DOCUMENTATION

DOCUMENATION OF KOTI BANAL ARCHITECTURE 7 VILLAGES IN BARKOT , UTTARKASHI , UTTRAKHAND

UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING , IP UNIVERSITY , NEW DELHI

KOTI BANAL ARCHITECTURE

GONA , SONARA , IRAK , THE 3 MAIN VILLAGES STUDIED , WERE LOACTED IN CLOSE PROXIMITY IN THE BARKOT

AS IT’S OWN VERNACULAR RESPONSE TO

DISTRICT.

THE EARTHQUAKE PRONE CONDITIONS, THE DISTRICT OF BARKOT , UTTARAKHAND PRACTICES A UNIQUE TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE KNOWN AS THE KOTI BANAL ARCHITECTURE. THIS TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE

THE HOUSES DOCUMENTED THERE ARE PRIME EXAMPEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT

GONA

VECHICULAR MOVEMENT

MAP OF UTTRAKHAND

PLSES OF THE REGION’S VERNACULAR EARTHQUAKE REISISTANT STRUCTURE. THE REGION’S VALUES AND ETHOS SEEM LOST TO THE

IS DONE IN LOCAL MATERIALS LIKE STONE

UTTARKASHI

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES OF R.C.C. IT IS CONSID-

AND WOOD EXLUSIVELY. ACCORDING TO

ERED TO BE A MATTER OF PRIDE AND STATUS TO

RESEARCHES; THIS TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE

RESIDE IN A MODERN R.C.C. DWELLING THAN THE AGES

HAS BEEN PRACTICED IN THIS REGION SINCE

OLD PROTECTIVE ENVELOPES OF THEIR LOCAL MATERI-

ABOUT 1000 YEARS. THESE CENTURIES OLD

ALS AND TRADITIONS. THIS RICH LEGACY OF THE KOTI

BUILDINGS HAVE WITHSTOOD THE MOST

BANAL ARCHITECTURE NEEDS NOT ONLY TO BE TREA-

SEVERE EARTHQUAKES (1905 KANGRA

SURED BUT SHOULD ALSO BE USED AS A SOURCE OF

EARTHQUAKE – M7.8) THIS REGION HAS WITNEESSED. KOTI BANAL BUILDINGS ARE TYPICALLY CHARECTERIZED BY SIMPLE RECTANGULAR

THE WOODEN PLANKS OF WALLS ARE JOINED USING BUTT JOINERY AND PLANKS ARE ADDED TO PROTECT THE JUNCTION.

THE JOINERY BETWEEN THE TOP RAIL AND STILE OF THE DOOR IS DONE SUCH THAT IT INCREASES THE SURFACE AREA BETWEEN THE TWO MEMBERS

IRAK PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT

GREAT INSPIRATION. TO THE YOUNGER GENERATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTING MATERIAL SENSITIVE, COST-EFFECTIVE SEISMIC PROOF BUILDINGS.

VECHICULAR MOVEMENT

THE DOVETAIL KEY IS USED PRIMARILY TO REINFORCE AND STRENTHEN A JOINT. WITH THE KEY IN PLACE, THE “BUTTERFLY” SHAPE PREVENTS THE PLANK FROM SEPERATING.

PLANS OF 6-8M, AS AN AMALGAMATION OF STONE AND WOOD AS THE STRUCTURAL MATERIALS. THEY FOLLOW THE PRINCIPLES

THE STRUCTURE IS REINFORECED WITH THE HELP OF WOODEN BEAMS FIXED ALTERNATIVE, RUNNING FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE WALL, INTERSECTING AT THE CENTRE.

OF STRENGTHENING HORIZONTAL JOINTS TO PROTECT THE BUILDINGS AGAINST EARTHQUAKES. THE BUILDINGS HAVE WOODEN LOGS RUNNING PARALLELY AS BEAMS IN THE STONE WALLS. THE EARLIEST TYPE OF BUILDINGS DON’T USE MORTAR SO AS TO INCREASE THE FLEXIBILITY OF THE BUILDINGS TO COUNTER

PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT

SONARA

VECHICULAR MOVEMENT

THE SEISMIC TREMORS. COST-EFFECTIVE SEISMIC PROOF BUILDINGS.

VERY HIGH DAMAGE RISK ZONE HIGH DAMAGE RISK ZONE EARTHQUAKE RISK DAMAGE

“THE COURTYARD IS THE CENTER OF OUR ORIGIN,

THE EVOLUTION OF THE KOTI BANAL ARCHITECTURE STARTED WITH THE THIS RICH TRADITION OF ARCHITECTURE , ACTS AS INSIPIRATION TO THE MODERN TECHNNIQUES AGAINST SEISMIC DAMAGES

SLOWLY OTHER HOUSES SETTLE AROUND IT, ALL LADIES LIKE TO WORK FACING IT.ALL COMMUNAL ACTIVITIES AND FESTIVITIES TAKE PLACE THERE.” - RATSHREE

“A LOT OF PROBLEMS ARE FACED REGARDING EDUCATION AND HEALTH. I SEND MY OWN SON TO DEHRADUN AS THERE ARE NO COLLEGES NEARBY.”- KARAN SINGH

“WE PREFER THE NEW RCC CONSTRUCTION METHODS , AS THERE IS A LOT OF RESTRICTION ON STONE AND WOOD.” - SAROJ

“THE RECENT GOVERMENT PROGRAMNS HAVE HELPED TO DEVELOPE AND CREATE JOB OPPURTUNITIES.” KAMLA DEVI

KOTI BANAL ARCHITECTURE

1

LEGEND 1.

STEP UP

2.

WATER SOURCE

3.

CHOWK

4.

ELECTRICITY SOURCE

5.

VILLAGE ENTRY

6.

OLD HOUSES

7.

JAIL

8.

FARMLAND

9.

PUBLIC AREAS

10

PRIVATE AREAS

12

PANCHAYAT

13

SCHOOL

14.

TEMPLE

SMALL OPEN SPACES AROUND THE HOUSE ACT AS SPACES OF CONNECTIVITY , WHERE PEOPLE GATHER AROUND DURING WINTERS. DUE TO THE NORTH ORIENTATION OF THE HOUSES AND THE OPEN SPACES , THESE SPACES RECEIVE RECIEVE AMPLE SUNLIGHT. THE HEIRACHY OF AND DIVISION OF SPCES HAVE BEEN FORMED DUE TO THE STEEP CONTOURS OF THE VILLAGE

THE VILLAGE PLANNING WAS ALONG THE CONTOUR.IT EXPANDED IN BOTH THE DIRECTONS , ON THE NORTH SIDE OF THE HILL.

OVERVIEW OF KOTI BANAL STATE

UTTRAKHAND

DISTRICT

UTTARKASHI

SUB DISTRICT

RAJGARHI

NEAREST TOWN BARKOT PINCODE

249141

AREA

1.11KM2

AREA FOREST

0.04KM2

POPULATION

525

DENSITY

473 PER KM

LITERACY RATE 69% EXPLODED VIEW - KOTI BANAL VILLAGE

SEX RATIO

THE OLD CRAFTSPERSON OF THE VILLAGE STILL RESIDED INSIDE THE VILLAGE.THE MANDIR LOCATED IN THE VILLAGE WAS CONSTRUCTED BY THIS CRAFTPERSON AND TOOK ABOUT 11 YEARS TO CONSTRUCT.

1178

KOTI BANAL VILLAGE, ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS VILLAGES IN THE DISTRICT , HAS NO PROPER CONNECTIVITY TO THE MAIN ROAD, HENCE DOES NOT HAVE A PROPER ENTRACE. THE VILLAGE IS SITUATED ON NARROW CONTOURS, HENCE THE HOUSES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED IN CLUSTER FORMATION. THE VILLAGE IS CONNECTED THROUGH ITS VARIOUS CHOWKS.THE COURTS OF THE HOUSES SURROUNDING THE CHOWKS ACT AS PUBLIC GATHERING SPACES. THE REGION CELEBRATED DEVLANG FESTIVAL - FESTIVAL OF BURNING THE TALLEST TREE IN THE VILLAGE, WITH GREAT JOY BUT OVER THE PERIOD OF TIME, TREE CUTTING HAS BEEN BANNED BY THE GOVERMENT. THE HOUSES IN THE VILLAGE ARE STILL MOSTLY IN OLD WOOD STONE CONSTRUCTION , BUT WITH THE BAN OF WOOD AND STONE ,RCC HOUSES HAVE BECOME THE NEW NORM AND IS SEEN AS A STATUS SYMBOL

KOTI BANAL KEY MAPS

KOTI BANAL KEY MAPS

LEGEND 1.

PRIMARY PATHWAY

2.

SECONDARY

3.

PUBLIC SPACE

4.

PRIVATE SPACE

5.

VOIDS

6.

GATHERING SPACE

THE PRIMARY PATH WAS IDENTIFIED AS THE PATH ALONG WHICH THE MAIN CHOWKS WERE LOCATED.I.T WAS THE MAIN AXIS PATH OF THE VILLAGE.IT WAS FURTHER DIVIDED INTO THE SECONDARY AND TERTIARY PATHS.

VOID MAPPING

PATHWAY MAPPING

THE FAMILY STRUCTURE HAS SHIFTED FROM JOINT FAMILES TO NUCLEAR FAMILIES.THE HOUSES WHICH ARE MOSTLY CONSTRUCTED IN OLD STONE WOOD TILL G+2 , HAVE NOW BEEN DIVIDED , AND EACH FAMILY HAS BEEN ALLOCATED DIFFERENT FLOOR , EACH HAVING A SEPERATE ENTRANCE.THE TOP LEVELS ARE DIFFICULT FOR OLD PEOPLE TO AXIS DUE TO NARROW PASSAGE. THE GROUND FLOOR WAS GENERALLY OCCUPIED BY CATTLE , AS THE DRY HAY HELPED TO KEEP THE HOUSE WARM, BUT WITH INCREASE IN POPULATION THE GROUND FLOOR IS NOW OCCUPIED BY FAMILIES.

VOIDS WERE THE SPACES THAT WERE FORMED BETWEEN THE CLUSTER OF HOUSES. SPACES LIKE THE COURTYARDS , CHOWKS , FARM PATCHES , THAT ACT AS THE MAIN AREAS OF GATHERING AND INTERACTION.

VOID MAPPING

SACLE : 1:1000

THE MAIN AXIS PATH AND THE HIGH LEVEL PLINTH ACT AS MAIN GATHERING SPACES

PATHWAY MAPPING

THE SCHOOL AND HEATH CENTER WERE LOCATED AWAY FROM THE MAIN CENTER.

KOTI BANAL ARCHITECTURE -

KOTI BANAL VILLAGE STUDY

2

IRAK IS A SMALL VILLAGE SITUATED IN THE RAJGARHI TEHSIL OF UTTARKASHI DISTRICT, ABOUT 10 KMS AWAY FROM THE BARKOT DISTRICT IN UTTARAKHAND, INDIA. LOCATED NEAR THE RIVER BANAL, THE VILLAGE FALLS UNDER THE HIGH SEISMIC ZONE. THERE ARE ABOUT 72 HOUSEHOLDS IN THE VILLAGE AND AN AVERAGE OF FIVE PEOPLE PER FAMILY.THE VILLAGE HAS A TOTAL POPULATION OF ABOUT 326 PEOPLE IN WHICH 149(46%) ARE MALE AND 177(54%) ARE FEMALE.74% OF THE WHOLE POPULATION IS OF GENERAL CATEGORY AND 26% BELONGS TO THE SCHEDULED CAST. CHILD POPULATION OF THE VILLAGE IS 15% OUT OF WHICH 40% ARE BOYS AND 60% ARE GIRLS. PEOPLE HAVE BASIC AMENITIES AVAILABLE AT SOME DISTANCES AWAY FROM THE VILLAGE SUCH AS THE HOSPITAL SITUATED 2 KMS AWAY, SCHOOLS PROVIDING ONLY PRIMARY EDUCATION, COLLEGE SITUATED IN THE GADOLI REGION 5 KMS AWAY. ACCORDING TO THE SURVEY, THE VILLAGE DOES NOT EXPERIENCE ELECTRICITY OR WATER SCARCITY AND EACH HOUSE HAS ITS OWN WASTE DUMPING TANK TO COLLECT THE WASTE FROM TOILETS AND IT IS SENT TO THE EXISTING SEWAGE FACILITY;THE HOUSEHOLD WASTE IS BURNT. THE TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE VILLAGE IS KNOWN AS THE KOTI-BANAL ARCHITECTURE. FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOUSE TYPOLOGIES ARE OBSERVED IN THE VILLAGE BASED ON THE MATERIALS SUCH AS THE STRUCTURES MADE ENTIRELY IN WOOD, SOME IN WOOD & STONE, ACC BLOCKS, BRICK & RCC HOUSES.

IRAK VILLAGE PLAN

LEGEND LIGHTING

WATER RESOURCES

BUILT TYPES

SOLAR STREET LAMPS

RIVER

RCC ROOF

ELECTRIC POLES

WATER TANK

SLATE ROOF-STONE AND WOOD

CONNECTIVITY

ENTIRELY WOOD EXCEPTH STONE PLINTH

BUILDING TYPOLOGY IN THE VILLAGE THE HOUSES MADE WITH WOOD AND STONE TYPOLOGY ARE RIGID AND EARTHQUAKE SAFE. THE JOINTS ARE FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO HAVE MOVEMENTS BETWEEN THEM WHICH ALLOW EASRTHQUAKE MOVEMENT. THIS HOUSE IN IRAK VILLAGE HAS SURVIVED 200 YEARS NOW. THE BUILDING HAS THREE LEVELS WITH A BALCONY ON THE THIRD LEVEL. THE CIELING HEIGHTS HAVE BEEN KEPT LOW TO KEEP THE INTERIORS OF THE BUILDING WARM. THE FENESTRATION OF THE BUILDINGS ARE SMALL FOR THE PROPER LOAD TRANSFER THROUGH THE LOAD BEARING WALLS. T

THE HOUSES MADE WITH TYPOLOGY ARE THE ONE OF THE BEST EARTHQUAKE SAFE BUT CANNOT EXCEED MORE THAN TWO TO THREE FLOORS. JOINTS ARE MADE LESS LOAD BEARING. THEY ARE CONSTRUCTED HAVING A STONE FOUNDATION AND WOODEN BEAMS, COLUMNS, DOORS AND WINDOW FRAMES AND ROOF.

NAKKASHI OR WOOD CARVING IN THE HILL STATE OF UTTARAKHAND HAS BEEN AN ELEGANT AND BEAUTIFUL ART WHICH TESTIFIED ITSELF IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE PLACE. NAKKASHI WAS A METHOD OF ORNAMENTATION IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE PLACE AND HAD DESIGNS OF FLOWERS,FISHES, AND ANIMALS.

THE GRANRY WAS LOCATED OUTSIDE THE HOUSE DUE TO THEIR BELEIFS AND TRADITIONS

GROUND FLOOR OCCUPIED BY THE CATTLE , AS THE HAY KEPT THE HOUSE WARM THE HOUSES MADE WITH BRICK AND RCC TYPOLOGY ARE MORDERN CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED BY THE RESIDENTS. THEY ARE RIGID AND BREAKS DURING EARTHQUIAKE VIBRATIONS.

KOTI BANAL ARCHITECTURE -

IRAK CASE STUDY

3

THE ROOF STONES WERE INTERLOCKED WITH EACH OTHER IN SUCH A WAY THAT THEY DID NOT SLIP OR BREAK EASILY

THE PITCHED ROOF HAVE BEEN DESIGNED SUCH THAT NO RAINWATER OR SNOW SEEPS IN DURING TIMES OF RAIN AND SNOW.

PLAN AT LVL 450

SCALE 1:25

PLAN AT LEVEL 1700

SCALE 1:25

THE STRUCTURE WAS BUILT IN DEODAR WOOD SINCE IT WAS AVAILABLE EASILY AND HAD GREAT TENSILE STRENGTH.

THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE HAD PLANKS OF DEODAR WOOD ON ELEVATION WALLS,FLOOR CEILING.WHICH HAD BUTT JOINTS RESTING ON WOOD BEAMS

THE WOODEN PLANKS WHICH COVERED THE JOINING POINT OF THE BUTT JOINTS WERE PUT IN MANNER SUCH THAT THEY LOOK ASETHETIC .THE IRREGULARLY CURVED PLANKS WERE PLACED ON THE INNER FACE OF WALLS.

FRONT ELEVATION

SCALE 1:25

SCALE 1:25

.

THE BUILDING HAS SMALL FENESTRATIONS TO PREVENT THE STRONG WINDS TO ENTER IN AND EFFECT THE STABILITY OF THE STRUCTURE. THEY DID NOT PREFER TO OPEN THE GRANERY DURING DAYS OF HEAVY RAINS AS THE GRAINS WOULD BECOME MOIST

GRANARY HAS BEEN BUILT ABOVE GROUND LEVEL TO PROTECT FROM INSECTS AND MOISTURE. THE CLIMATE OF BARKOT BEING DRY ,GRAINS COULD BE STORED IN THE GRAINRY FOR A LONGER TIME WITHOUT DISCERNIBLE LOSS OF QUALITY.

ISOMETRIC BLOWUP - GRANARY COLUMN DETAIL - FRONT ELEVATION

KOTI BANAL ARCHITECTURE -

IRAK CASE STUDY

4

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

WOOD AND STONES WERE USED FOR CONSTRUCTION WHICH WERE LOCALLY AVAILABLE. COST EFFICIENCY STABILITY EARTHQUAKE PROOF DUE TO NON RIGIDITY OF JOINTS ENDURE THE ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS THE MAIN DOOR IS CALLED MUHAV OR MWAL A STAIRCASE CALLED KHUTKUMI LEADS TO THE CHAJJA OR CHAAJ KITCHEN IS GENERALLY UNDER GABLED ROOF ON THE TOP FLOOR. GABLED ROOF IS CALLED PAKHO, COVERED WITH STONE SLATE. FOR PLATERING WALL MUD PATE IS USED. CLAY AND DUNG WERE ABUNTLY USED BECAUSE OF THIER INSULATING PROPERTIES

LOCAL NAME-GOTH, PAND OR GOSHAL HEIGHT IS KEPT LOW ABOUT1M USED FOR KEEPING ANIMALS AND STORAGE PURPOSED NO WINDOWS, BUT SMALL VENTILATORS ARE PROVIDED NO FORMAL ENTRANCE FLOORING IS DONE OF STONE IT SERVES AS KITCHEN, FLOORING IS COATED WITH COW DUNG AND MUD

LOCAL NAME-MATH(LIVING FLOOR) HEIGHT IS KEPT ABOVE 6-7 FEET(~2M) SMALL RECESSES, VENTILATORS ALMIRAHS AND WINDOWS ARE MADE INTO THE WALLS. FAMILIES LIVE ON UPPER FLOORS

THE SOLE OBJECTIVE BEHIND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THESE HOUSES WAS SAFETY AND NOT MUCH ATTENTION WAS PAID TO THE COMFORT OF THESE INHABITANTS.THIS REASON LED TO ABANDONING IN RECENT TIMES.

KEY FEATURES OF THE THESE HOUSES WERE:SIMPLE LAYOUT CONSTRUCTION WAS ELABORATE SOLID AND RAISED PLATFORM INCORPORARTION OF WOODEN BEAMS ALL THROUGH THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING AT REGULAR INTERVAL SMALL OPENINGS AND SHEAR WALL

HEAVY STONE PLINTH BRINGD THE CG DOWN, INCREASING THE STABILITY.

LEGEND LIGHTING

WATER RESOURCES

SOLAR STREET LAMPS

RIVER

RCC ROOF

PEDESTRIAN

ELECTRIC POLES

WATER TANK

SLATE ROOF-STONE AND WOOD

VEHICULAR

ENTIRELY WOOD EXCEPTH STONE PLINTH

CONNECTIVITY

GONA VILLAGE PLAN

MOVEMENT

BUILT TYPES

MUD BRICK MASONRY

HEIGHT HAS BEEN GIVEN TO SMALL AREA TO MANAGE THE MASS

DESPITE LTING IN THE SIESMIC ZONE, THE UTTARKASHI DISTRICT OF UTTRAKHAND EXHIBITS EFFICIENT TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION, WHICH ALLOWS THEM TO BUILD MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS. FOR THE KOTI BANAL ARCHITECTURE LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIAL SUCH AS LONG THICH WOODEN LOGS FOR THE BEAMS, STONES AND SLATE WERE USED. THESE STRUCTURE HAVE FOUR (CHAUKHAT) TO FIVE(PANCHPURA) STOREYS. THESE BUILDINGS HAVE WITHSTAND MANY DAMAGING EARTHQUAKES IN THE PAST.

THE SPECIFIC STRUCTURE WE STUDIED IS SAID TO BE OVER 800 YEARS OLD. IT IS A FIVE STORY BUILDING , BUILT IN STONE WITHOUT MOTAR. THE BUILDING IS ONE OF THE OLDEST KOTI BANAL STRUCTURE WITHOUT ANY VERTICAL SUPPORT.

EXTERIOR WALL THICKNESS REDUCES AS WE INCREASE IN HEIGHT TO ACHIEVE STABILITY IN GROUND FLOOR.

THE STRUCTURE STANDS ON INTERLOCKING DOUBLE BEAMS OF WOOD (DEODAR), LOCALLY AVAILABLE TO THE REGION. THE BUILDING RISES 13M OVER THE GROUND WITH OITCHED ROOF.

LAP JOINT DETAIL

REBATE JOINT DETAIL

DOVETAIL JOINT DETAIL 500 MM THK WALL

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

350 MM THK WALL

400 MM THK WALL

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

KOTI BANAL ARCHITECTURE -

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

GONA CASE STUDY

5

TYPOLOGIES OF HOUSES IN THE VILLAGE STONE AND WOOD IN THESE KIND OF HOUSES THE GROUND FLOOR IS CONSTRUCTED USING STONE. STONE WALL OF THICKNESS 500MM WAS USED AS A LOAD BEARING STRUCTURE. FOR THE ABOVE FLOORS WOODEN INTERLOCKED PLANKS WERE USED MAKINF THE FIRST FLOOR LEVEL LIGHTER THAN THE GROUND LEVEL. THIS CENTRALISES THE CENTER OF GRAVITY OF THE HOUSE MAINTAING A RIGID YET FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE FOR A EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREA. WOODEN HOUSES THERE AERE GRAINERY WHICH WERE CONSTRUCTED USING DEODAR WOOD ONLY. THESE GRAINERY WERE MADE FOR KEEPING THE CATTLES AND SOME OF THEM WERE USED TO STORE GRAINS. IT WAS CONSTRUCTED USING WOODEN JOINERY THAT ALLOW THAT MOVEMENT AT THE TIME OF EARTHQUAKE. THESE EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURE WERE CONSTRUCTED TO PROTECT THEIR CATTLES AND STORED GRAINS WHICH WAS THEIR BASIC LIVING. SONARA VILLAGE PLAN RCC HOUSES WITH THE MODERNISATION OF VILLAGE, THE RESIDENTS HAVE ADOPTED MODERN CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES. THESE MODERN TECHNIQUES INCLUDES THE CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED HOUSES USING CEMENT AND REINFORCEMENT. THESE HOUSES CAN BE BUILT ABOVE THREE TO FOUR FLOOR. SO, INCREASING POPULATION ALLOWED THE RESIDENTS TO ADOPT THIS CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUE.

LVL +1800

LVL +1800

FOUNDATION SONARA VILLAGE IS IN UTTARAKHAND AREA HAVING ROCKY TERRAIN. THESE KIND OF TERRAIN DO NOT REQUIRE FOUNDATION UNDER THE GROUN, SO THAY ARE CONSTUCTED WITHOUT DIGGING THE FOUNDATION PIT UNLIKE RCC HOUSES IN PLAIN TERRAINS.

KOTI BANAL ARCHITECTURE - SONARA CASE STUDY

LVL +1800 -

LVL 000 -

7