Carbon-Build - Kashmira Sonar, Rohan Arora, Zhijing Wu, Sydney Otis Bartlett BPro

MARCH ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 2019-2020 THE BARTLETT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE I UCL

CARBON BUILD PORTFOLIO I RC7

TUTORS: Richard Beckett and Barry Wark MEMBERS: Kashmira Sonar, Sydney Otis, Zhijing Wu, Rohan Arora

CARBON BUILD Space filling assembly of Bisymmetric Hendecahedron components fabricated using Biochar

TUTORS: BARRY WARK RICHARD BECKETT MEMBERS: KASHMIRA SONAR SYDNEY OTIS ZHIJING WU ROHAN ARORA

2019-2020

Table of Contents 00 I PROJECT OVERVIEW

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0.1 Project Brief 0.2 Biospatial Design Approach

01 I CASE STUDY AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION

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1.1 Biomaterial as Biophilic Design Approach 1.2 Importance of Space Filling Geometry in Design

02 I BIOMATERIAL: BIOCHAR

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2.1 Material Research 2.2 Material Test 2.3 Attributes of Biochar

03 I COMPONENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY

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3.1 Space Filling Geometry 3.2 Bisymmetric Hendecahedron as Component 3.3 Component Assembly Logic 3.4 Aggregation Test

04 I MATERIAL FABRICATION

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4.1 Corn-crete as material for dissolvable mould 4.2 Casted Formwork Ideology 4.3 Assembly Test 4.4. Interlocking Logic

05 I WORKSPACE DESIGN

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5.1 Lineage of Workspace 5.2 Initial Design Strategy and Approach 5.3 Bio-spatial Environment

06 I DESIGN COMPUTATION

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6.1 Micro - Chunk 6.2 Macro - Building Workspace

07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN

99

7.1 Design Intelligibility Analysis 7.2 Design Application Micro and Macro 7.3 Design Application on site

08 I CONTEXT

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8.1 Ahmedabad, India 8.2 Design strategy in context

09 I ARCHITECTURE SPECULATION

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00 I PROJECT OVERVIEW

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00 I PROJECT OVERVIEW 0.1 I PROJECT BRIEF

CarbonBuild develops biochar as a novel material for integrating nature into architecture. Biochar is a sustainable biomaterial proposed as an alternative to brick or stone where the raw ingredients are obtained from plant matter rather than mined.

It serves as a sustainable biomaterial that when integrated with other more stable, inert materials, proposes as an alternative to brick or stone. The matter in its baked form exhibits porosity, functioning as a bioreceptive material providing a carbon source for the growth of photosynthetic organisms directly on the surface simultaneous to functioning as a carbon sink. The project explores computational tools and digital fabrication through the production of reusable, reconfigurable moulds based on packing logic. Aggregations of biochar are integrated with other more stable, inert materials, driven by environmental simulations of solar gain to propose temporal, reconfigurable spaces for application in architecture.

The research explores computational approaches for the assembly of discrete, space-filling geometries (bisymmetric hendecahedron) which are used to make biochar moulds for constructing non-discrete building components, encouraging adaptable and heterogeneous assemblies. Aggregations of casted biochar elements and their tectonic logic are driven by environmental simulations of solar gain, wind, and context, using Ahmedabad, India as a case study to propose temporal spaces for a new application in architecture proposing solutions for future workspaces as a biospatial habitat in which to work. This methodology is applied when identifying the importance of adaptability for the structure through a variety of softwares that analyse the environmental context to develop optimal plant growth, temperature regulation, modifiable volumetric spaces, and control interior and exterior solar conditions.

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DESIGN TIMELINE

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ARCHITECTURE SPECULATION

GROWTH SYSTEMS

ASSEMBLY TEST

AGGREGATION TEST

UNIT INTERFACING

COMBINATORIAL LOGIC

SPACE FILLING GEOMETRY

GEOMETRY EXPLORATION

GROWTH TEST

MATERIAL ASSEMBLY TEST

FABRICATION

MATERIAL RESEARCH

00 I PROJECT OVERVIEW

0.1 I PROJECT BRIEF

FUTURE OF WORKSPACE DESIGN

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00 I PROJECT OVERVIEW 0.2 I BIOSPATIAL DESIGN APPROACH

BIOSPATIAL DESIGN

MATERIAL INTELLIGIBILITY

BIOMATERIAL : BIOCHAR

ADAPTABLE DISCRETE CASTED FORMWORK

RECONFIGURATION BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

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MATERIAL

COMPUTATION

COMPLEXITY OF SPACE FILLING GEOMETRY FOR NON DISCRETE PARTS

COMPUTATION RC7 I CARBON-BUILD I

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01 I CASE STUDY AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION

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01 I CASE STUDY AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1 I BIOMATERIAL AS BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPROACH

The Biophilic Design approach not only boosts productivity in a work environment and connects humans with nature, but also plays an important role in creating a built environment that is self-sufficient, carbon-negative, sustainable with provision for improved air quality and fostering plant growth. Stephen R. Kellert, in his book “The Practice of Biophilic Design” laid out essential attributes of Biophilic Design into three categories, direct experience of nature, the indirect experience of nature, and experience of space and place. The use of natural biomaterials as Stephen argues, “evokes our affiliation with nature giving us a more positive and focused work environment. Moreover, Natural materials can be especially stimulating, reflecting the dynamic properties of organic matter in the adaptive response to the stresses and challenges of survival over time. The transformation of materials from nature frequently elicits positive visual and tactile responses, which few artificial materials can duplicate (Stephen R. Kellert, 2015).”

By mixing old-fashioned building materials — straw, clay, wheat, grasses, and the like — with innovative binders, researchers are developing biomaterials that are loaded with lower embodied energy and improved energy efficiency. Biomaterial science and cellular biology have been at work for a long time to make biomanufacturing technology widely available. These technologies provide a valid alternative to synthetic materials that will be used by the building industry to produce sustainable energy in the future.

“That’s Caffeine”, a material developed by Atticus Durnell, comprises a surface material that appears similar to granite. It is made from recycled coffee grounds.

It’s discovered process allows the creation of a range of products and surfaces that offer new and exciting design possibilities for both interior and exterior projects.

Handmade in London, That’s Caffeine feels and looks like granite stone, and because of its a composite of bio binders, minerals, and plant-based resin its lightweight. It is sustainable and biodegradable. This material is also water and heat resistant, making it a perfect choice for the kitchen and bathroom fittings. These products provide all the benefits of plastics whilst avoiding using toxic petrol based resin and diverting coffee waste from the landfills enabling distinctive surface finishes and colour.

Fig. 1 & 2: Bio-brick “Thats Caffeine” designed and composed by Atticus Durnell.

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01 I CASE STUDY AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1 I BIOMATERIAL AS BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPROACH

Another biomaterial developed is by Thomas Valley Studio called as “The Sunflower Enterprise”. Focusing on the transformation of bio-matter, this material explores the potential of sunflower leftovers to create new applications and prototypes embedded in sustainable, innovative production systems. Sunflowers are commonly farmed to produce oil, seeds or bio-fuel. After pressing the oil out, a part can be used as animal feed but most of the crop goes to waste. The stalk’s foamy structure, the strong fiber of the bark or the flower’s dark brown proteins are left behind. These agro-wastes can be valuable resources to produce novel biomaterials. Based on scientific papers (Marechal & Rigal, 1999) (Evon et al., 2014) (Rouilly et al., 2006) a system of bio-material using exclusively Sunflower by-products has been designed and developed. No PLA or binder, no toxic varnish, we make use only of the ingredients provided by the sunflower crop. The presscake - left after pressing the Sunflower oil out of the seeds - is turned into a waterbased glue and vegetal leather. The stalk is harvested and the bark is separated from the marrow. The bark’s fibers are heat pressed into hardboard while the marrow is shaped into an aggregate, a natural alternative to polystyrene. These different bio-materials can be coated with Sunflower varnish improve their resistance to water.

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4 Fig. 3, 4: Biomaterial “The Sunflower Enterprise” designed by Thomas Valley Studio.

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01 I CASE STUDY AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.2 I IMPORTANCE OF SPACE FILLING GEOMETRY IN DESIGN

A multitude of space-filling geometries can be used as a structural apparatus to explore the potential to create bio spatial architecture. In nature, space-filling tiling of polyhedrons forms honeycombs, found in structures such as living cells, crystals, beehives, etc. (Jiangmei Wu, 2018). ‘Nature’s strategies in filling space in this manner have inspired developments in material science, chemistry, biology and in architecture (Pearce, 1978) (Jiangmei Wu, 2018).’ The most significant advantage of the space-filling geometries is their innate ability to interlock and stack upon each other. This makes them suitable to construct forms of flexible and desired logic while allowing room for the design expansion or reduction.

An example of use of space-filling geometry is Synergia, an installation displayed at a design exhibition in Columbus, Indiana was a homage to modernist architect Eero Saarinen. He through this architectural style, used many geometrical forms, especially hexagons, in the plans as well as in the building sections. Therefore, this installation used bisymmetric hendecahedron as their base geometry due to its hexagonal form as shown in fig. 15. ‘In Synergia, hundreds of identical units of bisymmetric hendecahedrons were connected and stacked in a total of ten layers to create the final structure that echoed Saarinen’s hexagonal building (Jiangmei Wu, 2018).’ This installation displays the capability of bisymmetric hendecahedron to form a large-scale structure along with its novel stacking beauty.

6 Fig. 6: Synergia Bisymmetric Hendecahedron Assembly. Photo Credit: Tony Vasquez.

7 Fig. 7: Synergia Bisymmetric Hendecahedron Assembly Plan layers.

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01 I CASE STUDY AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.2 I IMPORTANCE OF SPACE FILLING GEOMETRY IN DESIGN

Another interesting example of the use of interlocking space filling geometry has been remarkably experimented by Aranda and Lasch Architects through various insatallations and furniture pieces that have gained appraisal in various exhibitions worldwide.

Primitives at Design Miami is a collaboration by FENDI and ArandaLasch to explore ideas of craft and making. It is a continuation of the installation from the Venice Biennale in 2010 with an added element of live performance. Primitives is a live exploration of a single unit and its manifold possibilities, a dual obsession with the way things stay together and how they fall apart. A total of eighteen new works, mostly stools, were made during the performance and added to the inventory of Primitive pieces, transforming the environment from a single wall into an immersive landscape of furniture.

The Quasi-series is about the pursuit of orders that are rigorously modular but wild—almost out of order. Quasicrystals, a new phase of matter discovered in 1982, represent this kind of material structure that hovers on the edge of falling apart. Unlike a regular crystal, whose molecular pattern is periodic (or repetitive in all directions), the distinctive quality of a quasicrystal is that its structural pattern never repeats the same way twice. It is endless and uneven, but interestingly, it can be described by the arrangement of a small set of modular parts.

8 Fig. 8: Aranda and Lasch introduce Primitives at Design Miami.

The Aggregations exhibition at The Johnson Trading Gallery presents an interest in a “mineral” architecture. At the smallest scale of matter, assembly is controlled by crystals — the structure of molecular lattices in solids. The energy storage potential in crystals (periodic, aperiodic, and chaotic) is vast and differentiated. The productive symmetries of modularity and subsequent crystallographic structures are a vital organizing force for architecture at large. The following exhibition shows this approach applied to objects, furniture and buildings.

9 Fig. 9: Aranda and Lasch introduce the Quasiconsole at Johnson Trading Gallery.

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10 Fig. 10: Aranda and Lasch introduce the Aggregations at Johnson Trading Gallery.

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02 I BIOMATERIAL : BIOCHAR

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02 I BIOMATERIAL: BIOCHAR 2.1 I MATERIAL RESEARCH

BIOCHAR Biochar is a type of charcoal that enhances soil health created under special conditions. The result of natural or human-made forces—such as forest fires or the 2,000-year-old practice of transforming agricultural waste into a soil-booster— biochar is a carbon-rich material that exhibits a high porosity and fine grain. It has been shown to improve nutrient-depleted soil, elevate water quality, and maintain soil vitality. In a laboratory setting, biochar can be made by heating wood or other plantbased materials in a low-oxygen chamber.

JUTE / HESSIAN / SERIM

FEEDSTOCK

BIOCHAR @ 700°C

ACRYLIC “BINDER”

LARGE GRAIN BIOCHAR DEPOSIT

JASMANITE CO2 Absorption, Carbon Sink

QUADAXIAL MATTING

BIOCHAR + CLAY/PLASTER 80% 20%

Allows Plant and Insect Growth

POWDER

Study = 80:20 Ideal Biochar to Clay ratio 50% Biochar, 30% Sand and 20% Clay - Can be applied to walls Improves Climate

BIOCHAR NON HYDRAULIC LIME PLASTER POWDER

FIBERGLASS

Extremely low thermal conductivity Absorbs water upto 6 times its weight Insulating Building Material Regulating Humidity Absorber of Electromagnetic Radiation Biodegradable Less Aggregate mix required

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02 I BIOMATERIAL: BIOCHAR 2.1 I MATERIAL RESEARCH

WHY BIOCHAR? Farmers in many parts of the world set fire to cultivated fields to clear stubble, weeds and waste before sowing a new crop as shown in fig. 11. While this practice may be fast and economical, it is highly unsustainable, as it produces large amounts of the particle pollutant black carbon and reduces the fertility of soil. Many farmers are aware of the consequences of open burning but lack the tools and knowledge to adopt alternative practices. As biochar is a charcoal produced from plant matter and stored in the soil as a means of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, in order to clear the stubble the matter burned is producing biochar which then can be used as building material that habitates plant growth.

APPLICATIONS OF BIOCHAR (Carbon-negative building products made of atmospheric CO2) Made of Air is developing a building material that could be streamlined with, as opposed to curbing, our demand for consumer production, inverting traditional concepts that production and consumption are unsustainable. The material uses waste biomass, which has absorbed CO2 in the atmosphere, and is baked to a stable form of carbon by pyrolysis, an oxygen-free oven. The carbon is mixed with biodegradable binder to yield carbon negative facades as shown in fig. 12. At the end of its lifecycle, the material is shredded, and sequestered in the earth. The cycle is repeated, essentially sequestering carbon by use. Using or consuming products which have sequestered carbon reduces the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, inverting common assumptions of sustainability that consumption is bad for the environment.

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In order to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere, we will have to consume it.

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02 I BIOMATERIAL: BIOCHAR 2.2 I MATERIAL TEST OBSERVATION

OBSERVATION

• • •

• • •

Pumice helps add more texture and grainous effect to the block.

The chunkier the pieces of Biochar, the more binding material required.

Biochar works best in powdered form.

Biochar + Plaster + Sand

Sample 1A

Sample 2A

Sample 3A

Sample 2B

Sample 3B

Sample 4B

Biochar + Plaster + Pumice + Sand Sample 1C

Sample 2C

Sample 3C

TEST

BIOCHAR

PLASTER

SAND

WATER

RATIOS

Sample 1A

2.5

2.5

1

1

Sample 2A

3.5

1.5

1

1

Sample 3A

3

2

1

1

Sample 4A

4

1

1

1

TEST

BIOCHAR

CEMENT

SAND

WATER

Sample 1B

3

2

1

1

Sample 2B

4

1

1

1

Sample 3B

4.5

0.5

1

1

Sample 4B

3.5

1.5

1

1

TEST

BIOCHAR

PLASTER

PUMICE

SAND

WATER

Sample 1C

1

1

3

1

1.5

Sample 2C

3

1

1

1

1.5

Sample 3C

2

1

2

1

1.5

Sample 4C

3.5

1

3

1

1.5

Sample 4A

Biochar + Cement + Sand

Sample 1B

The less the binding material, the more the Texture.

Plant Growth - Plaster > Cement Structural Stability - Cement > Plaster

RATIOS

RATIOS

Sample 4C

IDEAL MIX: Sample 4A - For Plant Growth, Sample 1B - For Structural Stability

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02 I BIOMATERIAL: BIOCHAR 2.3 I ATTRIBUTES OF BIOCHAR BIOCHAR: BIORECEPTIVE ASPECT

BIOCHAR MIX TEST

Bioreceptive can be considered as allowing the material to have its own agency and interconnection with the environment. Not only biochar is a bio-made material, however, it has the agency to grow its own moss and ferns naturally. In the conversation of the bio-spatial design, we tested biochar with seedlings and discovered its ability to foster vegetation. This is a key in bringing greenery inside our volumetric spaces. More critically, it inherently acts as an analogy to the concept of urban cliff. This process relies on natural cycles that eliminate the need for artificial irrigation and does not exhibit the same negative effects of green walls.

Experiments were conducted with mixing of concrete, sand and plaster to identify proper rations with the biochar for durability, structural strength, fostering of growth, colouration and porosity. From the experiment, these ratios were extracted to suggest the materials for the building and aggregations. These are examples of different porosities, colours, and textures both computationally and via casting.

COMPUTATION BIOCHAR + SAND + CEMENT + PIGMENT SITUATED IN SUN 1:4

COMPUTATION BIOCHAR SITUATED IN SHADE 3:2

MICROSCOPE BIOCHAR

CASTED BIOCHAR + CONCRETE 3:2

PLANT GROWTH TEST Material: 80% Biochar, 20% Sand Plant Species: Basil

CASTED BIOCHAR + SAND + CEMENT 2:3

CASTED BIOCHAR + CLAY 2.5:2.5

Biochar Plant Growth test

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Biochar Additives test

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03 I COMPONENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY

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03 I COMPONENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY 3.1 I SPACE FILLING GEOMETRY FRACTAL AS INSPIRATION A curve or geometrical figure, each part of which has the same statistical character as the whole. They are useful in modelling structures (such as snowflakes) in which similar patterns recur at progressively smaller scales, and in describing partly random or chaotic phenomena such as crystal growth and galaxy formation.

SPACE FILLING SOLIDS

Sphenoid Hendecahedron

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Bisymmetric Hendecahedron

Fig. 13. The Family Tree of Fractal Curves - A taxonomy of plane-filling curves using complex integer lattices by Jeffrey Ventrella

Rhombic Dodecahemi-Octahedron

14 Fig. 14. The Family Tree of Fractal Curves - Fractals have non-integer dimensions, with fractal curves ranging from 1 to 2 by Jeffrey Ventrella

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03 I COMPONENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY

03 I COMPONENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.1 I SPACE FILLING GEOMETRY

3.2 I BISYMMETRIC HENDECAHEDRON AS COMPONENT BISYMMETRIC HENDECAHEDRON Along similar lines to the Kelvin structure, the bi symmetric Hendecahedron has eleven faces and eleven vertices. Combining four hendecahedron together creates a translation unit that forms a Cairo tessellation in plan and infinitely fill space in 3 dimensions. Just as each individual brick has a specific arrangement with its neighbors, so too does each individual space. Therefore the structure of the colony is self similar, in that the same patterns repeat at different scales, each individual part of the colony is representative of the whole.

Bisymmetric Hendecahedron

Sphenoid Hendecahedron

Rhombic Dodecahemi-Octahedron

Bisymmetric Hendecahedron general assembly

SELECTION CRITERIA

Greater Packing Flexibility

Assembly logic of different space filling geometries

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Easy Transition Between Scales

Perspective

Side View

More Horizontal Surface Area

Plan

Packing along 3 axis

Front View

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03 I COMPONENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY 3.3 I COMPONENT ASSEMBLY LOGIC

Gri

dE

Gri

dD

Gri

dC

Gri

dB

Sc ale

Sc ale

Sc ale

Sc ale

1:1:

2:4

:8

1:1:

2:4

Gri

dA

1:1:

2

Gri

dA

1:1:

2 Gri

dA

Gri

dA

Sc ale

Sc ale

Sc ale

1:1

Sc ale

1:1

Grid A Scale 1:1

Grid A Scale 1:1

1:1

Unit and point Grid system to interlock components across different scales

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Grid A Scale 1:1

1:1

Grid B Scale 1:1:2

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Grid A Scale 1:1

Grid C Scale 1:1:2

Grid D Scale 1:1:2:4

Grid E Scale 1:1:2:4:8

Unit and point Grid system adopted to interlock components across different scales

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03 I COMPONENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY 3.4 I AGGREGATION TEST: SCALES AGGREGATION We used a point grid system specifically designed for our space filling geometry and explored different geometrical outputs by combining different scales & skins to create a non homogeneous composition.

Experiment A

Experiment B

Experiment C

Experiment D

Diagram showing transition in scales of components

Diagram showing Biochar assembly connectivity across different scales

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Assembly Packing Experiments - Transition in Scale

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03 I COMPONENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY 3.4 I AGGREGATION TEST: SKINS

Different skin layering experiments

Experiment A

Different skin layering experiments applied to assembly

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Experiment B

Different skin layering experiments assembly

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03 I COMPONENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY 3.4 I AGGREGATION TEST ASSEMBLY STUDY WITH SKINS AND SCALES These studies reflect the multiple combinations that can be adopted using Bisymmetric Hendecahedron as the base geometry spanning across in different scale of the component as well as textures of the skin layer to create interesting patterns.

Study A

Study B

Study E

Study F

Study C

Study D

Study G

Study H

Assembly Study with Skins and Scales

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Assembly Study with Skins and Scales

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03 I COMPONENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY 3.4 I AGGREGATION TEST ASSEMBLY STUDY WITH SKINS AND SCALES These studies reflect the multiple combinations that can be adopted using Bisymmetric Hendecahedron as the base geometry to define a structure and facilitate plant growth in between components.

Study A

Study B

Assembly Study with Skins and Scales for plant growth

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Study C

Assembly Study with Skins and Scales to facilitate plant growth

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03 I COMPONENT DESIGN METHODOLOGY 3.4 I AGGREGATION TEST

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04 I MATERIAL FABRICATION

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04 I MATERIAL FABRICATION 4.1 I CORN-CRETE AS MATERIAL FOR DISSOLVABLE MOULD CO[R]NCRETE

DISSOLVABILITY TEST

Corncrete is a mixture of cornstarch, sand and water. This mixture has been tested for its greater dissolvability and mould strength. This forms an ideal composition to be used as a mould for casting. It can easily dissolve once the component is casted inside. To dissolve the corncrete mould, hot water needs to be poured on it.

The CO[R]NCRETE mixture is submerged in hot water at 80 degree celcius and allowed to dissolve. The resulting dissolvability is then calculated.

OBSERVATION • •

+

Cornstarch

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+

Sand

Mix

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The greater the amount of cornstarch, the greater the dissolvability and lesser the hardness/strength.

The greater the amount of sand, the greater the hardness/strength and lesser the dissolvability.

Pour into silicone mould

Water

Bake - 2 mins.

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04 I MATERIAL FABRICATION 4.1 I CORN-CRETE AS MATERIAL FOR DISSOLVABLE MOULD CO[R]NCRETE: ADDITIVES TEST Corncrete mixture is mixed with other additives to test the dissolvability of the mixture when submerged in hot water.

Cornstarch + Sand + Water

Sample 1A

Sample 2A

Sample 3A

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Sample 2B

Sample 3B

CORNSTARCH

SAND

WATER

TIME TO DISSOLVE

STRENGTH VS DISSOLVABILITY (1<5)

Sample 1A

1

5

1

8 mins.

S=5, D=1

Sample 2A

1

4

1

6 mins.

S=5, D=1

Sample 3A

1

4

1.5

6 mins

S=5, D=1

Sample 4A

1.25

4

1.5

4 mins.

S=4, D=2

TEST

CORNSTARCH

SAND

WATER

TIME TO DISSOLVE

STRENGTH VS DISSOLVABILITY (1<5)

Sample 1B

2

4

1.5

8 mins.

S=4, D=3

Sample 2B

1.5

4

1

5 mins.

S=4, D=2

Sample 3B

3

3

2

4 mins.

S=3, D=3

Sample 4B

4

2

2.5

3 mins.

S=2, D=5

Sample 4A

Cornstarch + Sand + Water

Sample 1B

TEST

Sample 4B

IDEAL MIX: Sample 4B: Cornstarch - 4, Sand - 2, Water - 2.5

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04 I MATERIAL FABRICATION 4.2 I CASTED FORMWORK IDEOLOGY CASTING PROCESS The CO[R]NCRETE mould assembly is created depending on the design configuration to cast Biochar inside the mould. The resulting Mixture is allowed to set for 24 hrs. Hot water is then poured on the corncrete mould to make it dissolve and breakdown thus achieving the biochar cast sample.

SAMPLE 1 : PLEASE NOTE THE SAMPLES WERE CASTED USING CARDBOARD COMPONENTS INITIALLY TO TEST BIOCHAR.

Assembly of CO[R]NCRETE dissolvable mould to cast Biochar

Pouring Biochar into the Assembly of CO[R]NCRETE dissolvable mould

Sraying hot water to dissolve the CO[R]NCRETE mould

Biochar Cast Sample

SAMPLE 2 : PLEASE NOTE THE SAMPLES WERE CASTED USING CARDBOARD COMPONENTS INITIALLY TO TEST BIOCHAR.

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04 I MATERIAL FABRICATION 4.2 I CASTED FORMWORK IDEOLOGY

Biochar Cast CO[R]NCRETE Mould

Casting Process - Forming a bounding box around the desired cast shape using corncrete mould

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Casting Process - Forming assembly of Bisymmetric Hendecahedron Components

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04 I MATERIAL FABRICATION 4.2 I CASTED FORMWORK IDEOLOGY

Biochar Cast CO[R]NCRETE Mould Steel Support System

Casting Process - Forming a bounding box around the desired cast shape

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Casting Process - Weight distribution and support analysis

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04 I MATERIAL FABRICATION 4.2 I CASTED FORMWORK IDEOLOGY CASTING PROCESS We fabricated adaptable moulds through space filling geometry which can be easily reconfigured & taken apart for re-use. These casted larger components can then be assembled together. The purpose is to use discrete components to create formworks that will produce non discrete parts. This is key to our notion of adaptability and reconfigurability.

THE MOULD CASTED FORMWORK SPACE FILLING GEOMETRY

THE CAST BIOCHAR FILLING

NON-DISCRETE

DISCRETE

THE RECONFIGURABLE COMPONENTS CASTED FORMWORK BECOMES NON-DISCRETE GEOMETRICALLY FITS AND INTERLOCKS TOGETHER

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Diagram on the process of casting and formwork. utilizing the discrete space-filling geometry, develops nondiscrete components. These then fit together with an infinate amount of configuration possibilities.

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04 I MATERIAL FABRICATION 4.3 I ASSEMBLY TEST: BIOCHAR CASTED BLOCKS

NOTE: The variation in color represents pigments added to the mixture of Biochar.

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04 I MATERIAL FABRICATION 4.4 I INTERLOCKING LOGIC: INITIAL EXPERIMENT

WOODEN BLOCKS

BIOCHAR ON WOODEN SHELL

BIOCHAR ON WOODEN SHELL

BIOCHAR ON WOODEN SHELL TO ALLOW PLANT GROWTH

DIAGRAM SHOWING TWO DIFFERENT SCALES AND BIORECEPTIVE CRUST LAYER

BIOCHAR LAYER AFTER DRYING

PLANT GROWTH ON BIOCHAR LAYER

BIOCHAR LAYER ON WOODEN COMPONENT SECTIONAL DETAIL

Diagram showing different attributes of interlocking system

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04 I MATERIAL FABRICATION 4.4 I INTERLOCKING LOGIC JOINERY STUDY WITH WOODEN STRUCTURE AND BIOCHAR COMPONENTS In this study the Bisymmetric Hendecahedron component is being tested to interlock with wooden structure. Thus the wooden, post and beam edges are designed to facilitate this type of interlocking joinery.

Biochar block unit assembly detail

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Biochar Single Unit Connection Detail

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04 I MATERIAL FABRICATION 4.4 I INTERLOCKING LOGIC

Wood and Biochar interlocking system physical model - 3D printed

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Wooden interlocking assembly set with biochar components

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05 I WORKSPACE DESIGN

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05 I WORKSPACE DESIGN 5.1 I LINEAGE OF WORKSPACE

1906 - TAYLORISM

1960s - BUROLANSCHAFT

One of the earliest modern offices, Frank Lloyd Wright’s Larkin Building sees the rise of open-plan offices in a Taylorist era where office layout reflects hierarchy and rank.

Burolanschaft (german for “office landscape”) breaks the rigid structures of past office layouts and promotes a more organic and socially democratic layout that fosters human interaction nd uses plants as screen dividers.

LINEAGE OF OFFICES (PAST) : BELGRAVE HOUSE

Location: London SW1 Status Completed: 2004 • • •

1939 - STREAMLINED OFFICE

1968 - THE ACTION OFFICE

Frank Lloyd Wright designs The Johnson Wax building around efficiency, as opposed to manufacturing. To compensate the lack of interaction with the outside world, Wright introduces brand new elements such as bright lights, warm spaces and cork ceilings.

Action Office pops up as a response to a rising need for privacy in the workplace. This translates in modular office furniture with low dividers and flexible workspaces.

1980s - THE CUBICLE FARM

1990s - THE DOT-COM BUBBLE

The concept of action office devolves into an absolute dystopian extreme: the infamous Cubicle Farm, with its high partitions and enclosed spaces, reflects a clear economical mindset and complete disregard for staff wellbeing.

A quirkier version of the open plan layout gains popularity among dot-com giants, concerned with blurring the line between people and space, as well as between work and play.

•

LINEAGE OF OFFICES (PRESENT) : WeWork CO-WORKING SPACE

2000 - BARRIER FREE OFFICE

The recession of the early 1990s, coupled with the increased ease of internet access, leads to the rise of completely new, non-territorial offices where hot-desking saves costs and promotes a more flexible work environment.

With the new millennium, remote work and digital nomads have become the new normal. Coffee shops and hotel lobbies often double as casual offices, while inside the workplace, ‘all work and no play’ is dismissed in favour of game rooms and bean bags.

• • • • •

15 Fig. 15: Infographic: The Evolution of Office Design By Elissaveta Marinova

BUILDING CORE

OFFICE SPACE A

LEISURE SPACE

OFFICE SPACE B

OFFICE SPACE D

OFFICE SPACE C

Location: 32 Countries Founded: 2010 •

1990s - THE VIRTUAL OFFICE

Belgrave House responds to the challenge of a large-scale office building with a solution of diagrammatic clarity.

Providing 25,000m2 of office space over six floors, the building employs a flexible arrangement designed to satisfy the needs of high-profile tenants including Google and British Airways.

Large enough to be used as open dealer floors, each level can also be split easily along both axes to accommodate four separate companies.

Occupiers enjoy two open ‘lungs’ of space: a double storey entrance hall and, on the fifth floor, an open terrace and winter garden.

WeWork is an American commercial real estate company that provides shared workspaces for technology startups and services for other enterprises.

It is simply an office-leasing company. It makes money by renting office space.

WeWork purchases real estate space—sometimes just a floor or two in an office building—and transforms it into smaller offices and common areas.

It rents desks to individuals or groups who want the benefits of a fully stocked office without the expense of a full office.

Members include independent freelancers and remote workers who need an occasional office away from home.

Other customers are small businesses with multiple employees who need a consistent place to work, have meetings, and build their budding empires, but without the high cost.

16 Fig. 16. WeWork co-working space leasing schemes - WeWork Webpage

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05 I WORKSPACE DESIGN 5.2 I INITIAL DESIGN STRATEGY AND APPROACH PROBLEMS FACED

CONCEPT OF NET INTERNAL VOLUME (NIA)

• • • •

Carbon|Build bridges the gap between the design of an office space and biophilic approach towards built environment. This proposal through analysis of precedent models of office spaces sets up a new vision which enables nature to be experienced while you spend your day working. After carefully analyzing, the past and present models suggest nature being superficially introduced into the buildings. We have tried to solve this by allowing natural growth between our spatial components as being experienced in nature through plants growing in between cracks of a rock or mountain. This in turn will not only affect our cognitive abilities but also will benefit us physically.

Restricted expansion of space in terms of volume Lack of felxibility and adaptability On terminal of the lease term, the elements become unusable e.g. furniture, walls, services Lack of biophilic design and allowing nature inside to boost productivity (naturally and not superficially)

THE FUTURE

ADAPTABLE

TRANSIENT

BIOPHILIC AGENDA

REUSABLE CAST FORMWORK

Our other agenda is to provide user friendly spaces that are adaptable, transient and transferable thus allowing the user to choose freely and design his own space that suits their needs. This is being addressed by proposing an adaptable set of space filling components that can be easily transported and built into various permutations and combination into a flexible space.

The design and experience based offices (The future APP)

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05 I WORKSPACE DESIGN 5.2 I INITIAL DESIGN STRATEGY AND APPROACH

Beam and Post Wood 10 Years

Concrete Core 75 Years Component Biochar 15 Years

Component Wood 5 Years

Component Wood + Biochar Crust 10 Years

AGING GARDEN 100 Years

ADAPTABLE VOLUMES WITH BIORECEPTIVE CRUSTS 10-20 Years

SYSTEM: AGE

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AGING GARDEN 100 Years

Idea showing adaptable volumes connected to cores

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05 I WORKSPACE DESIGN 5.2 I INITIAL DESIGN STRATEGY AND APPROACH ADAPTABLE VOLUMETRIC SYSTEM CONCEPT

TYPE A

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TYPE B

TYPE C

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05 I WORKSPACE DESIGN 5.2 I INITIAL DESIGN STRATEGY AND APPROACH

Building Type A

Building Type A - Crack

Building Type A - Crack Growth

Building Type A - Full Crack Growth

Building Type B

Building Type B - Crack

Building Type B - Crack Growth

Building Type B - Full Crack Growth

Adaptable Volumetric system concept showing growth in cracks

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Adaptable Volumetric system concept showing growth in cracks

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05 I WORKSPACE DESIGN 5.3 I BIO SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT SECTION SHOWING ADAPTATION OF BIOPHILIC ENVIRONMENT INSIDE BUILDING SPACE

INTERIOR CLIFF/CRACK

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BIOPHILIC TERRACES

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06 I DESIGN COMPUTATION

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06 I DESIGN COMPUTATION 6.1 I MICRO: CHUNK CONCEPT OF BUILDING - GROWTH IN CRACKS We explore the intentional placing of cracks formed in the building typology. The cracks are guided in the conversations of sun patterns, wind directions, weather conditions, temperatures on the surface and shaded areas to allow the component itself to grow and have the agency to do so.Â

Inside

The Discrete

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Urban Cliff Analogy

Mereological Growth

Timber frame with wooden joinery

Biochar Component

Crack

Volume exposed to sun (Outside)

Wood Component

Inside / Outside

Section showing component density of cracks based on the sun pattern to facilitate plant growth

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06 I DESIGN COMPUTATION 6.1 I MICRO: CHUNK CONCEPT OF BUILDING - GROWTH IN CRACKS These studies explore the relationship between the interior office space merged to create leisure and bio-crack for employees to enjoy working with the utmost productivity and good mental health. The studies show how cracks can be manipulated to create playful environments in between two buildings.

Crack Study A

Crack Study A

Crack Study B

Crack Study B

Study Model for Crack within Biochar and wood Components

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Study Model for Crack within Biochar and wood Components

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06 I DESIGN COMPUTATION 6.2 I MACRO: BUILDING WORKSPACE BUILDING AS A WHOLE - GROWTH IN CRACKS This study adopts a component logic across the building facades, cores and interior spaces

Core Crack

Office Building

Structural Point Grid System

Study Model showing core and building relation

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Study Model showing core and building relation to facilitate plant growth

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06 I DESIGN COMPUTATION 6.2 I MACRO: BUILDING WORKSPACE

Study Model showing building relation with the structure

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Study Model showing building relation with the structure

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06 I DESIGN COMPUTATION 6.2 I MACRO: BUILDING WORKSPACE

Study Model showing building relation with the structure

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Study Model showing building relation with the structure

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06 I DESIGN COMPUTATION 6.2 I MACRO: BUILDING WORKSPACE

Study Models showing interior structure detail

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Study Model showing building relation with the structure

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06 I DESIGN COMPUTATION 6.2 I MACRO: BUILDING WORKSPACE

Study showing Interior Views

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Study showing Interior Views

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07 I LOGIC + APPLICABILITY

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.1 I DESIGN INTELLIGIBITY ANALYSIS BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL I SOLAR ANALYSIS Once discovering the biocharâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to foster growth, sun analysis were performed on multiple sites whereby perameters were created to promote optimal conditions for growth.

Low Porosity

Growth

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.1 I DESIGN INTELLIGIBITY ANALYSIS GROWTH IN CRACKS Using the nature of the material, biocharâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, porosity and computating for more folds, allows vegetation to grow in these calculated areas.

Gap

Porosity in blocks

Cracks in between components

Diagram showing the concept of growth in cracks

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.1 I DESIGN INTELLIGIBITY ANALYSIS BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL I VEGETATION Biochar is able to foster vegetation, this examines the native species in carbon|build context of India.

Native Plant Species in India

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Growth Condition based on sun analysis and Outcome

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.1 I DESIGN INTELLIGIBITY ANALYSIS BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL I THERMAL HEAT When mixing biochar ratios with other materials and the consideration of thermal energy, becomes a conversation of placement and collection of heat to promote passive spaces--contrasting materials.

Interior Exterior Relationship

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Exterior Thermal Energy

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.1 I DESIGN INTELLIGIBITY ANALYSIS BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL I AIR PURIFIER Today, most architecture have positive carbon, some aim for having zero carbon. Uniquely, biochar promotes a zero-carbon structure thus forming an active model for air purification. Biochar sequestrian is carbon negative as emissions are reduced from the biomass.

Atmospheric CO2 Photosynthesis

Atmospheric CO2 Respiration

O2

25%

Respiration

Carbon Release 5%

Photosynthesis

50%

Biomass

Biochar Component

Pyrolysis

25% Sequestering

Energy i.e.

Biofuels (Carbon Neutral Emissions Reduction)

25%

The Biochar Cycle Biochar 109

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: MICRO

Study A showing different materiality and composition of biochar

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Study B showing different materiality and composition of biochar with addition of flat blocks to balance the composition

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: MICRO

Study C showing placement of biochar blocks based on the sun pattern

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Study D showing placement of biochar blocks based on the sun pattern

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: MICRO

Study E showing placement of biochar blocks based on the sun pattern

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: MICRO

Study F showing different compositions of biochar

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Study G showing different compositions of biochar

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: MICRO

Study H showing different compositions of biochar

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Study H showing different compositions of biochar

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: MICRO

Study I showing three different compositions of biochar based on solar analysis

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Study I showing three different compositions of biochar

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: MICRO

Study J showing three different compositions of biochar

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Study J showing three different compositions of biochar

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: MICRO

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: MICRO

Study showing different compositions of biochar

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: MACRO

S Plan showing placement of BSH components according to wind analysis

Casted Pieces - Shaded Lower ratio of Biochar

Casted Pieces - Sun and Shade Medium ratio of Biochar

Section showing growth on biochar components

Casted Pieces - Sunexposure Higher ratio of Biochar

N Sectional diagram showing assembly of different BSH components

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Study showing assembly of BSH components as a building

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: MACRO

“CRACK” Space between the limit of growth and decay

RECONFIGURABLE Adaptable casted formwork

Reconfiguration of semi enclosed workspaces based on sun pattern

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WORKSPACE GROWTH Right to nature Outdoor Space

WORKSPACE Private + Sheltered Space

Building composition of crack based on sun pattern

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: MACRO

Reconfiguration of semi enclosed workspaces based on sun pattern

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Study showing composition of biochar with larger building unit spaces

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07 I MATERIAL LOGIC + APPLICABILITY IN DESIGN 7.2 I DESIGN APPLICATION: TIME BASED DECAY

Year One

Year One + 6 Months

Year Two Small size space configuration

Super Components - 6 Months

Biochar Casts - 6 Weeks

Medium Size Space Configuration Interlock Large Space Configuration

Growth in Cracks and Components

Study showing time based decay of large to small building units

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Study showing recongigurability of building components

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07 I LOGIC + APPLICABILITY 7.3 I DESIGN APPLICATION ON SITE PARAMETER + CONDITION + APPLICATION The process of the site begins with context to discover the sun path using houdini. this is followed by a set of rules whereby biochar is situated in shaded and half-shaded areas. The other parts of the site that are infiltrated by the sun are filled with the less-concentrated material. this is applicable to any site.

Site

Shadow Analysis

Built Mass from Shadow Analysis

Built Mass Analysis

Applying shade analysis to point cloud

Location for Biochar pieces

Study showing building system configuration based on parameters

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07 I LOGIC + APPLICABILITY 7.3 I DESIGN APPLICATION ON SITE

Site

Shadow Analysis

Built Mass from Shadow Analysis

Built Mass Analysis

Applying shade analysis to point cloud

Location for Biochar pieces

Study showing building system configuration based on parameters

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07 I LOGIC + APPLICABILITY 7.3 I DESIGN APPLICATION ON SITE

Site

Shadow Analysis

Built Mass from Shadow Analysis

Built Mass Analysis

Applying shade analysis to point cloud

Location for Biochar pieces

Study showing building system configuration based on parameters

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08 I CONTEXT

1143I UCL I UCL BARTLETT BARTLETT SCHOOL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE OF ARCHITECTURE I ARCHITECTURAL I ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN DESIGN

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08 I CONTEXT 8.1 I AHMEDABAD, INDIA SITE LOCATION: Astral Bldg Ground, near Mithakhali Circle, Navarangpura, Ahmedabad, India. 380009 DESIGN CONCEPT: Based on the rich historical and contemporary aesthetics of Ahmedabad, we have analysed the importance behind certain design strategies that help combat the heat and dryness through architecture.

AHMEDABAD CLIMATE: Ahmedabad has a hot, semi-arid climate, with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry.

SITE 5m 5m 0.5 m 1m 0.25 m 0.5 m

Site location and area analysis

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Site location density model

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08 I CONTEXT 8.2 I DESIGN STRATEGY IN CONTEXT DESIGN A STUDY

Study showing building system configuration based on sun pattern

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Views showing application of study on site

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08 I CONTEXT 8.2 I DESIGN STRATEGY IN CONTEXT DESIGN A STUDY

View showing proposed design in site context

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View showing application of study on site

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08 I CONTEXT 8.2 I BENEFITS OF DESIGN STRATEGY IN CONETEXT

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08 I CONTEXT 8.2 I DESIGN STRATEGY IN CONTEXT DESIGN B STUDY

Views showing application of study on site

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Views showing application of study on site

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08 I CONTEXT 8.2 I DESIGN STRATEGY IN CONTEXT DESIGN A STUDY

Site

Shadow Analysis

Built Mass from Shadow Analysis

Wind Analysis

Wind Analysis region on site

Creating gaps based on wind analysis

Built Mass Analysis

Applying shade analysis to point cloud

Location for Biochar pieces

Views showing application of study on site

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08 I CONTEXT 8.2 I DESIGN STRATEGY IN CONTEXT DESIGN B STUDY

Site

Shadow Analysis

Built Mass from Shadow Analysis

Wind Analysis

Wind Analysis region on site

Creating gaps based on wind analysis

Built Mass Analysis

Built Mass Level

Built Mass level scatter

Built Mass Analysis

Applying shade analysis to point cloud

Location for Biochar pieces

Views showing application of study on site 157

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08 I CONTEXT 8.2 I DESIGN STRATEGY IN CONTEXT DESIGN C STUDY

Shadow Analysis for site

Selecting shaded areas for landscape

Segregating landscape with built mass

Built Mass Analysis

Applying shade analysis to point cloud

Location for Biochar pieces

Plan showing application of study on site

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View showing application of study on site

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08 I CONTEXT 8.2 I DESIGN STRATEGY IN CONTEXT

Views showing the porosity of biochar geometry

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Views showing the porosity of biochar geometry to facilitate plant growth

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09 I ARCHITECTURE SPECULATION

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09 I ARCHITECTURE SPECULATION 9.1 I WORKSPACE BUILDING SPECULATIVE DESIGN

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09 I ARCHITECTURE SPECULATION 9.1 I WORKSPACE BUILDING SPECULATIVE DESIGN

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09 I ARCHITECTURE SPECULATION 9.1 I WORKSPACE BUILDING SPECULATIVE DESIGN

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