KVPT’s Earthquake Response Campaign 2015-2023

PATAN DARBAR EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE CAMPAIGN AT

PATAN DARBAR SQUARE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

PREPARED IN SUPPORT OF KVPT'S FALL 2017 FUNDING APPEAL

Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust: Earthquake Response Campaign Donors November 1, 2017 Donors for each project are listed alphabetically.

Patan Darbar Square World Heritage Site Patan Darbar Earthquake Response Campaign Gifts of $10,000 and above

Michael F. Doyle Marvel Studios Dr. Strange Nepal Investment Bank, Pvt. Ltd. Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage Rubin-Ladd Foundation May & Samuel Rudin Family Foundation Nick Simons Foundation Yogeshwar Amatya Pratima & Prithivi Bahadur Pande Sophia L. Pande Patan Municipality Prabhakar S.J.B. Rana Siddartha S.J.B. Rana Mary S. Slusserâ€

Patan Royal Palace: North Taleju Temple Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development Sumitomo Foundation Patan Royal Palace: South Taleju Temple U.S. Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development Patan Royal Palace: Bahadur Shah and Mul Cok U.S. Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation

Seismic Study and Design Project Acheson Doyle Partners Architects Neil Kreitman Foundation Monimos Foundation Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development Ivan Zimmerman Char Narayana Temple Bonhams, New York The Embassy of Japan in Nepal John Eskenazi and Fausta Eskenazi Gerda Henkel Foundation Nepal Investment Bank, Pvt. Ltd. Manju & Jharendra S.J.B. Rana South Asia Institute, Heidelberg University US Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation World Monuments Fund through support from American Express

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Patan Royal Palace: Sundari Cok Wing Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Federal Republic of Germany

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Manimandapa South Pavilion Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Federal Republic of Germany Mangal Tol Sudhar Sangh The Embassy of Japan in Nepal Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development South Asia Institute (SAI), Heidelberg Manimandapa North Pavilion Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Federal Republic of Germany The Embassy of Japan in Nepal Himal Initiative Deutschland Vishveshvara Temple British Embassy, Kathmandu Global Heritage Fund The Embassy of Japan in Nepal Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development Nepal Investment Bank, Pvt. Ltd.

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Krishna Temple Gerda Henkel Foundation The Embassy of Japan in Nepal Pratima and Prithivi Bahadur Pande University of Applied Arts, Vienna Harishankara Temple Gerda Henkel Foundation University of Applied Arts, Vienna Bhimsen Lion Pillar University of Applied Arts, Vienna Yognarendra Malla Pillar University of Applied Arts, Vienna Sulima Agachhe & Temple Prince Claus Fund for Culture and Development Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage (Riksantikvaren) S. Handaka Sulima Guthi Himalayan Consensus

Kathmandu Darbar Square World Heritage Site Kageswor Mahadev Temple, Mahadev North Temple, Laxmi Narayan Temple and Saraswoti Temple U.S. Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation Itum Baha Monastery Oriental Cultural Heritage Sites Protection Alliance Kazi Travels Itum Baha Guthi

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Additional Gifts to KVPT Earthquake Response Campaign Gifts of $1,000 to $10,000

Ian Alsop A. Peter Burleigh Leslie Buckland Jean Callanan Cathryn Collins Inger Elliot, IME-Ltd. Maike Fiedler Christopher and Enkhe Giercke Leslie Gruss & Brenda Gruss Michael Haggiag Stephen Henderson and James Laforce Nancy Mannes Thomas Murray Stephanie Odegard Dr. Pratapaditya Pal Siddhanth Raj Pandey Rajesh and Neeva Pradhan on behalf of The Daya Foundation Reed Foundation Susannah Robinson Cynthia Rosenfeld The Rothschild Foundation Paul L. Saurel Laurent & Domonique Solomon Wilderness Travel Betty Woodsend The WRG Foundation Ivan Zimmerman Other Gifts

Steffani Aarons Marie Albano-Yanick Bianchi Bonomi Ambrogio Joseph Appel

Lillian Ball Monica Balanescu Alastair Barclay Elizabeth A. Barnes Helen Beekman Benjamin Bridge Michael Budliger Anna Callahan Michelle Cardulla Justin Castells Peggy Chen Chien Huang Chiu Timothy Ciccone Jean-Francois Cloutier Dalia Cohen Jacques & Emy Cohenca Foundation Susan Collette Marcus Cotton Dana Boocock Crowell Stanislaw and Ingrid Czuma Mary F. Daniels Bridgit Dengel Allison Devore Maneet Dhungel Dominique Durand-Goldberg Ruth Eisenberg Nancy Eder Charles M. Flammer John G. Ford Lisa Gabor Alexander Gardner Reena Gauchan Siddhartha Gopalan Neil Greentree Jill Greenwald Grimshaw Architects P.C.

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Madeleine Hall-Arber Sharmila Hamilton Jennifer G. Han Suzanne Harrison Thompson Haskins F. Michael Hemmer Martha Henson Adria Hillman Steph Herron Meghan Howard Ken Inadomi Gerard Ives Negar Jafari William Jenkins Helen Jessup Adrienne Johns Jennifer Johnston Sashin Joshi Sarojani Joshi David Juracich Sujita Kapali Wendy King Elizabeth Knight Yen Lin Kong Robert Krueger Jerry Laufer Arthur Leeper Rebecca Lim Timothy Lubin Joshua MacCluer Ubin Malla Patricia Matthews Connie McCabe Patricia McCobb Kristin McDonald Sophie McKinnon

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Leora Mirvish Ryan Moroney Alexandra Moskovitz Sophie Moutter Amy Neiman Elizabeth Newman Asuka Newton Rene Clausen Nielsen Megan Noh Jeff Norris Susan Ollemans Michael Pearson Bodil Pedersen Hope Pingree Lana Radivojevic Gus Ramirez Lee Raye Kimberly Rhodes Jessica and Isaac Riddiford Ricki Roer Benjamin Sack Mary Ann Sack David Sassoon Dan Scheffey Kamana Shrestha Monita Rajbanshi and Smit Shrestha Tim Sinclair Ruth L. Siteman Pradeepa Sivasanthiran J.S. Soifer Andrew W. Solomon Avril Somlyo Scott Sorrell Krishna Swamy Rupa and Anil Jung Thapa

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Nikolaus Trede Joost van den Bergh Catherine Vincx Mio Wakita Trent Walker Gerri Ward Denise Warfield David Wells Julia White Gillian Wilkinson Helga Wittrien & Greg Porter Henry Wrigley on behalf of the Madan and Rupesh Foundation Laura Wyckoff Barbara Zeller Sharon Zelonish Morgan Ziegenhorn Natalya Zeman and 19 Anonymous Friends †deceased

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Introduction

Earthquake Response

The Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust (KVPT) was founded in 1991 with the mission to safeguard the extraordinary and threatened architectural heritage of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The negative impact of today’s development pressures poses a threat not only to individual monuments but to the future of public space and urban life in the valley at large.

On April 25, 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck central Nepal, leaving widespread destruction in its wake. Its impact on the Kathmandu Valley was devastating, particularly to the built heritage of the urban centers of Kathmandu, Patan, Bhaktapur, Sanku, Bungmati, Khokana, and other historic settlements. It also diminished the Valley’s wider cultural heritage, with damages deeply felt in the three town squares of Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur - World Heritage Sites fabled for their unique mandirs (temples), frescos and historic houses. A large number of monuments collapsed; it is estimated that more than 50 major monuments were totally destroyed, in addition to hundreds of private houses, shrines, and monasteries in the Kathmandu Valley alone.

Over the past two decades, KVPT has saved over 55 historic buildings including mandirs (temples), step-wells, monasteries, palaces, and homes, and has launched three major campaigns for preservation on an urban scale. KVPT collaborates with community groups, local and international specialists, educational institutions, and the Department of Archaeology of the Government of Nepal. The KVPT office in Patan Darbar Square has become a resource center for historic architecture and urbanism in Nepal, and our team initiates and supports historical research and technical training programs.

KVPT Mission Objectives • • • • •

Safeguard the built heritage of the Kathmandu Valley Support local craftspeople, builders, and traditional artistic guilds on site Enable international collaboration to advance the field of preservation practice in Nepal Develop seismic improvement techniques for local building types Maintain an archive of architectural research and documentation

The Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust and the Nepal Department of Archaeology coordinated security and cleanup efforts in Patan Durbar Square immediately after the earthquake with Mangal Tole Sudhar Sangha, Patan Museum, local stakeholders and local residents. Remnants of the fallen monuments in the Patan Durbar Square were secured with the help of hundreds of volunteers, local stakeholders, the Nepal Army, the Armed Police Force, and Nepal Police. All valuable historic building components were secured during the first ten days after the earthquake and stored in the Keshav Narayan Chowk, Patan Museum courtyard where they were identified and sorted. Among these thousands of rescued pieces are many intricately carved wooden elements from the ancient pavilions and the tiered temples that collapsed in the square. Once the storage sheds and carving workshops were established in the Bhandarkhal palace gardens, the pieces were stored and documented, and now they are being repaired.

It is this rescue process that allows us an authentic restoration. Likewise, it is the extent of rebuilding that allows greater seismic improvements, including the all-important unification of foundations.

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KVPT: Earthquake Response Campaign 2

Earthquake Response Campaign Donors

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KVPT's Mission Patan Darbar and the Earthquake Response Rescue and Storage of Historic Elements

Patan Darbar World Heritage Site Projects 12 Char Narayan Temple 20 Harishankara Temple 28 Manimandapa North Pavilion 28 Manimandapa South Pavilion 36 Krishna Temple 44 Vishveshvara Temple 50 Patan Royal Palace Sundari Chowk 56 Patan Royal Palace North Taleju Temple 56 Patan Royal Palace South Taleju Temple 62 Bahadur Shah Palace 65 Court Building 66 King Yognarendra Statue 70 Bhimsen Lion Pillar 72 Sulima Agamchhe Temple 75 Sulima Mahadev Temple Kathmandu Darbar World Heritage Site Projects 78 Kageswor Mahadev Temple 84 Laxmi Narayan Temple 88 Mahadev Temples 92 Saraswoti Temple 94 Itum Baha Monastery 100

KVPT Board of Directors

KV P T ’S PAT AN DARBAR EA RT H QUAK E RESP ONSE C A MPAIGN 2 0 1 5-2023

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KVPT Campaign is uniquely successful in Nepal, having evolved from timely rescue and storage operations to some 20+ restoration/rebuilding projects to recapture and preserve the Patan Darbar. This multiyear comprehensive plan has attracted donors and expertise from around the globe. Present Phase II work focuses on five of Nepal’s most significant monuments, incorporating thousands of historic elements rescued after the quake.

This Phase is energized by a generous Challenge Grant by Prithivi B. Pande, Pratima Pande, and Nepal Investment Bank Pvt. Ltd., an important example of private philanthropy for Nepal and the region. This Challenge Grant, matching all local contributions over the next 5 years, is effectively doubling Nepalese gifts to the ten major projects of Phase II.

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1. Manimandapa Pati South 2. Manimandapa Pati North 3. Muchhe Agamchhe 4. Visveshvara Mandir 5. Patan Palace - North Taleju 6. Harishankara Mandir 7. Char Narayan Mandir 8. Krishna Mandir 9. Patan Palace - rear courtyards 10. Night Lighting of Darbar

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In Progress, with KVPT Technical Support 16. Bhai Degah Lost in 1934 quake 17. Tripura Sundari Mandir Partially collapsed 18. Patukva Ganesh Mandir Partially collapsed

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PHASE II - 2017-2021

Partially collapsed Partially collapsed Collapsed Collapsed Collapsed

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PHASE I - Completed by KVPT, Sept. 2017 Bahadur Shah Palace Patan Palace - South Taleju Sundari Chowk East Wing King Yognarendra Statue Bhimsen Lion Pillar

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PHASE III - Under Development for 2019-2023 Collapsed Collapsed Collapsed Structurally weakened Partially collapsed Collapsed Collapsed Structurally weakened Lost in 1934 quake

19. Degu Taleju Temple 20. Court Building 21. Taleju Bell 22. Bhimsen Mandir 23. Lakhe Agamchhe

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Structurally weakened Structurally weakened Structurally weakened Structurally weakened Collapsed

Agamchhe = private family esoteric shrine Degah = temple Mandap = pavilion Mandir = temple Pati = resthouse C A M PA I G N

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Patan Darbar Square

Top: Before earthquake, looking South. Photo: 2013.

Bottom: After earthquake. Photo: Hari Maharjan. Apr. 27, 2015.

Opposite page: Top left: Immediately after the earthquake, local people rush to save the important elements (mainly gilded pinnacles, King Yognarendra and Queen's statues).

And they were transfered to Keshav Narayan Chowk for safety.

Photo: Suresh Lakhe. Apr. 25, 2015. Top right: Nepal Army and Police volunteers separating timber and bricks to sort out usable materials. Bottom left: All the carved elements of the Manimandapa Patis, Char Narayan Mandir and Harishankara Mandir were carried from destroyed site and kept at Patan Museum courtyard, Keshav Narayan Chowk for security, coordinated by KVPT and DoA. Bottom right: Unusable debris was collected for transport to a dumping site after reusable bricks were stacked behind Harishankara plinth. Photos: Apr. 30 & May 01, 2015.

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Left: Carved elements of damaged monuments in the storeroom.

The elements are in the process of repair, replication of lost parts and reassembly. Top right: The pieces of a salvaged tympanum of Char Narayan Mandir arranged to form a complete set. It is yet to be repaired and reassembled. Photos: Jun. 2015. Bottom right: The salvaged window assemblies, tympana, cornices and other carved timber elements stored in the newly built zinc sheet shed. Photo: Jul. 10, 2016.

Opposite page: Top left & right: Later, the carved elements were sorted, assembled and stored separately by monument from the pile of wooden carved elements, rescued from the collapsed monuments.

Bottom left: Non-historical paint is being cleaned from roof struts with plain water and caustic soda. Bottom right: All carved wooden elements were stored by separating elements by individual monuments. Photos: Apr. 29, 30, May 28, & Jun. 30, 2015.

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Char Narayan Mandir 1566, Patan Darbar Square.

Char Narayan Mandir

Before earthquake. Photo: 2013.

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Char Narayan Mandir

After the earthquake. Photo: Apr. 27, 2015.

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Char Narayan Mandir

The restored northern portal. All damaged parts replaced by new carvings are marked in yellow. Photo: Ashesh Rajbansh. Mar. 14, 2017.

Char Narayan Mandir

The restored southern portal. All damaged parts replaced by new carvings are marked in yellow. Photo: Ashesh Rajbansh. Mar. 14, 2017.

Char Narayan Mandir

Bottom left: Stone mason drilling on both the pieces of the broken western threshold stone for inserting stainless steel rod for reinforcement. Adelite mixed with stone dust was applied at the joints as adhesive. Photo: Jan 05, 2017.

Bottom right: Carpenters checking the south threshold stone to decide the positions and sizes of the mortise based on the tenon of various timber elements of the southern tripartite portal. Space between the sanctum and the thresholds on all sides is filled with properly laid brickwork in mud mortar. Photo: Dec. 07, 2016.

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Char Narayan Mandir

Top left: Repair and reinforcement of metha split in two pieces. Two sections were joined with tapered timber section to hold both pieces, tied with bamboo pins. It is always preferable to use as many traditionally used techniques as possible, or whatever craftsmen prefer, if structurally sound. Top middle: Half of a damaged beam end with animal head was replaced with new section to complete the carved portion. Photo: Jun. 2016. Top right: Repair and replacement of damaged door frame sections from the inner sanctum wall. Photo: Jan. 2016.

Char Narayan Mandir

Left: Damaged section of external door frame. Carvings were replicated based on remaining sections. Photo: Jun. 2016. Middle: Photo of north tripartite portal showing the restored innermost frame with trefoil arch, inner frame supported by secondary colonnettes (toranthan) and primary inner jambs (mubaha) supporting the secondary lintel (mutagah). Photo: Mar 02, 2017. Right: Detail showing carved deities on the projecting middle block of the east tripartite portal's stepped roof moulding's upper two layers. Photo: Dec. 2016.

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Char Narayan Mandir

Top: Western buttress walls. Neither of the western buttress walls are connected properly to the plinth walls and are not built up from the same base level as the plinth.

Most of the buttress walls are settling in the center, as they were built on rubble infill.

Photos: Dec. 23, 2016 & Jan. 05, 2017. Bottom: Northwest corner. The foundation walls were found to be deep, but no buttress walls were found between the inner and outer main walls of the temple. All the infill rubble was carefully removed without disturbing existing historic foundation walls, and was dug down to base of the walls (refer to foundation section). After locating the base of the foundations, the gaps were filled with brick (ma-apa) in mud mortar as a strengthening and unification measure for the foundation. Photos: Sep. 25 & Oct. 21, 2016.

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Char Narayan Mandir

Top left: Masons laying the brick (ma-apa) in mud mortar in the sanctum area. Top right: Laborers carefully removing the cement pointing (most probably applied in previous repair) from the floor tiles on the lower plinth. View of the site seen from Krishna Mandir showing the newly laid brickwork around the sanctum and the ongoing excavation at the lower plinth. Photo: Dec. 14, 2016.

Bottom right: After installation of door portals, rebuilding commenced on the two pedestals for the guardian lions flanking the stone steps on the east side using original bricks and yellow mud mortar. Photo: Jun. 28, 2017 K AT H M A N D U

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Char Narayan Mandir

Top left: Rebuilding of sanctum wall with traditionally used ma-apa in yellow mud mortar.

Photo: Aug. 17, 2017.

Bottom left: Insatllation of North stone inner sanctum threshold and ensuring the level with the sprit level. Photo: Aug. 23, 2017. Right: Stone mason refining the mortise on North-West corner base stone before installation of corner column. Photo: Sep. 22, 2017.

Opposite page: Top left: Stone mason and carpenter installing main door jambof Eastern inner portal on top of the stone thershold. Photo: Sep. 07, 2017. Top right: Inner column, which will be burried inside the wall is being wrapped with copper sheets up to 4'6" to protect from moisture.

Bitumen paint is applied on whole cplumn before wrapping. Photo: Sep. 19, 2017. Bottom left and right: Insatllation of North-East inner corner column. Photo: Sep. 15, 2017.

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Harishankara Mandir 1706, Patan Darbar Square.

Harishankara Mandir

Before the earthquake. Photo: Stanislaw Klimek. 2008.

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Harishankara Mandir

After the earthquake. Photo: Apr. 27, 2015.

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Harishankara Mandir

Top: Temple plinth after the debris was cleared. Apr. 2016. Bottom left: Recovered Harishankara image that was broken in the middle and the face of small image on the left counterpart has chipped off. Photo: Apr. 27, 2015. Bottom middle: The two broken halfs and the face of the deity (that had chipped off) were joined using stainless steel dowels and epoxy. Photo: University of Applied Arts, Vienna. 2016. Bottom right: Image after restoration. Photo: Sep. 2015.

Right: West-East section and ground floor plan. Drawing was made based on exisiting plinth measurements, pre-earthquake photographs and rescued timber elements. Drawing: Nov. 2015.

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Harishankara Mandir

Restoration/repair of the six different elements (cvalamu, gah, kalasa, gah, avahsah and ghatakar) of the pinnacle (gajura) has been initiated. Photo: Aug. 24 & Sep. 10, 2016.

Harishankara Mandir

Woodcarvers repairing door brackets and one of the 20 ground floor tympana (toran). Damaged and missing sections are skillfully replaced with new timber and carving details replicated from broken fragments. Photo: Feb. 28 & Jul. 03, 2017.

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Harishankara Mandir

Top right: Stone carver working on the new pieces of plinth stones. Carving details are being replicated (based on original piece) on the new stone panels located in between the stone lion bases bearing the timber columns of the ambulatory. Eight out of the twenty pieces have to be replaced as the original pieces are either severely weathered or damaged beyond repair and some of them are replced with plain stones. Photo: Feb 19, 2017.

Harishankara Mandir

Top left: Excavation of the foundation was carried out on West side for inspection and preparing detailed plinth drawings. Plinth was covered with 1934 earthquake rubble and in the 1970s, a new wall was built on rubble.

Photo: Nov 22, 2016. Bottom left: If the complete plinth is to be exposed, part of the red building, currently housing a fabric shop, has to be dismantled.

Photo: Jan 24, 2017.

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Harishankara Mandir

Middle: Woodcarver replicating a column, which was damaged beyond repair. Photo: May 24, 2016. Bottom: A layer of assembled first floor level cornice after repair and retrofitting.

Photo: May 2016.

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Harishankara Mandir

Top Left: One of the four portals after reassembly. Photo: Feb. 28, 2017. Top Middle: Some lost sections were replaced with new carved elements to complete the door frame. Top Right: New carving of lost panels between lion heads and a newly carved small lion on the window sill. Photo: Dec. 08 & 11, 2016. Bottom: One of the newly carved door panels, which was already missing before the earthquake, was made new based on photographic evidence. i. Full scale drawing was made to affix to the wood piece to get right proportions. ii. After some elements were carved. iii. Rough shape of carving without details. iv. After completion. Photos: Jun. 2016.

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Harishankara Mandir

Top and bottom left: One of the tympanum before and after cleaning and restoration. Photo: June 11 and July 18, 2016. Top right: Stone threshold from South being removed in order to bring them in level and repair broken in middle from the earthquake. Photo: Aug. 24, 2017. Bottom right: Dismentling of base stone for pillars for leveling and cleaning. Photo: Aug. 25, 2017.

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Harishankara Mandir

Top right: Stone conservator from University of Applied Arts from Vienna cleaning the stone pieces located in between the stone bases bearing the timber columns of the ambulatory. Photo: Sep. 03, 2017. Bottom left: Installation of main door frame (Eastern portal) on stone threshold. Photo: Sep. 22, 2017. Bottom right: . Temple head priest perfroming "Lukha Puja", literarly meaning worship of the main entrance. Photo: Sep. 24, 2017.

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Manimandapa Patis

17th c., Patan Darbar Square

Manimandapa Patis

Before earthquake. Photo: Stanislaw Klimek. 2008.

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Manimandapa Patis

The community helping rescue people from under the rubble immediately after the devastating earthquake. Photo: Suresh Lakhe. Apr. 25, 2015.

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Manimandapa South

Left: Three of twelve outer columns after repair with the addition of missing and damaged sections. Repairs are specific to the damage on each column. Photo: Jan. 22, 2016. Top: Woodcarver adding carving details to the lower section of one of the four blind windows flanking the central windows on the east and the west side.

The same piece from Manimandapa South is used as model for the new piece.

Photo: Apr. 09, 2017. Bottom: Woodcarver working on a column replication to replace a fully damaged column. Photo: Dec. 2015. Right: Full-scale drawing made before replicating.

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Manimandapa South

Top: Woodcarver matching repaired pieces to historic after having repaired the historic carved cornices by replacing small, unusable damaged sections with new sections. Photos: Jun. 2016. Bottom: Carpenters and woodcarvers assembling one of the four large windows after damaged parts were replicated and repaired.

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Manimandapa North

Top: Woodcarver chopping out the damaged section of the column. Photo: May 24, 2016. Bottom: After joining a new piece with new tenon and stainless steel dowel to an existing column, a woodcarver is replicating the details of the existing carvings onto the newly added section, based on broken salvaged elements. Photo: Jun. 08, 2016.

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South and North Elevation (South Mani Mandap)

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East - West Section (South Mani Mandap)

Manimandapa South

Drawings were made after the earthquake based on site measurements, pre-earthquake photographs and rescued wooden elements.

Top left: East/West Elevation Top middle: North/South Elevation Top right: East - West Section Bottom middle: Ground Floor Plan Bottom right: Upper Wall Level Plan Drawing: Dec. 2016.

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After excavation of the existing plinth and foundations, it was discovered that there were base stones for the central core columns at a depth below the current grade level. These were likly the original column base levels in previous times, before the Square’s grade level was raised. A previous rebuild or restoration raised the column bases by approximately 90 cm, likely due to extensive wood rot found at deeper levels due to improper detailing. The proposed construction brings the post bases back down to a similar level and improves ventilation to resist wood rot.

Manimandapa South

Top: Excavation of the foundation was carried out up to 4 feet below the top brick layer at some places for inspection.

The entire foundation was found to be filled with poor quality bricks. Photo: Feb 26, 2017. Bottom: Ongoing paving of the foundation with brick in lime surkhi mortar. The northeast corner of the plinth which is also the south wall of the stone stair well leading to hiti is brought back to its original configuration on the basis of historic photographs. Photo: Apr. 07, 2017.

East-West Existing Condition Section

Manimandapa South February 2017

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Manimandapa South

Top left: Installing corner plinth stone (i-lohan) above nagol on plinth reusing historic pieces. Photo: Aug. 11, 2017. Top right: Cross walls being built in lime surkhi mortar as they normally effected by damp and water collected in the big rains. Photo Sep. 22, 2017. Bottom left: Base beams (laka si) assembled at Bhanadrakhal Garden before on site to check. Photo: Sep. 13, 2017. Bottom right: Installing timber cross beams. Photo: Oct. 27, 2017.

Opposite page:

Manimandapa North

Top left: New lower cross beams have been assembled at Bhandrakhal Garden. Photo Aug. 06, 2017. Top middle: All the columns are fit upside down on beam to check all of them are corresponding properly with the beams. Top right: Installation of plinth corner stone in lime surkhi mortar on South West corner. Photo: Sep. 04, 2017.

Middle left: Carpenters instlling beams and panel details above beam. Photo Sep. 10, 2017. Middle: Installtion of South West inner corner column, which supports wall plated on top. Photo: Sep. 13, 2017. Middle right: Installation of blind windows flanking central window parallely during was rebuilding. Photo Sep.20, 2017.

Bottom left: Installtion of lower wall plates with floor joist. Photo Aug. 18, 2017. Bottom middle: Immidietly after installation of main beams above the column. Aug. 30, 2017. Bottom right: Brick masonary built up to wall palte level in mud mortar. Photo Oct. 30, 2017.

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Krishna Mandir

1673, Patan Darbar Square

Krishna Mandir

Left: After the earthquake. On two lower levels, there is not much externally visible damage, but the upper Shiva levels have many structual problems. Photo: Jul. 2015.

Right: West-East section.

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Krishna Mandir - Shiva Level

Top left: North side stone arch lintel fell during April 25th earthquake. Top middle: Northwest corner column pushed out on the base stone, causing the corner to break off. The corner column is now missing 1/3 of its base. Top right: One of the southern columns ruptured from high bearing stresses.

Most of the lower portions of the columns have similar damage. Bottom left: The east side lintel has already displaced. Bottom middle: All the stones have been cleaned to check for visible cracks. The staircase that leads to the Shiva level was filled with bricks and yellow mud for shoring. Photos: May 2015 & Apr. 2016.

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West

Krishna Mandir

Top: The ritual worship of Kshyama puja, requesting blessings and forgiveness is being performed by several senior priests of the Temple.

Photo: Sep. 13, 2016. Left: All four side elevations from Shiva shrine level; gaps are rendered in black and surfaces of stone flanking off is shown in grey. Bottom left: Two steel channel sections were welded together to form a square section which were used as a vertical prop to support the stone beams. Bottom Middle: Cement pointing and cement patches (from earlier repair) were visible after the stones have been cleaned. Photo: Nov. 29, 2016. Bottom right: 5cm steel angle adjustable strapping around innermost sanctum (garbhagriha) at Shiva Temple level is installed.to protect from further bulge. Photo: Dec. 06, 2016.

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Krishna Mandir

Left: Adding fabric straps to the the south west corner before removing the corner piece. Right: The stone at the south west corner is being removed with the help of two chain pulleys and fabric straps. The piece which was out of plumb will be reinstalled and realigned after the severely damaged stone underneath is replaced with new stone.

Photos: Feb 26 & Mar 02, 2017.

Krishna Mandir

Left: Damaged corner threshold stone of innermost sanctum (garbhagriha) broken in several pieces from earthquake. Photo: Dec 26, 2016. Middle: The damaged original corner stone at Shiva level. Photo: Feb 14, 2017. Right: Stonecarver carefully taking out broken pieces. Each os stones are recorded and numbered. Photo: Nov. 23, 2016.

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Krishna Mandir

Preparing mortar mixture to produce mortar samples made with natural hydraulic lime. Six mortar testing samples were prepared with different mixes and binder proportions to observe the right color to best match the stones and also to test the compressive strength. The samples were allowed to sit and cure for 28 days in the KVPT office before testing their compressive strength. After 28 days, the mortars reach a value very close to their final compressive strength. Photo: Mar 23, 2017.

Krishna Mandir

Left: Stone carvers preparing new sandstones to replace the damaged pieces.

Right: Carving details being replicated on the new stone to replace the damaged piece at the corner below columns in the affected floor level.

Photos: Jan 24 & 27, 2017.

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Krishna Mandir

Above: A steel column (made of two joined steel channel sections) was added as temporary propping at the southwest corner after the corner elements were removed. Photo: Mar 02, 2017. Top middle: Temporary steel support was removed to insert newly carved base stone, carving design was based on broken fragments. Surface was cleaned properly before laid in mortar. May 21, 2017. Top right: The newly installed base stone. Photo: May 25, 2017.

Bottom middle: Stone corner column was reinstalled in its original location with the help of two chain pullies and tiedown straps. Bottom right: After corner column installation in lime surkhi mortar. Photos: May 30, 2017.

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Krishna Mandir

Top Left: Removing South-East corner column for replcing. Photo: Sep. 05, 2017. Top Right: Stainless steel rods have been used to stitch the cracks from earthquake on South-East corner after removing corner column and base stone. Bottom Left: Masons inserting column base stone on South-East corner. Photo: Sep. 08, 2017.

Bottom Right: Installation of 16mm stainless steel rod for vertical connection between the base stone and column. Photo: Sep. 11, 2017.

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Krishna Mandir

Top left: Central pinnacle have been removed for repair and cleaning.

South-East corner column for replacing. Pinnacle post was completely rotten. Photo: Sep. 05, 2017. Top middle: Stone base fixed with lime mortar (natural hydraulic lime) mortar. Metal craftsman adjusting the metal inner post for supporting the pinnacle. Top right: Cleaning of Metal objects by Austrian experts. Photo: University of Applied Arts, Vienna.

Bottom: Installation of central pinnacle on East facade after cleaning and repair. Photo: Sep. 20, 2017.

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Vishveshvara Mandir 1627, Patan Darbar Square

Vishveshvara Mandir

Left: Before the earthquake. Photo: Stanislaw Klimek. 2008.

Opposite page: Top left: This Mandir experienced substantial structural damage from the devastating earthquake of 25 Apr. 2015, mainly on the ground floor level. Temporary timber supports were introduced to support the structure. Bottom Left: West facade, South corner. The ground floor walls on all sides experienced brick blowout. Right: The Southeast corner suffered the worst damage, with the corner timber column pushed out in both directions, and the basestone crushed from altered loads. Photos: May, 2015.

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Vishveshvara Mandir

Left: The base of the sanctum wall's northwest corner inner column was severely rotten from damp rising from the ground, even though the plinth was quite high. Photo: Feb 02, 2017. Middle: The northwest outer column is being realigned vertically. Photo: Mar. 07, 2017. Right: Northwest corner inner column after replacing the rotten section with a new section. Waterproof paint was applied before installtion. Photo: Jun. 26, 2017.

Vishveshvara Mandir

Left & middle: Northwest corner between the upper plinth and lower plinth. There were no existing buttress walls most locations, and even the main walls were observed to be improperly built. The outer wythe of the upper level of the masonry wall is hanging with no proper bearing condition and the corner masonry is poorly built. Photo: Mar 07, 2017. Right: Infilling with brick masonry in mud mortar along the south lower plinth. Photo: Mar. 19, 2017 46

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Vishveshvara Mandir

Left: Additional shoring is being added along first floor West wall of sanctum to better diagnose issue on the rotten beam. Photo: Apr. 05, 2017.

Right: All bricks on Northeast corner of North facade are numbered before the wall is dismantled. Photo: June 20, 2017.

Vishveshvara Mandir

Left: Woodcarver shaping the details based on drawing glued on the wood surface. Photo: Feb. 23, 2017. Middle: Adding carving details to the newly made side bracket based on an old photograph and a salvaged element. Photo: Apr. 06, 2017. Right: Stonecarver working on newly carved Mahalakshmi deity statue based on a photo of the West facade. Photo: Jun. 05, 2016.

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Vishveshvara Mandir

Top left and middle: South-East corner outer carved column found badly rotten from inside, which was removed. Photo: Aug. 04, 2017. Top right: New piece is prepared to replace rotten sections with 20 mm stainless steel dowel as reinforcement between new and old. Photo: Aug 22, 2017. Bottom left: Corner base stone was completely destroyed from earthquake and column moved outwards about 5". Photo: May. 31, 2015. Bottom middle and right: View of top and bottom of the column during installtion on top of stone column base. Existing stone base was repaired and glued together for reuse historic elements. Photo: Aug. 23, 2017.

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Vishveshvara Mandir

Top left: Before the 2015 earthquake. Photo: Jul. 03, 2012. Top middle: South wall after the earthquake.

Photo: May 15, 2015. Top right: Same wall during rebuilding using historic carved wooden elements after repair. Most of the bricks were also salvaged to reuse. Photo: Sep. 07, 2017. Bottom left: Carpenters replacing damaged joists from wet rot and broken above sanctum room. Photo: Aug. 29, 2017. Bottom right: Mason rebuilding brick masonary in mud mortar after danaged joists have been replaced with new. Photo: Sep. 17, 2017.

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Sundari Chowk, East Wing 1647., Patan Darbar Square.

Sundari Chowk East Wing courtyard facade

Courtyard facade facing West before earthquake. Photo: Stanislaw Klimek. 2008.

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Sundari Chowk East Wing courtyard facade After the earthquake. Photo: Apr. 27, 2015.

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Sundari Chowk East Wing

Top left: Carpenters making lattice panels for the balcony gallery. Photo: Sep. 11, 2016. Top middle: Carpenter step-by-step installing the base timber (lakan si), pillar, capital (meth) and ridge beam over the joist of attic level for rebuilding the roof. Photo: Jun. 15, 2016.

Sundari Chowk West Wing

Sundari Chowk North Wing

Top & Bottom: West Wing. The restored ivory window with Left: Mud plaster being applied on the floor on North wing second floor. Whitewash already applied on its central frame covered in gilded copper repousse during the the wall. Right: The brick wall between rafters and joists in the north wing is being plastered, applying reinstallation on the principal faรงade (West wing West facade). final coat of fine sandy clay. Photo: Nov. 18, 2016.

Photo: Sep. 2016.

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Sundari Chowk

Left & right: Ridge tiles are being installed by awales (tilelayers) from Bhaktapur after completing installation of traditional roof tiles (jhingati). The entire process of tilelaying (from kneading yellow clay, passing the clay lumps and tiles to the roof and laying of the tiles) was a popular tourist attraction. Photo: Dec. 04, 2016

Sundari Chowk

Installation of the protective toughened glass in front of ivory window displayed in west wing.

View of West wing second floor with painted wall on right. Photo: Jul. 18, 2017.

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Sundari Chowk East Wing rear facade

Top left: Before the devastating earthquake. Photo: Jul. 2014. Top right: After the earthquake. Photo: Apr. 28, 2015. Bottom left: Rebuilding in progress Photo: Feb. 2016.

Bottom right: After rebuilding. Photo: Ashesh Rajbansh. Mar. 2017.

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Sundari Chowk East Wing courtyard facade

Top left and right: One of the smaller first floor windows flanking the central window was rescued from rubble, cleaned and reassembled. The same window installed in place after some of the lattice sections were copied based on remaining pieces to complete the lattice work. Photos: Mar. 2016 and Dec. 2015.

Bottom left Rebuilding in process. Photo: Mar., 2016. Bottom right: After rebuilding. Photo: Apr. 2017.

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Mul Chowk's North & South Taleju 17th c., Patan Darbar Square.

Mul Chowk's North & South Taleju

Before the earthquake. The three-tiered Harishankara Temple (see page 18 & 19), in foreground left, completely collapsed in the earthquake. Photo: 2004.

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Mul Chowk's North and South Taleju

Scaffolding was erected immediately after the earthquake, to rescue the dislodged top roof of North Taleju Mandir. Photo: May 10, 2015.

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Mul Chowk's North Taleju

Top left: Top metal roof with earthquake damage. Photo: Hari Maharjan. Apr. 28, 2015. Bottom left: Metal craftsmen disassembling pinnacle (gajur) for repair. Photo: May 2015. Top right: Scaffolding erected and damaged wall dismantled for repair and rebuilding of second floor masonry wall damaged by seismic movement. Photo: July 21, 2016. Bottom right: Tilelayers are laying roof tiles after completing wall rebuilding in ma-apa using mud mortar. Photos: Aug. 09, 2016.

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Mul Chowk's North Taleju

Top left: The top two roofs were dismantaled, having suffered structural damage from the earthquake. All the timber members from different levels were laid in the courtyard for repair.

Photo: May 18, 2015. Bottom left: Repaired timbers members were incorporated in rebuilding during rebuilding of middle roof. Photo: May 18, 2015. Top middle: New copper sheet was laid before the old piece as they are not in good codition. Photo: Apr. 04, 2017.

Top right: Existing condition drawing of all the elevations of the pinnacle before starting the restoration work. Drawings prepared by Wolfgang Korn. Jun. 2016. Bottom right: The recreation of the copper coverings in the Southwest corner and the Southeast corner of the pinnacle base is completed. In the last restoration work, most of the corners were simplified, not considering the historic shape of the different elements (shown in circle). Photo: Mar. 14, 2017.

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Mul Chowk's South Taleju

Top left: Rebuilding of middle tier roof wall in progess.

Existing windows have been installed. Photo: April 11, 2016. Top middle: A mason completing the building of a traditional dachi-apa brick wall on third tier roof level.

Carpenter installing wall plates with timber pegs. Photo: May 17, 2016. Top right: Carpenter rebuilding the top tier roof by installing corner and central rafters including the fixing of roof struts. Photo: May 23, 2016.

Bottom left: Carpenter making timber peg holes to insert pegs after every two rafters of second tier roof.

Photo: May 08, 2016.

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Mul Chowk's South Taleju

Top left: Metal craftsmen replicating the repousse of the lion head (chepha) that will be installed at the end of the corner metal runner. Photo: May 30, 2016 Bottom left: Comparison of lion head (chepha) new with existing. Photo: Jun. 02, 2016. Top & bottom left middle: New copper sheet installed before the historic gilded sheet due to wear and deterioration from weathering. Photos: June 07, 2016. Top & bottom right middle: The metal craftsmen install the historic copper eaves board over the wooden and installation of pinnacle.

Photos: Jun. 06 & 22, 2016. Top right: The repair and recreated lost parts (top-most umbrella was lost in the 1934 earthquake) of the top gilded pinnacle of South Taleju Mandir, after completion. Bottom right: North and South Taleju as seen today. All the works on North Taleju is completed except the restoration of pinnacle. The amount and complexity of the work turned out much more than expected. Photo: Jul. 01 2017.

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Bahadur Shah Palace 1790, Patan Darbar Square.

Bahadur Shah Palace

Top & bottom left: Bahadur Shah Palace before and after the earthquake. Photos: 2013 & Apr. 28, 2015. Middle: The majority of damage in this wing was on the Northeast corner due to the collapse of an adjacent building (Muchhe Agamchhe). Right: The earthquake damage included several wall cracks inside the Northeast corner of the structure. The section was damaged up to the ground floor level, and the structural damage required rebuilding. Photos: May 10, 2015.

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Bahadur Shah Palace

Top left: Eight human skulls cut in half and converted into decorated bowl-like ritual objects were found inside the west wall of Muchhe Agamchhe below the decorative showcase with numerous niches. They were been documented by Department of Archaelogy staff and are currently stored in their office. Top right: North wall demolition at the hall level. Photos: Sep. 11, 2016. Bottom left: North Wall rebuilding in mud mortar on the hall level. Bottom middle: Rebuilding of the East and North wall built in mud mortar with cross-bracing. Bottom right: Laying of the rafters started from the northwest corner. Photos: Dec. 26, 2016.

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Bahadur Shah Palace

Top left: Ongoing repair of lime surkhi plaster around window and door on east facade. Photo: Jan. 03, 2017. Top middle: Mud plaster is being added to the first floor brick wall. Photo: Jan. 24, 2017. Top right: Rebuilding of roof from the west side. Photo: Dec. 30, 2016.

Bottom left & right: After completion. Northeast corner and main facade. Photo: Mar. 20, 2017.

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Court Building

1820, Patan Darbar Square

Court Building

Top: Historic photo from 1910. Photo: Samar Photo Studio, Kathmandu. Bottom left: Top floor was lost in 1934 earthquake; it was already planned to replace the lost floor before the recent earthquake. Right: Most of wall on all floors cracked, seems to be structural damage from the earthquake. Photos: 2006 & Apr. 29, 2015.

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King Yognarendra Statue 1693., Patan Darbar Square

King Yognarendra Statue

Left: Measured drawing made after earthquake. Drawing: V. Joshi. Top middle: Upper portions of the pillar fell during the earthquake due to undersized connections between elements. Photo: Suresh Lakhe Apr. 27, 2015.

Bottom middle: The statue was immediately transferred to Keshav Narayan Chowk for security. Photo: Apr. 27, 2015. Above: Condition of the King and Queens statues after the earthquake damage. Photo: University of Applied Arts. Aug. 2015.

Opposite page: Repairing the king's statue. Metal craftsmen repairing main statue; deformed sections were repaired and the missing and damaged sections were replaced. Photos: Oct. 2016 66

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Top left: Exposed foundation of the stone pillar on the south side. The foundation around the stone pillar being excavated in order to examine the condition of foundation. Photo: Mar. 21, 2017. Top middle: Foundations on all sides were in very poor condition, filled only with rubble. New brick masonry in lime mortar was built in order to enhance the stability of the foundation. Photo: Mar. 23, 2017.

Metal craftsmen working on the pedestal of statue.

Repair and installation of the original gilded sheets on the pedestal frame. A new layer of copper sheet was put as inner layer to protect from rainwater penetration.

Photo: Sep. 26, 2016.

Metal craftsmen repairing the queen's statue; deformed sections were corrected by hammering.

Photos: Oct. 2016.

Gilding of the statue by applying gold leaf on the surface using fine brush and special glue. Photo: Feb 15, 2017

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Top and bottom left: Two queens and the king statues after repairing and gilding.

Middle top: Installation of upper pillar element using a crane. Middle bottom: Statue of king Yognarendra wrapped in bubble wrap, is carefully lifted up. Right: Restored statue after reinstallation at its original place on top of the stone pedestal along with the two queens.

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Bhimsen Lion Pillar

17th c., Patan Darbar Square

Bhimsen Lion Pillar

Top left: Stone pillar immediately after the earthquake. The upper portion of the pillar split into two pieces when dislodged in the earthquake and the metal lion was damaged in several areas.

Photo: Suresh Lakhe. Apr. 25, 2015. Bottom left: KVPT team carrying broken sections of pillar to Keshav Narayan Chok for repair. Photo: Aug., 2015.

Top right and Bottom middle: The University of Applied Arts, Vienna team repairing the broken pillar by inserting stainless steel pins.

Bottom left: After completing repair of the broken pillar. Photos: University of Applied Arts.

Aug. 2015.

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Bhimsen Lion Pillar

Top left: Metal lion after repair and cleaning. Photo: Dec. 2015. Bottom left: Pillar being moved in place on ramp, as it may have be done when originally built.

Photo: Apr. 24, 2016.

Middle: Stonecarver tying metal lion to the stone base on site. The stone pillar was erected on site, having been joined using stainless steel pins to reinforce the broken elements. Photo: Apr. 26, 2016.

Right: After completion.

Repaired stone pillar and gilded lion was restored to its historical configuration.

Photo: Apr. 26, 2016.

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Sulima Agamchhe

17th c., Sulima Tole, Patan

Sulima Agamchhe

Top left: Front (North) facade before earthquake. Photo: 2014. Bottom left: After devastating earthquake of April 25, 2015. Photo: Sep. 2015. Bottom right: After demolition of main agamchhe. Photo: Feb. 2016.

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Sulima Agamchhe

Top left: After dismantling of roof. Photo: Oct. 16, 2016. Top middle: Most of the timber members found on second floor were severely damaged. Photo: Sep. 28, 2015.

Top right: Each of the individual stones from the ground floor were labeled prior to dismantling the wall. Photo: Dec. 08, 2015.

Bottom: Rebuilding from ground level, a stone finish was installed on both sides of the wall, with brick masonry infill between.. Photo: Jan. 13 & 28, 2016.

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Sulima Agamchhe

Top left: A timber peg hole is being made on first floor joists. Photo: May 18, 2016. Top middle: The existing doorframe, cleaned and repaired, is being installed on the second floor level's central wall. Photo: May 24, 2016. Top right: Installation of rafters on the main roof. Photo: Jul. 27, 2016.

Bottom left: View of Agamchhe from the North, showing the recently installed rafters and eavesboard. Photo: Aug. 1, 2016. Bottom middle: Carpenters working to make new lattice pieces and arranging them with reusable original pieces. Photo: Aug. 3, 2016. Bottom right: Carpenters installing new pine joists on the tower (phuca) wall. Photo: Aug. 23, 2016.

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Sulima Mahadev Mandir 13th c., Patan.

Sulima Mahadev Mandir

Top & bottom left: Mandir after earthquake. Brick masonry walls on all sides experienced blowout. Photos: Apr. 30 & May 5, 2015. Top right: After completion of repair works. Photo: Jan. 2017. Bottom right: Rebuilding of the walls included reinforcement between timber members. Photo: Mar. 2016.

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EARTHQUAKE RESPONSE CAMPAIGN PROJECTS AT

KATHMANDU DARBAR SQUARE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE Top photo: Destination Nepal Tours and Travels [www.dntt.com.np/]

Kageswor Mahadev Mandir 1711, Kathmandu Darbar Square

Kageswor Mahadev Mandir

Top left: Before the earthquake. Photo: 2008.

Bottom left: Temple after devastating earthquake. Photo: May 02, 2015.

Bottom right: The East and West walls were still standing for a few hours after the initial earthquake. Photo: Apr. 25, 2015.

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Kageswor Mahadev Mandir

Top left: After the earthquake, the temple was covered with a tarpaulin to protect it from rainwater infiltration. Site fencing was being installed around the site. Photo: Oct. 27, 2015. Top middle: After the scaffolding around the temple was completed up to the skirt roof level, work began to dismantle the parapet. Top right: View of the main sanctum with Shiva Linga on the stone floor. Diagonal cracks can be seen on the East parapet wall. Photos: Dec. 7, 2017.

Kageswor Mahadev Mandir

Bottom left: Underneath the stone slab, a void space measuring 34 cm x 34 cm x 115 cm deep was found.

Field inspections revealed that this layer needed to be removed. This was carried out in the presence of the DoA authority. After the stone slab was removed, a layer of ancient coins (fukadam) was found deposited on the northeastern corner brick. Excavation of Garva Griha. The base layer was 115 cm below the top of the sanctum.

Photo: Feb. 1, 2016. Bottom right: Ongoing dismantling of the sanctum wall. Photo: Mar 6, 2017.

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Kageswor Mahadev Mandir

Top left: Rebuilding of the stone steps nearing completion with the side wall constructed in traditional brick (daci-apa).

Top middle: The use of header brick (tva apa) ensures better connection of the veneer wythe with the inner masonry core. Care has been taken to use such bricks at regular intervals to avoid the dislodging of the veneer bricks as during the 2015 earthquake. Masons also check line, level and plumb at regular intervals during the masonry wall construction. Photos: Mar. 17, 2017.

Top right: View of the upright timber frames for the sanctum structure from the North side. Photo: Jun. 5, 2017 Bottom left: Applying bituminous paint and copper cladding for moisture protection on timber columns. Photo: Jun. 4, 2017.

Bottom middle: Laying the final course of brick prior to installation of the rafters for the skirt roof around the structure. Jun. 5, 2017.

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Kageswor Mahadev Mandir Top left & middle: Brick masonry detail at the corner of the Shikhara structure. Photo: Jun. 8, 2017.

Top right: Ongoing installation of rafters for the skirt roof.

Photo: Jun. 30, 2017.

Bottom left: Ongoing construction of the Shikhara structure in brick masonry.

Photo: Jun. 16, 2017 K AT H M A N D U

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Kageswor Mahadev Mandir

Top left: Brick corbel work above the wall plateand base plate fo king post. Middle left: Installation of base beam for pinnacle post (Gaju si). Photos: Aug. 01, 2017. Bottom left: Circular base for pinnacle before installtion of king post. Photo: Aug. 03, 2017. Right (Above): View of Shikhara structure seen from the Southwest. Masons are checking the projection of the coping along the North parapet wall. Photo: Aug. 31, 2017.

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Kageswor Mahadev Mandir

Top left: Checking with form to make wind gap on parapet wall befoore rebuilding. Photo: Aug. 4, 2017.

Top right: After completion of planking on first floor. Photo: Aug. 10, 2017.

Bottom left and right: Lime surkhi plaster work on parapet wall. Photo: Aug. 31, 2017.

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Laxmi Narayan Mandir

18th c., Kathmandu Darbar Square

Lakshmi Narayan Mandir

Top: Temple condition before the earthquake. Photo: 2006.

Bottom left & right: Temple condition after the earthquake. All the ground floor brick masonry walls failed during the earthquake. Photo: May 2, 2015.

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Laxmi Narayan Mandir

Timber shoring being added on all four sides before removing bricks of the damaged walls. Photo: Sep. 20, 2016.

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KATHMANDU VALLEY PRESERVATION TRUST

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Outer timber column installed to hold the brick masonry and door frame together, tied with timber cornice and base stone.

Installation of outer timber column resting on the 8”x8”x6” thick stone base (ilohan) and securely pinned to the cornice above with 10 mm dia., 25 cm long stainless steel dowel and tied to the existing inner timber post.

Laxmi Narayan Mandir

Section, Facade, Plan and Axon New timber corner column doweled to the cornice beam and tying the timber carved door frames and inner timber frames with horizontal bracing.

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Laxmi Narayan Mandir

Top left: New timber columns were added on the all four outer corners, 12 mm stainless steel dowel was used to secure the timber columns with the horizontal member above.

Bottom left: The new outer timber post at the Northwest corner is being installed and is secured with steel dowels (12mm dia) at the top and to the base stone (ilohan) below. Photos: Sep. 28 & 30, 2016. Right: Erecting an outer column on the base stone.

Tying the outer column with the inner column and fixing it to the door frame with horizontal bracing.

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Laxmi Narayan Mandir

Left: Southwest corner masonry wall infill after erecting the outer timber corner column with stainless steel bracing. Photo: Nov. 15, 2016. Right: Northwest corner after completion of the masonry wall infill and the newly added outer timber column for reinforcement. Photo: Dec. 5, 2016

Laxmi Narayan Mandir

View of the temple from the West after restoration work was completed. Photo: Apr. 5, 2017 K AT H M A N D U

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Mahadev Mandirs

16th c., Kathmandu Darbar Square

Mahadev Mandirs

North and South Mahadev Mandirs before earthquake. Photos: 2005.

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Mahadev Mandirs

The Mahadev Mandirs were severely damaged after the devastating earthquake. Photo: Suresh Lakhe. Apr. 26, 2015.

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Mahadev Mandir North

Top left: Temple after the earthquake. All dachi apa veneer brick layers had unglued from the main brick structure. Photo: Aug. 4, 2016.

Top middle: Temporary shoring completed by Department of Archaeology within two weeks after the earthquake.

Top right: Dead shoring was added to provide safe transfer of load from the upper structure to the ground of the temple before dismantling damaged walls on ground floor. Photo: Aug. 29, 2016.

Bottom left & middle: The Southeast and Northeast inner columns were severely damaged by damp, even having been raised up on a stone base. About 12" of the lower section of timber column (circled) from the Southwest corner was rotten. Photo: Sep. 6 & 8, 2016.

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Mahadev Mandir North

Top left & right: The damaged sections at the base of all four inner columns were removed and new timber elements were attached via cruciform joints. On the plinth level, a waterproofing membrane was laid before building the upper masonry wall. Columns were painted with bituminous paint and wrapped with copper sheeting to protect them from damp within the masonry wall. New outer columns were added in all four corners. The masonry work was done with ma apa in mud mortar. Photo: Sep. 13, 2016.

Mahadev Mandir North Bottom left: Laying of traditional roof tiles (jhingti) on the lower roof.

Bottom right: After completion of restoration.

Photos: Nov. 18 & Dec. 7, 2016 K AT H M A N D U

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Saraswoti Mandir 17th c., Kathmandu

Saraswoti Mandir

Top left: The head priest was consulted for general information and religious aspects of the temple before dismantling. Photo: Aug. 25, 2017. Bottom left: Traditional roof tiles being carefully removed from roof and stored for reuse. Photo: Aug. 23, 2017. Right: Sketch made of existing conditions before dismantling. Aug. 31, 2017.

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Saraswoti Mandir

Top left: Rafters along the Southern roof. They are set at a wide, non-historic, spacing in the last renovation, most probably in the 1970s. Photo: Aug. 27, 2017. Top middle and right: First floor sanctum wall was found in poor condition. Both remaining two columns (Northwest and Southwest) also experienced wet rot. Photo: Aug. 30 and 31, 2017. Bottom left: Careful removal of brick and timber cornices, before being stored for reuse in rebuilding. Sep. 01, 2017. Bottom middle: Floor joist which are tied to the base beams are also rotten. Photo: Sep. 17, 2017. Bottom right: Stone idol of Goddess Saraswoti inside the main sanctum. Photo: Sep. 11, 2017.

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Itum Baha

13th c., Kathmandu

Itum Baha

Top left: East Wing, principal East facade before the earthquake. Photo: Jan. 2015. Bottom left: East Wing courtyard facade before the earthquake. Photo: 2012.

Top right: East Wing, exterior facade. Existing and restored condition.

Bottom right: East Wing, courtyard facade. Exisiting and restored condition.

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Itum Baha

Top left and middle: Pre-earthquake interior condition of the ground floor and first floor rooms. Photos: Feb. 2015.

Top right: Removal of the interior courtyard struts for restoration. Photo: Mar. 2015.

Itum Baha

Bottom left and right: Triple-bay and single-bay windows repaired by replacing damaged elements and missing parts and combining with salvaged framework. Photos: Feb. 2015.

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Itum Baha

Top left & middle: Cleaning of main entrance tympanum and other timber elements before installation. Photo: Aug. 02, 2016. Bottom left: Building of wall in ma apa bricks with mud mortar. Mar. 2016.

Top right: East Wing courtyard facade during rebuilding. Photo: May 2016. Bottom right: East Wing, principal East facade during installation of timber roof rafters. Photo: Dec. 2016.

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Itum Baha

Top left: East Wing courtyard facade during during roofing with traditional jhingati roof tiles on Northeast corner. Photo: May 2016. Top & bottom right: East Wing, principal East facade and courtyard facade after completion. Photo: Aug. 2016.

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HONORARY CAMPAIGN CHAIRS Pratapaditya Pal Bhesh Narayan Dahal, Nepal Department of Archaeology CHIEF TECHNICAL ADVISOR Niels Gutschow BOARD OF DIRECTORS Michael F. Doyle David C. Acheson Susannah Robinson Erich G. Theophile Rohit K. Ranjitkar

Chairman Treasurer Secretary Executive Director Nepal Country Director

A. Peter Burleigh Jenny Dubin Stephanie Odegard Pratima Pande Alexander Rospatt

Cathryn A. Collins Elizabeth Newman Beatrix Ost Cynthia Rosenfeld Rashmi Shrestha

HONORARY DIRECTORS Kanak Mani Dixit

Chairman

John H. Beyer Pratapaditya Pal Robert Silman

W. Brown III Morton Himalaya B. Pande

CAMPAIGN DIRECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT Sophia L. Pande

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