION OF THEORETICAL ISSUES

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2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review 2.2.1 Role of interior design in rehabilitation.

2.2.2 How colours effect in rehabilitation centres 2.2.3 Evidence-based Design (EBD) for healthcare facilities 2.2.4 The influence of biophilic design in rehabilitation centre.

2.3 Technical Specification 2.4 Survey Questionnaire: Data and analysis 2.5 Interviews: Data and analysis 2.5.1 pediatric rehabilitation 2.5.2 Cardiac rehabilitation 2.6 Observation: Data and Analysis 2.6.1 Observation 1 2.6.1 Observation 2 2.7 Conclusion CHAPTER 3: CASE STUDIES

3.1 Case study 1 3.2 Case study 2 (Components Analysis) 3.3 Case study 3 3.4 Case study 4 3.5 Case study 5 3.6 Comparative Analysis of Case Studies :

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CHAPTER 4: DESIGN PROGRAMMING

4.1 PROJECT COMPONENTS 4.1.1 Common major components 4.1.2 Common minor components 4.1.3 Common services components 4.1.4 After trauma rehabilitation centre for kids major & minor components 4.1.5 Cardiology rehabilitation centre for major & minor components 4.1.6 Cancer rehabilitation centre for major & minor components 4.1.7 Psychological rehabilitation centre for major & minor components 4.2 USER STUDY 4.2.1 After trauma rehabilitation centre for kids 4.2.2 Cardiology rehabilitation centre (kids’) 4.2.3 Cardiology rehabilitation centre (adults’) 4.2.4 Cancer rehabilitation centre for women 4.2.5 psychological rehabilitation centre for adults (depression patients) 4.2.6 Medical staff 4.2.7 Organizational chart 4.3 FUNCTIONAL REALTIOSHIP 4.3.1 BUBBLE DIAGRAM 4.4 AREA CACULATION STUDY 4.4.1 Area calculation table for common major components 4.4.2 Area calculation table for common minor components 4.4.3 Area calculation table for common service components 4.4.4 Total area of the project: proposed % distribution 4.4.5 Area calculation for major and minor components of after trauma rehabilitation center 4.4.6 Area calculation for major and minor components of cardiology rehabilitation center 4.4.7 Area calculation for major and minor components of cancer rehabilitation canter 4.4.8 Area calculation for major and minor components of psychological rehabilitation centre 4.5 DESIGN GUIDELINES

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CHAPTER 5: BUILDING AND SPACE ANALYSIS

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5.1 Site analysis 5.1.1 Graphical Site Analysis 5.1.2 Location 5.1.3 Orientation and Climate 5.1.4 On site characters 5.2 Building analysis 5.2.1 Shape and Size 5.2.2 Type of Structure 5.2.3 Style of Architecture/Interior 5.2.4 Entry/exit points 5.3 Interior space analysis 5.3.1 Facilities available on building 5.4 Program Analysis (Zoning) 5.5 Conclusion 5.5.1 Positive Critics 5.5.2 Negative Critics REFERENCES

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List of figures CHAPTER 2 FIG 2.2.1.1: Patient room FIG 2.2.1.2: comparison between 2 different healthcare spaces FIG 2.2.1.3: comparison between different lighting effects FIG 2.2.1.4: Indoor interactive social space FIG 2.2.1.5: Patient room FIG 2.2.2.1: Circle illustrates the effect of color on human feelings and wellness.FIG 2.2.2.2: The effect of colors on healthy areas.

FIG 2.2.2.3: patient examination room.

FIG 2.2.2.4: Patient room.

FIG 2.2.2.5: Gym in a health center.

FIG 2.2.2.6: fire signs and fire extinguisher.

FIG 2.2.2.7: first aid equipment and stretchers.

FIG 2.2.2.8: electrical equipment.

FIG 2.2.2.9: water bucket.

FIG 2.2.3.1: Patient room FIG 2.2.3.2: Nurses’ workplace FIG 2.2.3.3: Toilet location in patient room FIG 2.2.3.4: Nature art in the corridor wall FIG 2.2.3.5: Multi patients room lighting layout FIG 2.2.4.1: The principles of biophilic design. Source: (Kellert, S. and Calabrese, E. 2015) [28] FIG 2.2.4.2: Daylighting in patient room and lobby.

FIG 2.2.4.3: using of water differently in interior space.

FIG 2.2.4.4: using of plants differently in interior space.

FIG 2.2.4.5: examples of using image of nature.

FIG 2.2.4.6: The nature colour scheme.

FIG 2.2.4.7: The nature materials.

FIG 2.2.4.8: Biomimicry suggest sustainable. solutions in interior design and furniture.

FIG 2.2.4.9: Prospect.

FIG 2.2.4.10: Refuge.

FIG 2.2.4.11: Greenery examples in interior spaces.

FIG 2.2.4.12: applications for greenery in healthcare.

FIG 2.4.1 Results chart 1 FIG 2.4.2 Results chart 2 FIG 2.4.3 Results chart 3

FIG 2.4.4 Results chart 4 FIG 2.4.5 Results chart 5 FIG 2.4.6 Results chart 6 FIG 2.4.7 Results chart 7 FIG 2.4.8 Results chart 8 FIG 2.4.9 Results chart 9 FIG 2.4.10 Results chart 10 FIG 2.4.11 Results chart 11 FIG 2.4.12 Results chart 12 FIG 2.4.13 Results chart 13 FIG 2.4.14 Results chart 14 FIG 2.6.1.1: Prayer room FIG 2.6.1.2: Outdoor sport area FIG 2.6.1.3: Children room FIG 2.6.1.4: Art work panel in the corridor FIG 2.6.1.5: Organic restaurant FIG 2.6.1.6: Relationship with users FIG 2.6.1.7: The new devices in healthcare facilities FIG 2.6.1.8: The users in the centres FIG 2.6.2.1: Indoor physical therapy (sport, yoga).

FIG 2.6.2.2: Music therapy.

FIG 2.6.2.3: Art therapy.

FIG 2.6.2.4: Outdoor activity (sport).

FIG 2.6.2.5: Natural material.

FIG 2.6.2.6: Indoor natural elements and daylight are entire to the space.

FIG 2.6.2.7: Drawing in wall and in glass partition.

FIG 2.6.2.8: Relationship with users.

FIG 2.6.2.9: New device in healthcare facilities.

FIG 2.6.2.10: The users in the centres.

CHAPTER 3 FIG 3.1.1.1: The site FIG 3.1.1.2: Building Façade FIG 3.1.2.1: Floor plan FIG 3.1.4.1 Pool therapy FIG 3.1.4.2 therapy gym FIG 3.1.4.2 Courtyard

FIG 3.1.4.2 Stairs and corridor FIG 3.2.5.1 :Hydrotherapy pool FIG 3.2.5.2 Physical Therapy FIG 3.2.5.3 : Inpatient rooms FIG 3.2.5.4: Outdoor playground FIG 3.2.5.5: Reception area FIG 3.2. 5.6 : Recourse centre FIG 3.2.5.7: Cafeteria FIG 3.3.1.1 : Floor plan FIG 3.3.1.2: Building Façade FIG 3.3.2.1 : Floor plan Figure 3.3.4.1 Entrance Figure 3.3.4.2 Solariums area Figure 3.3.4.3 waiting area Figure 3.3.4.3 Patient›s room FIG 3.3.7.1 Section FIG 3.3.7.2 Section FIG 3.3.7.3 Section FIG 3.3.7.4 Section FIG 3.4.1.1 : Floor plan FIG 3.4.1.2: Building Façade FIG 3.4.2.1 : Elevation & Ground Floor plan FIG 3.4.2.2 : Elevation & zoning for inpatient level FIG 3.4.2.3 inpatient circulation FIG 3.4.2.4 patient and staff circulation FIG 3.4.3.1 Material FIG 3.4.4.1 Study of users behaviour FIG 3.5.1.1: Entrance of kitchen – multi purpose hall FIG 3. 5.1.2: The site FIG 3.5.2.1: Floor plan FIG: 3.5.4.1: T.V area in social hall FIG: 3.5.4.2: meeting room FIG: 3.5.4.3: Exercise therapy hall in LWL hospital FIG: 3.5.4.5: Art room in LWL hospital FIG: 3.5.5.1: Multi purpose hall in kitchen building FIG: 3.5.5.2: Information and reception center FIG: 3.5.5.3: Interior courtyard

FIG: 3.5.5.4: Social area FIG: 3.5.5.5: Bedroom patient FIG: 3.5.5.6: Gaming area in social hall CHAPTER 4 FIG 4.2.1 User persona FIG 4.2.2 User persona FIG 4.2.3 User persona FIG 4.2.4 User persona FIG 4.2.5 User persona FIG 4.2.6 User persona FIG 4.5.1 Design guidelines FIG 4.5.2 Design guidelines CHAPTER 5 FIG 5.1.1.1 The Site FIG 5.1.1.2 The Site FIG 5.1.1.3 Site Accessibility FIG 5.1.2.1 The location FIG 5.1.2.2 wide angle sunset view FIG 5.1.2.3 day view FIG 5.1.2.4 Manama night city view FIG 5.1.3.1 The Site Analysis with Legend FIG 5.1.3.2 Noise Analysis with Legend FIG 5.1.3.3 The Weather of Muharraq FIG 5.1.3.4 The Sun Path Analysis FIG 5.1.3.5 The Sun Path Analysis FIG 5.1.4.1 The Natural Elements On Site FIG 5.2.2.1 Columns placement in the plan FIG 5.2.2.2 Exterior façade North side FIG 5.2.2.3 Exterior façade West side FIG 5.2.2.4 Building Analysis FIG 5.2.3.1 Low-e-glass FIG 5.2.3.2 Vertical movable blind FIG 5.2.4.1 Entry / exit doors on floor plan FIG 5.3.1.1 Building dimension FIG 5.3.1.2 Skylight

FIG 5.3.1.3 Circulation FIG 5.3.1.4 Section line on floor plan FIG 5.3.1.5 Section A’A FIG 5.3.1.6 Section B’B FIG 5.3.1.7 elevators on floor plan FIG 5.3.1.8 Generator FIG 5.3.1.9 Medical devices FIG 5.3.1.10 Fire Safety on floor plan FIG 5.3.1.11 materials (low-glass, vinyl tiles and aluminum) FIG 5.4.1 Program analysis zoning : Case 1 FIG 5.4.2 Program analysis zoning : Case 2 FIG 5.4.3 Program analysis zoning : Case 3 FIG 5.4.4 Program analysis zoning : Case 4

List of charts CHAPTER 1 Chart 1.5.1: Common component’s diagram of rehabilitation centre CHAPTER 2 Chart 2.5.1 Empathy Map Chart 2.5.2 Empathy Map CHAPTER 4 Chart 4.2.7 organizational chart Chart 4.3.1 Bubble diagram

List of tables CHAPTER 2 Table 2.3 Technical specification CHAPTER 3 Table 2.3 Comparative Analysis of Case Studies CHAPTER 4 Table 4.1.1 List of major components Table 4.1.2 list of minor components Table 4.1.3 list of services Table 4.1.4 List of After trauma rehabilitation centre for kids major & minor components Table 4.1.5 List of cardiology rehabilitation centre for major & minor components Table 4.1.6 List of cancer rehabilitation centre for major & minor components Table 4.1.7 List of psychological rehabilitation centre for major & minor components Table 4.4.1 Area calculation for common major components Table 4.4.2 Area calculation for common minor components Table Table 4.4.3 Area calculation for common service components Table 4.4.4 Total area of the project: proposed % distribution Table 4.4.5 Area calculation for major and minor components of after trauma rehabilitation centre Table 4.4.5.1 Total Area Percentage for cancer rehabilitation canter after trauma rehabilitation centre for kids Table 4.4.6 Area calculation for major and minor components of cardiology rehabilitation centre.

Table 4.4.6.1 Total Area Percentage for cardiology rehabilitation centre.

Table Table 4.4.7 Area calculation for major and minor components of cancer rehabilitation canter.

Table 4.4.7.1 Total Area Percentage for cancer rehabilitation canter.

Table 4.4.8 Area calculation for major and minor components of psychological rehabilitation centre Table 4.4.8.1 Total Area Percentage for psychological rehabilitation centre.

CHAPTER 5 Table 5.5 positive and negative points

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Chapter One

1.1Introduction Did you know that 2.4 billion people around the world were experienced conditions that could benefit from rehabilitation? Global statistics have been shown according to the World health organization that 1 out of 3 people around the world could benefit from rehabilitation services which shows the essential role of rehabilitation and consider as a necessary healthcare service not just a luxury healthcare service. Nor is it a journey that will help people of different ages and cases to overcome their disabilities.[1] According to Will Smith ‘The best things in life are on the other side of the world’.

Everyone deserves a better opportunity to live their greatest life, even if they have experienced a tough period or Illness.

Rehabilitation is a space made to restore people’s energy psychologically and physically where they can train themselves to adapt to society and maintain maximum independence. To put it more simply, receiving rehabilitation services is just as important as receiving medical services.

Rehabilitation centres were made to speed the healing process, instead of raising the chance of long-term injury or diseases. Rehabilitation is an educational, problem-solving process that focuses on activity limitations and aims to optimize patients’ social participation and well-being. Therefore, it will reduce stress on the career/family (Wade ,2005,22 p.814). Nevertheless, the rehabilitation healing process varies from one patient to another. Each case could include mental and physical treatments, but to accomplish a successful center, we are willing to invent new components that depend on interior design solutions and new technology using regenerated theory, in addition to providing a safe and healthy environment for the users.[2] This research will introduce four categories of rehabilitation center proposed in the Kingdom of Bahrain, which are: post-trauma rehabilitation for kids , psychological rehabilitation, cancer rehabilitation center for women, and finally, cardiology rehabilitation.

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1.2 Project background Health considers as “the most valuable and precious thing for every individual”. People in Bahrain suffer from a variety of diseases, either as a result of trauma or as a result of specific problems that affect their overall health, daily life, and abilities. Furthermore, overall health for people affects more than the patient alone, it also affects their relatives. Looking into Bahrain Vision 2030, which in fact is focusing on health development and improvement among Bahrainis, there are a lot of specialties and hospitals in Bahrain. However, a limited number of rehabilitation centers are available in Bahrain, which leads to the importance of providing such services.[3] A rehabilitation centre offers care that is not limited to people with longterm physical disabilities but is a basic health service provided to anyone with a health condition, disability, an acute or chronic injury that limits their ability to function and improve their performance after spending various periods of hospital treatment, and it offers highly advanced services that vary from hospital to hospital.

The following Studies show the proportions of each of these diseases in Bahrain increasing according to the physical cases in 2017 Bahrain recorded a 65% rate of rheumatism among Bahrainis over 60 years old 4[]. Also, in Bahrain, 30% of Bahraini women suffer from weak bones, according to a study conducted by the Bahrain Osteoporosis Society .]5[ In 2013, Bahrain statics estimated the number of cases has depression affects a 20% of women in Bahrain, compared to only 10% for men6[ ]. In 2015 statics estimated the prevalence of cardiology in Bahraini society ranges between 30 to 35 percent in a year, explaining the spread of the disease among children and reaching 5 percent7[ ]. About cancer in Bahrain, more than 600 new cancer cases are recorded each year. Also, there are between 15 to 20 thousand Bahrainis with cancer.]8[

1.3 Project Aim This project’s aim is to provide healthcare by introducing a rehabilitation center that will use several elements such as technology techniques, new facilities, and components to positively affect the patient’s needs.

Furthermore, improving the interior environment by providing exceptional care service that aids in the healing process.

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1.4 Methodology This research will be conducted using a variety of data collection methods, and all information will be obtained from a variety of source, including surveys, interviews, literature review, observation, and case studies.

In additional, conducted interviews with doctors and patients to gain a better understanding of the needs and conditions that help us achieve the important goal in the rehabilitation centre design process.

1.5 Project components Rehabilitation centre have a particular feature provides to the users according to their needs for healing. The components are divided into three sections: major (medical services), minor (social services) and services (for non-medical). The following diagram [FIG 1.5.1] explain the components in details:

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1.6 Conclusion The first chapter talks about the definition of rehabilitation and the important role of rehabilitation services globally and locally. As well as, the 4 cases of rehabilitation that will be covered in the up coming chapters.

Finally, this project will look after and take care of various aspects concerning how to create an interior environment that can include all of the rehabilitation center’s needs by introducing new components for the patients in the rehabilitation center.

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2

Chapter Two

2.2.1 Introduction This chapter contains several methods of data collecting begins with Literature reviews includes four topics: Role of interior design in rehabilitation , how colours effect the in rehabilitation centre process , The influence of biophilic design in rehabilitation centre ,and Evidence-based Design for Healthcare Facilities .Besides the Technical specification required in rehabilitation environment , analytical survey questionnaire and reviews .

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.2.1 Article 1: Role of interior design in rehabilitation

By Hessa Almeeali As mentioned earlier, the main idea behind rehabilitation is to assist patients to recover faster and to help them use their senses, skills, and abilities to participate in life in a healthy way. Designing a rehabilitation centre and creating a therapeutic environment in order to fulfil all their requirements and way of living to achieve users’ comfort.

In this topic, we will be introducing the following guidelines that can be incorporated while designing a rehabilitation centre abstracted from an article written by Nitin Mhapsekar. [9] •

Salutogenic approach

FIG 2.2.1.1: Patient room

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This theory was invented by Aaron Antonovsky about the elements that help improve human health through psychological stimuli. I t c ontains a natural healing process that can raise awareness, manage stress, and understand the meaning of life, which focuses on increasing positive psychological emotions and reducing anxiety. It can be applied through clear circulation, large open spaces, healing gardens, and natural, inspiring shapes. The main goal of Salutogenic design is to build a pleasant environment that encourages creativity, joy, and satisfaction.[10] •

Impact of Daylighting

Daylighting has an impact on patients, doctors, and nurses that helps to reduce the mental and physical strain and effects on patients’ sleeping habits, daily life, healing progress, and active level, in which studies show that occupants who are exposed more to daylighting are physically more active than those who are not. In simple words, daylight can speed up the recovery process and could affect the duration of the stay. Taking into consideration that daylighting should be implemented in treatment rooms, administration, waiting areas, circulation, and overnight stays in order to provide a comfortable space. The location of the window in the patient’s room should take into consideration the sun’s orientation to prevent direct exposure that effects eye pressure or leads to depression or glare.[11] [12] Power of window: Ulrich defined the power of a window as an alternative to narcotic pain medication for patients, in which natural views, bird sounds, sunsets, and sunrises improve the healing process faster.[13]

FIG 2.2.1.2: comparison between 2 different healthcare spaces

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In the first image [ FIG 2.2.1.2] patients room surround by soiled walls and electrical machines leads to anxiety , Besides in the second image in [FIG 2.2.1.2] patients’ room with window view and daylighting improve the healing atmosphere .

•

Artificial lighting

Artificial lighting usually helps during the waking hours, but it is recommended to use the minimum amount of light during the night to improve the quality of sleep and safety, in different tones such as amber, orange, or red in colour, to preserve the body’s sleep cycle. The relationship between the light and the tone of light can affect the paintings’ comfort.,

FIG 2.2.1.3: comparison between different lighting effects

Lights with warm colours make patients healthier and increase their morals. In contrast, there is a new concept involving how blue-biased white light can be used carefully in some spaces. Recent studies have shown that artificial bright lights can help patients with depressive illnesses such as bipolar disorder or seasonal affective disorder (SAD) decrease their levels of depression. In addition, exposing patients to bright lights in the morning is more efficient during the evening.[14]

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•

Multi-sensory aspect of space

Rehabilitation design solutions must involve using the five human senses through different materials, textures, colours, and spaces. Adding a reflexology track, healing gardens, and water features are some examples of improving healing through sensory experience. In terms of sight, the colours and materials of the patient’s room will leave a long-term impression and visual art is one of the... reduce anxiety and have a positive impact on patients’ appetites. Natural view through windows or simulation systems, not just for physical treatments.

Sound has been one of the factors that helps patients meditate and relax, although through designing a quitter space of engaging speakers in rooms for smoothing feelings. Studies have shown that music can reduce stress, even in medical testing. [15] •

Other aspects affecting healing process

Designing a rehabilitation centre as a second home is one of the factors that can reduce anxiety and stress that comes from new places, by using materials, texture or accessories that already exist in their homes, in order to create a friendly and familiar facility for the patients. One of the most important spaces in rehabilitation is pent-air indoor activity spaces such as courtyards, amphitheatres, and plazas. Pay attention to how spaces should gradually flow from private, semi-public, and then public spaces in order to respect patients’ privacy.

In addition, to break the loneliness feelings, it is important to create social spaces indoors and outdoors for educational gatherings, group therapy, and social interaction with family members. This will help reduce the fear of rehabilitation centres. [9]

FIG 2.2.1.4: Indoor interactive social space

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•

Materials supporting recovery process

The top priority in healthcare facilities is to provide and maintain a safe and healthy environment for patients to enhance their comfort and recovery efficiency. Materials used in the space can affect how long the patient will stay and the duration of their recovery. Materials should incorporate essential features such as acoustical and hygienic control, and an aesthetically appealing finish.[9] Floors : Rubber and linoleum are better alternatives than vinyl composition tile, sheet vinyl, and luxury vinyl tile due to the fact that rubber and linoleum are composed mostly of natural, renewable ingredients and for hygienic reasons. These two materials, especially rubber, have an extremely dense nonporous structure that does not encourage or produce bacteria. Moreover, carpet can be used in the space, but in limited components.[16][17] Walls : Vinyl type II is a common material used in healthcare facilities due to its main features: (1) easy to maintain indoor air quality (Borrelli, 2007); (2) an easy-care product (Nussbaumer, 2006); and (3) aesthetically pleasing (Jacob, 2006). Conventional water-based latex paints are considered more environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and non-flammable than oil paints, which contain volatile organic compounds. In addition, wall protection and related products are important, such as corner guards, crash rails, bumper rails, and rigid sheet products, these elements are all used to protect gypsum wall board substrates in high impact areas.[17][18] Ceiling Metal ceilings are one of the sustainable materials used in healthcare facilities. They are considered hygienically safe and, at the same time, easy to repair and maintain. In addition, acoustical ceiling panels and tiles can improve sleeping patterns for patients and provide a comfortable healing environment.[17]

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In conclusion, these design solutions must be taken into consideration in order to design and create a successful rehabilitation that serves certain types of users. These guidelines will help to design a healthier rehabilitation by applying these aspects carefully to the space.

2.2.2 Article 2 : The influence of biophilic design in rehabilitation centre.

By Abrar Mohammed Colour is an essential component of environmental design, including the design of rehabilitation centres. Colour connects the psychological, physiological, visual, aesthetic, and technical aspects of man-made environments, and colour contributes to improving outcomes in a healthcare environment. [19]

.FIG 2.2.2.1: Circle illustrates the effect of color on human feelings and wellness

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The Psychology of Colors We have always associated health rehabilitation centres with the colour white because it suggests that it is clean and sterile, and is worn by doctors, as well as nurses. But as the design of rehab centres has become more indepth (that is, patient-centered and supportive of wellness), there has been a growing realization of how important it is to adjust color palettes. Besides the psychological impact on the patient (and the speed and likelihood of their recovery), colors are also used as a communication tool and signalling system among health care personnel. [20]

2.

The Cultural Meanings of Colors

Determining the colours most appropriate for important areas of health rehabilitation centers should be done with much consideration not only of the type of facility, but of the effects on those who will see them most. [22]

FIG 2.2.2.2: The effect of colors on healthy areas

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1.

Psychological Impacts in the Healthcare Environment

There are a few widespread theories about the effects of color on patients.

It is important to note that differences in culture can alter these theories.

[22] Red is believed to bring activity and encourage alertness and is recommended for dementia patients who need brain stimulation. It is also used in the homes of the elderly. On the other hand, red is not recommended for patients who need a lot of rest and sleep, as it can cause anxiety. [21]

FIG 2.2.2.3: patient examination room.

Blue, green, and purple, especially in calming hues, can be very soothing. They are great for hospital rooms, rehabilitation centres, suites, wait-ing areas, and health centres such as spas. [21]

FIG 2.2.2.4: Patient room.

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Calming and relaxing colours should dominate in patient rooms. Blues can help lower heart rate while greens promote restfulness both can aid in a patient’s healing [20].

FIG 2.2.2.5: Gym in a health center.

Bright and bold colours can promote energy and adrenaline. In an environment where physical movement is required, walls should feature neutral and relaxing colours such as beige or grey while a feature wall could be painted blue or purple [20].

2.

Colors as a Signage System in Hospitals

Color is also a means of communication between rehabilitation center staff.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) have developed labeling guidelines in hospitals and health rehabilitation centers. [19]

FIG 2.2.2.6: fire signs and fire extinguisher

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Red is a signal of danger and a signal to stop. They are also used to mark protective equipment and devices (e.g., fire exits, fire extinguishers, stop buttons and switches). [20]

FIG 2.2.4.7: first aid equipment and stretchers.

Green indicates safety and the location of first aid equipment such as dispensary, stretchers, and safety flood showers. [21]

FIG 2.2.2.8: electrical equipment.

In orange are marked dangerous parts of machinery or electrical equipment that can cut, crush, or injure (exposed pulleys, gears, pulleys, power jaws, and more). [19]

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FIG 2.2.2.9 :water bucket.

Use yellow to caution and the dangers involved in tripping, falling, tripping, and falling between (such as construction equipment, handrails, guardrails) and the like. [22]

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2.2.3 Articles 3: Evidence-based Design (EBD) for healthcare facilities By, Kawther Ali This article is study for “Evidence-based Design for healthcare facilities” book [23] by Cynthia McCullough discuss about the rules in design layout and guidelines of health-care spaces according to the needs of users.

Evidence-based design (EBD) is a new approach in healthcare architecture design that creates new positive planning, design and organization the facilities. The design depends on analysis the experiences and behaviour of the patients and staffs. This approach aims to improve the built environment, patient safety and healing, family support, reduce the stress, improve staff performance and lower the cost of equipment and medical errors.

There is a relationship between humans and the organization of furniture used in the space facilities that will affect in recovery and performance, so it has several processes to achieve Evidence-based design (EBD and create healthy environment.

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• Layout facilities design:

FIG 2.2.3.1: Patient room

Patient room [FIG 2.2.3.1] is the important facility in health care center, which used of EBD help to improve the use of space, feeling satisfied with the service and less time staying in the room. The other facilities are family space, decentralized nurses’ workplace, decentralized services and toilet.

•

Patient room:

The private room for each patients provides positive effect on psychological and physical health [24]. It’s help patient and medical staff to deal and speak with comfort, patient sleep without noise and allow privacy with visitor. In addition, the furniture must be flexibility, wheeled, lightweight and located in clear place. The room include a bathroom, family space and handwashing sink near the entrance to reduce infection transfer. The room can support by technology in wireless systems to control the rooms devise.

•

Family space:

The patient rooms include a space for family to help improve the healing process, reduce stress. Also, family presence provides psychological support, entertainment and monitoring. It’s placed near the window beyond the

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foot of bed.

•

Decentralized nurses’ workplace:

FIG 2.2.3.2: Nurses’ workplace

It’s a small station [FIG 2.2.3.2] along the corridor in front of the patient rooms. The purpose of this area to observation and patients follows up.

Used the technology to records notes and information about the patients.

Moreover, help nurses to serve patients in less time and reduced the noise and movement distance in the corridor.

•

Decentralized services:

The storage cabinets distributed near the patients’ rooms. It’s used to storage the items of patient rooms and help medical staff to reduce the time to going to main storage room.

•

Toilet:

In designing the toilet for the patient’s FIG 2.2.3.3: Toilet location in patient room room, it should be located in the center of the room [FIG 2.2.3.3] to give more space for family and nurse workplace zone. This space is better and flexible for movement in the room. Toilet’s safety rails useful to reduce patients fall and balanced the movement inside the toilet.

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•

Healing art

FIG 2.2.3.4: Nature art in the corridor wall

The art in healthcare facilities effect the patients in their physical, mental, and emotional recovery. Selecting nature art [FIG 2.2.3.4] create a comfortable environment and reduce the stress of patients while abstract art will give a negative effect. There are some sides should be taken into consideration when selecting the art: The location of the art should be in spaces used by the patients and visible to interact with. The needs of patients for example the red color in art painting should not place in heart clinic that will increase heartbeat. Consider choose arts are suitable according age and gender of the patients.

Guideline for designing: •

Window:

The window of patient room must overlook exterior space around the courtyard of the building which includes natural lighting, ventilation space and an outdoor view. The preferred type is operable (opening) and Fixed-window [25]. Should provide privacy or a shading system. The size of window should be no less than 10% and the opening not less than 5% of the floor area. For example: room size (20 m²) then the size of window is 2 m and more.

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•

Lighting:

FIG 2.2.3.5: Multi patients room lighting layout

Good lighting design has an effect on healing and the environment. There is fixed general lighting and a wall mounted (direct-indirect) task over the bed. Put few LED lights in the entrance and around the bed. During the day, 100% of full output lighting (5000 k). In afternoon and evening, 5025% of the full output lighting (3000-3500 k) needs to be turned on [26].

Note When designing a multi patients’ room, consider the location of lighting [FIG 2.2.3.5] according to the ceiling curtain track.

In conclusion, the evidence-based design is important for healthcare facilities because it allow designer to create a comfortable and flexible space for the patients, their families and staff. This helps to reduce wasted space and create a good furniture arrangement, lighting, window, and circulation path.

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2.2.4 Article 4: The influence of biophilic design in rehabilitation centre. [27]

By Huda S Ahmed This article is derived from the thesis of Stephen R. Kellert, Elizabeth F. Calabrese as “Using Biophilia in Interior Design and its impact factor on performances and Wellbeing of the occupiers” Have you ever thought about how an interior space designed with biophilia can increase the relationship between humans and nature? Research has indicated that the natural environment can rapidly improve humans’ health and reduce the need for medicines rather than interior spaces that are dominated by technology without any connection with nature.

Biophilia is defined as the innate human need for nature—herewith benefits from a natural situation that positively impacts humans in terms of psychological, social, spiritual, and physical wellbeing. Biophilia fosters a positive interaction between humans and their surroundings by lowering stress, improving functions, and elevating mood. There are some principles of biophilic design (FIG 2.2.4) are needed to apply biophilic design successfully in spaces, including [28]:

]FIG 2.2.4.1: The principles of biophilic design. Source: (Kellert, S. and Calabrese, E. 2015) [28

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Moreover, there are three main experiences with 24 attributes of this design which are the direct, the indirect experience of nature, and experience of space and place that are implementations of biophilic design in the interior environment [29]: Direct Experience of Nature Providing natural elements into the interior space such as: Daylight (FIG 2.2.4.2): The human body is entirely affected by the sun and responds more positively to the well-lighted areas than to the darker ones “(Huelat, 2008, Greven, 2017), which means the daylight provides comfort and fast therapeutic actions. Light can enter the space through an opening like a glass window, glass door, or skylight.

FIG 2.2.4.2: Daylighting in patient room and lobby.

FIG 2.2.4.3: using of water differently in interior space.

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Water (FIG 2.2.4.3): The emotional attraction to water when associated with the multiple senses of sound, sight, taste, touch, and movement.

Plants (FIG 2.2.4.4): It is one of the most successful ways to bringing the direct nature experience into the interior environment. And the presence of plants impacts positively on physical health and decreases stress, improves rest and performance. In addition, Plants for a Vertical Wall can be an absorption solution to the acoustics.

FIG 2.2.4.4: using of plants differently in interior space.

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Indirect Experience of Nature: An alternative solution to having nature into interior space with different ways: Image of nature (FIG 2.2.4.5): When there is a reason and direct exposure to nature is not possible, images of nature are the best solution that can be substituted. The image of nature can be painting, sculpture, photography, and video.

•

FIG 2.2.4.5: examples of using image of nature.

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•

Natural color (FIG 2.2.4.6): Using a neutral earthy color, which is the color taken from natural elements like plants, rock, soil. Also, the colors come from other attractive elements like sunrise and sunset, rainbows, flowers, and plants. Each color has a specific psychological effect. For example, the color that brings warmth and welcome is orange. The color of calm in an environment is blue. The green color is also for tranquillity.

.FIG 2.2.4.6: The nature colour scheme

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- Natural materials (FIG 2.2.4.7): Natural materials create a unique sense and reflect the local material like stone, wood, clay, grass, and cork. For instance: wood material used to raise the feeling of rest and less blood pressure.

FIG 2.2.4.7: The nature materials.

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- Biomimicry (FIG 2.2.4.8): Inspiration from natural shapes and forms of organisms like (animals and plants) to create new ideas. And solving human problems by using sustainability, reduce the use of energy, and better performance.

.FIG 2.2.4.8: Biomimicry suggest sustainable. solutions in interior design and furniture

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Experience of space and place: - Prospect (FIG 2.2.4.9): An open space that allows people to see both opportunities and dangers, as well as to feel safe and in control of their surroundings. It’s an unfamiliar open environment with more than 6 meters of height.

FIG 2.2.4.9: Prospect.

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•

Refuge (FIG 2.2.4.10): a place where humans can feel separate or individual from their surroundings due to the need for environmental protection, rest, or healingRefuge conditions are significant for reducing stress and enhancing restoration experience.

FIG 2.2.4.10: Refuge.

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Furthermore, Greenery (FIG 2.2.4.11) is about so much more than just a natural green element-an element related to biophilia that creates a natural, vibrant, and healthy space. Greenery is helpful in controlling the climate inside and outside the building, hospital, or center. In addition, it benefits humans’ minds, recovery, and well-being of patients, staff, and visitors in the healthcare context with positively impacted their lives. So why is greenery in healthcare important?[30] •

FIG 2.2.4.11: Greenery examples in interior spaces.

For health use: plants help to freshen the air and keep it healthy and pure by reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other compounds in the place, and the outdoor greenery facade decreases the heat. Also, for aesthetic use: the greener environment is more attractive, offers more variety, and helps people be more active and do activities.

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FIG 2.2.4.12: applications for greenery in healthcare.

The applications for greenery in healthcare (FIG 2.2.4.12) such as: Garden for treatment or relaxation, courtyards, attractive landscape around the building, and indoor plants.

In conclusion, biophilic design is important in healthcare centers, as it allows designers to create a natural, healthy and comfortable space for patients, their families, and staff. This helps to use the natural elements and reduce the use of harmful substances that can affect their health. The aim is to create an environmentally friendly space that can positively affect their health and performance.

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2.3 Technical specification Table 2.3 : Technical specification N u m - Name of be r Technical Specifications 2.3.1 s l i d i n g d o o r

Picture Description

The shower has two doors that can open wide enough to accommodate a patient in a wheel.chair ]31[

2.3.2

2.3.3

toilet

An advanced toilet that helps the patient to sit up, get up and get rid of waste, and then organize and ster.ilize ]32[ Integrated sensors in the bathroom can collect and display vital biometric data that is difficult, or just gross, to capture .conventionally

sensors

]33[

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2.3.4

Eating table

the patient’s dinner table would flip over allowing them to control the lights, review their progress, call for help, and maybe pass the time playing.[34]

2.3.5

H a l i o Smart-Tinting Glass

Smart glass systems tint automatically in response to outdoor conditions, they can also be controlled using manual switches and smartphone apps. This gives hospital patients the ability to control the tinting of their windows. [35]

2.3.6

Automatic Sliding Door with sensors

The sensory used to improve the sliding doors experience “to enhance comfort and safety to “ensure the comfort and safety of people moving in, out, and through a building. By detecting motion towards the door and a presence near it .[36]

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2.3.7

New technology in physical therapy with the Andago

Self-Directed Gait with Body Weight Support The Andago utilizes mobile robotic technology to sense the patient’s movement intention and actively follow, while providing dynamic body weight support. [37]

2.3.8

This device can be wheeled or fixed o n w all o r bed.

Used to control the lighting switch, AC, curtain (open and close) and running T.V. Also, can reviewing the information about the patient outcome. For more relax used for entertainment such us, listen to Quran or music, watching films and gaming. [38]

T o u c h screen tablet

2.3.9

con� Lightt trol glass

Light control glass is switchable privacy smart glass, it has impact on noise insulation, provide natural light .one of the benefit of the smart glass is to convert a public space into private room which helps reducing stress and supports a sense of dignity .[39]

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2.3.10

Virtual reality

2.3.11

Ceiling lifts for patients

Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment used for diagnostics, the evaluation of human balance and mobility, and rehabilitation.

Virtual reality is able to provide different experiences for the patient within a controlled and multiple environments[40] This designed to transfer the patients without manual lifting by nurses, help to reduce the risk of injury. Can be customized to transfer through ceiling mounted track from the bed to entrance and bathroom [41]

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2.4 survey Questionnaire 2.4.1 Introduction: A survey Questionnaire has been conducted in order to gather data towards rehabilitation centres in Bahrain. The main objectives of this survey are to Determine the lack of rehabilitation for certain cases furthermore, Recognize the availability of rehabilitation centres in the county and the Role of technology in the current rehabilitation centres. In addition, to Find out whether if the community in Bahrain are aware of the importance of rehabilitation and the interior of rehabilitation centres.

15 questions was distributed online among different people in Bahrain , includes both closed ended and open ended questions .We received 200 responds( 84.5 %) were female and ( 15.5 %) were male [FIG 2.4.2] , and the majority were between the age of (18-35) [FIG 2.4.1].However ,between all the responds (4.6%)of the them were therapist and doctors and (84.5%) non therapists [FIG 2.4.3] 2.4.2 Results and discussions:

FIG 2.4.1: Results chart 1

FIG 2.4.2: Results chart 2

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And here is the results analysis and dissections of the questioner outcome :

FIG 2.4.3: Results chart 3

FIG 2.4.4: Results chart 4

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When we asked the respondents if they think having a rehabilitation centre is important , , (98.5 %) participants agreed that is important. [FIG 2.4.5]

FIG 2.4.5: Results chart 5

When we asked people if they heard about rehabilitation centres in Bahrain for the conditions listed , (76.5%) heard about physical rehabilitation , (61%) knew about psychological rehabilitation , (21.5%) knew about cancer rehabilitation and (21%) heard about cariology rehabilitation [FIG 2.4.6]

FIG 2.4.6: Results chart 6

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When we asked the respondents if they ever heard any rehabilitation centres in Bahrain , 57 % were not able to recall that there is a rehabilitation centre in the country . However , 43% were able to name specific rehabilitation centre available .[FIG 2.4.7]

FIG 2.4.7: Results chart 7

FIG 2.4.8: Results chart 8

As shown here in [FIG 2.4.9] the majority of the questionnaire which is 41.4% says that interior design was not bad, 16% says it was good and 14% says it was very good. The others, 7% says the design was very bad and 4% is bad. This indicates that most of the rehabilitation centres in Bahrain need to improve their interior design .

FIG 2.4.9: Results chart 9

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FIG 2.4.10: Results chart 10

As shown in [FIG 2.4.10]. 48% of the people agreed that rehabilitation centres in Bahrain are not provided with new equipment’s, this reply encouraged us to search more for the latest technologies and take them into consideration while designing the centre to develop and improve healing methods.

When we asked people what is the important factor that can help patients recover faster, (87.5%) answered indoor environment, (51%) answered technology, (49.5%) answered colour and,46%( ) answered lighting, and (79.5%) They answered the activities [FIG 2.4.11]

FIG 2.4.11: Results chart 11

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FIG 2.4.12: Results chart 12

When we asked people what facilities they would like to see in the rehabilitation centre, (79.5%) answered hydrotherapy area, (83%) answered sports space44.5%( ,) answered guidance lecture hall, and (64.5%) responded bedrooms for patients, (91.5%) answered outdoor green space, (74.5%) answered social activities space, (62.5%) answered gaming space [FIG 2.4.12] When we asked whether natural lighting and plants play a role in healing patients in the rehabilitation centre, all participants (100%) agreed that this is very important. [FIG 2.4.13]

FIG 2.4.13: Results chart 13

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FIG 2.4.14: Results chart 14

Then we asked people what colours do they prefer for theinterior of rehabilitation centres design, (58%) answered natural colour scheme, (55.5%) answered cool colour scheme, and (8%) answered warm colour scheme.

Rehabilitation canter suggestions that would assist us in developing it: The outcome - They prefer the rehabilitation centre locate faraway of noisy cities.

- To spread awareness more about this subject and try to explain it to people with simple understandable words & how to modify their lifestyle & their point of view about the treatment of the disease they suffer from. To encourage building such places for people to treat them would significantly affect their mental heath first &their physical heath as well.

- Provide enough spaces and not small to serve the patients, and apply the ramps for patients, that help them to use ramp instead of staircase to be easier for them.

- Specialized teams to visit patients in their homes, especially for disabilities and elderly.

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- Focus on mental health before physical.

- There should be a helpful (floor/rooms/sections) suitable with any every situation that visit the center.

- Focus on the patient and the environment surround him/her.

- Design a space that can make patients feel calm and optimistic.

- The center should include all ages, located in suitable location to get to it quickly.

- Increase the greenery space.

- Create space for painting because art is for cure and escape.

2.4.3 Conclusion The final outcome of this survey is that people admit that rehabilitation is an essential stage of the healing process however, we are suffering from lack of rehabilitation centres in Bahrain that provides a healthy and pleasant environment with latest technologies . This survey helped us to understand the new facilities needed in order to support the healing program for the patients .

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2.5 Interviews 2.5.1: Paediatric rehabilitation The primary objective of this interview is to have a better understanding of the available rehabilitation centres for children in Bahrain and to understand from specialists in order to create a functional rehabilitation environment. We performed an interview with Stephanie, the manager of Steps paediatrics’ centre in Aljanbia, and Rachel, a physical therapist, in which we asked certain questions and analysed the data acquired during the empathy map.

Chart 2.5.1: Empathy Map

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\2.5.2: Cardiac rehabilitation: This interview took place with a nurse from the cardiology department at the”Mohammed bin Khalifa” heart centre in the Awali region. The major goal of this interview is to gain a better understanding of the design of Bahrain’s Cardiac Rehabilitation Centre and to be eager to hear from specialists to create a functional rehabilitation space. And we’ve asked several questions, and we’re analysing the information gathered during the empathy map.

Chart 2.5.2: Empathy Map

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2.6 Observation: Data and Analysis 2.6.1 Observation 1 This observation was carried out for Al-Moosa rehabilitation [42], longterm care hospital, and the Santa Clara Valley medical center [43] in order to observe evidence-based design utilizing the AEIOU framework (Activities, Environment, Interaction, object and user).

A

The type of therapeutic in space is Hydrotherapy, psychiatric and spirit (prayer space) [FIG 2.6.1.1]. The activity is sports (interior and exterior [FIG 2.6.1.2], supported gathering with staffs and patients together. Toys are available in the children’s hospital rooms [FIG 2.6.1.3].

FIG 2.6.1.1: Prayer room

FIG 2.6.1.2: Outdoor sport area

FIG 2.6.1.3: Children room

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E

All components of space have access to the natural light and green space (hanging garden), there are meeting room for staffs, a lobby, reception, patient rooms with family space, and social space. The corridor wall has an art work panel [FIG 2.5.1.4], organic restraints space [FIG 2.5.1.5], and an admitting hall (which allows patients to enter the space facility). The materials used are soft like wood- glass and steel.

FIG 2.6.1.4: Art work panel in the corridor

FIG 2.6.1.5: Organic restaurant

FIG 2.6.1.6: Relationship with users

FIG 2.6.1.7: The new devices in healthcare facilities

FIG 2.6.1.7: The new devices in healthcare facilities

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O

The new object used in space [FIG 2.6.7]:

Sliding door for bathroom

Lift for vertical transfer in the pool

Ceiling lift track help in walking

Low steps in stair and has a rubber tile.

FIG 2.6.1.7: The new devices in healthcare facilities

FIG 2.6.1.7: The new devices in healthcare facilities

FIG 2.6.1.8: The users in the centres

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2.6.2 :Observation2 This observation was carried out for Nobel rehabilitation center [44], Memorial Sloan Kettering cancer center [45], and Massachusetts general hospital [46] in order to observe evidence-based design utilizing the AEIOU framework (Activities, Environment, Interaction, object and user).

A

The type of therapy in space is physical, psychological, and spiritual therapy. There are different activities, including sports (indoor[FIG 2.6.2.1], outdoor) [FIG 2.6.2.4], massage, music [FIG 2.6.2.2], cooking, art [FIG 2.6.2.3], health spa (Fangotherapy, balneotherapy), and supported gathering with family, staff, and patients.

FIG 2.6.2.1: Indoor physical therapy (sport, yoga).

FIG 2.6.2.3: Art therapy.

FIG 2.6.2.2: Music therapy.

FIG 2.6.2.4: Outdoor activity (sport).

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E

All components of space have access to natural light. There are waiting area, a lobby, reception, patient rooms with family space, and social space, multipurpose hall. Biophilia theory exists in space by providing direct/indirect experiences of nature (daylight [FIG 2.6.2.6], greenery, natural materials [FIG 2.6.2.5], natural colour scheme, image of nature [FIG 2.6.2.7], biomimicry).in addition, the used acoustic panels in ceiling, flooring and wall.

FIG 2.6.2.5: Natural material.

FIG 2.6.2.6: Indoor natural ele ments and daylight are entire to the space.

FIG 2.6.2.7: Drawing in wall and in glass partition.

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FIG 2.6.2.8: Relationship with users

2.7 Conclusion In conclusion, this chapter indicates the key aspects of designing rehabilitation centres, and the main technical specification that can help to improve the main function of the space. Also, the data collected helped us to understand the environment needed for rehabilitation through the knowledge conducted from different resources from both therapist’s and patient’s opinions. We will be able to apply this information in the designing stage and take it into consideration while choosing the colours and natural elements that create a healthy and comfortable environment.

This chapter includes four case studies with different users that can support our research and improve our knowledge about rehabilitation centres around the world .

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3

Chapter Three

3.1 CASE STUDY 1 St. Johns Rehab Hospital 3.1.1GENERAL INFORMATION What is the project ?

St. Johns Rehab Hospital Rehabilitation centre for adults that is specialized on recovering from life-changing illness or injury located in Toronto , Canada .

Location

Architect

Area

Project year

Toronto, Canada

Montgomery Sisam + Farro​w Partnership

48300 m²

2011

CLIMATE

warm, humid summer

semi-continental climate

cold winter

Building

L shaped building part of the multi-phase renovation main hospital . Includes new loading dock, designed so that it is concealed from view, .

FIG 3.1.1.2: Building Façade

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SITE:

The sisterhood of St.John garden

In front of the site

FIG 3.1.1.1: The site The sisterhood of St.John

The way to the hospital Wind direction

location

• •

Surrounded by natural landscape Located near subway station

Parking

North direction

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3.1.2 PROJECT STUDY

Bubble diagram Weak relationship Medium relationship Strong relationship

Therapy gym

Therapy court

Toilets

Reception

Therapy pool Lobby

Gift shop

Circulation Patients Staff Fire exits

• Clear circulation • Long pathways with directions • Less stressful pathways all oriented towards glazed walls , in order to connect with nature

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Zoning

FIG 3.1.2.1: Floor plan Reception

Therapy pool

Toilets

Lobby

Therapy gym

Clinical rooms

Gift shop

Therapy court

List of activities Minor

Major clinical offices

Gift shop

Reception & waiting

Services

Therapy pool Therapy gym

Therapy courtyard

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Toilets

3.1.3 Design philosophy Design philosophy The main idea of the building is to create a wayfinding concept and at the same time to emphasize creating a less stressful environment that connects with nature directly throw out the large windows, while patents can see the beautiful courtyard from inside the building .

Colour philosophy Neutral colour scheme Helps to calm and relax the patients and focus on comfort, well-being, positive stimulation .

Materials philosophy Simple and natural Selection of materials and colours helps soothing the patients and keep them rooted , Timeless aesthetic that will never go out of style

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Materials

Cedar panels Natural elements mixed with privacy

Clad with concrete and cedar panels for distinctly spa like

Ceramic hallway flooring easy to clean

Brick walls

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3.1.5 Study of interior finishes Major component:

Therapy pool

White tiles for the flooring around the pool which is easy to clean

One side glazed wall to enter the natural light and for privacy Walls covered with cedar , concrete and white paint to feel like spa mood

Therapy gym Acoustical white ceiling panels Open concept gym features natural light from the hallway Brown vinyl flooring , used for a hygienic reasons

Beige wall paint & plaster finish

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Minor component: Waiting area Wooden cedar Ceiling

Beige wall paint & plaster finish columns

Light brown brick for the wall

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3.1.6 Study Building services Lighting

Light mood changes during the day

Square spot lights

Interiors full of natural light due to the fact that The building surrounded with glazed walls help to engage with exterior landscape LED lights Simple white pendent light

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Energy efficient elements : Energy recovery wheels in the air handling units

Automatic system that minotor energy usage through the wing along with : Dry wall

LED lighting

Concrete

3.1.7 Conclusion Negative points

1 2

No restaurant or café

No Social space to interact with family and friends Positive points

1

The facility is rich with natural light

2 Wide corridors that can be used for therapy too 3

Pleasing space look like a spa more than hospital institute

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3.2 CASE STUDY 2

(components analysis)

Holland Bloorview Kids Rehab Hospital 3.2.1GENERAL INFORMATION

Holland Bloorview Rehab Hospital for kids provide both inpatient and outpatient services , that is specialized to treat disabilities , kids with medical complexity , after trauma and injuries located in Toronto , Canada .

Location

Architect

Area

Project year

Toronto, Canada

Montgomery Sisam

358,000 sq. ft

2007

CLIMATE

warm, humid summer

semi-continental climate

cold winter

FIG 3.2.1: Building Façade

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3.2.2 Project study List of activities / components :

Cafeteria

recreational & therapy pools

playground

Inpatient unite

Major Holland Bloorview Kids Rehab

Minor

Waiting area

Services Toilets

Recourse centre Elementary school

Maintenance

Conference centre

Kitchen Hotel

technical laboratory

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3.2.3 Design philosophy Design philosophy The main idea behind the hospital design is creating a welcoming and friendly space that encourage well being . In addition to the warm feeling for children , staff and families

Materials Calm and warm material palette , each materials suites different function Ceramic tiles flooring and walls

Glazed interior walls

Wooden panels

Brown brick

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Linoleum flooring

Acoustic ceiling tiles

Colour philosophy

warm Neutral colour scheme with

3.2.4 Study of users behaviour Corridor with glass view over the hydrotherapy pool let the parents observe their kids

Taking advantage of the corridor by storeging the equipment's of physical therapy for each child

Food court used to gather the patients with their families

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3.2.5 Study of interior finishes FIG 3.2.5.1Hydrotherapy pool

White Gypsum and wooden ceiling it gives different ambiance in the pool area

Natural daylighting , indirect and twinkling artificial lighting

Major components

FIG 3.2.5.2 : Physical Therapy

Modern simple furniture with small office and storage unite

FIG 3.2.5.3: Inpatient rooms

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FIG 3.2.5.4 :Outdoor playground

Artificial lighting used in corridors

FIG 3.2.5.5: Reception area

Loose furniture pieces with different colours in the waiting area

Major components

FIG 3.2. 5.6 : Recourse centre

FIG 3.2.5.7: Cafeteria

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Red coloured chairs in the social space with large windows to benefit the view and ceiling treatments such as acoustic tiles and wood

3.3 CASE STUDY 3 Santa Fe de Bogotá Foundation Rehab healthcare canter 3.3.1GENERAL INFORMATION What is the project ?

Santa Fe de Bogotá Foundation Rehabilitation center for adults that is specialized on recovering from to cardiology designed to help restore patients’ health and well-being , located in Bogota, Colombia.

Location

Architect

Bogota, Colombia

El Equipo de Mazzanti

Area

Project year

32000 m²

CLIMATE

2016

dry warm summer

moderate sea climate

mild winter Building Square shaped building has been a challenge because more than being a building it must connect at an urban level; it must merge with the existing part and project itself for future space requirements.

FIG 3.3.1.2: Buil More natural lighting that helps the patient recover.

The solarium helps the patient to be in contact with the city to reduce stress and conditions of confinement.

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SITE:

• •

Surrounded with a huge vegetation area .

Located near commercial places, a coffee shop and a multipurpose auditorium.

Santa Fe de Bogota University Hospital Foundation

Los Andes Medical Association

In front of the site

FIG 3.3.1.1 : Floor plan location Parking The way to the hospital Wind direction North direction

lding Façade

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3.3.2 PROJECT STUDY

Bubble diagram Weak relationship

offices

Medium relationship Strong relationship

Eentrance

Toilets

patio Rehabilitation

waiting area

Reception

pneumology

cardiology

Interior garden

gastroenterology

Circulation Patients Staff Fire exits

• Clear circulation • Long pathways with directions • Less stressful paths all oriented towards the courtyard, in order to connect with nature.

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Zoning

FIG 3.3.2.1 : Floor plan Eentrance

waiting area

cardiology

elevator

Reception

offices

pneumology

Interior garden

patio

Rehabilitation

gastroenterology

Toilets

List of activities Minor

Major Rehabilitation cardiology

offices

patio

Services waiting area

Reception

Interior garden pneumology

Eentrance

gastroenterology

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elevator

Toilets

3.3.3 Design philosophy Design philosophy The main idea of the building is to create an environment conducive to a faster recovery and at the same time to emphasize creating a less stressful environment that connects with nature directly throw Smart glass systems to provide daylight and Using bricks in the most innovative way ,The solarium is a space that helps the patient connect to the city to reduce stress and conditions of confinement .

Colour philosophy Neutral colour scheme Helps recover and relax patients and focus on comfort and well-being.

Materials philosophy The natural and beautiful selection of materials helps keep the patient calm and relaxed and affects the recovery process as well

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Materials skylight black iron edges

glass window gypsum board

white vinyl

The use of different patterns and textures of brick laying methods to obtain more natural light that helps the patient's recovery.

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gray brick floor

flooring

3.3.4 Study of users behaviour A large and welcoming area for visitors and patients

Figure 3.3.4.1 Entrance The solarium area allows wheelchair access and a comfortable and positive atmosphere.

Figure 3.3.4.2 Solariums area

Providing an appropriate and comfortable atmosphere for the patient and his family

Figure 3.3.4.3 waiting area focusing on the patient's needs and concerns, minimizing environmental conditions that cause stress, maintaining patients' dignity and privacy.

Figure 3.3.4.3 Patient's room

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3.3.5 Study of interior finishes

The windows are covered with bricks in the form of a pattern to allow in natural light.

•

patient room White vinyl flooring is easy to clean and non-slip

•

patio with Reception

There are glass windows between the reception area and the patio .

•

waiting area The windows are covered with bricks in the form of a pattern to allow in natural light.

•

•

patient room Non-combustible and waterproof gypsum

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Interior garden Glass windows let in the light and the landscape.

3.3.6 Study Building Services Lighting

spotlights LED lights

maitone hanging lighting

Interiors full of natural light

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3.2.7 Section drawing

FIG 3.3.7.1 Section

FIG 3.3.7.2 Section

FIG 3.3.7.3 Section

FIG 3.3.7.4 Section

3.3.8 Conclusion Negative points

1 2

No space for activities There is no coffee shop inside the center Positive points

1 2

The center is rich in natural light

The presence of green spaces in abundance, especially in the inner garden

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3.4 CASE STUDY 4 David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

3.4.1GENERAL INFORMATION What is the project ?

David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care for adults designed to help restore patients’ health and well-being located in Manhattan, New York City.

Location

Architect

Area

Project year

Upper East Side, Manhattan in New York City

Perkins Eastman / Ennead

750,000 square feet

Completed in 2019

CLIMATE

Warm, humid, and wet.

semi-continental climate

very cold, snowy, and windy.

Programs Waiting Areas, Exam Rooms, Infusion Rooms, Procedure Rooms, Inpatient Beds, Restaurant, Café, Terrace, Retail Shop

near buildings

FIG 3.4.1.2: Building Façade

106

SITE:

John Jay Park

John Finley Walk

The East River

The way to the hospital Wind direction North direction

FIG 3.4.1.1 : Floor plan

location

Parking: two below-grade levels

•

Located near to the industrial, residential, & commercial buildings.

107

3.4.2 PROJECT STUDY

List of activities

Services

Major

Minor Lounge Equipment

Security

WC

Ambulance

Grab & Go Food

Lobby

Loading & Service

MSK Retail Pharmacy

Zoning

FIG 3.4.2.1 : Elevation & Ground Floor plan Security

Grab & Go Food

Ambulance

Lobby

Equipment

Loading & Service

WC

Lounge

MSK Retail Pharmacy

108

Weak relationship

Bubble diagram

Medium relationship Strong relationship

Loading & Service

Lobby MSK Retail Pharmacy

Grab & Go Food Lounge

WC Equipment

Security

Ambulance

Circulation Patients Staff Fire exits

• There are entrance for patient and staff in different elevation.

• There are clear wayfinding in building.

• The car parks located below the building

109

List of activities

Services

Major

Minor

Inpatient Room Kitchenette

Lounge

Inpatient Bathroom MSK Retail Pharmacy

Weak relationship

Bubble diagram

Inpatient Reception

Inpatient Reception

Medium relationship Strong relationship

Inpatient Room

Inpatient Bathroom Lounge Corridor Waiting Area

110

Kitchenette

Zoning

The other floor plans are not available ,so I did the relationship according to the analysis for pictures for the inpatient floor.

FIG 3.4.2.2 : Elevation & zoning for inpatient level Inpatient Room

Kitchenette

Inpatient Reception

Waiting Area

Inpatient Bathroom

Corridor

Lounge

Circulation

FIG 3.4.2.3 inpatient circulation

Staff Patients

FIG 3.4.2.4 patient and staff circulation

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3.4.3 Design philosophy Design philosophy Using natural light

Hospitalityinspired Change the healthcare approach to the best way.

Sustainable

the center design focus on feeling of warmth and hospitality

Colour philosophy Neutral colour scheme That help to create a calming, and restorative environment.

Materials philosophy Natural color and material selection that help patients feel warm and comfort .

112

Materials Public Lobby /Retail

Corridor walls covered DIY Wood Slat Wall.

Suspended Ceiling finishes with GWB acoustic and fire resistance.

Cherry Wood sheet for wall .

Structural column covered with steel

Floor finishes with Marble tiles

The main lobby

FIG 3.4.3.1 material Acoustic ceiling panels Suspended ceiling GWB

Wallpaper with diagonal lines inpatient room.

Ecofriendly painting

Inpatient Rooms

PVC-free thermoplastic polymer for flooring oak millwork

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3.4.4 Study of users behaviour

The open waiting areas designed to encourage the patients to connect and participation in activities.

Different types of seats available .

Family area

FIG 3.4.4.1 Study of users behaviour

The activities area is one of the most important components in the center that can make people be busy and think about creative things like arts, crafts, and more private reading and writing nooks.

Waiting area

114

The spacious lobby, social and meeting spaces will help patients to heal rapidly.

Waiting user behaviour

Providing design elements, including lines and shapes in the building, whether used in floors or ceilings, can create an atmosphere for meditation, drawing, and feeling calm.

Reception &waiting user behaviour

The design of the space focuses on the emotional response of the patient, to meet the patient's need for the workstation area.

Inpatient room There is a space where the patient can meet more than one visit in one place with several doctors.

Conference room

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3.4.5 Study of interior finishes Major component:

Wood slat wall give the building more height and feeling warmth and calm.

Main lobby

The steel columns: steel is stronger ,light material , and easy Installation

Marble tiles flooring is easy to clean , durable material, and reflects light.

Major component:

Café

Yellow color in furniture use for warmth , safe, joyful, and happy things in the space.

A coffered ceiling with hidden light create an illusion in ceiling , the ceiling appear more in depth .

116

Major component:

Radiational room

Wall: used wallpaper with plants branch draw that is one of the biophilic pattern to make space natural . Also, the using of natural material make the space very close to nature.

Ceiling: using hidden light to make the ceiling bigger, with 5000k temperature.

Minor component:

Kitchenette Blue color in furniture is the best color for comfort, freshness and cleanliness.

The circle in the center create a faucal point in the area.

White ceiling & GWB .

117

3.4.6 Study Building services Lighting Natural light entire the building through wide glass windows .

Wooden Pendant Led Light with Curved Edges, 3500k.

Hidden light , 5000k temperature.

LED spotlight to save energy .

Major component :reception

Linear duct diffuser.

Chandeliers

Hidden light in square shape.

Major component :Lobby

Floor Standing Light

Café

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3.4.7 Conclusion

Negative points

1

There is no plan available for this project.

Positive points

1

Using new technologies and methods in healing.

2

Used of natural materials and natural colors make the center more vibrant and more beautiful.

3

Beautiful and non-repetitive design ideas in terms of choosing materials and colors.

4

They designed this center with study the sunlight and sun movement to benefit from daylight.

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3.5 CASE STUDY 5

HEALTH AND REHABILATION LWL-Klinik Dortmund

3.5.1 GENERAL INFORMATION What is the project ?

Rehabilitation center for psychiatric and addicts consists of four building arrangement around courtyard in pavilion forms near LWL hospital.

The design focused on natural light and green element to be part of healing the patients in interior and exterior faculties.

Location

Architect

Area

Project year

Dortamund Germany

RDS Parnter group

18,000 m²

2016

CLIMATE

Mild - sunny summer

Temperate climate

Cold - rainy winter

EXERIOR ANALAYSIS Aluminon solar shading window

Wooden oak cladding from wall to ceiling

FIG 3.5.1.1: Entrance of kitchen – multi purpose hall.

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SITE ANALASIS Kitchen & hall

The site located in landscape surrounding trees and few building.

The site is behind the LWL hospital

FIG 3. 5.1.2: The site Warm wind direction Cold wind direction

The way to the center The location Facade of the building and courtyard

Three floors.

Wooden seat over cement bench

Reflected glass in fixed windows

Granite stone tiles

121

3.5.2 PROJECT STUDY

Bubble diagram Weak Middle Strong

Indoor garden

Bedroom

Strong relationship between treatment and social space with green spaces.

Courtyard

Social area

Reception

Treatment area

Staff area

CIRCULATION Patients path Staff path Fire exits

• The symmetrical plan give balance in circulation.

• Clear way movement.

• Traffic flow into patients rooms, socials and treatments area.

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ZONING

FIG 3.5.2.1: Floor plan Courtyard

ENT

Treatment area

Indoor garden

Lobby

Social area

Staff area

Reception

Bedroom patients

BUILDING ACTIVITES Major Staff area Reception Social area Treatment area Bedroom patients

Minor Courtyard Indoor garden

Services Toilet

Patients- staffs Doctor gathering conversation sleeping Different activity Outdoor sitting for patients

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3.5.3 Design philosophy Design philosophy The main idea of the building is to create a wayfinding concept and at the same time to emphasize creating a less stressful environment that connects with nature directly throw out the large windows, while patents can see the beautiful courtyard from inside the building .

Colour philosophy Neutral colour scheme – little warm and cold color Natural color scheme help to create warm and comfortable feeling to the users and the white make the space wider and vitality.

Happy feeling and refresh the mind.

Reduce bad feeling and frustration Calm and psychological stability Relaxes the nerves, peace and quiet feeling

Materials philosophy Selected soft materials in finishing and natural type like wood – leather helps soothing the patients and keep them rooted.

124

Multi purpose hall in kitchen building

Materials

Metal suspended ceiling panel

The chair and table made of wood and steel leg.

Used same wood texture in floor and partition.

Colourful chair back.

Small kitchen counter

Transparent wall strip Wooden strip in wall Social hall

Soft finishing materials in social area (leather- steel).

Lobby

Ventilation floor hole Glass windows

Gypsum board ceiling

Cement concrete columns

Movement white board Social hall

Divided the T.V area by cabinet.

125

3.5.4 Study of users behaviour Audio visual and book library space help refresh patients mind and their thoughts.

FIG: 3.5.4.1: T.V area in social hall

Meeting Doctors with patients, discussion and take notes.

FIG: 3.5.4.2: meeting room

Physical and movement body in different rhythm help healing the mental disorders, can be individual therapy or as a group.

FIG: 3.5.4.3: Exercise therapy hall in LWL hospital

Mental disorders patients have freedom to express himself, feeling, sensory and body perception by painting and design.

FIG: 3.5.4.5: Art room in LWL hospital

126

3.5.5 Study of interior finishes Social hall: The background of storage unit is colourful and attractive the patients to use it.

Materials: Wall: white painting – some color (green- blue) Floor: beige vinyl tiles to reduce sound of walking steps Ceiling: simple suspended design

Vinyl floor tiles

The gematric patriation help in sound insulation and reduce the noise.

Large window along the wall to continues the outdoor view to the interior.

FIG: 3.5.5.1: Multi purpose hall in kitchen building

This area located in separate building

127

Study of interior finishes Adding the wood in wall gives comfortable and feeling save when enter the space.

Rubber resin flooring good for acoustic foot steps.

FIG: 3.5.5.2: Information and reception center

Nature therapy (look and smell) healing patient’s faster, improves brain performance and psychological comfortable

Cement concrete columns

FIG: 3.5.5.3: Interior courtyard

A monoaromatic color scheme, brown wood and some warm color.

FIG: 3.5.5.4: Social area Used leather for all sitting chair

128

Plant wallpaper

Side-hung inward window

Used green and blue color to bring calming

Biophilic element

Small table for eating

There are heater for cold whether

FIG: 3.5.5.5: Bedroom patient

Art drawing in walls

Biophilic element

The playing improve social relationship, mood and forgetting illness

FIG: 3.5.5.6: Gaming area in social hall

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3.1.6 Study Building services Hopper window in low part of windows

LED hidden light in under shelf

T.V area in social hall Spot light

Fire extinguisher inside TV cabinets

Ventilation fan Fire detector in lobby

LED light

Exercise by bicycle walker near T.V area

Floor lamp

130

Design principle Repetition

Colors and materials, rectangle shape and furniture design

Balance

Proportion

Building layout facilities

Window- shelf subdivisions

Unity

In rectangle shape

Conclusion Negative points

1 2

No enough sitting in interior courtyard

3 1

Exercise therapy hall should located inside the building not in LWL hospital

The columns not used in well design Positive points Connect the design of building with nature..

2

Natural light reach to all patients' facilities

3

Wall painting add features to the interior space and help in healing patients

131

3.1.6 Study Building services Hopper window in low part of windows

LED hidden light in under shelf

T.V area in social hall Spot light

Fire extinguisher inside TV cabinets

Ventilation fan Fire detector in lobby

LED light

Exercise by bicycle walker near T.V area

Floor lamp

132

Design principle Repetition

Colors and materials, rectangle shape and furniture design

Balance

Proportion

Building layout facilities

Window- shelf subdivisions

Unity

In rectangle shape

Conclusion Negative points

1 2

No enough sitting in interior courtyard

3 1

Exercise therapy hall should located inside the building not in LWL hospital

The columns not used in well design Positive points Connect the design of building with nature..

2

Natural light reach to all patients' facilities

3

Wall painting add features to the interior space and help in healing patients

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3.7 Comparative Analysis of Case Studies :

Issue / element in interior

Case study 1 St. Johns Rehab Hospital

• Chairs and tables to the a. Vibrant fabric colour waiting area . furniture with different • reception table wood selection .

• Beds and equipment for patients .

Case study 2

a. White wood and steel in furniture ( tables- chair) b. Soft material finishing ( leather sofa)

Case study 4

Case study 3

Furniture

This case study has no loose furniture

Planning the space so that there is a large entrance, then the reception area, the waiting area and wide corridors to the departments

a. Symmetrical balance layout facilities. b. Patients room located in sides of building and staff area in the center. c. Each side has an indoor courtyard.

Major components

Space division a. Spaces were well planed in way that wide hallways were located facing the courtyard and the hospital is always full of natural light . b. The therapy pool is bit isolated than the other areas. c. The gym therapy surrounded by the clinical rooms so its located in the middle of facility.

a. There are 25 floors . b. Each floor have different function . c. The middle, largest segment of the building holds the core treatment spaces, while the top section is given to offices and mechanicals.

1.Patirnts rooms 2.Social area 3.Exerice hall 4.Outdoor garden

Reception Rehabilitation waiting area gastroenterology Pneumology cardiology

1.Patient room 2.open space for social 3.Healing garden 4.Family waiting 5.Lobby 6.Red Onc

1.Therapy pool • 2.Treatment Gym therapy • 3.Clinical rooms • 4.Courtyard therapy garden • • •

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135

4

Chapter Four

4.1 PROJECT COMPONANTS 4.1.1 COMMON MAJOR COMPOENTS: Table 4.1.1 List of major components .No 1

M a j o r Description Picture components Reception Initial experience where staff and patients interact when the patients first arrive to check their appointments and consists of a reception desk .It should be a focal point to guide the users

2

Lobby

3

Inpatient Rooms, where patients Bedrooms can stay over the night for a specific period of time depending on their condition, under the care of nurses, m doctors, therapists, and specialists, and each room consist of a special bathroom and sometimes another bed for the visitors to stay over with the patients. The patient’s room must have a window overlooking to outside.

Adminis- Operational leaders who t r a t i o n guide and organize the facility. include induvial open and private offices .

4

First impression of patient’s journey, space to welcome the users and includes waiting area where you can wait to receive care or visit a person .

139

Plan layout

5

6

7

8

9

T h e r a p y open-space gyms, gym equipped with medically certified Technogym machines, alongside other specialist Sports Medicine and Orthopaedic rehabilitation equipment to support the delivery of therapeutic exercise.

Required to may wide and has an access to sunlight to support the recovery operation.

T h e r a p y Place where patients -p o o l receive aqua therapy.

Exercise program that is A q u a t i c performed in the water t h e r a p y to increase flexibility, improve balance, and strengthen muscles.

And include specialized pool, lockers and shower rooms.

O c c u - Space consists of daily p a t i o n a l requirements (bed ,toilet t h e r a p y , kitchen , toys …etc) to help patients with physical, sensory, or cognitive problems to regain independence in all areas of their lives.

And improve eye–hand coordination.

Individual Private rooms used to treatment treat patient individually room without any distractions include medical bed , chairs , multi storage options and it should offer a flexible circulation in order to provide a comfortable treatment session to the patients .

C onsult - room in which a doctor ing rooms or other therapeutic practitioner examines patients. should include examination bed , and has a technology access to allow the patiens to understand the treatment plan and access the medical files

140

10

11

12

13

14

M e d i c a l A medical clinic is a clinic type of facility that focuses on outpatient services. There should be reception, soundproofing between rooms, and being an outpatient means you can go home after receiving care.

Psychol- A psychotherapy room ogy ther- is a therapist’s workapy space that helps people with physical, emotional, and mental health problems improve their sense of well-being and should be comfortable and functional for the therapist. Natural light must be used to help the treatment.

Nurse sta- The nursing station is tion always very active, and it is one of the main sections of the rehabilitation centre and is the place where nurses work and communicate with each other, with doctors, patients, and visitors. It should be open and have computers and screens.

H e a l i n g Healing garden is a g a r d e n green space permeated with natural light that may be indoor or outdoor to improve the recovery of patients, as well as for staff and visitors.

Research The Research Centre is centre a place to create research, development, treatment solutions and new knowledge about cases for patients. It has advanced medical equipment

141

4.1.2 Common minor components: Table 4.1.2 list of minor components .No

M i n o r components E m p l o y e e ’s lounge

Description

2

Library

It is a reading space, need bookshelves, acoustic panels, sitting area, desk and chair to search on the internet.

3

Art thera- A place for drawing py and painting, this space need tables, chairs, art tools, storage space, washbasins, and easy-toclean materials.

4

M u s i c A place for play t h e r a p y music, need music instruments, comfortable furniture, and sound acoustic panels.

5

Laborato- It’s a lab where ry the tests doing and research, need tables, chairs, and lab equipment, and lighting.

1

Picture

A place where employees can relax and take break, need to comfort furniture and daylighting.

142

Plan layout

6

Pharmacy

A place where medicines are prepared and dispense, need counters, shelves, drawers, refrigerators for storing medicines.

7

Multipur- A space accommopose hall dates a variety of activity and events, need acoustic panels, flexible and customizable furniture to meet the needs of the space, lighting.

8

Food court A large indoor area where for eating and people gathering.

The music- lighting and artwork is interactive elements in the space.

9

M a s s a g e A space to improve t h e r a p y wellness by treating muscle pain. Need to low light and soft design for more relaxing.

10

Family so- It is a public social cial space space that brings together patients and their families or friends after treatment, need to informal and light furniture.

11

R e st a u - It is a place that rant- café serves food and drinks for the staff, patients, and visitors. The lighting, biophilic design and acoustic materials should take into consideration.

143

12

M e e t i n g It’s a room for staff room and doctors gathering, need to technology devices such as whiteboard - data show - smart T.V and acoustic design.

4.1.3 List Service components: Table 4.1.3 list of services .No

Description

1

M i n o r components Mechanical & electrical room

2

Storage

A place to store and save items and take when need, that need shelves, boxes or storage bins.

3

Security

A room has a screen of camera used to control and monitory around the facilities, need desk and chair.

4

Bathroom

This is a private space supplier with water has a toilets, shower, and safety handrail.

Picture

Plan layout

A space contains mechanical and electrical equipment used waterproofed materials.

144

5

Kitchen

6

L o c k e r A space for room changing, storing clothes, and equipment in lockers in a safe place, need lockers can provide electric plug inside and vented door for ventilation.

7

M e d i c a l Storage the medir e c o r d cal treatment plan room for each patient includes information, results and medications in a close shelfs and private space.

8

L a u n d r y Provides a room clean fabric for beds, curtains and clothes for the patients and healthcare, need to washerdryer- ironing machine-wash basin- storage cabinet and good ventilation.

P r a y e r A space for r o o m relaxes spirit and worship, need to shelfs book – comfortable prayer chair and acoustic design.

Can add orangeyellow and red to the natural scheme, supply with bathroom.

9

A space to cook meals, need ovens, washbasins, fridge’s, island, chimney, kitchen equipment, open and close shelves.

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10

W a st e Healthcare waste m a n a g e - collection (chemment room ical or medicine) in suitable containers then Getting rid, need to cabinets - wash basin and trolley to transfer items.

11

M e d i c a l Storage the meds u p p l i e s ical supplier such room as, medication, diagnostic tools, needles, bandaids and exam gloves in an open shelfs.

12

-

J a n i t o r Room that conr o o m tains all of the equipment and chemicals cleaning that a cleaner will need each and every day to complete their daily tasks.

146

Table 4.1.4 List of After trauma rehabilitation centre for kids major & minor components .No 1

2

3

4

Major comDescription ponents VR therapy Virtual reality experience has customized tasks that fits the patients need which simulate the real life in different environment. includes visual immersion devices and programmed computes.

Speech and Small class room where language patients can improve their therapy communications skills through books , toys , picture, objects and screens .

Recreational Activity based therapy therapy treatments located in a wide room includes movements , games , sports to increase social capabilities .

Vestibular therapy room

Picture

Plan layout

-

Using different tools for example swings helps to balance , core strength , body awareness and coordination. Safety materials should be used in floor and walls in order to protect the users from any incident.

: Minor Components 1

2

Hippo thera- Occupational, and speech py farm therapy that utilizes the natural gait and moveequine ther- ment of a horse to provide apy motor, and sensory input.

Space where is attach by the main facility in separate building due to the special need .

Outdoor Space open into nature playground that utilize playing as a therapy therapy to improve motor skills and cognitive learning. Consist of Outdoor playground facility and garden .

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-

3

Family resource area

A room where parents can do their work while waiting for their child and take advantage of time.

Includes comfortable sofa and working space with computers.

Table 4.1.5 List of cardiology rehabilitation centre for major & minor components .No 1

Major compoDescription nents school room It is an educational room that allows heart patients to study and continue their education in a rehabilitation centre. It must be comfortable and permeate with natural light, and it must have a soundproofing so as not to disturb during the study.

2

games room

It is a recreational area for children, with various games. It should be in bright colours to attract children, and the text is soundproofed to transmit the sound to the outside

3

Gait Training room

It is an area where gait training with various devices, muscle strengthening activities for patients who find it difficult to walk.

4

yoga room

A yoga studio is a room where yoga classes and instructions are provided to help heart patients rest, relax, and lower their heart rate.

148

Picture

Plan layout

: Minor Components 1

Market

2

cinema room

3

It is a convenient place in a rehabilitation centre where patients and staff can purchase goods and necessities.

It is a room that contains a large screen to display movies for entertainment or it can be a multi-use display. It must have sound insulation to prevent sound from being transmitted to the outside cooking class- It is a room in which the room patient is trained on how to cook healthy food under the supervision of a nutritionist.

Table 4.1.6 List of cancer rehabilitation centre for major & minor components .No 1

2

3

Major compo- Description Picture nents Yoga & Medi- A space to feel tation Room comfortable, relaxed, meditate, think, or reflect.

The space need daylight, yoga mats, small table, pillows, a sumptuous throw rug.

C r y o t h e r a p y A cold room for Room patients that used for pain relief and muscle recovery, need changing room furniture, and lockers.

Pet therapy

Type of therapy that use animals to improve mental and physical health.

Plan layout

-

149

4

Hand therapy

A room to help patients rehabilitate their hands and return to their health, this space need tables, chairs, and hand exercise equipment’s.

Minor components

1

2

Nutrition

A space to cook healthy meals, Cooking & need kitchen space tools, shelves, island, food, and Easy-to-clean material (floors, wall).

Balance Train- A space that can ing space help patients to strengthen their muscles and keep their body straight, need sport equipment’s.

Table 4.1.7 List of psychological rehabilitation centre for major & minor components .No 1

2

Major com- Description Picture ponents Yoga & Medi- A space to do a setation exercise ries of movements that focus on physical and mental healing. Need to mats- cushion- natural light and comfort environment with music sound background.

S u p p o r t Its gather room for p s y c h o patient and doctor r o o m to talk and motivational, expression therapy and emotional awareness and empathy, need to comfortable furniture- natural lighting and acoustic materials.

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Plan layout

3

4

Group ther- A gathering apy room space for patients helps to improve the social skill, self-awareness and express their illness, can contain a storage cabinet for activity items.

D r a w i n g A space to express studio ther- painful and bad apy feeling and reduce stress. Art therapy help to understand and self-discovery, need to artist table and stool, rolling board, art tool storage cabinetnatural light and materials easy in cleaning.

Minor components 1

Virtual real- A play room help ity therapy the patients to treat room the mental health and control their reaction, need to low light design and acoustic environment design.

151

4.2 USER STUDY User study of the rehabilitation centre includes three main aspects which are patients, staff, and visitors.

And each patient has its own persona depends on the condition. where staff could be nurses, therapists, .doctors, or administration

FIG 4.2.1 User persona

152

4.2.1 After trauma rehabilitation centre for kids

FIG 4.2.1 User persona

153

4.2.2 Cardiology rehabilitation centre (kids’)

.

FIG 4.2.2 User persona

154

4.2.3 Cardiology rehabilitation centre (adults’)

.

FIG 4.2.3 User persona

155

4.2.4 Cancer rehabilitation centre for women

FIG 4.2.4 User persona

156

4.2.5 psychological rehabilitation centre for adults (depression patients)

FIG 4.2.5 User persona

157

4.2.5 psychological rehabilitation centre for adults (depression patients)

Medical staff 4.2.6

158

Organizational chart 4.2.7

159

4.3 FUNCTIONAL REALTIOSHIP This part includes the Bubble diagram that will be inducted to identify how the components are related to .each other in term of the function of each activity and the relationship between the spaces

Bubble diagram 4.3.1

160

4.4 AREA CACULATION STUDY Neufert’s book and literature reviews were used to calculate the area calculation.

Table 4.4.1 Area calculation for common major components .NO

NAME OF COMPONENTS

AREA PER PERSON

NUMBER OF USERS

AREA PER SPACE

NO OF SPACES

m²

m²/ Room

TOTAL AREA m²

1

Reception

m² 4

2

m² 8

1

m² 8

2

Lobby

m² 10

10

m² 100

1

m² 100

3

Inpatient Room(toi) let included

25m²

1

25m²

25

m² 625

4

Outpatient unit

m² 20

5

m² 100

1

m² 100

5

Administration

m² 10

6

m² 60

1

m² 60

6

Therapy gym

25m²

8

m² 200

1

m² 200

7

-Therapy pool

m² 50

6

m² 300

1

m² 300

8

Aquatic therapy Individual treatment room

m² 4

1

m² 4

4

m² 16

9

Consulting rooms

m² 9

3

m² 27

1

m² 27

10

Medical clinic

m² 12

5

m² 60

1

m² 60

11

Psychology therapy

m² 8

2

m² 16

4

m² 64

12

Nurse station

m² 5

2

m² 10

6

m² 60

13

Healing garden

14

Research centre

1

m² 24

m² 8

3

m² 24

Major components total area = 1,644 m²

161

Table 4.4.2 Area calculation for common minor components .NO

NAME OF COMPONENTS

AREA NUMBER PER PER- OF USSON ERS

AREA PER SPACE

NO OF SPACES

m²

TOTAL AREA m²

1

Employee’s lounge

m² m² 10

2

Library

m² 8

8

m² 64

1

m² 64

3

Art therapy

m² 8

4

m² 32

1

m² 32

4

Music therapy

m² 8

4

m² 32

1

m² 32

5

Laboratory

m² 8

2

m² 16

1

m² 16

6

Pharmacy

m² 10

2

m² 20

1

m² 20

7

Multipurpose hall

m² 15

15

m² 225

1

m² 225

8

Food court

m² 10

10

m² 100

1

m² 100

9

Massage therapy

m² 8

2

m² 16

1

m² 16

10

Family social space

m² 10

8

m² 80

1

m² 80

11

Restaurant- café

m² 12

10

m² 120

1

m² 120

12

Meeting room

m² 6

4

m² 24

1

m² 24

8

m² 80

1

m² 80

Minor components total area = 809 m²

162

Table 4.4.3 Area calculation for common service components .NO

NAME OF COMPONENTS

AREA PER PERSON m² 10

NUMBER OF USERS

NO OF SPACES

TOTAL AREA

1

AREA PER SPACE m² 10

1

Mechanical & electrical room

1

m² 10

2

Storage

m² 5

1

m² 5

1

m² 5

3

Security

m² 4

1

m² 4

1

m² 4

4

Bathroom

m² 2

1

m² 2

6

m² 12

5

Kitchen

m² 12

2

m² 24

1

m² 24

6

Locker room

m² 6

4

m² 24

1

m² 24

7

Medical record room

m² 8

1

m² 8

1

m² 8

8

Laundry room

m² 12

2

m² 24

1

m² 24

9

Prayer room

m² 8

6

m² 48

2

m² 96

10

Waste management room

m² 4

1

m² 4

1

m² 4

11

Medical supplier room

m² 3

1

m² 3

1

m² 3

12

Janitor room

m² 2

1

m² 2

4

m² 8

Service components total area = 222 m²

163

Table 4.4.4 Total area of the project: proposed % distribution SPATIAL COMPONENTS

AREA

PRECENTAGE

Major components

m² m² 1,644

54.8%

Minor components

m² 809

27%

Service

m² 222

7.4%

Circulation

m² 325

10.8%

Total area

m² 3000

100%

Table 4.4.5 Area calculation for major and minor components of after trauma rehabilitation centre. .NO

NAME OF MAJOR COMPO NENTS

1

VR therapy room

2

Speech therapy classroom

m² 10

3

Recreational therapy

4

Vestibular therapy room

.NO

NAME OF MAINOR COMPO� NENTS

1

Hippo therapy farm

2

Outdoor playground

3

Family resource area

AREA NUMBER PER PER- OF USERS SON m² 25 2

AREA PER SPACE m² 50

NO OF SPACES

TOTAL AREA

2

m² 100

5

m² 50

2

m² 100

m² 10

4

m² 40

1

m² 40

m² 10

5

m² 50

1

m² 50

AREA PER SPACE

NO OF SPACES

TOTAL AREA

1

m² 100

AREA NUMBER PER PER- OF USERS SON

-

m² 10

10

m² 100

TOTAL AREA = (290 m²)+(100 m²) = 390 m²

164

Table 4.4.5.1 Total Area Percentage for cancer rehabilitation canter after trauma rehabilitation centre for kids SPATIAL COMPONENTS

AREA

PRECENTAGE

Major components

m² (1,644 m²+ 290m²) =1,934 m²

57.1%

Minor components

(809 m² +100 m²) = 909 m²

26.8%

Service

m² 222

6.5%

Circulation

m² 325

9.6%

Total area

m² 3,390

% 100

Table 4.4.6 Area calculation for major and minor components of cardiology rehabilitation centre. .NO

NAME OF MA JOR COMPONENTS

AREA NUMBER PER PER- OF USERS SON m2 12 6

AREA PER SPACE m2 72

NO OF SPACES

TOTAL AREA

1

Classroom

1

m2 72

2

Games room

m2 15

10

m2 150

1

m2 150

3

Gait Training room

m2 20

4

m2 80

1

m2 80

4

Yoga room

m2 24

6

m2 144

1

m2 144

.NO

NAME OF MI NOR COMPONENTS

AREA PER SPACE m2 240

NO OF SPACES

TOTAL AREA

1

Market

1

m2

240

2

Cinema

m2 18

15

m2 270

1

m2

270

3

Cooking classroom

m2 12

6

m2 72

1

AREA NUMBER PER PER- OF USERS SON 8 m2 30

TOTAL AREA = (446 m²) +( 582 m²) = 1,028 m²

]

165

m2 72

Table 4.4.6.1 Total Area Percentage for cardiology rehabilitation centre.

SPATIAL COMPONENTS

AREA

PRECENTAGE

Major components

m² 446m²) =2,090 m² +m² 1,644(

51.9%

Minor components

582 m²) = 1,391 m² + m² 809(

34.5%

Service

m² 222

5.5%

Circulation

m² 325

8.1%

Total area

m² 4,028

% 100

Table 4.4.7 Area calculation for major and minor components of cancer rehabilitation canter. .NO

NAME OF MAJOR COM PONENTS

1

Yoga & Meditation Room

2

Cryotherapy Room

3

Pet therapy

4

Hand Therapy

.NO

NAME OF MINOR COM� PONENTS

1

Nutrition & Cooking space

2

Balance Training space

AREA NUMBER AREA PER PER- OF USERS PER SON SPACE 24 m2 6 144 m2

NO OF SPACES

TOTAL AREA

1

144 m2

4

96 m²

1

96 m²

5

50 m²

2

100 m²

AREA NUMBER PER PER- OF USERS SON 20 m2 4

AREA PER SPACE 80 m2

NO OF SPACES

TOTAL AREA

1

80 m2

20 m2

80 m2

1

80 m2

24m² 10 m²

4

TOTAL AREA = (340 m²) +( 160 m²) = 492 m²

Table 4.4.7.1 Total Area Percentage for cancer rehabilitation canter.

SPATIAL COMPONENTS

AREA

PRECENTAGE

Major components

m² (1,644 m340 +² m²) =1,984 m²

56.7%

Minor components

(809 m² +160 m²) = 969 m²

27.7%

Service

222 m²

6.3%

Circulation

325 m²

9.3%

Total area

3,500 m²

100 %

166

Table 4.4.8 Area calculation for major and minor components of psychological rehabilitation centre. .NO

NAME OF MA JOR COMPONENTS

1 2

Yoga & Meditation exercise Support psycho room

3

Group therapy room

4 .NO 1

AREA AREA NUMBER PER PER PER- OF USERS SON SPACE 24 m2 6 144 m2

1

144 m2

6 m²

2

12 m²

4

48 m²

12 m²

6

72 m²

2

144 m²

4

80 m²

1

80 m²

NO OF SPACES

TOTAL AREA

1

36 m²

Drawing studio ther- 20 m² apy NAME OF MIAREA NOR COMPONENTS PER PERSON Virtual reality therapy 12 m² room

NUMBER AREA OF USERS PER SPACE 3 36 m²

NO OF SPACES

TOTAL AREA

TOTAL AREA = (416 m²) +(36 m²) =452 m²

Table 4.4.8.1 Total Area Percentage for psychological rehabilitation centre.

SPATIAL COMPONENTS

AREA

PRECENTAGE

m² Major components

(1,644 m416 +² m²) =2,060 m²

59.7%

Minor components

(809 m² +36m²) = 845 m²

24.5%

Service

222

6.4%

Circulation

325

9.4%

Total area

3,452

100 %

167

4.5 Design guidelines This section consists of the design guidelines abstracted from Literature Review, Survey, Interviews, observations and Case studies that have been done in the previous chapters.

FIG 4.5.1 Design guidelines

168

FIG 4.5.2 Design guidelines

169

5

Chapter Five

5.1 Site analysis INTRODUCATION There are specific conditions to choose the right site for a Rehabilitation centre such as the surrounding buildings, noise , smell, accessibility, etc to ensure the user's comfort and create a peaceful environment for the patients . The proposed location for our project is Alsaya which is a new area located in southwest of Busaiteen .

The site is near by King Hamad hospital which is The main reason of choosing this site where patients can be discharged and start there rehabilitation journey next to a medical complex but which isolated sea view facing Bahrain Bay .

5.1.1 Graphical Site Analysis

FIG 5.1.1.1 The Site FIG 5.1.1.2 The Site

Landscape

Surroundings

Alsaya area has a beautiful view facing Manama and separated by the sea view which is the best part of the site .

172

It’s a spacious land in a new area and Mostly surrounded by residential flats with few restaurants , cafes and stores .

LANDMARKS

ACCESSIBILITY

FIG 5.1.1.3 Site Accessibility

Majestic Arjan Rotana Hotel

The site can be easily accessed by taking Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Causeway from Manama or 10 minutes ride from the airport .

Alsaya Beach

King Hamad University Hospital

Noise Because there is nothing located directly to the site ,cars could be heard sometimes .

RCSI Bahrain

173

5.1.2 Location Land use Mixed use

FIG 5.1.2.1 The location

Gas station

Legend

Restaurants

location North direction

Café

Wind

supermarket

Noise

Residential

Smell

Hospital

Main road

Bus station

Secondary road

174

Location at different timeslots

FIG 5.1.2.2 wide angle sunset view

Daytime : Bright and shiny sunrays during the noon benefit the healing process while it becomes cooler and calmer during the sunset.

Night-time : Due to the fact that the sea is opposite to the site , The night gets windy or humid depending on the weather . Quiet and calming atmosphere at the late night .

FIG 5.1.2.3 day view

FIG 5.1.2.4 Manama night city view

175

5.1.3 Orientation and Climate Orientation The site analysis and direction of building plan in the land.

Sea breeze Sea breeze

Wind

FIG 5.1.3.1 The Site Analysis with Legend

176

FIG 5.1.3.2 Noise Analysis with Legend

The climate The climate is one of the important role in the structure of the buildings. The climate in Bahrain is a desert and arid climate.

Bahrain has two seasons:

During the summer ,considered to be between April to October the weather is very hot ,sunny and high humidity.

During the winter ,considered to be between November to March the weather is cool and dry.

FIG 5.1.3.3 The Weather of Muharraq

177

2D

FIG 5.1.3.4 The Sun Path Analysis

3D

FIG 5.1.3.5 The Sun Path Analysis

178

5.1.4 On site characters

FIG 5.1.4.1 The Natural Elements On Site

The site is flat and sandy area without plants and buildings. It is surrounded by sea on three sides that provide a natural view for the building, a place to feel the movement of the water and see the golden time of the sunrise and sunset

Sensory

-

Sea wave sound Smell fresh and pure air See natural view

179

5.2 Building analysis The proposed building for this project is a library that consists of one floor and has a double height at the main entrance lobby.

5.2.1 Shape and size The building is H shaped, symmetric and simple design which can be easy to divided and modified.

The total area is 4600 m²

5.2.2 Type of structure The building is supported by steel framed structure on each side. The height from slab to slab is 460 cm and the double height area is 800 cm Structure analysis: Number of column: 79 and size (66 cm x 44 cm) Distance between each two column is 800 cm Height of slab: 20 cm

Double height

FIG 5.2.2.1 Columns placement in the plan

180

FIG 5.2.2.2 Exterior façade North side

FIG 5.2.2.3 Exterior façade West side

The structure

Roof slab

Beam

Ceiling slab Column Floor slab Foundation

FIG 5.2.2.4 Building Analysis

181

Structure analysis There are one skylight in the lobby of entrance to enhance day light in the space. For vertical transport there are six stair case and type is (U shaped stair – straight two flight stair).

FIG 5.3.1.2 Skylight

Movement & circulation

Legend

FIG 5.3.1.3 Circulation

Vertical movement Horizontal movement

182

Sectional - Elevation

FIG 5.3.1.4 Section line on floor plan

Double height

FIG 5.3.1.5 Section A’A

FIG 5.3.1.6 Section B’B

183

Sky light

Mechanical Analysis There are 7 elevators in the building

FIG 5.3.1.7 elevators on floor plan

Electrical Analysis The use of medical devices needs for presence of electricity and the generator will support the electricity system. Also the building provide sensing devices like automatic window shading, lighting through the building and cameras distributed in outdoor and indoor space.

FIG 5.3.1.8 Generator

FIG 5.3.1.9 Medical devices

184

Fire Safety Use fire doors and evacuation stairs in case of a fire in the building and not use elevators.

FIG 5.3.1.10 Fire Safety on floor plan

Building and Finishing Materials for Interior Design The materials are not clearly indicated for interior but for exterior walls they used aluminum and low-e-glass. We will use natural and environmentally friendly materials, which do not harm the health of patients, such as: wood, chemical-free paints, vinyl flooring is safe and able to withstand movement.

FIG 5.3.1.11 materials (low-glass, vinyl tiles and aluminum)

185

5.4 Program Analysis 5.4.1 Case 1 : After Trauma rehabilitation centre for kids

FIG 5.4.1 Program analysis zoning : Case 1

186

5.4.2 Case 2 : Cardiology rehabilitation centre for kids and adults

FIG 5.4.2 Program analysis zoning : Case 2

187

5.4 Program Analysis 5.4.3 Case 3 : Cancer rehabilitation center for women's

FIG 5.4.3 Program analysis zoning : Case 3

188

5.4.4 Case 4 : Psychological rehabilitation center

FIG 5.4.4 Program analysis zoning : Case 4

189

5.5 Conclusion Table 5.5 positive and negative points Comparison

5.5.1 Positive Critics • •

Site

• •

• • Building

• • •

The site can be easily accessed and near to a lot of facilities .further more , it is only 10 min far from the airport.

The area surrounding the site is empty, which we can provide a landscape design.

The site is facing the sea which gives a healing vibes with beautiful night view with lights seen from Manama city.

The site will attract the discharged patients from King Hamad University hospital to continue their healing process.

The walls of building is straight which can be easy to modified and designing well.

The H shape of building help us in divided the space function to be open or private area.

There are window in each side if building to provides the natural light.

The structure of the building is helpful to create a sky light and double height area.

The location of service like WC is suitable and the divided with the position of the columns.

190

5.5.2 Negative Critics • • •

If the roads got high traffic it may cause noise for a period of time.

The wind could drag some unwanted smells into the site.

There are no greenery spaces in this area, such as plantations and grass.

The land of site

• •

The quantity of columns is many and the distance is large.

The glass of window is filled the wall, we should make CMU wall to create some privacy to the facilities.

191

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Chapter 3 : Case 3.1 Luigi Eenetton ,2012. The John C. and Sally Horsfall Eaton Centre for Ambulatory Care .[PDF] Available at :https://luigibenetton.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/St_Johns_rehab.pdf [Accessed 2 October 2021] ArchDaily,2012. St. Johns Rehab / Montgomery Sisam Architects + Farro​w Partnership Architects [Online]Available at :< https://www.archdaily.com/211220/st-johns-rehab-montgomery-sisam-architects-farro%25e2%2580%258bw-partnership-architects >[Accessed 2 October 2021] Case 3.2 MontgomerySisam ,2007. Holland Bloorview Kids Rehab Hospital [Online]Available at :< https://www. montgomerysisam.com/project/holland-bloorview-kids-rehab-hospital/ >[Accessed 3 October 2021] Case 3.3 Michael Lassell, January 5, 2021. David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care at Memorial Sloan Kettering: 2020 Best of Year Winner for Healthcare. [Online]Available at :< https://interiordesign.net/projects/david-hkoch-center-for-cancer-care-at-memorial-sloan-kettering-2020-best-of-year-winner-for-healthcare/ >[Accessed 3 October 2021] Hlblighting. THE DAVID H. KOCH CENTER FOR CANCER CARE AT MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTER-

197

ING CANCER CENTER. [Online]Available at https://hlblighting.com/project/david-h-koch-center-forcancer-care-at-memorial-sloan-kettering-cancer-center/ >[Accessed 3 October 2021] perkinseastman , December 9, 2020. The David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care Wins Interior Design’s 2020 Best of Year Award Online]Available at https://www.perkinseastman.com/2020/12/09/the-david-hkoch-center-for-cancer-care-wins-interior-designs-2020-best-of-year-award/ >[Accessed 3 October 2021] Case 3.4 ArchDaily. 2021. Santa Fe de Bogotá Foundation / El Equipo de Mazzanti. [online] Available at: < https:// www.archdaily.com/876184/fundacion-santa-fe-de-bogota-el-equipo-de-mazzanti > [Accessed 5 October 2021].

Corian.com. 2021. The Santa Fe de Bogotá Foundation: a leading institution for healthcare development. [online] Available at: < https://www.corian.com/the-santa-fe-de-bogota-foundation-a-leading-institution-for-healthcare > [Accessed 5 October 2021].

Architizer. 2021. Expansion of Santa Fe de Bogotá Foundation. [online] Available at: < https://architizer. com/projects/expansion-of-santa-fe-de-bogota-foundation/ > [5 October December 2021].

Case 3.5 Atelier Thomas Pucher ,None. Competition LWL Clinic Dortmund [Online] Available at : https://www.gat. st/news/wettbewerb-lwl-klinik-dortmund [Accessed 3 October 2021]

198