Finnish
2024
Karolina
Barbara Perälä Second Edition Vaasa
language: Grammar tables Part 1
Table of Contents From the author ............................................ 9 Alphabet (aakkoset)......................................... 10 Vowel harmony (vokaaliharmonia) ............................ 10 Personal pronouns (persoonapronominit) ..................... 10 Endings added to verbs in affirmative sentences ............... 11 Negation of verbs........................................... 11 Possessive suffixes (possessiivisuffiksi/omistusliite) ............ 11 Present tense (preesens) – verb stems ........................ 12 Present tense (preesens) – verb conjugation ................... 12 Verb type 1 (-VV) .......................................... 12 Verb type 2 (-da/dä) ...................................... 13 Verb type 2 (-da/dä) – exceptions .......................... 13 Verb type 3 (-nna/nnä, -lla/-llä, -rra/-rrä, -sta/-stä) .......... 14 Verb type 4 (-ata/-ätä, -ota/-ötä, -uta/-ytä) .................. 14 Verb type 5 (-ita/-itä) ..................................... 15 Verb type 6 (-eta/-etä) .................................... 15 Consonant gradation in verbs ................................ 16 Consonant gradation – rules ................................. 17 Consonant gradation – exceptions ............................ 19 Consonant gradation – other rules ............................ 19 Consonant gradation in grammar cases ....................... 22 Types of nouns and adjectives ............................... 23 Type 1 (-a,-o,-u,-ä,-ö,-y) – KPT .............................. 23 Type 2 (-i ➡ -i) – KPT ...................................... 23 Type 3 (-i ➡ -e) – KPT ..................................... 24 Type 4 (-si ➡ -de) – KPT ................................... 24 Type 5 (-e ➡ + -e) – KPT ................................... 25 Type 6 (-nen ➡ -se) ....................................... 26 Type 7 (-in ➡ -ime) – KPT .................................. 26
Type 8 (-as/-äs ➡ -aa/-ää) – KPT ........................... 27 Type 9 (-is ➡ -ii) – KPT .................................... 27 Type 10 (-us ➡ -ukse, -ys ➡ -ykse, -es ➡ -ekse, -os ➡ -okse) ... 28 Type 11 (-(u)us ➡ -(u)ude, -(y)ys ➡ -(y)yde) ................. 28 Type 12 (-ut ➡ -ue, -yt ➡ -ye) .............................. 29 Type 13 (-ton/-tön ➡ -ttoma/-ttömä) ....................... 29 Type 14 (-tar/-tär ➡ -ttare/-ttäre) .......................... 30 Type 15 (-(n)nut/-(n)nyt ➡ -(n)nee, -llut ➡ -llee) ............. 30 Type 16 (-en ➡ -ene, -el ➡ -ele(e), -er ➡ -ere) – KPT ......... 31 Past tense (imperfekti) – rules ............................... 32 Verb type 1 (-VV) .......................................... 32 Verb type 2 (-da/-dä) ..................................... 33 Verb type 3 (-nna/nnä, -lla/-llä, -rra/-rrä, -sta/-stä) .......... 34 Verb type 4 (-ata/-ätä, -ota/-ötä, -uta/-ytä) ................. 34 Verb type 5 (-ita/-itä) ..................................... 34 Verb type 6 (-eta/-etä) .................................... 34 Past tense (imperfekti) – verb conjugation ..................... 35 Verb type 1 (-VV) .......................................... 35 Verb type 2 (-da/-dä)...................................... 35 Verb type 2 (-da/-dä) – exceptions .......................... 36 Verb type 3 (-nna/nnä, -lla/-llä, -rra/-rrä, -sta/-stä) .......... 36 Verb type 4 (-ata/-ätä, -ota/-ötä, -uta/-ytä) .................. 37 Verb type 5 (-ita/-itä) ..................................... 37 Verb type 6 (-eta/-etä) .................................... 38 Past tense (imperfekti) – negative sentence (rules) ............. 38 Past tense (imperfekti) – negative sentence (exceptions) ........ 39 Perfect tense (perfekti) – rules ............................... 39 Perfect tense (perfekti) – verb conjugation..................... 40 Verb type 1 (-VV) .......................................... 40 Verb type 2 (-da/-dä)...................................... 40 Verb type 3 (-nna/nnä, -lla/-llä, -rra/-rrä, -sta/-stä) .......... 41 Verb type 4 (-ata/-ätä, -ota/-ötä, -uta/-ytä) .................. 42 Verb type 5 (-ita/-itä) ..................................... 42
Verb type 6 (-eta/-etä) .................................... 43 Pluperfect tense (pluskvamperfekti) – rules .................... 43 Pluperfect tense (pluskvamperfekti) – verb conjugation ......... 44 Verb type 1 (-VV) .......................................... 44 Verb type 2 (-da/-dä)...................................... 44 Verb type 3 (-nna/nnä, -lla/-llä, -rra/-rrä, -sta/-stä) .......... 45 Verb type 4 (-ata/-ätä, -ota/-ötä, -uta/-ytä) .................. 46 Verb type 5 (-ita/-itä) ..................................... 46 Verb type 6 (-eta/-etä) .................................... 47 Imperative mood (imperatiivi) – 2nd person singular. . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Affirmative sentence ...................................... 48 Negative sentence ........................................ 49 Imperative mood (imperatiivi) – rules ......................... 50 Imperative mood (imperatiivi) – 2nd person plural .............. 51 Affirmative sentence ...................................... 51 Negative sentence ........................................ 52 Imperative mood (imperatiivi) – 3rd person singular ............. 53 Affirmative sentence ...................................... 53 Negative sentence ........................................ 54 Imperative mood (imperatiivi) – 1st person plural ............... 55 Affirmative sentence ...................................... 55 Negative sentence ........................................ 56 Imperative mood (imperatiivi) – 3rd person plural ............... 57 Affirmative sentence ...................................... 57 Negative sentence ........................................ 58 Imperative mood in present tense – summary .................. 59 Imperative mood in perfect tense – summary .................. 60 Conditional mood in present tense – affirmative sentence (rules) ... 61 Conditional mood in present tense – verb conjugation .......... 62 Verb type 1 (-VV) .......................................... 62 Verb type 2 (-da/-dä)...................................... 62 Verb type 3 (-nna/nnä, -lla/-llä, -rra/-rrä, -sta/-stä) .......... 63 Verb type 4 (-ata/-ätä, -ota/-ötä, -uta/-ytä) .................. 63
Verb type 5 (-ita/-itä) ..................................... 64 Verb type 6 (-eta/-etä) .................................... 64 Conditional mood in perfect tense – affirmative sentence (rules) ... 65 Conditional mood in perfect tense – verb conjugation .......... 66 Verb type 1 (-VV) .......................................... 66 Verb type 2 (-da/-dä)...................................... 66 Verb type 3 (-nna/nnä, -lla/-llä, -rra/-rrä, -sta/-stä) .......... 67 Verb type 4 (-ata/-ätä, -ota/-ötä, -uta/-ytä) .................. 68 Verb type 5 (-ita/-itä) ..................................... 68 Verb type 6 (-eta/-etä) .................................... 69 Potential mood in present tense – affirmative sentence (rules) ... 70 Potential mood in present tense – verb conjugation ............ 71 Verb type 1 (-VV) .......................................... 71 Verb type 1 (-VV) – exception ............................... 72 Verb type 2 (-da/-dä)...................................... 73 Verb type 3 (-nna/nnä, -lla/-llä, -rra/-rrä, -sta/-stä) .......... 73 Verb type 3 (-nna/nnä, -lla/-llä, -rra/-rrä, -sta/-stä) – exception ... 74 Verb type 4 (-ata/-ätä, -ota/-ötä, -uta/-ytä) .................. 74 Verb type 5 (-ita/-itä) ..................................... 75 Verb type 6 (-eta/-etä) .................................... 75 Potential mood in perfect tense – affirmative sentence (rules) ... 76 Potential mood in perfect tense – verb conjugation ............. 77 Verb type 1 (-VV) .......................................... 77 Verb type 2 (-da/-dä)...................................... 77 Verb type 3 (-nna/nnä, -lla/-llä, -rra/-rrä, -sta/-stä) .......... 78 Verb type 3 (-nna/nnä, -lla/-llä, -rra/-rrä, -sta/-stä) – exception ... 78 Verb type 4 (-ata/-ätä, -ota/-ötä, -uta/-ytä) .................. 79 Verb type 5 (-ita/-itä) ..................................... 79 Verb type 6 (-eta/-etä) .................................... 80 Sources ................................................... 81 Websites .................................................. 81