MARC4003 - Digital Design - Kirigami and the Metro Station

A Landscape of Encounter Kate Wraight & Yvette Ramsay Master of Architecture MARC4003. Digital Architecture Research Studio

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Index

ABSTRACT

I n t h i s proposal a n ew pedestrian pathway thre a ds b o t h t h r e s h o l ds o n e i t h e r s i d e o f t h e r a i l way stat i o n at Sydenham to create a new public plaza a n d t r a f f i c a b l e l a n ds c a p e. Th e p r o p os a l e x p l o r e s d i f f e r ent ways of considering way-making and p at h s y st e m s. Th e n e w p at h s y st e m s a r e i n f o r m e d b y Fr e i O tto and E da Schaur ’s W et Thread studies a s w e l l a s l o c a l d e s i r e l i n e s a n d m o m e n ts o f p au s e i n t h e existing site circulation . The structure h e l p s to ac t i vat e a o n c e- d e a d a n d b o t t l e n e c k e d p e d e strian transport corridor of Sydenham ; n o w p r ov i d i n g i n t e r ac t i o n , a n d m o m e n ts o f c h a n c e e n c o u nter between both commuters and pedest r i a n s. Th e p e d e st r i a n l a n ds c a p e p r ov i d e s s h e lt e r, ac c e s s, and filtered lighting to the station belo w.

Th e f u nction of the structure at Rouse Hill is s i m i l a r, h o w e v e r i t d i f f e r s i n i ts i m p l e m e n tat i o n.

I n st e a d of activating the cultural zone as a lands c a p e i t p r ov i d e s s h e lt e r to ac t i vat e t h e s o u t h e r n z o n e of the Rouse Hill Town Centre. Points of i n t e r s e c t i o n a n d m o m e n t a r e d e f i n e d n o t o n ly b y in t e r v e ni ng co lumns but also t h e filt rat ion of li g h t f ro m t h e ca no py a b ov e

Introduction //

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Problem Statement // P8 Methods and Strategy // P9 Case study and Data //

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Literature Review P23 Precedent Studies //

P35

PARC DE LA VILLETTE - BERNAD TSCHUMI STADELHOFEN TRAIN STATION - SANTIAGO CALATRAVA

Experiment A - Station Architecture // P47 Experiment B - Architectural Component Making // Integration and Implementation // P63

P53

Conclusion // P90 Bibliography // P91 Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D

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// // // //

P93 P105 P121 P127

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INTRODUCTION

Sy d n e y h a s a r i c h h i sto r y o f t r a i n u s e. Fi r st o p e n e d i n 1 8 5 5 , Sy d n e y t r a i n s p r i m a rily operated as a m e a n s o f go o ds a n d s u p p ly t r a n s p o r t bet w e e n t h e n Sy d n e y S tat i o n a n d Pa r r a m atta Junction, n o w C e n t r a l a n d Gr a n v i l l e stat i o n s r e s p e c t i v e ly. E x p a n d i n g to N e w to w n , As h f i e l d , B urwood and Ho m e bu s h w i t h i n t h e n e x t d e c a d e t h e r a i l q u i c kly a l s o be c a m e a p o p u l a r m o d e o f p ub lic tr a ns por t.

N o w s e r v i c i n g ov e r 3 6 0 m i l l i o n p at r o n s a n n u a l ly ac r os s 1 78 S tat i o n s ac r os s Sy dney, the des ig n o f t h e t r a i n stat i o n h a s h a d to s i m i l a r ly e vo l v e f r o m a h u m b l e ov e r p a s s to varied designs ; i n c o r p o r at i n g bo t h t h e m o n u m e n ta l C e n t r a l S tat i o n a n d m o r e l o c a l i s e d a n d u r ba n inter ventions .

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D u r i n g t h os e 1 6 5 y e a r s s i n c e t h e f i r st r a i l t h e c u lt u r a l d i v e r s i t y o f Sy d n e y h a s s i milarly evolved .

Th e c i t y o f Sy d n e y i s i n t e r n at i o n a l ly r e c o g n i s e d a s a v i b r a n t a n d c os m o p o l i ta n city constituted o f c o m e f r o m m a n y d i f f e r e n t n at i o n s ac r os s t h e g l o b e. Of t h e c i t y’ s ov e r 1 6 0,000 residents , a p p r o x i m at e ly 4 6 % w e r e b o r n ov e r s e a s a n d ov e r 3 2 % s p e a k a l a n g u ag e o t h e r t h a n English at home .

Th e s e t r e n ds a r e s i m i l a r ly i n t h e m o r e m et r o p o l i ta n a r e a s o f o u r s p r aw l i n g c i t y.

To t h e N o r t h-W e st, t h e p o p u l at i o n o f Ro u s e Hi l l , 3 1 % o f r e s i d e n ts w e r e b o r n ov erseas , while at l e a st 6 0 % o f r e s i d e n ts h av e at l e a st o n e p a r e n t b o r n ov e r s e a s . Fu r t h e r to t h i s , a p proximately 30% o f h o u s e h o l ds s p e a k a l a n gu age o t h e r t h a n E n gl i s h at h o m e . 2 In t h e c i t y’ s I n n e r -W e st at Sy d e n h a m , 5 2 % o f r e s i d e n ts w e r e b o r n ov e r s e a s , w h ile at least 77% o f r e s i d e n ts h av e at l e a st o n e p a r e n t b o r n ov e r s e a s . Fu r t h e r to t h i s, a p p r o ximately 52% of h o u s e h o l ds s p e a k a l a n gu age o t h e r t h a n E n gl i s h at h o m e . 3

1. M E T R O M A P | Image base source: Sydney metro interactive map ‘https://www.sydneymetro.info/map/sydney-metroi n te r a c ti v e -t rain -map’

FIGURE

The new Sydney Metro n et w o r k i s to b e c o n t r o l l e d b y a fac i l i t y at Ro u s e Hi l l a s w e l l a s a s outh e rn serv i c e fac i l it y at Sy de nh am. Th e met r o stati o n s o f th es e tw o s u b u r b s h av e b een chosen as case studie s f o r t h i s st u d i o. Bo t h t h e s e stat i o n s a r e l o c at e d s e p a r at e to t h e a ssociated serv i ce fac ilit ie s , e ach w it h d if f e r e nt ac c es s i b i l i ty c o n d i ti o n s .

Tr a i n stat i o n s h av e n o t t r a d i t i o n a l ly b e e n at t h e h e a r t o f t h e fa b r i c o f u r b a n l iv ing. Ho w ev er, t h e stat i o n s at Ro u s e H i l l a n d Sy d e n h a m h av e t h i s fa r b e e n d e s i g n e d at s i t e s c onnected to the c u lt u r a l h u b s o f e ac h l o c a l e . Th e n e w Ro u s e Hi l l Met r o Stat i o n i s c o n n e c t e d directly to the o u t d o o r Ro u s e Hi l l To w n C e n t r e , a s w e l l a s e x i st i n g c y c l e l i n k s a n d b u s r o u tes ; becoming a f o c a l n o d e o f s o c i a l a n d c u lt u r a l e x c h a n g e. As a n e x i st i n g stat i o n , Th e Sy d e n h a m overpass has p r ov i d e s a t e n tat i v e t r a n s p o r t l i n k b et w e e n t h e n o r t h a n d s o u t h o f t h e to w n c e ntre . C urrently u n d e r u t i l i z e d, t h e m ost r e c e n t r e p o r t f r o m t h e D e p t. Pl a n n i n g a n d E n v i r o n m e n t NSW identified t h e s i t e a s a p os s i bl e p o i n t o f c u lt u r a l ac t i vat i o n , a n d t h e p r o p os e d stat i o n i s c e n tr a l to the new c u lt u r a l h u b c o n n e c t i n g t h e t w o d i st r i c ts o f t h e to w n.

B o t h p r o p os e d stat i o n s o f f e r t h e m s e l v e s to b e c e n t r a l n o d e s o f c u lt u r a l a n d s o cial interaction .

Th e y s u g g e st t h at stat i o n s n o t m e r e ly n e e d to b e a s i t e o f t r a n s i t, b u t a l s o s o m e where where its u s e r s c a n e x p e r i e n c e a s e n s e o f P l ac e , In t e r ac t i o n s a n d Net w o r k .

1. “History of NSW Railways”, Transport Sydney Trains Fact Sheet, Accessed 31 March, 2019, https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/projects/community-engagement/sydney-trains-community/culture-and-heritage/history-of-nsw-railways 2. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, Persons Born Overseas – Rouse Hill, Table 1. Accessed 20th March 2019. https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC13429?opendocument

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3. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, Persons Born Overseas – Sydenham, Table 1. Accessed 20th March 2019. https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC13714

Th e p r o p os a l s e e k s to c r e at e a s e n s e o f p l ac e at b o t h stat i o n s ; g ov e r n e d b y t h e s hifting cultural i d e n t i t i e s b o t h l o c a l s . W e p l a n to ac h i e v e t h i s b e i d e n t i f y i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t p os sible social and c u lt u r a l n et w o r k s f e e d i n g i n to b o t h s i t e s a n d c r e at i n g b o t h p o i n ts o f e n c o u n t e r a n d opportunities to d w e l l . Th e p r o j e c t w i l l n o t o n ly l o o k to d e v e l o p a n i s o l at e d stat i o n , b u t o n e that sits within 7

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Ro u s e Hill and especially Sydenham station d o n o t h a r b o u r ac t i v e a n d f r i e n d ly p e d e st r i a n e nv iro nme nts. Syde n h am stat ion as it is, is larg ely i n-accessi b le to t h e pu b li c wi t h ped est ri a ns f o r c e d to move around its perimeter . Rouse H il l o n t h e o t h e r h a n d i s c l os e to a c o m m u n i t y c e n t r e b u t f orms a dead end to the lively hub it sits a d j ac e n t to. Bo t h stat i o n s a r e i n d e s p e r at e n e e d o f r e programming . Sydenham station has mult i p l e p e d e st r i a n d e s i r e l i n e s t h at n e e d ac t i vat i o n w h e r eas Rouse Hill needs to extend the liveli n e s s o f i ts c e n t r a l h u b i n to t h e a d j o i n i n g m et r o stat i on.

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METHODS AND STRATEGY

D i s r u p t i o n s to t h e s u r fac e e m e r ge to p r o d u c e s i t e s f o r n e w p r o gr a m s , i n c l u ding functiona l a s p e c ts s u c h a s sta i r s a n d r a m p s to t h e stat i o n p l at f o r m b e n e at h , a s w e l l a s p u b l i c amphitheatres , r e c r e at i o n z o n e s , s k y l i g h ts a n d vo i ds . U t i l i s i n g Ki r i g a m i- l i k e m et h o ds a l s o a l l o w for the surface t h e b e s c o r e d , p u l l e d a n d st r etc h e d to st r u c t u r a l c o l u m n s a s w e l l a s s h e lt e r s and places that a l l o w f o r m o m e n ts o f p au s e . Th e f i n a l l o c at i o n o f e ac h o f t h e s h e lt e r s o f d i f f e r e nt pr og r a m m atic e l e m e n ts w e r e g e n e r at e d b y c o m b i n i n g f o r m a l s p at i a l r e q u i r e m e n ts (i e . To ta l a r e as required per p r o gr a m ) w i t h gr a d i e n t a n d c i r c l e m a p p i n g.

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CASE STUDY AND DATA SYDENHAM STATION ROUSE HILL STATION

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SYDENHAM STATION

ROUSE HILL STATION

Sydenham Station sits at an interchange between the T2 Inner West Leppington line, T3 Bankstown line, T4 Eastern Suburbs and Illawarra line and the T8 Airport and South line.

The T3 Bankstown line is to be upgraded to Metro standards, supplying the area with a high frequency service into the city. Travel time along the Metro track to Central is set to be reduced to 7min from the now 10min journey. 4 The area around the station is split in two with both the suburban rail line and cargo rail line dividing the area. The area to the north of the station is predominantly industrial and the area to the south residential. Sydenham is part of an urban renewal area planned by the NSW Government with a creative and entertainment precinct proposed within the industrial northern part of the site. 5 This is due to be developed with the introduction of the new Metro station and could lead to interesting relationships across the site.

Rouse Hill Station is a part of the new 23km Metro link running from Epping to Cudgegon in north-west Sydney. The north west of Sydney is expected to experience a continued high growth creating a substantial demand on the limited existing infrastructure and public transport. Rouse hill is expected to become the gateway to a major transportoriented corridor ad residential and industrial development continues to the northwest. The North West Rail Link will help to increase these residential densities within walking distance of the station, and current plants propose a variety of different housing typologies to ensure affordability for all members of the community.

Rouse hill and suburbs to the north-west of teh site are currently under major redevelopment.

They are home to a collective of different peoples, of varying social and cultural backgrounds.

See below for a snapshop of Rouse Hill Ethnicity Demographics. As such, the site offers a unique opportunity to create varying social and cultural encounters.

The proposed site is adjacent to the existing Rouse Hill Town Centre. The Town Centre is comprised of an outdoor shopping centre at ground levels, as well as community facilities at the First Floor and Residential properties within the six-story towers to the north-east of the site. Directly opposite the site is the existing Castlebrook Memorial Park and Cemetery which cannot be relocated. However land to the north west has been rezoned for future residential development; the housing typologies are not yet know.

COUNTRY OF BIRTH AUSTRALIA PHILIPPINES ENGLAND CHINA INDIA

COUNTRY OF BIRTH - MOTHER AND FATHER BOTH PARENTS BORN OVERSEAS FATHER BORN OVERSEAS MOTHER BORN OVERSEAS BOTH PARENTS BORN IN AUSTRALIA

SOUTH AFRICA

FIGURE 2. ABS STATISTICS ROUSE HILL Data sourced f rom Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, Persons Bor n Overseas – Rouse Hill, Table 1. Accessed 20th March 2019. https://quicks t a t s . censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC13429?opendocument 4. “Sydenham Station | Sydney Metro”. 2019. Sydneymetro.Info. Accessed 20th March 2019. https://www.sydneymetro.info/station/sydenham-station.

5. “Sydenham Station Precinct”. 2017. NSW Government Planning and Environment. Accessed 20th March 2019. https://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/-/media/ Files/DPE/Plans-and-policies/sydenham-precinct-plan-2017-06.pdf

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Sydenham

Rouse Hill Rural Living Infrastructure Private Recreation Public Recreation Environmental Conservation Environmental Management Recreational Waterways Neighbourhood Centres Enterprise Corridors Business Development Mixed Use Regional Growth Light Industrial Residential - High Density Residential - Medium Density Residential - Low Density Environmental Living

Rural Living Infrastructure Private Recreation Public Recreation Environmental Conservation Environmental Management Recreational Waterways Neighbourhood Centres Enterprise Corridors Business Development Mixed Use Regional Growth Light Industrial Residential - High Density Residential - Medium Density Residential - Low Density Environmental Living

WALKING DISTANCE

5 minute walk 10 minute walk 20 minute walk

Sydenham zoning

WALKING DISTANCE

5 minute walk 10 minute walk 20 minute walk

Rouse Hill zoning

Sydnenham urban renewal area

Sydenham Green spaces

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Sydenham Walking Distances

Rouse Hill Green spaces

Rouse Hill Walking Distances

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Sydenham

Rouse Hill

Marrickville 800m radius Metro

800m radius

Sydnenham urban renewal area

400m radius

400m radius

800m radius

Pedestrial Access & Cycleways

Urban Footpath Community Walkways Dedicated Pedestrian Zone Bicycle Storage Residential Footpath

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Pedestrial Access & Cycleways

Urban Footpath Community Walkways Dedicated Pedestrian Zone Bicycle Storage Residential Footpath

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Sydenham

Rouse Hill PLACES OF SOCIAL & CULTURAL INTEREST

PLACES OF SOCIAL & CULTURAL INTEREST

Food and entertainment Public zones Semi public zones Community centres Educational Facilities

Food and entertainment Public zones Semi public zones Community centres Educational Facilities

Sydnenham urban renewal area

Places of Social and Cultural Interest

Places of Social and Cultural Interest

Sydnenham urban renewal area

Sydnenham urban renewal area

Proximity of entertainment nodes near Sydenham station

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Theoretical Minimised Detour Path System

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SS

CE

S

BU

AC

rouse hill town centre Community Garden

RO TO US W EH N CE ILL NT RE W

Pedestrian Crossing

SS

IAN

A

TR

ES

D PE

E CC

current bus stop

IN

DS

OR

Old Windsor Road

RO

AD

Proposed Traffic Crossing

SS

CE

AN

I TR

AC

Introducing a New System of Connectivity

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Red nodes are indicative of points of connection Blue nodes are introduced and a byproduct of the minimised detour path system. They may present opprtunities for intervention and places for pause and encounter with the local environment and other users at the highlighted zones.

S

DE

PE

BU

S

AC

CE

Sydenham Pedestrian accessibility

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Sydenham Pedestrian desire lines

Rouse Hill conditions

SS

Rouse Hill nodes of connection

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LITERATURE REVIEW FREI OTTO & EDA SCHAUR MINIMISED DETOUR PATH SYSTEM CIRCLE PACKING VORONOI DIAGRAM KIRIGAMI

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D i r e c t p at h s y st e m : Wh e r e e ac h n ode or point of c o n n e c t i v i t y i s j o i n e d b y a d i r e c t p at h by the geodesic .

I t i s a s y st e m i n w h i c h t r a n s p o r t i s completed without d eto u r o r i n t e r v e n t i o n. A s a n i d e a l i sation it is used a s t h e m i n i m i z e d d eto u r p at h m o d e l s sta r ting point.

FREI OTTO & EDA SCHAUR WET THREAD STUDIES

Th e r e exists a prog ressive tendency to incorpo r at e p a r a m et r i c d e s i g n i n to c o n t e m p o r a r y st r at e g i e s o f u r b a n planning and design . Although he compu tat i o n st r at e g i e s t h at h av e b e e n a d o p t e d h av e o n ly r e c e n t to t h e last two decades , the fundamental theo r i e s c a n b e t r ac k e d b ac k to i n v e st i g at i o n s c o n d u c t e d at t h e I n sti tute f o r L i gh t w eigh t St ruc t ures in Stu t tg a rt, b et ween t h e 1 960s a nd 1 98 0s. O u r i nv est i g at i o n s re g ar di ng ci r culati on an d p lac em en t of c om m un i t y a nd cu lt u ra l i nt erv ent i o ns h av e b een i nf o rmed b y Fr e i O t to ’s and E da S chaur ’s experimental research i n to u n p l a n n e d s et t l e m e n ts, f o r m f i n d i n g e x p e r i e n c e s, a s we l l a s the natur al p roc ess of oc c up at ion an d co nnect i o n.

Fr e i Otto ’s works suggest that all urban netwo r k s a r e a s e r i e s o f s e l f-o g a n i s i n g s y st e m s, i n c o r p o r at i n g s u r faces , paths, territories and expansions . Al l t h e s e s p o n ta n e o u s st r u c t u r e s g r o w t h r o u g h t w o b a s i c pr o c e s se s that o r g a n ise all n at ural an d h um ani sed spaces: o ccu pat i o n a nd co nnect i o n.

S c h aur ’s 1992 works in connectivity and urban c o n n e c t i o n c a n b e s u m m a r i s e d i n to t h r e e e s s e n t i a l p at h s y st e ms :

6. Frei Otto, “Minimal nets” in B. Burkhardt (ed.), IL1: Minimal nets, Karl Krämer Verlag (University of Stuttgart, 1971, pp. 4-7 Und IL, Stuttgart, 4-7.

7. Eda Schaur, “Non-planned Settlements. Characteristic Features-Path System, Surface Subdivision. (University of Stuttgart, 1991, p. 1-15.

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8. Patrik Schumacher, “Parametricism - A New Global Style for Architecture and Urban Design”, in AD Architectural Design - Digital Cities, ed. N Leach (John Wiley & Sons, 2009), pp 14-23.

Mi n i m a l p at h s y st e m ( Soa p f i l m m o d e l) : C onnects a series of p o i n ts o r n o d e s a l o n g t h e s h o r t e st r o ute . O tto describes t h i s a s a n a p p a r at u s f o r t h e c a l c u l at i o n of minimal paths a n d i l l u st r at e d t h e p r o c e s s t h o r u gh s oa p film s . 6 It acts to c o n n e c t a s et o f m o u n ts a l o n g t h e shortest rout. I n t h e p r o c e s s i t c r e at e s n e w n o d e s a n d oppor tunities for i n t e r v e n t i o n . Th e n e w n o d e s a r e a l way s cha r acter is ed b y t h r e e d e g r e e s f o r m i n g 1 2 0 a n g l es between them .

Mi n i m i z e d d eto u r p at h s y st e m ( W et t hread model ): The p r e v i o u s s y st e m s r e p r e s e n t t w o e x treme solutions , p r e s e n t i n g g r e at a dva n tag e s a s w e l l as disadvantages i n t e r m s o f l e n g t h a n d d eto u r . S c h au r’s works in 1992 p r e s e n ts a n e x p e r i m e n ta l m o d e l f o r o btaining minimised d eto u r p at h s y st e m s : a d i r e c t p at h system where the st r i n g s a r e s o m e w h at m o r e r e l a x e d a n d are afforded some e x t r a l e n g t h ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g to t h e m a ximum controlled d e v i at i o n ) . Wh e n i m m e r s e d i n wat e r , t h e surface tension of t h at wat e r c au s e s t h e st r i n g s to b o n d a n d trunk , resulting i n a s h o r t e d c o l l e c t e d n et w o r k. 7 Th e M i n i m i s e d D eto u r Pat h Sy st e m c o m b i n e s t h e a dva n tag e s o f t h e t w o p r e v i o u s n et works in that the l e n g t h a n d d eto u r a r e o p t i m i z e d , p r o m o t e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r s o c i a l i n t e r ac t i o n a n d c r e ate new nodes or 25 s i t e s f o r s o c i a l o r c u lt u r a l e n c o u n t e r s . 8

2.

3.

5.

6.

1. The Direct Path System - identifies all nodes & possible direct connection between those nodes

4.

software to be utilised: Grasshopper + Kangroo Plugin

Th i s s e ries of diagrams detail the possible detou r p at h s y st e m s i n a h y p o t h et i c a l m o d e l. Th e m o d e l u t i l i s e d attractor and repulsion forces throug h t h e Po w e rL aw f o r c e Co m p o n e n t.

Th e u s e of exponents of a high absolute value s i m u l at e s t h e s h a r p e st n e i g h b o r e f f e c t, w h e r e t h e n e a r e st actions cause the most powerful reactio n s a n d t h e m o d e l c r e at e s b i f u r c at i o n s j u n c t i o n s f r o m n e igh b o ur i ng se g me n ts. Th e in c rease in exp on en t i a l ef f ect i s i llu st rat ed f ro m d i ag ra ms t wo to f i v e. 9 A s t h e attr acti o n o r rep ulsion forc es in c rease t h e li nes b et ween t h e new co nt ro l po i nts b eco me mo re cur v il ine ar and the net w ork begin s to ap p ear mo re o rg a ni c.

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On c e t h e o p t i m i s e d d eto u r p at h s y st e m h a s b e e n e sta b l i s h e d i t a l s o h e l p s to i d e n t i f y those new nodes ( b l u e) t h at l e n d t h e m s e l v e s to p o i n ts o f s o c i a l o r c u lt u r a l p o i n ts o f e n c o u n t e r.

9. Joao Lopes, Alexandra Paio & Jose Sousa. 2004. “Parametric Urban Models Based on Frei Otto’s Generative Form-Finding Processes.” Accessed 20th March 2019 http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/caadria2014_102. content.pdf

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C i r c l e Pac ki n g ‘ C i r c l e Pac ki n g r e f e r s to a n a r r a n ge m e n t o f c i r c l e s w i t h i n a s p e c i f i e d bo u n da r y. ’ 1 0 . I t has a long h i sto r y i n m at h e m at i c s , n o ta b ly t h e st u d i e s o f Ita l i a n m at h e m at i c i a n G i a n f r a n c e s co M alfatti in 1803 a n d Hu n ga r i a n m at h e m at i c i a n Fa r ka s B o lya i i n 1 8 3 2 -3 3 . 11 S t u d i e s o n t h e o p t i m a l p acking of circles h av e s i n c e b e e n c o n t i n u a l ly u n d e r ta k e n m o r e r e c e n t ly a i d e d b y c o m p u t e r s o f t wa r e . These circle p ac k i n g a l g o r i t h m s c a n n o w b e u s e d to d i g i ta l ly a i d a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n, o f t e n used to define s u r fac e g e o m et r i e s. I t c a n a l s o b e u s e f u l i n d e f i n i n g z o n e s w i t h i n a g r e at e r s c h e matic plan . The b e l o w d i ag r a m s h av e b e e n g e n e r at e d u s i n g a n e x i st i n g c i r c l e p ac k i n g d e f i n i t i o n b y Daniel P ikler

T R I A N G U L AT E D M E S H F O R M S C E N T R E P O I N T S F O R C I R C L E S SOURCE: GRASSHOPPER 3D - POST BY DANIEL PIKER AUGUST 14 2012 H T T P S : / / W W W . G R A S S H O P P E R 3 D . C O M / G R O U P / K A N G A R O O / F O R U M / T O P I C S / C I R C L E - PA C K I N G DEFINITION

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN METHODS CIRCLE PACKING VORONOI DIAGRAM

Vo r o no i D i agr a m A Vo r n o i d i agr a m i s ‘ t h e p a r t i t i o n i n g o f a p l a n e i n to “ p o ly h e d r a l r e gi o n s ” 1 2 from a set of f i x e d p o i n ts . Eac h ‘r e g i o n’ c o n ta i n s o n e g e n e r at i n g p o i n t a n d e n c o m p a s s es the area that t h at i s c l os e st to t h at p o i n t t h a n a n y o t h e r p o i n ts o n t h e p l a n e .13 L i k e the circle packing a l g o r i t h m , t h e Vo r o n o i d i ag r a m i s o f t e n u s e d i n d i g i ta l a r c h i t e c t u r e d e s i g n to define surface ge o m et r y a s w e l l a s d e f i n i n g z o n e s w i t h i n a s c h e m e . It c a n a l s o be u s e f u l i n developing path s y st e m s . Th e f i gu r e be l o w d e p i c ts a vo r o n o i d i agr a m ge n e r at e d i n gr a s s h o p per thr oug h fir st

10. Weisstein, Eric. W. 2019. “Circle Packing -- From Wolfram Mathworld”. Mathworld.Wolfram.Com. Accessed 18 May 2019. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CirclePacking.html.

11. Szabó, P. G. 2007. New Approaches To Circle Packing In A Square. New York: Springer.

12. Joswig, Michael, and Thorsten Theobald. 2013. Polyhedral And Algebraic Methods In Computational Geometry. London: Springer London.

28

13. Weisstein, Eric. W. 2019. “Voronoi Diagram -- From Wolfram Mathworld”. Mathworld.Wolfram.Com. http://mathworld.wolfram. com/VoronoiDiagram.html.

P O P U L AT E D

BOUNDARY WITH POINTS

SIMPLE

VORONOI SCRIPT

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L i k e o r i g a m i , k i r i g a m i i n vo l v e s t h e m a n i p u l at i o n o f a s i n g l e s h e et o f p a p e r . Th e w ord ‘K irigami ’ is d e r i v e d f r o m t h e J a p a n e s e w o r ds ‘ Ki r u ’ ( to c u t) a n d ‘ K a m i’ ( p a p e r ) . [ C i tat i o n ] U n l i ke O rigami , which r e l i e s o n f o l d i n g to c r e at e f o r m , K i r i g a m i i n vo l v e s c r e at i n g p r e c i s e c u ts i n t h e p aper and then m a n i p u l at i n g by st r etc h i n g, f o l d i n g, p u s h i n g o r p u l l i n g. D i f f e r e n t f o r m s c a n be g ener ated thr oug h va r y i n g t h e n u m b e r o f ‘a n c h o r p o i n ts ’ a s w e l l a s t h e n u m b e r o f o f f s ets . Ph y s i c a l experiments were c r e at e d u s i n g t h e ba s e ge o m et r i e s o f a c i r c l e , s e m i - c i r c l e , s q u a r e a n d Vo r o n o i c e l l.

COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN METHOD KIRIGAMI

4 anchor points

6 anchor points

8 anchor points

Voronoi

Semi circle

Form Experiments - Varying Shape

Square

14. “Kirigami”. 2019. Origami-Resource-Center.Com. https://www. origami-resource-center.com/kirigami.html. Accessed 20 April 2019

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PRECEDENT STUDIES BERNARD TSCHUMI PARC DE LA VILLETTE

SANTIAGO CALATRAVA STADELHOFEN TRAIN STATION

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PRECEDENT STUDY BERNARD TSCHUMI PARC DE LA VILLETTE

f i g u re 3 . B e r n a rd Ts c h u mi P a rc D e L a V i l l e t t e S o u rc e : S o u z a E d u a rd o , “ P a rc d e l a V i l l e t t e / B e r n a rd Ts c h u mi A rc h i t e c t s ” , J a n u a r y 2 0 1 1 , A rc h d a i l y. A c c e s s e d 2 0 t h Ma rc h , 2 0 1 9 . http s : // w w w. a rc h d a i l y. c o m/9 2 3 2 1 /a d - c l a s s i c s - p a rc - d e - l a - v i l l e t t e - b e r n a rd - t s c h u mi

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Figure 5: Proximity to major rail station Similar proximity of Sydenham station to Central Station in Sydney [Image based sourced from google maps]

Stadelhofen Station 1983-1990 Architect/ Engineer: Santiago Calatrava Location: Zurich, Switzerland Climate: Cold/ temperate Typology: Open cut station Construction System: Concrete, Steel frame, glass Details: Redevelopment of local commuter train station Located close to the city centre Stadelhofen Station was inteded to be an inner city node for a new rapid transit system.

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Figure 4. Stadelhofen Station Santiago Calatrava Architects and Eng ineer s . http s :/ / calatr av a.co m / p ro jects / s tad elho fen-s tatio nz uer ich.htm l?v iew_m o d e= g aller y &im ag e= 5

Figure 6: Site in Urban context Located in a cut of a sloping terrain [Image based sourced from google maps]

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Figure 8: Circulatiion across station [Image base sourced from google maps 3D]

Circulation - Upper and platform level

Circulation - Under ground mall

Figure 7: Circulation

[Image base source: Zurcih Stadelhofen interactive station plan https:// plans.trafimage.ch/zuerich-stadelhofen?lang=en&layer=zuerich-stadelhofen_ aussenplan&x=683790.57&y=246825.83]

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Figure 9: Pedestrian access

[Image base source: plan reproduced by Alexander Tzonis ‘Santiago Calatrava Poestics of movement’ p 26]

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A regular motif in Calatravas work is the human form, a concept derrived from Michaelangelo’s principle relating architecture to human limbs. Accorrding to Calatrava, this is the first project where he related the human Calatrava, Santiago. Stadelhofen Station sketches. 1983.

Santiago Calatrava: Drawing Building Reflecting, p 47

Figure 11: Calatrava, Santiago. Stadelhofen Station sketches. 1983.

Santiago Calatrava: Drawing Building Reflecting, p 47

The design of the pillars were modeled from the arch formed by the thumb and index finger in the open hand gesture that signifies friendship. This form was designed in section then duplicated across the length of the platform

Figure 10: Sectional studies

[Image base source: plan reproduced by Alexander Tzonis ‘Santiago Calatrava Poestics of movement’ p 28]

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Figure 12

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EXPERIMENT A STATION ARCHITECTURE AND ZONING

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Required Programmes inclusive Required of stairs, Programmes inclusive of stairs, public exibition spaces, voidpublic spaces exibition for spaces, void spaces for existing heritage buildings and existing entrance heritage buildings and entrance zones were defined by the approximation zones were defined by the approximation of required area and spatial of layout required area and spatial layout

The minimum radius of the circles The minimum was radius of the circles was reduced and the total number reduced of circles and the total number of circles increased to again increase increased the densitytoofagain increase the density of circle packing circle packing

Programmatic layout transformed Programmatic into a layout transformed into a Gradient Bitmap. The gradient Gradient BitmapBitmap. The gradient Bitmap was in turn imported into Grasshopper was in turn imported into Grasshopper and converted to a mesh. and converted to a mesh.

The total number of circles was The reduced total number of circles was reduced to allow for a more even distribution to allow for of a more even distribution of program across the site. program across the site.

The mesh surface was populated The mesh with surface a was populated with a arbritary number of circles. The arbritary minimum number of circles. The minimum and maximum range of the radius and maximum of the range of the radius of the circles was informed by the circles minimum wasarea informed by the minimum area required for the aforementioned required for the aforementioned programs. programs.

The number of circles was increased The number to of circles was increased to similarly increase the densitysimilarly of the circle increase the density of the circle packing. Notably, increasingpacking. the number Notably, increasing the number of circles impacted the movement of circles andimpacted the movement and distribution of the medium sized distribution circles.of the medium sized circles.

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The circles were subsequently Theoffset circles to were subsequently offset to allow for trafficable movement allow between for trafficable movement between programs and even distribution programs of the and even distribution of the landscaped surface. landscaped surface.

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DEFINING SURFACE PUBLIC ACTIVITIES activity specific

DEFINING SURFACE

SUBDIVISION & PREFABRICATION PUBLIC ACTIVITIES activity specific

CIRCLE PACKING

CIRCLE PACKING

PUBLIC ACTIVITIES activity specific

PUBLIC ACTIVITIES activity specific

DEFINING CONNECTION

DEFINING CONNECTION

KIRIGAMI

KIRIGAMI

CIRCLE PACKING

ESTABLISHING PLACEMENT & PROGRAM

AMPITHEATRE 100sqm

CAFE / KIOSK / AMENITIES 25sqm

GRADIENT MAPPING

CAFE / KIOSK / AMENITIES 25sqm

GRADIENT MAPPING

BICYCLE STORAGE 8sqm

CIRCULATION PROGRAMMING & DESIRE LINES ESTABLISHING A GRADIENT

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CIRCLE PACKING

ESTABLISHING PLACEMENT & PROGRAM

AMPITHEATRE 100sqm

BICYCLE STORAGE 8sqm

PROGRAMMING

SUBDIVISION & PREFABRICATION

CIRCULATION LAYERING & DESIRE LINES

LAYERING

ESTABLISHING A GRADIENT

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EXPERIMENT B ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENT

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VARYING CONCENTRIC CIRCLES - KANGAROO SIMULATION DEFINE & MAP CIRCLES

6 CIRCLES

SPLIT CURVES

DEFINING FORM IN GRASSHOPPER

RUN SOLVER

Th e c o m p o n e n ts f o r t h e stat i o n d e s i g n s w e r e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e l o g i c s o f k i r i g a m i. I nitial digital e x p e r i m e n ts i n Gr a s s h o p p e r w e r e ge n e r at e d i n ‘ K a n ga r o o ’ , r e ly i n g o n t h e be n d i n g for ces of the h i n g e s to c r e at e f o r m [ L e f t ] . Th e k a n g a r o o g e n e r ato r d i d n o t a l l o w f o r t h e c o n t rol of parameters t h at wa s r e q u i r e d a n d h e n c e a n e w Gr a s s h o p p e r s c r i p t wa s d e v e l o p e d t h at a l l o w ed for manual m a n i p u l at i o n o f t h e o f f s et, st e p h e i g h t, c o n t r o l p o i n ts a n d ov e r a l l d i m e n s i o n s o f form . This new s c r i p t g e n e r at e d a g r e at e r va r i et y o f f o r m a l l o w i n g f o r t h e c r e at i o n o f a ‘ k i t o f parts ’ including c o l u m n s, l i g h t w e l l s , sta i r s , s e at i n g a n d p av i l i o n s , e ac h g e n e r at e d f r o m t h e i r o w n set of defined

15 CIRCLES

25 CIRCLES

35 CIRCLES

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VARYING CONCENTRIC CIRCLES AT EVEN SEPARATION

DEFINE OUTER & INNER RADIUS

5

10

VARYING CONCENTRIC CIRCLES AT VARYING SEPARATION (RE-MAPPED)

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DEFINE OUTER & INNER RADIUS

0

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10

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30

5

10

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25

DEFINE STEP HEIGHT

DEFINE STEP HEIGHT

0

5

5

10

20

25

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FIXED OUTTER CURVE - VARYING INNER CURVE

FORMING A COLUMN - FIXED BASE RADIUS - VARIED TOP RADIUS

ADDITION OF CONCENTRIC CIRCLES = ADDITION OF HEIGHT IN LAYERS

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FORM EXPERIMENTS VS SCALE

FORM EXPERIMENTS VS SCALE

PAVILLION

LIGHT WELL

COLUMN

LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS

SEATING

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STAIRS

PERMEABLE

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INTEGRATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

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Sydenham

Rouse Hill

TRAFFICABLE PLATFORM PROVIDES ACCESS TO THE ROUSE HiLL METRO AND VISUAL CONNECTION TO THE NEW CIVIC CENTRE BELOW

SKYLIGHTS DEFINED BY CIRCLE PACKING FACILITATE LIGHT TRANSMISSION TO THE GROUND LEVEL

IDENTIFYING STRUCTURAL BEAM ELEMENTS

DEFINING COLUMN LOCATIONS

INSERTING CONNECTION DEVICES TO THE OVERHEAD TRAFFICABLE CANOPY

W

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IN

DS

OR

RO

AD

DEFINING PROGRAM AT GROUND LEVEL HELPS TO EXTEND THE EXISTING CIVIC CENTRE TOWARDS WINDSOR ROAD AND INCORPORATION OF PUBLIC ACTIVITIES PROMOTES INCLUSION & SAFETY

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Sydenham

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Rouse Hill

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Sydenham

The station is now accessible from three points of entry

PLAN - PLATFORMS SCALE: 1:2000

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The circle packing revealed a series of paths that intersect, allowing for moments of encounter PLAN - ROOF LANDSCAPE SCALE: 1:2000

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Rouse Hill

ROUSE HILL TOWN CENTRE

PROPOSED METRO STATION STAIR ACCESS LIFT ACCESS

WINDSOR ROAD

WINDSOR ROAD

ROUSE HILL ELEVATED PLATFORM

ROUSE HILL GROUND LEVEL

POINTS OF CONNECTIVITY INTERSECTIONS POINTS OF INTERVENTION MINIMISED DETOUR PATH SYSYTEM

CASTLEBROOK MEMORIAL PARK

PLAN - PLATFORMS SCALE: 1:2000

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PLAN - GROUND SCALE: 1:2000

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SHORT SECTION / NTS

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ENTRANCE / ROOF LANDSCAPE

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ENTRANCE / AMPITHEATRE

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PLATFORM LEVEL / LIGHT WELL

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PLATFORM LEVEL / COLUMNS

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ROOF LANDSCAPE

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ENTRANCE / AMPITHEATRE

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COMPONENT CONSTRUCTION

COMPONENT CONSTRUCTION

1ST LAMINATION TIMBER BOARDS ARE LAMINATED AND BENT IN A SINGLE BOW BEAM IN THE WEAK AXIS

LONGITUDINAL SLICING LAMINATED BEAMS ARE SLICED LONGITUDINALLY WHICH CREATES STRONG THIN LAMINATES THAT CAN BE BENT IN THE WEAK AXIS FOR THE SECOND LAMINATION

2ND LAMINATION THE NEW SLICES ARE BENT IN THE WEAK AXIS AND LAMINATED AGAIN INTO A DOUBLE CURVED BEAM THE RESULTING BEAM IS SLICED AGAIN TO CREATE A MIRROR COMPONENT

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COMPONENT CONSTRUCTION

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COMPONENT CONSTRUCTION

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COMPONENT CONSTRUCTION

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COMPONENT CONSTRUCTION

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SITE MODEL | SYDENHAM

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SITE MODEL | SYDENHAM

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SITE MODEL | SYDENHAM

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SITE MODEL | SYDENHAM

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, Persons Born Overseas – Rouse Hill, Table 1. Accessed 20th March 2019. https://quickstats. censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC13429?opendocument Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016, Persons Born Overseas – Sydenham, Table 1. Accessed 20th March 2019. https://quickstats. censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC13714

CONCLUSION

Calatrava, Santiago. Stadelhofen Station sketches. 1983. Santiago Calatrava: Drawing Building Reflecting, p 47 “History of NSW Railways”, Transport Sydney Trains Fact Sheet, Accessed 31 March, 2019, https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/ projects/community-engagement/sydney-trains-community/culture-and-heritage/history-of-nsw-railways

Acr os s bo th pr o g r am s, t h e in t erven in g voids, c olu mns a nd pro g ra ms h elp to g enerat e a new pat h s y st e m; one that is informed by the existing sit e c o n d i t i o n s, fac i l i tat i n g c h a n c e e n c o u n t e r s a n d m o m e n ts of pause while still also allowing for t h e c o m m u t e r to ac c e s s t h e stat i o n p l at f o r m w i t h r e l at iv e e as e and e f fic ien c y.

Joswig, Michael, and Thorsten Theobald. 2013. Polyhedral And Algebraic Methods In Computational Geometry. London: Springer London.

Lopes, Joao, Alexandra Paio & Jose Sousa. 2004. “Parametric Urban Models Based on Frei Otto’s Generative Form-Finding Processes.” Paper presented at the 9th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research, in Kyoto Japan. http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/caadria2014_102.content.pdf Accessed 20th March 2019 Otto, Frei, “Minimal nets” in B. Burkhardt (ed.), IL1: Minimal nets, Karl Krämer Verlag (University of Stuttgart, 1971_, pp. 4-7 Und IL, Stuttgart, 4-7.

Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw, and Aristid Lindenmayer. 2004. The Algorithmic Beauty Of Plants. New York: Springer-Verlag. P 1-2 Schaur, Eda, “Non-planned Settlements. Characteristic Features-Path System, Surface Subdivision. (University of Stuttgart), 1991, p. 1-15.

Schumacher, Patrik, “Parametricism - A New Global Style for Architecture and Urban Design”, in AD Architectural Design - Digital Cities, ed. N Leach (John Wiley & Sons, 2009), pp 14-23.

“Sydenham Station | Sydney Metro”. 2019. Sydneymetro.Info. Accessed 20th March 2019. https://www.sydneymetro.info/station/ sydenham-station.

“Sydenham Station Precinct”. 2017. NSW Government Planning and Environment. Accessed 20th March 2019. https://www.planning.nsw.gov.au/-/media/Files/DPE/Plans-and-policies/sydenham-precinct-plan-2017-06.pdf Szabó, P. G. 2007. New Approaches To Circle Packing In A Square. New York: Springer Weisstein, Eric. W. 2019. “Circle Packing -- From Wolfram Mathworld”. Mathworld.Wolfram.Com. Accessed 18 May 2019. http:// mathworld.wolfram.com/CirclePacking.html.

Weisstein, Eric. W. 2019. “Voronoi Diagram -- From Wolfram Mathworld”. Mathworld.Wolfram.Com. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ VoronoiDiagram.html.

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APPENDIX A DESIGN ITERATIONS

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SYDENHAM ITERATION 1

SYDENHAM ITERATION 1

SCALE: 1:2000

Development of a trafficable surface from the Minimised Detour Path System.

ROOF LANDSCAPE SCALE: 1:2000

Red nodes are indicative of points of connection Blue nodes are introduced and a byproduct of the minimised detour path system. They may present opprtunities for intervention and places for pause and encounter with the local environment and other users.

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ROUSE HILL ITERATION 1

ROUSE HILL ITERATION 1

rouse hill town centre Community Garden Pedestrian Crossing

current bus stop

Old Windsor Road

Proposed Traffic Crossing

Introducing a New System of Connectivity

drive rouse hill

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Red nodes are indicative of points of connection Blue nodes are introduced and a byproduct of the minimised detour path system. They may present opprtunities for intervention and places for pause and encounter with the local environment and other users at the highlighted zones.

rouse hill town centre

ield

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s ro a

d

Old Windsor Road

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SYDENHAM LANDSCAPE ITERATIONS

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ROUSE HILL LANDSCAPE ITERATIONS

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SYDENHAM INTERIM ITERATION

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SCALE: NTS

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SYDENHAM INTERIM ITERATION

PLAN - ROOF LANDSCAPE SCALE: 1:2000

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ROUSE HILL INTERIM ITERATION

ROUSE HILL INTERIM ITERATION

TIES ic

DEFINING SURFACE CIRCLE PACKING

TIES ic

DEFINING CONNECTION

E

KIRIGAMI

MENITIES

AGE

DEFINING STRUCTURE

LAYERING

VORONOI / PATH OF LEAST TRAVEL

PROPOSED BUS TRANSIT

OLD WINDSOR ROAD

NE

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC SCALE: NTS

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OL

D

WI

ND

SO

W

BU

RR OA

ST E

RM

IN

AL

L1 Plan

PLAN - PLATFORM LEVEL 1:1000 @ A3 SCALE: 1:2000

D

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APPENDIX B MODEL EXPLORATIONS

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ASSESSMEN T 1 MODELS | SYDENHAM

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ASSESSMEN T 1 MODELS | SYDENHAM

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ASSESSMEN T 1 MODELS | ROUSE HILL

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ASSESSMEN T 1 MODELS | ROUSE HILL

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EXPERIMENTS WITH SURFACE MANIPULATION

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EXPERIMENTS WITH SURFACE MANIPULATION

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SURFACE EXPERIMENTS | ROUSE HILL

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SURFACE EXPERIMENTS | SYDENHAM

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SURFACE EXPERIMENTS |SYDENHAM

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SURFACE EXPERIMENTS | ROUSE HILL

115

HUMAN SCALE EXPERIMENTS

CONSIDERING THE HUMAN SCALE

CONSIDERING THE HUMAN SCALE

CONSIDERING THE HUMAN SCALE

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117

INITIAL TIMBER MODULE STUDIES

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119

APPENDIX C GRASSHOPPER SCRIPTS

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121

GH SCRIPT | KIRIGAMI FORM

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123

GH SCRIPT | IMAGE BASED CIRCLE PACKING

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125

APPENDIX D ANALOGUE EXPLORATIONS INITIAL EXPLORATION OF DESIGN PROPOSITIONS

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CONSIDERING THE URBAN FABRIC , INTERVENTIONS & THE GRID

CONSIDERING CIRCULATION AND PATHWAYS

A s w e Considered interventions to the existing g r i d o f t h e u r b a n fa b r i c w e l o o k e d i n to way i n w h i c h a g r i d m ay be altererd : icluding : the destruction , r e a r r a n g e m e n t o f e x s i t i n g p at h s & f i b r e s, p a r t i a l e x c l u s i on, and bunching and pulling .

A s a n e x p e r i m e n ta l a p p r oac h to i n v e s i tage c o n n e c t i v i t y w e to o k a s e r i e s o f m a l e a bl e pla stic r ib b ons a n d c o n n e c t e d t h e m b et w e e n t h e o r et i c a l n o d e s . Th e m at e r i a l i t y o f t h e wa r m p l a st i c allowed for more f l e x i b l e , o r o r g a n i c c o n n e c t i o n p at h s a n d t h e n e w i n t e r s e c t i o n s b et w e e n t h e d r a p i n g plastics is similar to t h e w et t h r e a d st u d i e s c o n d u c t e d b y Fr e o O t to & Eda S c h au r s w h i c h w i l l b e d i s c u ssed later .

A t t h i s stage , the rearrangement of the existing f i b r e s i s m ost c l os e ly l i n k e d to o u r s c h e m e a n d i s l os s e ly illustrative of how nodes and pinch poin ts c o n t r i b u t e to c r e at i n g p o i n ts o f e n c o u n t e r, a n d h e l p to identify possible new nodes of intervent i o n.

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PATHS, BRANCHING & L-SYSTEMS

A s w e E xplored a different mean by which path s c o u l d b e g e n e r at e d a n d c o n v e r e d w e a l s o i n v e st i g at e d t h e L-system. The L system , or Lindenmayer s y st e m, wa s d e v e l o p e d b y b i o l o g i st Ar i st i d Li n d e n m ay e r i n 1 9 68 as a mathematical theory for plant d e v e l o p m e n t. It h a s s i n c e b e e n a d o p t e d a s a p a r a m et r i c m o d e lling tool in architecture . The basis of th e s y st e m i s t h at o f r e w r i t i n g. It c o n s i sts o f a ‘ i n i t i ato r’ a n d a ‘generator ’. The ‘ initiator ’ is a straight i n t e r va l l i n e a n d t h e ‘g e n e r ato r’ i s a s p l i t l i n e w h i c h s its in place o f the in it iator.1 5 By modelling th r o u g h t h i s p r o c e s s, a b r a n c h i n g f o r m i s ac q u i r e d. Th i s pr o c e s s can b e us e ful for m odellin g c irc ulat i o n ro u t es a s well a s st ru ct u ra l syst ems.

15. Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw, and Aristid Lindenmayer. 2004. The Algorithmic Beauty Of Plants. New York: Springer-Verlag. P 1-2

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Thank you

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