Fashion Marketing and Management Report on Abercrombie & Fitch

Fashion Marketing & Management Report by Katie Thompson

Abercrombie & Fitch

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Contents 1

Executive Summary - Page 4

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Introduction - Page 7

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Macro - Economic Analysis - Page 8 - 9

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Brand Market Position - Page 11

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Competitors - Page 12 - 13

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Consumer Demographic - Page 16 - 17

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Product Selection - Page 20 - 21

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Social Media and Influencer Marketing - Page 22 - 23

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Marketing Mix - Page 26 - 27

5.1 Current Brand Market Position and Competitors Moodboard - Page 14 - 15

6.1 Current Consumer Demographic Moodboard Page 18 - 19

8.1 Current Social Media/Influencer Marketing/ Marketing Mix Moodboard - Page 24 - 25

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Conclusion - Page 29

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Proposed Strategy and Recommendations - Page 30 - 31 11.1 The Brand - Page 32 11.2 Target Market - Page 33 11.3 The Logo - Page 34 11.4 Products - Page 35 11.5 Social Media - Page 36 11.6 Location - Page 37 11.7 Stores - Page 38 11.8 Promotion - Page 39 11.9 Collaborations - Page 40

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References - Page 42

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Bibliography - Page 43 - 47

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Appendix - Page 48 - 51 14.1 Survey Monkey Questionnaire Results Page 48 - 49 14.2 Instagram survey results Page 50 - 51

1. Executive Summary

The purpose of this report is to evaluate market research carried out on the current position of the fashion brand Abercrombie and Fitch. Through research methods used including online resources such as news articles and blogs, as well as online and social media orientated surveys it has become clear that Abercrombie and Fitch are losing relevancy within the fashion market and being overtaken by its competitors. A collection of recommendations for Abercrombie and Fitch have become apparent on how they can reimagine their brand, the biggest one being that they should relaunch Abercrombie and Fitch as a homeware and lifestyle brand and sell products including home décor and accessories and furniture. Other recommendations that will be discussed further within this report include: brand visuals, such as the style of their logo and the improvement of their promotional advertisements as they currently don’t have many physical adverts such as billboards and posters. They also need to adjust their social media accounts as each platform uploads an identical post and so they need to diversify the content.

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2. Introduction

This brand marketing report will demonstrate the current position of the brand Abercrombie and Fitch, whilst advising them on what they could change to improve and re-establish their brand in their or a new market. Abercrombie and Fitch is an American clothing retailer that focuses on high quality casual wear. They were extremely popular during the late 1990s and early 2000s, known for their logo apparel and unique store experience of topless male models greeting customers at the door, and was often described as an overload for the senses with strong fragrances and loud dance music a staple for the stores.

However, this once successful store dynamic became unpopular with customers and so was left behind along with their former controversial CEO Mike Jeffries who installed the very sexualised theme to the brand. The new CEO Fran Horowitz, removed the intimidating models, and turned the music down which shows that Abercrombie and Fitch are on their way to improvement but still aren’t fully there yet. Through secondary research of online articles, blog posts and videos and primary research of an online questionnaire, an Instagram survey and a store visit it quickly became clear that a popular opinion of Abercrombie and Fitch is that they used to be popular but are now outdated and are not consumer’s first choice. Therefore, through this report options of rebranding and improvements will be explored to suggest how Abercrombie and Fitch can overcome their problem of irrelevancy and decline within the fashion world.

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3. Macro Economic Analysis Abercrombie and Fitch need to take into account changes in their external environment and react to these changes to ensure that they can compete in their market.

Political Tax policies such as an increase in income tax will lead to a decrease in Abercrombie and Fitch’s sales as customers will be more cautious of spending, especially with a more highly priced brand such as A&F, as they will have less disposable income.

Economic If exchange rates were to rise it would be more expensive for Abercrombie and Fitch to import and export goods and so could lead to them to reducing the quality of their products to accommodate for cheaper labour or materials, which could in turn effect sales as people won’t be investing in the same quality as they previously have experienced.

Social A change in consumer tastes can affect sales, for example if a brand’s typical style isn’t on trend then their products won’t sell. For instance, with Abercrombie and Fitch people’s views tends to be that it used to be very popular but it is now becoming out of date.

Technological With their website and app it is now easier than ever for people to shop Abercrombie and Fitch as it opens them up to multiple distribution outlets, therefore increasing sales. However, there is a negative side to being online as if A&F found themselves in a controversy, consumers would know about it instantly through social media which could negatively affect their reputation.

Legal

Abercrombie and Fitch need to abide my employment laws as they have suffered from issues in the past. For example, in 2015 Samantha Elauf filed a lawsuit against Abercrombie and Fitch for denying her employment in 2008 when she was 17 as her interviewer outright told her she could not be employed due to her being Muslim and so would have to wear a head scarf which does not fit in with Abercrombie and Fitch’s “Look policy”. The case made it all the way to the US Supreme Court which voted in Samantha’s favour. (“US Muslim wins hijab case against Abercrombie & Fitch”, 2015)

Environmental

Abercrombie and Fitch have had problems in the past with their environmental status as they have used dangerous forms of manufacturing such as sandblasting. They need to ethically source materials and manufacturing processes to create a positive brand image and add value to their products. This will increase demand as people will see the product as worth more because it was ethically sourced and so prices could be increased which will therefore increase revenue.

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Key $235,659 $335,372 $521,617 $815,804 $1,042,056

Bar graph on Abercrombie and Fitch’s sales from 1995 - 1999 Key $4.12 billion $3.74 billion $3.52 billion $3.33 billion $3.49 billion

Bar graph on Abercrombie and Fitch’s sales from 2014 - 2018

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4 .Brand Market Position Strengths of Abercrombie and Fitch include that they have the A&F loyalty club which offers members exclusive promotions such as £10 off a £50 purchase which gives customers more of an incentive to buy and will also keep customers loyal to the brand. They are also technologically advanced in terms of their stores and offer a unique in-store experience as they unveiled a new store concept in Ohio in 2017 that included personalised changing rooms featuring light and sound controls. This customisable experience puts A&F ahead of their competitors as a positive instore experience can heavily impact whether customers will return for repeat purchases. (Wahba, 2017)

There are clear opportunities that A&F could take advantage off to improve themselves. For example, all of their social media accounts upload the same posts and so they could diversify the posts and make specific content for specific accounts to make the user experience more personal. They also need to continue to rebuild their image and reputation by continuing to launch positive campaigns such as their 2018 denim campaign “Do it in Denim” as this featured 30 different styles of jeans to reflect the versatility of denim and the wearer’s personal take on it. (Garner, 2018)

Their threats include that Abercrombie and Fitch are part of a saturated market with a lot of competitors, from Jack Wills at the high end of the market, and H&M at the low end of the market, price and quality wise. Also trends and consumer tastes are constantly changing and have already affected Abercrombie and Fitch as they used to be on trend in the 2000s but are now seen as outdated and stuck as a 2000s trend.

Their Weaknesses include that the brand has been involved in many controversies in the past such as their former CEO Mike Jeffries claiming that A&F would never stock about a size 10 and the strict rules on who could be employed to work in the stores as he only wanted typically attractive people to wear Abercrombie and Fitch clothing. This has tarnished their reputation and left people with often a negative opinion of the brand. (Levinson, 2013) Also, their products are highly priced and arguably too expensive for the younger side of the target market of 21-24 year olds. (“Abercrombie”, 2019)

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5. Competitors Abercrombie and Fitch have a wide range of competitors, all with a variety of quality, price and design and come from high end and the high street. For example, one of their closest competitors is the British clothing brand Jack Wills who offer high quality items at a high price, similarly to Abercrombie and Fitch. One thing that Jack Wills does better than Abercrombie and Fitch is their brand image as they are instantly recognisable through their signature pink and navy stripe whereas Abercrombie and Fitch don’t achieve this as well as they have multiple logos from written text, symbols and their old traditional logo of the moose which can lead to confusion for the customer.

In terms of a brand positioning map Abercrombie and Fitch sit at quite a high price with basic designs, but are still somewhat fashionable. Close competitors include Jack Wills, who share the high price and basic design and American Eagle Outfitters who sit at a high price but are further on the fashionable side of the map.

With their recommended rebrand as a homeware brand A&F’s new competitors would include premium homeware brands such as Anthropologie, The White Company and Urban Outfitters Home. New dimensions of the brand positioning map would include traditional style and modern style with Abercrombie and Fitch fitting in between Urban Outfitters Home, being slightly high priced with modern style, and The White Company being high priced with traditional style with some modern style. This will be a good middle ground for Abercrombie and Fitch to fill a gap in the market as Urban Outfitters Home appeals to a younger demographic of 18-28 year olds (“${Instrument_CompanyName} ${Instrument_Ric} Company Profile | Reuters.com”, 2019) and The White Company is more for an older customer of 25-50 year olds and so A&F can fill the gap of around 26-34 year olds. (Cwy, 2016)

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Current Brand Positioning Map

Proposed Brand Positioning Map

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5.1 Current Brand Market Positio

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on and Competitors Moodboard

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6. Consumer Demographic With Abercrombie and Fitch’s former CEO Mike Jeffries, he made very clear who A&F’s target market was. Jeffries (2006) stated “We hire good-looking people in our stores. Because good-looking people attract other good-looking people, and we want to market to cool, good-looking people. We don’t market to anyone other than that.” He created a very specific and exclusive Abercrombie and Fitch customer, who was a young, outgoing student with a lot of friends. Jeffries (2006) claimed “In every school, there are the cool and popular kids, and then there are the not-so-cool kids,”. Jeffries (2006) expressed “Candidly, we go after the cool kids. We go after the attractive all-American kid with a great attitude and a lot of friends.

A lot of people don’t belong [in our clothes], and they can’t belong. Are we exclusionary? Absolutely.

Those companies that are in trouble are trying to target everybody: young, old, fat, skinny. But then you become totally vanilla. You don’t alienate anybody, but you don’t excite anybody, either.” (Temin, 2013) These statements caused upset, but this well-known Abercrombie and Fitch target market was changed with the introduction of new CEO Fran Horowitz.

Abercrombie and Fitch’s current consumer demographic includes the age group of 21-24-year olds.

The typical Abercrombie and Fitch customer that A&F are marketing towards is an American college student or recent college graduate who is fairly affluent, friend orientated and travels the world. This is the consumer that is portrayed on Abercrombie and Fitch’s social media outlets, as their Instagram features young people enjoying trips with friends across the world from Rome to New York whist wearing classic Abercrombie and Fitch designs to fit in with their traditional all-American style that fits with their American heritage.

Consumer Profile

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Age

21-24

Gender

Males and Females

Location

America

Occupation

Students

Income

Middle/Upper Class

Interests

Socialising/Travelling/Going out

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6.1 Current Consumer De

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emographics Moodboard

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7. Product Selection

Abercrombie and Fitch’s product range includes everything from Mens, Womens, and Childrens outerwear, dresses, tops, sleepwear, swimwear, shoes and accessories. They have a very extensive range of jeans available that it has its own section on the Abercrombie and Fitch website with 8 styles available for women and 6 for men. They also have specific Abercrombie and Fitch branded items that on the website are named as part of the ‘A&F Logo shop’ which includes their traditional logo t-shirts and hoodies. Their items are priced quite highly with coats ranging from £70 to £210, similarly to their competitor Jack Wills whose coats range from £80 to £230. Their hero products, which are their defining products that represent the brand are their fragrances such as ‘Fierce’ and their logo items as they are easily recognisable as Abercrombie and Fitch.

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8. Social Media and Influencer Marketing Abercrombie and Fitch are quite active across social media with their Instagram, Twitter and Facebook accounts. On Instagram they have 3.7 million followers, (“Abercrombie & Fitch (@abercrombie) • Instagram photos and videos”, 2019) Twitter 567.4K (“Abercrombie & Fitch (@Abercrombie) on Twitter”, 2019) and Facebook 8.5 million. (“Abercrombie & Fitch”, 2019). Despite their Facebook having the most followers people are more active on their Instagram with the most popular posts gaining upwards of 35,000 likes. On their social media posts Abercrombie promotes products in different forms such as models at photoshoots, flat lays of outfits, and reposts of other Instagram users wearing A&F clothes.

The range of ways that the products are presented is helpful to customers as, for example, with actual people wearing the products rather than an Abercrombie specific model, shows how the clothes perform in a more natural way and so can help with judgement of whether to buy or not. They utilise features on Instagram such as “Tap to view products” where customers can view the price of the product featured in the photo and be taken to the Abercrombie and Fitch website to buy. A&F have used influencer marketing through their sister brand, Hollister, by releasing collaborations with celebrities such as singers Noah Cyrus and Khalid in a 2018 back to school campaign. (Mantor, 2018). On their Abercrombie account they also repost uploads from online influencers and youtubers such as Janet Amrani wearing Abercrombie and Fitch items. These posts are some of their most successful posts with one of Janet Amrani’s uploads receiving 27K likes compared to some of their normal posts only attaining 5K likes. A&F also break up their posts of products with posts of places and “travel inspiration”. This is done to promote their target Abercrombie and Fitch customer and to make people think if they buy Abercrombie and Fitch products, they will be able to achieve the lifestyle presented on their social media.

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Instagram Followers

H&M 28.8 million

Topshop 9.6 million

Hollister 4.3 million

A&F 3.7 million

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8.1 Current Social Media/Influencer M

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Marketing/Marketing Mix Moodboard

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9. Marketing Mix Product Abercrombie and Fitch sell a variety of products across men, women, and children ranges including apparel such as jeans, tops, outerwear, shoes, swimwear, sleepwear and underwear. They sell accessories including jewellery, hats, scarves, bags, belts and their popular fragrances such as ‘Fierce’. They also have a small homeware range including blankets and candles.

Promotion

They promote their products through social media by uploading images of their products with direct links to buy them on their social media accounts such as Instagram, Facebook and Twitter. They use pop up advertisements on apps such as Instagram as breaks between Instagram Stories. They also have suggested ads come up on apps such as Facebook with a small selection of products on display after searching Abercrombie and Fitch into Google showing that they utilise targeted advertising.

Place A&F sell their products both online and in-store. As of August 4th 2018 Abercrombie and Fitch operated 870 stores worldwide with 283 Abercrombie and Fitch and Abercrombie kids stores and 396 Hollister stores in the US, and 47 Abercrombie and Fitch and Abercrombie kids and 144 Hollister stores internationally. (“Abercrombie & Fitch Co. | Profile | eMarketer Retail”, 2019)

Price Abercrombie and Fitch’s products are quite highly priced with a pair of jeans costing £70 and tops and their logo sweatshirts ranging from £30 to £64. (“Abercrombie”, 2019)

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£140 £40 £50 £40 Price Comparisons of Coats

£70 £23 £40 £39 Price Comparisons of Jeans

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10.Conclusion

To summarise, Abercrombie and Fitch’s biggest problem is relevancy in the fashion world and the status of their reputation and so they need to continue their rebrand and changes in marketing strategy that has begun under their new CEO to improve and regain their popularity and change people’s views to be more positive. They can achieve this through a rebrand, a change in product line and target market and a reimaging of their social media marketing and promotional advertisements.

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11. Proposed Strategy a

Proposed Brand Market Position and Competitors Moodboard

Proposed Brand Market Position and Competitors Moodboard

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and Recommendations

Proposed Consumer Demographics Moodboard

Proposed Social Media/Influencer Marketing/Marketing Mix Moodboard

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11.1 The Brand Abercrombie and Fitch should rebrand themselves as a premium homeware and lifestyle brand as, as they currently stand as a clothing brand, they have become irrelevant to many consumers and have lost interest and popularity to high street brands such as Topshop, H&M and Zara and so this will give them an opportunity to explore a new market.

They seem to be competing with themselves with having both Abercrombie and Fitch and Hollister and so they should merge the two and sell all clothing under Hollister. With the rebrand they should still stick with their heritage and focus products around their traditional American outdoors theme. (“Abercrombie”, 2019)

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11.2 Target Market

A&F should expand their target market age for Hollister by combining the two that they already have for the brands now. Therefore, instead of Hollister marketing towards 14 to 18 year olds (“Hollister Co.”, 2019) and Abercrombie and Fitch 21 to 24 year olds, (“Abercrombie”, 2019) Hollister should market to 14 to 24 year olds with different clothing collections for the younger and older ends of the target market.

For their new target demographic Abercrombie and Fitch should market towards 26 to 34 year olds, with the consumer being mainly female, potentially with a family, affluent and a steady amount of disposable income who would want to buy premium homeware. With A&F focusing on an older target market they will be able to market towards customers who used to shop at Abercrombie when they were younger in the late 1990s and early 2000s when they were at their height of popularity. They can try to reconnect with these customers as they once had brand loyalty with them and so a rebrand would interest these customers.

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11.3 The Logo

Abercrombie and Fitch should reduce the amount of logos that they use and stick with one to avoid confusion and to show that they have a strong brand identity. They are famously known to use their traditional moose logo, but also use a A&F logo and a written logo of the brand name.

They should only use the written text logo as it is the simplest and mature looking which will fit well with their rebrand and will be most appealing to a new and older target market.

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11.4 Products Their new range of products should include homeware items, and expand on the candles, fragrances and blankets that the brand currently sell. They should sell products such as home décor, vases, cushions and photo frames etc. They should include product ranges centred around their original theme when the brand was first established which was outdoor activities and sports. Therefore, they could sell products that include scenes of the outdoors like mountains and woodland and they could incorporate items such as sailing oars and American flags into their products as they are an American brand. (“Abercrombie”, 2019)

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11.5 Social Media

Ins Ex tagra clu siv m e!

Win!

Competition!

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Abercrombie and Fitch need to reimagine their social media platforms to receive more engagement as for example, their Instagram has over 3 million followers, yet their posts never get anywhere near 100,000 likes.

They reupload the same posts with the same photos and captions across their Instagram, Twitter and Facebook and so they could diversify their different online accounts to have specific content on specific social media outlets to make consumers online experience with the brand more personal. They could also introduce features such as online competitions to rouse more interest for the brand and purchases. (“Abercrombie & Fitch (@abercrombie) • Instagram photos and videos”, 2019) (“Abercrombie & Fitch (@Abercrombie) on Twitter”, 2019) (“Abercrombie & Fitch”, 2019)

11.6 Location

As Abercrombie and Fitch pride themselves on having a strong brand heritage and focus on being an America based brand, they could leave their international markets by closing their stores in other countries and only have physical stores in America. The majority of their stores are in America anyway and solely operating stores in America will bring an exclusiveness to the brand which could potentially make them more desirable. (“Abercrombie & Fitch Co. | Profile | eMarketer Retail”, 2019)

870 stores worldwide 283 A&F and Abercrombie kids stores and 396 Hollister stores in the US 47 A&F and Abercrombie kids stores and 144 Hollister stores internationally

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11.7 Stores Abercrombie and Fitch should redesign their stores by removing their dark interior that they are notorious for that have left the stores with a reputation that they are intimidating to enter. (Paxman, 2011) They should brighten the interior for a cleaner and mature look and remove their infamous spotlights to make viewing products easier which will appeal to the new and older target market that has been recommended. The front of the stores should be more open with window displays showcasing products that they have on offer in-store to increase interest and footfall. To continue their theme of the outdoors and adventure Abercrombie could incorporate this into their stores by including theming of, for example, beach huts, surfboards, sails and oars.(“Abercrombie”, 2019)

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11.8 Promotion

Currently the only Abercrombie and Fitch promotion is online through their social media accounts promoting their products on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook posts, and online adverts that also appear on Facebook and Instagram. To get their name and brand to be even more known, especially with a rebrand, Abercrombie and Fitch should explore television advertising and outdoor advertising such as billboards and posters of their website to create more interest and open themselves up to potentially older consumers who most likely wouldn’t see online adverts. (“Abercrombie & Fitch (@abercrombie) • Instagram photos and videos”, 2019) (“Abercrombie & Fitch (@Abercrombie) on Twitter”, 2019) (“Abercrombie & Fitch”, 2019)

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11.9 Collaborations As Abercrombie and Fitch reintroduce themselves as a homeware and lifestyle brand, they could couple their relaunch with collaborations with influencers and celebrities to help with interest and popularity.

For example, they could collaborate or make specific collections/product lines with lifestyle influencers such as youtubers like Niomi Smart and Ingrid Nelson to appeal to the younger side of their target market. For the older side of their target market they could work with lifestyle celebrities such as Chrissy Teigen.

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12. References ${Instrument_CompanyName} ${Instrument_Ric} Company Profile | Reuters.com. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile/URBN.O Abercrombie & Fitch (@abercrombie) • Instagram photos and videos. (2019). Retrieved from https:// www.instagram.com/abercrombie/?hl=en Abercrombie & Fitch (@Abercrombie) on Twitter. (2019). Retrieved from https://twitter.com/Abercrombie?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Abercrombie & Fitch Co. | Profile | eMarketer Retail. (2019). Retrieved from https://retail-index. emarketer.com/company/5374f24a4d4afd2bb444657d/abercrombie-fitch-co/ Abercrombie & Fitch. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/abercrombieofficial/ Abercrombie. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.abercrombie.co.uk/shop/uk?&cmp=PDS:ANF_ UK_GGL_BRD_General-Brand&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIw5Xd3-TC4AIVjZXtCh2LmQU5EAAYASAAEgKR9PD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds Cwy, C. (2016). The White Company marketing proposal. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/coeycwy/ docs/final_e036b70dd00333 Garner, S. (2018). ABERCROMBIE & FITCH RELEASES NEW DENIM CAMPAIGN. Retrieved from https://mr-mag.com/abercrombie-fitch-releases-new-denim-campaign/ Hollister Co. (2019). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollister_Co. Levinson, S. (2013). Abercrombie & Fitch CEO Explains Why He Hates Fat Chicks. Retrieved from https://www.elitedaily.com/news/world/abercrombie-fitch-ceo-explains-why-he-hates-fat-chicks Mantor, C. (2018). Hollister signs Khalid and Noah Cyrus for campaign. Retrieved from https:// uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Hollister-signs-Khalid-and-Noah-Cyrus-for-campaign,997722.html#.

XDOsM_Z2vug Paxman, L. (2011). ‘I can’t see the sizes, I can’t see the prices... I can’t see the point’: Why DO teen clothing chains insist we shop in the dark?. Retrieved from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2054591/Abercrombie-Hollister-Why-teen-chains-shoppers-dark.html Temin, D. (2013). How A CEO Can Wreck A Brand In One Interview: Lessons From Abercrombie & Fitch Vs. Dove. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviatemin/2013/05/13/abercrombie-and-fitch-v-dove-or-how-a-ceo-can-wreck-a-brand-in-1-interview-7-years-ago/#4c9ee9473a0b US Muslim wins hijab case against Abercrombie & Fitch. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/rules-clothing-label-discrimination-case-150601141831931.html Wahba, P. (2017). http://fortune.com. Retrieved from http://fortune.com/2017/08/25/abercrombie-fitch-fitting-room/

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13. Bibliography Abercrombie & Fitch Co. PESTEL / PEST & Environment Analysis[Strategy]. Retrieved from http:// fernfortuniversity.com/term-papers/pestel/nyse4/2558-abercrombie---fitch-co-.php Abercrombie & Fitch Competitors and Alternatives | Craft.co. Retrieved from https://craft.co/abercrombie-fitch/competitors Abercrombie & Fitch (@abercrombie) • Instagram photos and videos. (2019). Retrieved from https:// www.instagram.com/abercrombie/?hl=en Abercrombie & Fitch (@Abercrombie) on Twitter. (2019). Retrieved from https://twitter.com/Abercrombie?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Abercrombie & Fitch Co. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/anf/ financials Abercrombie & Fitch Competitors and Alternatives | Craft.co. Retrieved from https://craft.co/abercrombie-fitch/competitors Abercrombie & Fitch Co. | Profile | eMarketer Retail. Retrieved from https://retail-index.emarketer. com/company/5374f24a4d4afd2bb444657d/abercrombie-fitch-co/ Abercrombie & Fitch Co. | Profile | eMarketer Retail. Retrieved from https://retail-index.emarketer. com/company/5374f24a4d4afd2bb444657d/abercrombie-fitch-co/ Abercrombie and Fitch Launch, Santa Monica, CA. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/ rainforestactionnetwork/sets/72157665337863415/ Abercrombie. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.abercrombie.co.uk/shop/uk?&cmp=PDS:ANF_ UK_GGL_BRD_General-Brand&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIw5Xd3-TC4AIVjZXtCh2LmQU5EAAYASAAEgKR9PD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds Annual report. (2018). Retrieved from https://corporate.marksandspencer.com/annual-report-2018/ mands_annualreport_2018.pdf Annual reports. (1999). Retrieved from http://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReportArchive/a/NYSE_ANF_1999.pdf Are Workers Dying For Sandblasted Abercrombie Jeans?. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=m7Y80a6f4ls Barrie, L. (2015). UPDATE: Sandblasting scandal in Chinese jeans factories. Retrieved from https:// www.just-style.com/news/sandblasting-scandal-in-chinese-jeans-factories_id124655.aspx Bhasin, H. (2018). Marketing strategy of Abercrombie and Fitch - A&F Marketing. Retrieved from https://www.marketing91.com/marketing-strategy-abercrombie-fitch/

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Bhasin, H. (2018). SWOT analysis of Abercrombie and Fitch - A&F SWOT analysis. Retrieved from https://www.marketing91.com/swot-analysis-abercrombie-fitch/ Brooke, E. (2015). Abercrombie & Fitch Is Getting Rid of Its Shirtless Store Models. Retrieved from https://fashionista.com/2015/04/abercrombie-fitch-shirtless-models Consumer questions - Abercrombie and Fitch Survey. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk/r/XMHQLGM?fbclid=IwAR3dmlEQf-MI0zj2ivSNddoIaj81Oqb5y4Byy08YKZc-T3cYDVGUb1DY5Fc Cwy, C. (2016). The White Company marketing proposal. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/coeycwy/ docs/final_e036b70dd00333 Edmonds, L. (2018). Tube ad with topless man, 58, banned ‘for objectifying’ the model who features in it. Retrieved from https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/tube-ad-with-topless-man-58-bannedfor-objectifying-the-model-who-features-in-it-a4017451.html Fagan, C. (2013). 23 Confessions Of A Former Abercrombie And Fitch Employee. Retrieved from https://thoughtcatalog.com/chelsea-fagan/2013/11/23-confessions-of-a-former-abercrombie-and-fitch-employee/ Farfan, B. (2018). Controversial Quotes from Mike Jeffries, former Abercrombie CEO. Retrieved from https://www.thebalancesmb.com/quotes-from-mike-jeffries-abercrombie-and-fitch-ceo-2892142 Garner, S. (2018). ABERCROMBIE & FITCH RELEASES NEW DENIM CAMPAIGN. Retrieved from https://mr-mag.com/abercrombie-fitch-releases-new-denim-campaign/ Greenhouse, S. (2004). Abercrombie & Fitch Bias Case Is Settled. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/17/us/abercrombie-fitch-bias-case-is-settled.html H&M group | Materials. Retrieved from http://about.hm.com/en/sustainability/sustainable-fashion/materials.html Hollister and sustainability: E-label | Buy sustainable brands. (2017). Retrieved from https://rankabrand.org/sustainable-denim-jeans/Hollister Hollister Co. (2019). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollister_Co. Investor.urbn. (2018). Retrieved from http://investor.urbn.com/static-files/1f4569a2-5803-4d54-93407d320824bdae Jensen, E. (2017). Abercrombie & Fitch adopts an environmentally sustainable policy on fabric sourcing. Retrieved from https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Abercrombie-Fitch-adopts-an-environmentally-sustainable-policy-on-fabric-sourcing,868940.html#.XBJj5PZ2uP8

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John Lewis Partnership - Annual reports. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.johnlewispartnership. co.uk/financials/financial-reports/annual-reports.html Key Impacts and Learnings. Retrieved from http://about.hm.com/en/sustainability/sustainable-fashion/wages/key-impacts-and-learnings.html Khawaja, M. (2015). If you are a Muslim and wear a headscarf, you cannot work for Abercrombie and Fitch. Retrieved from https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/26431/if-you-are-a-muslim-and-wear-aheadscarf-you-cannot-work-for-abercombie-and-fitch/ Levinson, S. (2013). Abercrombie & Fitch CEO Explains Why He Hates Fat Chicks. Retrieved from https://www.elitedaily.com/news/world/abercrombie-fitch-ceo-explains-why-he-hates-fat-chicks Lierley, E. (2016). Plagued By Scandal, Abercrombie & Fitch Announces Fourth Quarter Profits - Rainforest Action Network. Retrieved from https://www.ran.org/pressreleases/plagued_by_scandal_abercrombie_fitch_announces_fourth_quarter_profits/ Loveland, M. 14 Of The Weirdest Rules Abercrombie & Fitch Employees Have To Follow. Retrieved from https://www.ranker.com/list/weird-rules-for-abercrombie-employees/mariel-loveland Mantor, C. (2018). Hollister signs Khalid and Noah Cyrus for campaign. Retrieved from https:// uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Hollister-signs-Khalid-and-Noah-Cyrus-for-campaign,997722.html#.

XDOsM_Z2vug Mau, D. (2014). Abercrombie & Fitch Hires Tech Company to Help Regain Relevance. Retrieved from https://fashionista.com/2014/02/abercrombie-fitch-hires-tech-company-to-help-regain-relevance Mele, S. (2018). Hollister Debuts Special Collaboration With Khalid: See the Photos. Retrieved from https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8469818/hollister-announces-collaboration-with-khalid-details Newman, M. (2018). Khalid & Noah Cyrus On Being the New Faces for Hollister’s Back-to-School Campaign: Exclusive. Retrieved from https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/8465251/khalid-noah-cyrus-hollisters-back-to-school-campaign-interviews O’Keefe, B. (2013). Sign the Petition. Retrieved from https://www.change.org/p/abercrombie-fitchceo-mike-jeffries-stop-telling-teens-they-aren-t-beautiful-make-clothes-for-teens-of-all-sizes Our Story. Retrieved from https://www.urbn.com/our-brands/anthropologie/our-story Paxman, L. (2011). ‘I can’t see the sizes, I can’t see the prices... I can’t see the point’: Why DO teen clothing chains insist we shop in the dark?. Retrieved from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2054591/Abercrombie-Hollister-Why-teen-chains-shoppers-dark.html Practice, A. (2017). New rule to ban harmful gender stereotypes next year. Retrieved from https:// www.asa.org.uk/news/new-rule-to-ban-harmful-gender-stereotypes-next-year.html?

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Product Sustainability | Gap Sustainability. Retrieved from https://www.gapincsustainability.com/ product/product-sustainability Retrieved from http://corporate.abercrombie.com/our-company/about-us/company-history Retrieved from http://corporate.abercrombie.com/af-cares/diversity/our-initiatives Riley, J. Product Life Cycle | tutor2u Business. Retrieved from https://www.tutor2u.net/business/reference/product-life-cycle Robertson, L. (2017). How Ethical Is Gap?. Retrieved from https://goodonyou.eco/how-ethical-isgap/ Robertson, L. (2018). How Ethical Is H&M?. Retrieved from https://goodonyou.eco/how-ethical-ishm/ Sozzi, B. (2018). Abercrombie & Fitch CEO Reveals to TheStreet How She Is Turning Company Around. Retrieved from https://www.thestreet.com/video/abercrombie-fitch-ceo-talks-to-thestreet-14568654 Sozzi, B. (2018). Abercrombie & Fitch Proves Mall Retailers Can Survive in Age of Amazon. Retrieved from https://www.thestreet.com/video/abercrombie-fitch-proves-you-can-survive-in-age-ofamazon-14570959 Temin, D. (2013). How A CEO Can Wreck A Brand In One Interview: Lessons From Abercrombie & Fitch Vs. Dove. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviatemin/2013/05/13/abercrombie-and-fitch-v-dove-or-how-a-ceo-can-wreck-a-brand-in-1-interview-7-years-ago/#4c9ee9473a0b Tsirulnik, G. Abercrombie & Fitch enters mobile commerce | Retail Dive. Retrieved from https:// www.retaildive.com/ex/mobilecommercedaily/abercrombie-fitch-adds-additional-sales-channels-with-mobile-commerce-offerings US Muslim wins hijab case against Abercrombie & Fitch. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/rules-clothing-label-discrimination-case-150601141831931.html Van Looveren, Y. (2016). Abercrombie & Fitch cleans house on social media. Retrieved from https:// www.retaildetail.eu/en/news/fashion/abercrombie-fitch-cleans-house-social-media Wahba, P. (2017). http://fortune.com. Retrieved from http://fortune.com/2017/08/25/abercrombie-fitch-fitting-room/ Why are people making fun of shopping at Abercrombie and Hollister? : OutOfTheLoop. (2018).

Retrieved from https://www.reddit.com/r/OutOfTheLoop/comments/8erxg5/why_are_people_making_fun_of_shopping_at/

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China: Denim Blues | 101 East. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFC5Kv3KSU4 ${Instrument_CompanyName} ${Instrument_Ric} Company Profile | Reuters.com. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile/URBN.O

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14. Appendix 14.1 Survey Monkey Questionnaire Results:

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14.2 Instagram Survey Results: Have you shopped at Abercrombie and Fitch before?

26% Yes 74% No Do you shop at Abercrombie and Fitch now?

100% Do you think Abercrombie and Fitch have a good reputation?

43% Yes 57% No Do you think Abercrombie and Fitch are relevant in fashion today?

28% Yes 72% No

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Do you think Abercrombie and Fitch products are fairly priced or overpriced?

16% Fairly Priced 84% Overpriced Do you think Abercrombie and Fitch products are good quality?

77% Yes 23% No What words would you use to describe Abercrombie and Fitch?

Good

Bad

Stylish

High-end

Extremley conroversial

Well designed

Plain

Outdated

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