B-Arch Thesis Portfolio

AIRPORT IN THE HIMALAYAS: DOMESTIC TERMINAL AT GAUCHAR, UTTARAKHAND

TOURISM IN NORTH INDIA

• India is a country that has a varied topography, which means that the country is full of holiday destinations that cater to all kinds of travelers.

• The hill-stations in North India are a treasure trove of vast nature, authentic culture and an array of experiences filled with serenity.

• Being a major part of the Himalayas, these hill stations attract millions of domestic as well as foreign tourists throughout the years

INTRODUCTION TO AIRPORTS

• An airport is a facility where aircraft, such as airplanes and helicopters, can take off and land.

• An airport consists of at least one runway or helipad (for helicopters), with other components such as terminal buildings and hangars

• Additionally, an airport may have a variety of facilities and infrastructure, including fixed base operator services, air traffic control, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services.

HIGH ALTITUDE AIRPORTS

• An airport located on a hill, at an altitude which is high above sea level is known as a high-altitude airport / alti-port

• These airports can also be called regional airports and are smaller in size as compared to regular airports but help majorly in regional connectivity in remote locations.

• These airports are used as landing grounds for planes which are used for civil use, cargo transportation, military troop transport, aerial surveillance, search and rescue, causality evacuation and many more.

• Initially, alti-ports consisted of just a runway with a control tower and limited terminal facilities.

• Based on the terrain and runway, small size planes are used as they are easier to maneuver during harsh weather conditions

• However, in recent times the need for air connectivity has been increasing and hence alti-ports are being designed with a much more advanced infrastructure including advanced terminals and longer runways.

• E.g. Shimla Airport, (Himachal Pradesh); Pakyong airport, (Sikkim); Leh airport

INCREASE IN TOURISM

NEED FOR HIGH ALTITUDE AIRPORTS IN NORTH INDIA

• India is famous for some of the most beautiful tourist destinations in the world like Manali, Shimla, Sikkim, Kashmir, Leh, Nainital and many more

• Every year, a large number of tourists (domestic and foreign) visit these hill stations to experience the beauty of nature and the various local cultures.

• These tourists also enjoy sightseeing, various adventure sports and some visit these places solely for trekking in the Himalayas.

• As seen in the statistics, the number of tourists visiting these hill stations is increasing each year

JAMMU & KASHMIR

TRAVELING DISTANCES AND TIME TAKEN TO REACH THE DESTINATIONS

• Due to lack of air connectivity, a common problem faced by most tourists is the travelling time taken to reach these destinations

• Most tourists travel by flight to the nearest airport and hire a taxi to travel to the desired destination

• The average time taken to travel to these destinations by car or buss ranges from 3 – 12 hours.

• The travelling time increases during peak tourism time as the amount of traffic on ghats increases.

HIMACHAL PRADESH

PHAPLU AIRPORT, NEPAL

PAKYONG AIRPORT, SIKKIM

SIKKIM

NEED FOR HIGH ALTITUDE AIRPORTS IN NORTH INDIA GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

TRAFFIC JAMS AND ROAD CONDITIONS

• With the increase in tourism, there has been an increase in taxi and buss services causing long hours of halting and traffic jams in the highways and ghats during peak tourism months.

• The road conditions in most of the hill stations are seen to be in bad conditions leading to increased traveling time

• This also becomes unbearable for aged people and tourists who suffer from medical issues

HARM TO ENVIRONMENT

• The traffic jams that occur on highways is one of the major causes of pollution and harm to the environment.

• This leads to noise pollution, garbage littering and harm to nearby ecosystem and animal species.

• Vehicle parking is another issue which causes harm to the environment

AIR CONNECTIVITY DURING MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

• Some of these hill-stations occasionally face harsh weather conditions which lead to flooding, landslides, earthquakes etc. hence causing injuries to tourists.

• This airport could act as a landing ground for rescue teams during emergences

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

AIM

FUNDING AND OPERATIONS

GAUCHAR AIRSTRIP IN UTTARAKHAND DURING 2013 KEDARNATH FLOODING

LANDING GROUNDS FOR DEFENCE

• There are many border disputes happening in places like Ladakh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Jammu & Kashmir

• An airport in these regions will also help IAF and would provide tactical strength in the region.

• To redevelop a domestic airport at a hill station in North India which would be in close vicinity to the town, hence promoting regional air connectivity and reducing the travelling time and issues faced by tourists

OBJECTIVES

• To redevelop an existing airstrip at a North Indian hill-station which comes under unserved airports according to AAI list, hence establishing air connectivity for tourist and civilians in that region.

• To study overall demographics and tourism statistics of the region and develop a projected passenger inflow for 2030.

• To study existing conditions of site and provide strategies to improve the same.

• To provide a defense hangar which will cater to IAF helicopters which occasionally conduct aerial survey in these regions

• As government is encouraging regional air connectivity, project will be funded by government and operated by Airport Authorities of India If existing airstrip if being used by IAF, it will also partly be operated partly by Indian Air Force

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

• The temperature during winters ranges from 1°to 15° and during summer it ranges from 15°to 25° During winter, there is snowfall in areas above the altitude of 4000m. The monsoon season is from July to September. Driest month is December

DEMOGRAPHICS

• As per 2011 Census, The population of Sikkim state is 610,577.

• It is estimated to reach 7.5 lakhs by 2021 according to sources. (populationu.com)

• Tourism contributes majorly to the states economy.

OVERVIEW

• Pakyong Airport is a greenfield RCS airport at Pakyong town and is at a distance of 32km from Gangtok, the state capital of Sikkim, India

• It is at an altitude of 1399m above sea level and is among the 5 highest altitude airports in India

• Pakyong airport is the first airport to be ever constructed in Sikkim and was inaugurated in 2018.

• As Pakyong Airport sits approximately 60 km from the India-China border, it is considered strategically important. Hence occasionally, there are IAF flights landing in this Airstrip

AIRPORT DETAILS

• LOCATION

• ELEVATION

• ARCHITECT & ENGINEERS

• SITE AREA

• NUMBER OF RUNWAYS

• ORIENTATION

• RUNWAY DIMENSIONS

• SURFACE

• RUNWAY CONFIGURATION

• TYPE OF AIRCRAFT

• NO OF AIRCRAFTS ARRIVING/DEPARTING

PER DAY

• APRON LENGTH

• APRON DIMENSIONS

• APRON CAPACITY

• NO OF HANGARS

• TERMINAL AREA

• PASSENGER CAPACITY

• NO OF FLOORS

• BUILDING MATERIALS

Pakyong town, Sikkim

1399m above sea level

Punj Lloyd Group

201 acres (81 ha)

01 02/20

1700x30M

ASPHALT

SINGLE

Dornier 228, ATR 72

31/day

LOCATION

116M

106x76M

2 NOS ATR 72

Nil

SITE PLAN

2,380 sqm

100 (Peak hours)

Ground floor only RCC structure. Aluminium composite sheet used for external cladding.

PIE CHART SHOWING SITE AREA

PAKYONG TOWN, EAST SIKKIM

SIKKIM INDIA

ALLANA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

ZONING

• Arrival and departure areas are divided into two parts and are located at the same level

• A gallery is located in close vicinity to the entrance containing the idol of Buddha depicting the culture of Sikkim.

• Baggage and arrival area is connected in a free flow manner where one can immediately collect the bag and exit

OVERALL ANALYSIS

• Cutting and filling is done of the hill hence providing space for terminal and overall flat land for runway.

• Runway is oriented such that aircraft flies towards an open valley and not towards a mountain.

• In terms of planning, departure and arrival areas are segregated into different parts allowing an easy flow

• Double area is provided in the central area to enhance the experience upon entry.

• Clearstories are provided in the central area to allow entry of natural light.

TACKLING OF HILL DURING CONSTRUCTION

• Since a plane surface (min. 150m wide) is required for the construction of structures, cutting of uphill portion should be done and the same material shall be filled at downhill portion to get the required level of runway

• The range of cutting and filling heights are 4m-111m and 4m-72m respectively

• Local people use the water from the 11 Jhoras (natural streams) crossing runway to meet their day to day water requirement.

• Proper drainage system had to be provided along with the conveying structures of the existing Jhoras to ensure that maximum water is available for the habitants at downstream side

SOLUTION

• ParaMesh walls for stabilizing valley side filling (4 to 72m High)

• Gabion toe walls (3m high) at cutting side to stabilize the slope

• Protection works for Cutting / filing slopes with erosion control blanket type ‘BioMac CC’

• Drainage Works for channelizing surface runoff and natural streams using Gabion cascades and RCC structures

SCHEME DRAWING FOR UPHILL CUTTING SLOPE PROTECTION WORKS

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

• The climate in Kutaisi is warm and temperate. The average temperature in Kutaisi is 13.5 °C | 56.3 °F. The annual rainfall is 1590 mm | 62.6 inch.

DEMOGRAPHICS

• There has been a decrease in population since 2002 due to decreased fertility rate and armed conflicts. However tourism has been increasing due to its historical importance and beautiful landmarks.

• The new terminal which was constructed in 2015 has boosted tourism at a tremendous rate.

OVERVIEW

• Kutaisi International Airport also known as David the Builder Kutaisi International Airport is an airport located 14 km west of Kutaisi, the third largest city in Georgia, legislative capital of Georgia and capital of the western region of Imereti

• It is one of three international airports currently in operation in Georgia, along with Tbilisi International Airport serving the Georgian capital and Batumi International Airport near the Adjara Black Sea resort.

• The airport is operated by United Airports of Georgia, a state-owned company

AIRPORT DETAILS

• LOCATION

• ELEVATION

• ARCHITECT & ENGINEERS

• SITE AREA

• NUMBER OF RUNWAYS

• ORIENTATION

• RUNWAY DIMENSIONS

• SURFACE

• RUNWAY CONFIGURATION

• TYPE OF AIRCRAFT

• NO OF AIRCRAFTS ARRIVING/DEPARTING PER DAY

• APRON LENGTH

• APRON DIMENSIONS

• APRON CAPACITY

• NO OF HANGARS

• TERMINAL AREA

• PASSENGER CAPACITY

• NO OF FLOORS

• BUILDING MATERIALS

Kutaisi, Georgia 68m above sea level

UNStudio

1302 acres approx 01 07/25

2500x45M

Asphalt Single

B737, A320, L410 Average 20-25/day

330x100M 8 nos B737

2 nos 24176 sqm 1000 (Peak hours)

G+1

Steel structure. Aluminium glass and wood have also been used.

PIE CHART SHOWING SITE AREA

• 97% of the site consists of air side while terminal is 1%.

• Landside areas including parking and drop off points are 2% of site area

LOCATION

• The roof is designed such that during summers, solar panels are installed according to sun path in order to decrease energy consumption. Shaded portion prevents excessive heat entry.

• During winters, sun is directly above the descended portion of the roof, allowing heat to enter into the terminal area

• There is a well segregation between arrival and departure areas with the central courtyard having informal seating spaces.

KUTAISI DISTRICT

IMERETY GEORGIA

LANDSIDE ELEVATION

EXPANSION OF TERMINAL

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

• For the expansion, the old security and immigration block were converted into departure. The entire check in area was demolished and a new one consisting of 8 counters was constructed Arrival hall has an entire new space

ISOMETRIC VIEW OF TERMINAL

• The 55-metre tall air traffic control tower and its supporting office/operational building is designed to complement the design of the terminal

• The traffic control cabin on the top level forms the focal point of the tower, with a 360-degree view on the surrounding landscape.

• A spacious and comfortable interior ensures a workspace for 4-8 operators with optimal concentration.

OVERALL ANALYSIS

• The new central passenger hall echoes the departure hall's umbrella-like ceiling structure

• A timber staircase gradually bring passengers up to a higher level, where they find food and beverage outlets.

• This space extends out onto the building's roof, creating a huge elevated plaza.

• Wrapped by stepped seating, this space acts as a green recreational hub and a waiting area for early arrivals, visitors and their families

• A green roof is provided which helps in thermal insulation and reduces outside noise causes at the airfield.

VIEW OF PODIUM

VIEW OF ELEVATED GARDEN

PRIMARY CASE STUDY – AURANGABAD AIRPORT

OVERVIEW

• Aurangabad airport is a public airport located in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

• It is located about 5 5km east of the city center

• The airport is owned and operated by the Airports Authority of India with one passenger terminal with a 190000 Sqft floor area.

• The airport ordinally only has domestic destinations.

• However its operators seasonally run Haj services using makeshift immigration and custom counters.

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

• Aurangabad is influenced by the local steppe climate.

• The temperature here averages 25.2 °C | 77.3 °F. The annual rainfall is 777 mm | 30.6 inch.

TOURISM MAP

AIRPORT DETAILS

• LOCATION

• ELEVATION

• ARCHITECT & ENGINEERS

• SITE AREA

• NUMBER OF RUNWAYS

• ORIENTATION

• RUNWAY DIMENSIONS

• SURFACE

• RUNWAY CONFIGURATION

• TYPE OF AIRCRAFT

• NO OF AIRCRAFTS ARRIVING/DEPARTING PER DAY

• APRON LENGTH

• APRON DIMENSIONS

• APRON CAPACITY

• NO OF HANGARS

• TERMINAL AREA

• PASSENGER CAPACITY

• NO OF FLOORS

• BUILDING MATERIALS

EXISTING SITE PLAN

Aurangabad, India

582m above sea level

Punj Lloyd Group

557.55 acres 01 09/27 2835 x 45M ASPHALT SINGLE

A320, B-737, B767, ATR72 31/day 116M 220x145M A320, B-737, B767, ATR72

22964.35 sqm 700

Ground + 1 RCC + steel structure. Aluminium composite sheet used for external cladding.

PIE CHART SHOWING SITE AREA

PROPOSED SITE PLAN W PROPOSED TAXIWAY SITE PLAN

• The airport is directly connected to Jalna Aurangabad highway. Currently there is an existing single runway with turnarounds.

• But a new taxiway is being proposed.

• The old terminal at the site is being used as a cargo hangar.

ALLANA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

MAHARASHTRA INDIA

AREA ANALYSIS

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

PROJECT HISTORY

• In the early 1990s, the Government of Maharashtra attempted to develop tourism in Aurangabad district (Ajanta, Ellora, Daulatabad, Bibi Ka Magara in Aurangabad city) but the project failed to take off.

• Late in the decade the government awarded it to JBIC (Japan Bank for International Cooperation), which planned, financed and implemented the project. JBIC was to assist in several ways - monument conservation, airport expansion, upgrading roads to the monuments, improving water quality, expanding electrical service and implementing a visitormanagement system

• Funds required for the fist phase were =817.1 million, of which = 694.8 million was allocated by JBIC.

• This phase concentrated on the basic infrastructure and necessary amenities in and around Aurangabad.

• The second phase (costing € 3.60 billion) received about 3 billion from JBIC, with the remainder

• RCC columns have been used as primary structural member

• Steel pipe sections have been connected to these columns using pin joints.

• These pipe sections connect to the truss members which support the sheet roofing.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

SUSTAINABILITY

• The roof projection at the entrance is an 'open style' modern artistic design.

• Robust pillars depict the local architecture of Ajanta and Ellora caves and brings its resonance to the spaces inside the terminal

VIEWS

• The large glass openings and roof lighting has been designed to reduce the use of energy and maximize natural sources of light and ventilation

• In the new proposed site plan, a total combined area of 30 acres has been provided for installation of solar panels in order to reduce energy consumption.

OVERALL ANALYSIS

• A systematic approach is used for planning in terms of arrangement of spaces.

• ATC is located such that it gets an overall view of the entire runway and apron area.

• Segregation is done for departure hall and arrival hall in order or avoid chaos between passenger circulation

• Large openings are used to reduce energy and maximize natural light and ventilation

• Columns speak about the architecture of Aurangabad

AIRPORT DETAILS

• LOCATION

• ELEVATION

• ARCHITECT & ENGINEERS

• SITE AREA

• NUMBER OF RUNWAYS

• ORIENTATION

• RUNWAY DIMENSIONS

• SURFACE

• RUNWAY CONFIGURATION

• TYPE OF AIRCRAFT

• NO OF AIRCRAFTS ARRIVING/DEPARTING PER DAY

• APRON DIMENSIONS

• APRON CAPACITY

• NO OF HANGARS

• TERMINAL AREA

• PASSENGER CAPACITY

• NO OF FLOORS

• BUILDING MATERIALS

RUNWAY DESIGN

Telluride, Colorado, USA

2767m above sea level Reynolds, Smith and Hills, Inc

542 acres

01 9/27

2167 x 30m

Asphalt/grooved Single

F50, A119, B463, BE99 Avg 26/day

170x60M

B463x4nos, BE99x6nos

5 1714 sqm 75-100 during peak hours

Ground + 1 Steel structure. Aluminium composite sheet used for external cladding.

OVERVIEW

• The Telluride Regional Airport is a public airport located in southwest Colorado, approximately four miles west of the Town of Telluride.

• Built in 1980, The Airport is a critical asset for the Telluride resort community which is driven economically by tourism.

• This objective was partially intended to help ward off increased vehicle usage, and subsequent needs such as parking, in effort to maintain the area’s rich historic culture

• Due to increased tourism in the region, there was a need to redevelop parts of the airport, provide a new strategic plan to support the Airport’s need for the next 20 years.

LOCATION

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

• Runway faces an open valley at 90 degree and 270 degree such that planes taking off or landing do not collide with a mountain cliff

• Due to site restrictions, a turn-around taxiways is provided instead of a parallel taxiway.

PROPOSED SITE PLAN OPTIONS

• In Alternative 1 the snow removal and maintenance area has been relocated, allowing more floor area for the terminal, while in Alternative 2, entire terminal block has been shifted giving more space for the apron area

• Parking in Alternative 2 has been shifted to north creating a better distinction between landside and airside

• Taxiways have been improved and additional parking space has been provided for aircraft parking.

• It is cold and temperate in Telluride. The climate here is classified as Dfb by the KöppenGeiger system. The average temperature in Telluride is -0.6 °C | 31.0 °F. Precipitation here is about 852 mm | 33.5 inch per year.

SUSTAINABILITY

PLANNING CRITERIA

• Low cost, locally available materials have been used for construction

• Large opens provided to allow maximum amount of sunlight as it is in a cold region.

OVERALL ANALYSIS

• Initially, as the requirement was less, a hangar itself was used as a terminal which had very less floor area

• With the increased need, modifications were made to the overall master plan including relocation of terminal in order to handle more amount of passengers and aircraft flow.

• Small to medium size aircrafts are operated from here due to the surrounding terrain and runway restrictions

• Runway is oriented towards a valley in order to avoid collision into a cliff during takeoff.

• Due to site limitations, a turn-around taxiway is provided instead of a parallel taxiway.

EXISTING SITE PLAN

PLAN

TELLURIDE, COLORADO

VIEW OF SITE

OVERVIEW

• The state of Uttarakhand depends on tourism – the backbone of its economy Dehradun Airport, also known as Jolly Grant Airport, is a domestic airport located 25 km south-east of Dehradun.

• As many airports in Uttarakhand come under unserved airports and are not in much use, hence this airport is a major connectivity hub in the state.

• The airport was built in 1974 and initially use to only handle small size Dornier aircraft but over time, it has had several expansions and can now handles many large size aircrafts

• With increase in passengers a new international terminal was constructed at a site adjacent to the existing terminal.

AIRPORT DETAILS

• LOCATION

• ELEVATION

• ARCHITECT & ENGINEERS

• SITE AREA

• NUMBER OF RUNWAYS

• ORIENTATION

• RUNWAY DIMENSIONS

• SURFACE

• RUNWAY CONFIGURATION

• TYPE OF AIRCRAFT

• NO OF AIRCRAFTS ARRIVING/DEPARTING PER DAY

• APRON DIMENSIONS

• APRON CAPACITY

• NO OF HANGARS

• TERMINAL AREA

• PASSENGER CAPACITY

• NO OF CHECKIN COUNTERS

• NO OF FLOORS

• BUILDING MATERIALS

Jauligrant, Uttarakhand

566m above sea level

Harpal Singh (AAI)

326 acres 01 08/26

2140x45M Asphalt Single

B747, AB300, B737, ATR72 Approx 30-50/day

253.5m x 115m

B747x8nos, ATR 72x4nos

2nos

Old- 4200, New- 42766sqm 1800 during peak hours 11

Ground + 1

Concrete + steel. Aluminium composite sheet used for external cladding.

LOCATION

CLIMATE ANALYSIS

DEHRADUN

OLD TERMINAL FEATURES

• The climate here is warm and temperate. This climate is considered to be Cwa according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. In Dehradun, the average annual temperature is 20 4 °C | 68 8 °F About 1441 mm | 56 7 inch of precipitation falls annually

SUSTAINABILITY

• Large glass opens and skylights are provided to allow heat to enter the building as it is in a cold region.

OLD TERMINAL LAYOUT

• A clear segregation is done between arrival and departure zones in order to avoid chaos between passengers in the terminal

• First floor consists of restaurants, lounge areas etc.

NEW TERMINAL FEATURES

• The new terminal handles 1800 passengers during peak hours

• The design of the columns are inspired by the shape of the state flower of Uttarakhand

• Large paintings are done in the interiors which depict the culture of Kedarnath and Badrinath.

OVERALL ANALYSIS

• In terms of site plan, there is proper segregation between airside and landside activities

• Pawan Hans touring facility is located away from main terminal to avoid collision between different activities.

• Due to space restrictions, turn around taxiway is provided instead of a parallel taxiway.

• The airport handles large aircrafts arriving from metro cities, but also handles a large number of ATR 72 which are used for connectivity in remote locations.

• Clear segregation between arrival and departure is done in the terminal in order to avoid chaos between passengers.

INDIA

VIEW OF OLD TERMINAL

UTTARAKHAND

VIEW OF NEW TERMINAL

• Pawan Hans touring facility placed separately in order to avoid collision between different activities

VIEW OF MULTIPLE DROP OFF LANES 4 NOS AEROBRIDGE PROVIDED

HERITAGE PAINTINGS IN INTERIORS SEATING AREAS WITH GREENERY

VIEW OF GATE LOUNGE VIEW OF TERMINAL FACADE

VIEW OF SECURITY CHECK HALL VIEW OF GATE LOUNGE

CASE STUDY COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS

to 23 °C. Mean annual precipitation - 890mm - 1520mm. Annual temperature ranges from -0.6 °C to 31 °C. Annual precipitation is 852mm. Annual temperature ranges from 5 °C 32 °C. Annual precipitation is 1441mm.

Climate gives scope to different styles of design approaches, for eg. Courtyards, greenroofing etc.

Higher elevation causes more chances of turbulance.

If

Clear segregation of spaces should be done for landside, terminal and airside. Hangars & parking bays connected to apron and terminal allow ease in maintenance. Segregation between Apron and runway is done to avoid possible collisions during landing and also reduces aircraft noise at the terminal.

is located on a hill, orientation should be such that it opens up into a

runways are able to handle larger flights, which in turn increases passenger arrival.

is used for runways as it is more durable and easier to construct as compared to other materials.

Longer runways are able to handle larger flights, which in turn is more economical for tourists.

is based on the number

people travelling to that city on regular

of the apron governs the number of planes that can halt at one time to pick/drop off passengers.

CASE STUDY COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS

TERMINAL ZONING

Segregation should be done for arrival and departure halls to allow ease in flow and prevent chaos and passenger collision. Shops, restaurants and lounges allow passengers to relax while waiting for the flight.

SECTIONAL ZONING

-Domestic departures & arrivals can be operated from the ground floor while international arrivals can be operated from the first floor.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS RCC framing system and steel trusses used. RCC and steel structural system. Steel structure. Mix of RCC and steel. Steel structural system used. Steel structural system used to handle larger spans.

BUILDING MATERIALS Glass along with Aluminium composite sheet is used for external cladding.

Aluminium panelling along with glass is used for the façade.

Aluminium panelling, glass and wood have been used.

A combination of aluminium panelling in some places and regular plaster is used.

Local available materials have been used. Some spaces have been designed within existing hangars To reduce extensive construction.

Mix of RCC and steel is a good solution as Strength of RCC is good and Steel is able to handle larger spans.

SUSTAINABILITY

Double height with clear story is provided in the central area to allow entry of natural light. Large glass opens are provided to allow heat to enter the building as it is in a cold region.

The large glass openings and roof lighting has been designed to reduce the use of energy and maximize natural sources of light and ventilation.

The roof is designed such that during summers, solar panels are installed according to sun path in order to decrease energy consumption. Shaded portion prevents excessive heat entry. During winters, sun is directly above the descended portion of the roof, allowing heat to enter into the terminal area. Planning is such that natural lighting can enter even central parts of the building.

Aluminium panneling used along with spandril glass curtain wall used for external cladding.

Building materials are used depending upon the overall concept of the building.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

The concept and shape is derived from the various monasteries present in Sikkim. A gallery with the stateau of Buddha is present bringing in the culture of the region.

SERVICES Separate AHUs are used for handling departure and arrival halls.

The roof projection at the entrance is an 'open style' modern artistic design. Robust pillars depict the local architecture of Ajanta and Ellora caves and brings its resonance to the spaces inside the terminal.

Compartmentation is done where different AHU rooms are located in different sections of the airport which handle ventilation in that section.

ESSENTIAL TAKEAWAY

The informal steps at the expanded terminal concourse leads to a lounge area, which in turn leads to an outdoor elevated garden which is a recreational hub for passengers until they catch their flight.

Separate AHUs are used for handling departure and arrival halls.

Low cost, locally available materials have been used for construction. Large opens provided to allow maximum amount of sunlight as it is in a cold region.

Depending upon climatic conditions, structure can be designed to maximize daylighing and natural ventilation, hence reducing energy consumed by the building.

Large glass opens and skylights are provided to allow heat to enter the building as it is in a cold region.

Each airport has an element that depicts the local town/city. Outdoor informal seating areas can be used as recreational hubs for passengers while waiting for flights.

The columns and sloping roof give a classical look to the structure but planning is done in a more contemporary way.

An existing hangar was expanded and converted to a terminal, hence not much thought in terms of architectural character.

Overall contemporary look. Large glass openings alow more amount of natural light to enter into the structure.

-Separate compartmentation should be done for AHUs to handle ventilation in that area.

Cutting and filling is done of the hill hence providing space for terminal and overall flat land for runway. Runway is oriented such that it opens up to a valley on both ends. Systematic planning and well segretation of spaces.

Architecture is derived from monasteries in sikkim.

A systematic approach used for planning in terms of arrangement of spaces. Large openings used to reduce energy and maximize natural light and ventilation. Columns speak about the architecture of Aurangabad.

An interesting design concept which responds to climatic conditions and at the same time forms ineresting recreational spaces for passengers.

Good site planning as commercial terminal, military terminal and avation training area are located separately. Terminal layout has well segregated spaces. Parking structure is able to handle a large number of cars within a small space.

A good example of site planning and site zoning and how proposed upgradation of airport is being planned.

Planning has well segregated spaces. Restaurants provided in upper floors allowing more space in passenger waiting areas. RCC and steel is a good solution as Strength of RCC is good and Steel is able to handle larger spans.

For hilly regions, cutting and filling of land can create flat land required for airports. Systematic segregation of spaces should be done for arrival and departure halls to avoid crowds. Climate responsive design strategies can be used as concepts which reduce energy consumption while at the same time enhance experience of the users.

INTRODUCTION TO THE SITE

• Gauchar is situated on the left bank of river Alaknanda, surrounded by the Himalayas

• This town is in close vicinity to the holy destinations of Kedarnath and Badrinath.

• It also hosts some of the largest trade fairs across the state and is famous for the Gauchar Mela that takes place every year.

• The Gauchar airstrip is an un-used and is among AAI list of ‘unserved airports’

• The airstrip played a vital role in the 2013 Kedarnath flooding as it was a major basepoint for rescue operations.

KEDARNATH TEMPLE

• Kedarnath is a holy Hindu town located in Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand in India It is one of the Char Dhams located in the Himalayas

• It is one of the most revered Hindu shrines and millions of pilgrims partake in arduous pilgrimages every year.

BADRINATH TOWN

• Badrinath is a Hindu holy town and a nagar panchayat in Chamoli district in the state of Uttarakhand, India

• It is one of the four sites in India's Char Dham pilgrimage and is also part of India's Chota Char Dham pilgrimage circuit.

• It gets its name from the Badrinath Temple.

LOCATION

HISTORY OF THE AIRSTRIP

• Gauchar came to light in 1938 when Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru along with his sister arrived here on the way to a personal visit to Badrinath.

• The flat land was the property of the Panwar kings of Garhwal and it was donated to the state later on post independence

• The airstrip was constructed between 1998-2000 but due to lack of funding, no proper airport infrastructure could be developed.

TOURISM STATISTICS & DEMOGRAPHY

NEARBY AIRPORTS

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

• The number of tourists visiting Badrinath in 2019 is 12,50,000 As per growth rate, it can be assumed that the number of tourists visiting Badrinath by 2030 is 19,50,000.

PROVISION FOR I.A.F

• Dehradun-Gauchar – 198km(5hr 45min)

• Pantnagar-Gauchar – 250km(7hr 52 min)

• Pithoragarh-Gauchar – 242km(8hr 15min)

OTHER NEARBY TOURIST DESITNATIONS

• The population of Chamoli and as per 2011 census is 3,91,605 Considering avg growth rate as per statistics, the population in 2030 is assumed to be 5,50,000

REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY SCHEME

• According to UDAN scheme and NCAP, the government is promoting air connectivity in remote locations in order to boost tourism and regional air connectivity.

• The Government and AAI is proposing new airports in remote locations and also plans to revive existing unserved airstrips

• Gauchar airstrip comes under this list and new interstate air routes have been proposed

CURRENT ROUTE TO BADRINATH

• An airport in this region will be beneficial for IAF as they can use it as a landing ground during aerial survey

50 MINS (272KM) 9HRS 30 MINS (329KM)

DELHI DEHRADUN BADRINATH

Total time – 10hrs 20mins (11hrs 20mins with road conditions and traffic during peak times)

ROUTE AFTER PROPOSAL OF AIRPORT AT GAUCHAR

1 HR (285KM) 4HRS (130KM)

DELHI GAUCHAR BADRINATH

Total time – 5 Hrs (6hours with road conditions and traffic during peak times)

• This shows that approximately 5hrs 20mins of the travel time could be cut down by proposing the terminal at Gauchar. AIRPORT

GAUCHAR, CHAMOLI DISTRICT

UTTARAKHAND, INDIA

NANDA DEVI PEAK (2nd highest peak in India, 20th highest peak in the world)

VALLEY OF FLOWERS (Bestowed with the most rare and exotic Himalayan flora)

TUNGNATH (Highest Shiva temple in the world) AULI SKI RESORT (One of the three most well-known ski resorts in India)

S.W.O.T ANALYSIS CLIMATE ANALYSIS SURROUNDING TOPOGRAPHY

STRENGTH

• Location has lot of tourist inflow as it is in close vicinity to Kedarnath and Badrinath towns.

• Has direct connectivity to Badrinath road, hence easy accessibility.

• Many tourist facilities including homestays, medical clinics, travelling service etc are located in the town.

WEAKNESS

• The climate is warm and temperate in Gauchar.

• The average temperature in Gauchar is 15.1 °C | 59.2 °F. The annual rainfall is 1683 mm | 66.3 inch.

• From the climate analysis we can conclude that the site will face overall suitable conditions but in winter there could be snow

• Most tourists (70%) are likely to visit between April and September, however some tourists (30%) would like to visit even during winters to experience snow.

• The airstrip has a tabletop runway at an altitude of 810m above sea level

• Based on topography, the most suitable aircrafts that can be used in this region are Dornier 228, ATR 42-600 and ATR 72-600 as they are known for their versatility in steep approaches. They are also lightweight and suitable for all climates.

• Being in a hilly region, could occasionally face bad weather conditions like fog and snow during certain months.

OPPORTUNITIES

• Site has an existing hangar and Pawan Hans operates helicopter touring facilities from this airstrip hence gives opportunities for a new terminal.

• Will promote tourism and air connectivity in this entire region.

• As it is used occationally as landing grounds by IAF, defence areas could be proposed.

THREATS

• Located in the midst of a town, hence town could face noise of aircraft

EXISTING SITE IMAGES

SITE PLAN

• The site has an area of 4,38,365 sqm (108 acres) and has an existing access road from the Badrinath highway, hence the same could be used during planning period

• Central area has space for proposal for defense hangar and aircraft parking spaces and is suitable as it will be away from the domestic terminal

• An access road runs along the site in the southern side Hence this road could be used as an entry point to the site for defense area.

AVERAGE RAINFALL CHART

SECTION A,A’

SECTION B,B’

WIND ROSE DIAGRAM

GAUCHAR TOWN

ALAKNANDA RIVER

GAUCHAR FIELD

PASSENGER CAPACITY DURING PEAK HOURS

TYPE OF AIRCRAFT ARRIVING AT SITE

Note: Peak tourism months according to statistics are April, May, June, July, August and September. Hence we can consider 70 % visitors arrive during this time while 30% arrive during the rest of the year.

hours of medium traffic & 2 hours of low traffic

• ATR 72 (Aerei da Trasporto Regionale) is a lightweight regional aircraft with a maximum seating capacity of 80 seats.

• It is known for its versatility in steep take off and landing approaches and hence is most suitable for this airport.

OTHER PROBABLE AIRCRAFTS

Note: Airport will be designed as per peak hour capacity.

Considering 8% overload factor, incase of emergency landings and flight delays,

Note: Considering the location, the suitable aircraft which can land here is ATR 72 (80 seater aircraft).

PAWAN HANS TOURING FACILITY

Pawan Hans, owned by the government is a helicopter touring facility which is currently operating at the site

• This helicopter takes tourists and pilgrims to the Holy towns of Kedarnath and Badrinath.

• Provision for this service will be made on site.

DEFENSE HANGAR FOR I.A.F

• Being in close vicinity to the border, the Indian Air Force occasionally conducts aerial surveys, and other activities in these regions

• Provision for a defense hangar will be made at one part of the site.

AREA MATRIX

DESIGN APPROACH

As the site is in a hilly region and faces cold climate conditions, the overall approach used for designing this airport will be different as compared to designing a regular airport. The design approach is done based on the following factors:

SITE PLANNNG AND ZONING

• As seen in case studies, each space requires proper segregation in order to operate freely

• The domestic zone has its own access from Badrinath highway which is adjacent to the site The defense and Pawan Hans have access from the access road access road adjacent to it in that area The zoning is done such that there is a clear segregation between airside and landside.

• ATC is located such that it gets a full view of the runway along with the apron area.

RUNWAY

• As the site is in a hilly region, there are space restrictions.

• Airport runways in hilly regions which cannot facilitate parallel taxiways are designed as a single runway having a turnaround taxiway at both ends Hence the project will incorporate the same

THE USER GROUP

• The user group will cater to pilgrim tourists, general tourists and locals.

• Being in close vicinity to the holy towns, majority will be pilgrim tourists which the rest will be general tourists who come for vacations

• The local population is relatively less in these regions as many portions are still undeveloped Economic factors is another reason why very few locals will arrive

• Hence more focus is given the tourists arriving at this location.

MOOD BOARD

USER GROUP PIE CHART

CONCEPT, RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

• As it is an airport, the form is derived from the profile of a bird.

• The profile of the bird not only creates an interesting form for the terminal, but also allows maximum amount of natural light to into the building which is needed as the airport is in a cold hilly region.

CONCEPT, RESPONSE TO CLIMATE

• As the form is derived from the outline of a bird, each space like the check in hall, security check hall, departure lounge area etc. have their own identity. This allows in smooth circulation for the passengers

• The entire departure hall is located on the first floor, while the arrival hall is located at the ground level This helps in smooth circulation and avoids clashing between arrival passengers and departing passengers.

ROOF FORM

• Being in a hilly region, the roof is designed such that it depicts the shape of the hills in the surroundings This blends with the background and forms a unique feature of the design.

• Columns and supporting structures have evolved from the shape of trees as nature is the prime focus in this region.

TERMINAL CIRCULATION DIAGRAMS

TURNAROUND TAXIWAY

PAKYONG AIRPORT, SIKKIM

(sc1:2500)

GROUNDFLOORARRIVALLEVELPLAN (sc1:250) AIRPORTINTHEHIMALAYAS:DOMESTICTERMINALATGAUCHAR,UTTARAKHAND

SECTIONC,C'

ELEVATIONS,CIRCULATIONDIAGRAMS

CIRCULATIONDIAGRAM1STFLOOR

AIRSIDEELEVATION

CIRCULATIONDIAGRAMGROUNDFLOOR

PASSENGERCIRCULATION

STAFFCIRCULATION

LANDSIDEELEVATION

SIDEELEVATION

POSTTENSIONEDWAFFLESLAB

DETAILATFIRSTFLOOR

STRUCTURALPLAN

CURTAINWALLDETAILS,PARKINGSTRUCTURE

100x400x10ALUMINIUMBOXSECTION

80x50x5S.SANGLESECTION

PARKINGREQUIREMENTS

Asthesiteisinatourismdestination,majorityofthe passengersaretourists.Hence,theparkingrequirementfor taxiandtourvehicleswillbemorethanthatofgeneral parking.

10mmTHKDOUBLELAYERTEMPERED GLASSFIN

10mmTHKDOUBLELAYERTEMPERED GLASSFIN

1.5mmTHKPVBADHESIVE

NYLONWASHER

SPIDERCONNECTINGBOLT

4WAYSTAINLESSSTEELSPIDER GLASSFITTING

RCCPOSTTENSIONEDWAFFLESLAB

Totalnoofpassengers=800(arrival+departure) 400arrival-100%parkingrequirement. 400departure-40%parkingrequirement. 1visitor/passenger=560visitors. Additional20%fordelayedflights=672visitors. Asperreferencestudy,80%willtravelbycar,15%bybus and5%bybike. Hence, Noofcars=538people.Avg4/car=140cars Noofbuses=100people.50seater=2busses Noofbikes=40people.=4bikes

STAINLESSSTEELSPIDERFITTING

STRUCTURESILICONSEALANT

STAFFPARKING: Considering200members. Wecanassumethat40%willtravelbycar,35%bybus and25%bybike. Hence, Noofcars=80people,Avg2/car=40cars

Noofbuses=70people,40seater=2buses Noofbikes=50people,1/bike=50bikes

10mmTHKDOUBLELAYERINSULATING TEMPEREDGLASS

75mmSCREED

150mmTHKRCCSLAB

STAINLESSSTEELGLASSFINSPLINT 80x50x5S.SANGLESECTION

10mmTHKDOUBLELAYERTEMPERED GLASSFIN

4WAYSTAINLESSSTEELSPIDER GLASSFITTING

10mmTHKDOUBLELAYERINSULATING TEMPEREDGLASS

VOIDINFLOORING

SERVICES-WATERSUPPLY&DRAINAGE

WATERREQUIREMENTS

ForOHWT

· Totalpassengersperday=800x10hours=8000

· Staff=200

· Additionalvisitorsinaday=10x400=4000

· Hence,totalnumberofpeople=12200

· Considering70litres/head(NBC)(40litredomesticand 30litreflushing)

· TotalvolumeofOHT=70x12200=875,000Ls

· i.e8,75m3 .

ForUGWT

· TotalvolumeofUGWT=1.5x875=1,312.5m3

· Additional10%firefighting=1,443.75cubicmeters.

STP

· VolumeofSTP=80%ofvolumeofOHT(8,75m3)

· HencerequiredvolumeofSTP=700m3

REFERENCEIMAGES

TERMINALGROUNDFLOORPLAN

LEGEND

MAINWATERSUPPLYLINE

UGWT

OHWT

UGFIRETANK

FROMUGWTTOOHWT

DRAINAGELINE

INSPECTIONCHAMBER

SEWAGETREATMENTPLANT

DOWNTAKEPIPE

INLET

SLOPE

APRONDRAINAGECHANNEL

STORMWATERLINE

WASTEWATERTANKSTORAGE

WATERFROMWWT

WATERBODY

DRAINAGESYSTEMNEAR RUNWAYSANDTAXIWAYS

DRAINAGECHANNELNEARAPRON

TAXILANE(3M) GENERALCARLANE(3M)

TODEPARTURELEVEL

FIRSTFLOORFIREFIGHTINGLAYOUT

GROUNDFLOORFIREFIGHTINGLAYOUT

SUSTAINABILITY

LOAD DISTRIBUTION AND POWER REQUIREMENT

• Total power required for the proposed domestic terminal at Gauchar is 453KW

SOLAR PANELS ABOVE PARKING

• Between September to June, Gauchar receives a good amount of sunny days ie More than 8 hours/day

• The month with the most daily hours of sunshine is May with an average of 11 26 hours of sunshine

• The solar panels are placed on the roof of the parking structure

WHITE BASE IS PROVIDED AS IT HELPS IN ACHIEVING MAXIMUM REFLECTION OF SUNLIGHT

• TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF SITE – 453KW

• ENERGY GENERATED THROUGH SOLAR PANELS – 271.15 KWp

ALLANA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

ANTHONY

KEY PLAN

VIEW OF SOLAR PANELS ABOVE PARKING

VIEW OF SOLAR PANELS ABOVE PARKING

• As Gauchar has an average rainfall of 459mm, a rainwater harvesting plant will help in storing water and providing it for landscape watering, toilet flushing etc.

FAUCETS AND FIXTURES

• To be provided within site

• The treated water will thus be used for plant watering .

• It reduces the consumption of water in toilets by atleast 50 %

DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

• Being in a hilly region at a high altitude, the need for maximum natural light is a must as it will provide warmth to the passengers within

• SKYLIGHTS provided on the roof allow natural light to enter into the building.

• Use of smart faucets in washroom areas will help in reduction in the amount of water consumed and will avoid unnecessary wastage of water

• Curtain walls with large glass panels are provided on the peripheral wall which allow maximum amount of daylight to enter the building

• This provides warmth to the interiors of the building which is required as it is a cold region

OUTDOOR FOOD COURT

OUTDOOR SEATING AREAS FOR VISITORS PARKING STRUCTURE

SECURITY CHECK HALL

CHECK IN HALL

BAGGAGE CLAIM AREA

HERITAGE GALLERY