Floating Solar Prospects in Central and West Asia

Floating Solar Prospects in Central and West Asia Regional Knowledge and Support Technical Assistance Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz Republic

Cindy Cisneros Tiangco, PhD Senion Energy Specialist Energy Division Central and West Asia Department ctiangco@adb.org

Central and West Asia Solar PV Resources Monthly variation of Theoretical Global Horizontal Irradiation in the Region (solar photovoltaic potential)

Average Annual Global Horizontal Irradiation In the Region with Cumulative constraints

Weighted exclusion factors applied for: Practical Resources: • Airports/runway alignments, railroads, urban areas, pipelines • National borders (5 km buffer) • Areas with population density > 100 persons/km 2 • Areas >20km away from roads (for construction access) • seismic danger areas • Areas with elevation >3000m or slopes >10% Ecological Resources • Snow and ice areas, shifting sand dunes and salt pans, tundra, swampland, All environmentally protected areas

GHI data based upon 12 year half hourly satellite images; Validated by 92 measuring stations worldwide.

Accuracy of GHI estimates is around +/- 5%; provides good quality prediction of long term average irradiance For more details see http://www.3tier.com/static/ttcms/us/documents/publications/vali dations/3TIER_Global_Solar_Validation.pdf

“The boundaries, colors, denominations, and any other information shown on all maps in this presentation do not imply, on the part of the Asian Development Bank, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries, colors, denominations, or information.”

Generation mix, potential and installed capacity, NDC targets – (AFG, AZE, KGZ)

Southwest Asia – Afghanistan, Pakistan

Caucasus – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia Central Asia – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

Power generation capacity (MW, share %)

Potential and Installed PV capacity Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions and NDC targets

Kyrgyz Republic 3,786 716 (18.9%) 3,070 (81.1%)

Afghanistan

Azerbaijan

Total Thermal

520 200 (38.5%)

7,905 6,764 (85.5%)

Hydro

254 (48.9%)

1,105 (14%)

Wind Others Technical Potential

65 (12.5%)

35 (0.5%)

220,000 MW

115,200 MW

267,000 MW

A 20MW ADB financed project is being tendered

Around 35MW

None

8.66

32.73

7.05

0.27

3.36

1.19

-35% by 2030

-11.4% to 13.75% by 2030

Installed capacity million tons CO2a Tons CO2/capitaa NDCb

-13.6% by 2030

Proposed KSTA Reg: Floating Solar Energy Development – (AFG, AZE, KGZ) Rationale • CWRD countries are heavily reliant on either fossil fuels, hydropower, or imported fuels and power, which make them carbon-intensive, energy insecure, and vulnerable to climate and external supply shocks.

• Solar potential is untapped due to lack of technical skills and knowledge on new technologies, costs, benefits and financing options.

• The cost of solar energy has decreased rapidly in recent years, offering impetus for these countries to diversify to indigenous low-carbon technologies to enhance energy security and reduce emissions.

• Undiversified power supply in target countries: Azerbaijan, 85% fossil fuels; Kyrgyz Republic, 90% hydro; Afghanistan, 80% imported • Significant potential for replication in Kazakhstan, Georgia, and Pakistan, and rest of Asia.

Approach and Components:

•

Pilot testing and scaling up assessment of emerging ‘floating‘ solar photovoltaic (FPV) technology;

•

business models formulation to encourage private sector participation;

•

institutional capacity building (hands-on training through pilots, regional training via CAREC, study tours to leading FPV countries)

Floating PV Technology PV + floating system PV modules

Mooring device

Inverters / substation

Core technology

Development Status

PV suitable for water environment

Floating system

Stable floating system Mooring device to adapt to changes in water level

Under water or floating DC cable

Under water or floating cable connection to the local power grid

Rapid growth in the past 3 years

Source: www.solarplaza.com; true figures as of April 2016. Over 70 installations worldwide by end 2017

Compared to over 300GW installed landbased PV capacity worldwide, only 70 FPV plants (capacity 700kW or higher) totaling 200 MW were in operation by end of 2017. Japan has the most number of plants. China has the largest at 40 MW, with 50 and 70 MW plants coming online this year.

Several small plants are in operation or under construction in Italy, Singapore, South Korea, UK, USA and others.

Floating PV Technology – Design Considerations ❑

❑

PV modules o follow more stringent requirements than land-based modules due to exposure to humid environments; anti-corrosion measures; high quality sealants; Floating platform o floats are typically made of HDPE (high density poly-ethylene), known for its tensile strength, UV and corrosion resistance; other materials are metalfibre glass frame structures or ferro-cement o Commercially-available technologies:

Sumitomo Mitsui

FloatrackerR technology by

Takiron Engineering

Solaris Synergy System

Koine Multimedia

Ciel et Terre HydrelioR system

Floating PV Technology – Design Considerations ❑ Anchoring and mooring system o Anchoring at the banks - most costeffective anchoring system using tipping plate anchors ✓ Not always systematically applicable as dependent on shape of reservoir and solar island o Anchoring at the bottom using ❑ Inverters tipping plate anchors or dead weights o centralized or string; on land or for hard soil, rocks or concrete floating (water proof with good ventilation). Central inverter on land is usually preferred but comes with higher DC cable costs.

Floating PV Technology ❑ DC cables o copper wires and should be extremely robust and resist high mechanical load and abrasion; If encased in waterproof module junction boxes and not submerged in water, regular DC cables can be used.

❑ AC cables o used for transferring electricity from floating platform to land if inverters are placed on the floating platform o should have high temperature resistance; have excellent weather proofing characteristics; IP68 standard for underwater cables Credit: Kyocera TCL Solar LLC

o Options: ✓ Regular DC or AC cable on the water surface lifted by buoys ✓ Submerged cable in a water proof conduit ✓ Underwater (marine) cable set up – least preferred option Credit: Ciel et Terre

Benefits of Floating PV Systems Water surface use vis-à-vis requirement for land

Higher efficiency / higher generation

Land optimization Water conservation Clean energy production Power in remote areas

- due to natural cooling effect of water on the panels and electrical equipment

Climate friendly FPV advantages over land-based PV.

Forests & farmlands conservation

Water retention / healthy ecosystems

• frees up land for other uses and saves on land acquisition or preparation and civil works cost; • allows higher yields (15% more) due to the cooling effect of water, which could make up for its higher cost;

• conserves water through reduced evaporation; • is quick to install; and, • addresses energy-water-food- climate nexus (reducing algal bloom and increasing water clarity and fish growth.

Applications of Floating PV Systems

HYDROPOWER DAM

- Industrial water ponds - Quarry/mine lakes - Irrigation reservoirs - Desalinization reservoirs - Water treatment sites - Drinking water surfaces - Aquaculture Farms - Dams / Canals - Retention ponds Alto Rabagão, PT – 220 kWp

FPV System Cost Breakdown 6% 3% 10%

30%

17%

21%

13%

Modules Infrastructure Grid connection

Floating structure Contingency

Electrical work Inverter

• App. 1.135 USD/Wp - (module cost 0.34 USD/Wp) • Grid-connection highly project dependent • No purchase of land, no civil works / ground preparation Source: SERIS

RE-KSTA FSED: Potential Pilot Sites

-

-

Afghanistan

Azerbaijan

Kyrgyzstan

Naghlu Reservoir / Lake Qargha

Lake Boyukshor

Toktogul Reservoir

Qargha lake; recreational area developed for trout fishing, and hatchery (~25 MW potential) Naghlu Reservoir (over 200 MW potential

-

The largest of 9 lakes in the Absheron peninsula Saline and was used as a dumping site; on-going remediation program (over 500 MW potential)

-

-

The largest reservoir in Central Asia, feeds 1,200MW HPP (over 20 GW potential)

Project sites have huge potential for scale up, replication and showcasing various configurations, uses and benefits of FPV: 1. Qargha dam and reservoir in AFG: used for recreation and trout fishing and hatchery and is planned to supply additional drinking water to Kabul, provide irrigation, and feed a hydropower plant (HPP). Water conservation is essential in this dry a nd rugged topography. Qargha lake could fit at least 25 MW, while the Naghlu reservoir* could theoretically fit at least 200 MW of FPV. 2. Lake Boyukshor in AZE is saline and used as a dumping site for sewage and oil effluents. FPV could demonstrate climate resilient lake restoration while displacing fossil-based power. The lake could theoretically fit 500 MW FPV and there are 8 more such lakes in Baku.

3. The 1,200 MW Toktogul HPP and reservoir supplies 40% of KGZ power, exports power and provides irrigation water to Uzbekistan. FPV could balance the seasonality of hydro with year-round generation. The lake could theoretically fit over 20 GW of FPV. Implementation arrangements and counterpart in-kind contribution

• • •

•

ADB will be the TA executing agency working with the country executing agencies and CAREC -ESCC country focal persons.

The counterparts are: Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS), the Ministry of Energy and OJSC Temiz Shahar of Azerbaijan, and OJSC Electric Power Plants (EPP) of the Kyrgyz Republic. he TA consultants will support TA administration and coordination, working closely with, assisting, and training the existing project management units (PMUs) in DABS, EPP and Temiz Shahar.

The country counterparts and their PMUs will provide data, office space, and technical staff, and assist in data collection, meeting arrangements and others, needed to accomplish the tasks. The TA is expected to be implemented over 31 months.

* The ADB-funded 20 MW land-based PV plant expected to be constructed in 2018 is 2 k m away from and will be connected to the 100 MW Naghlu HPP

RE-KSTA FSED: Indicative Schedules Processing Milestones Fact-finding completed Aide-mĂŠmoire confirmed TA Concept clearance and TA letter confirmed Consultant mobilization

Implementation (31 months)

Q2 2018

Q3 2018

Expected Completion Date January 2018 March 2018 May 2018 June 2018

Q4 2018

Q1 2019

Q2 2019

Q3 2019-Q4 2020

1.1 site/tech assessment

1. Pilot and scaled-up FPV projects

1.2 F/S, Tender docs

1.3 Procurement; Design-Build 1.4 1-year O&M services 1.5 Feasibility studies for commercial projects 2.1 Review policies and identify gaps

2. Business models

3. Institutional capacity building

2.2 Complete and disseminate tariff and policy study report 2.3 Prepare model tender documents and request for proposals 3.1 identify current capacity and training needs 3.2 Design training program

Preliminary Yield Estimates – Kyrgyz Republic

Specific yield [kWh/kWp.mth]

250 200 150

100 50 0 Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

• Total year: 1,500 kWh/kWp.year or 1 MW installed = 1,500 MWh/year • Optimal PV installed capacity for hybrid operation with HPPs must be investigated (hourly, daily, monthly and seasonal production profiles • Potential for scale up of pilots and replication within the pilot country and elsewhere in the region will be assessed

Dec.

Examples of floating solar PV installations

2 MW floating solar project on Boryeong dam reservoir, South Korea Technology/Developer: Posmac/K-water

40MW floating solar project on former coal mining region, Anhui, China Technology/Developer: Sungrow Power

On-going Research & Development (Korea) Source: Installation of Juam Dam 2.4kW Research Equipment

Hapcheon dam 100kW Demonstration plant development launched

Installation of Hapcheon dam 500kW commercial plant

Installation of Sihwa 20kW Research Equipment for sea

24

Installation of Boryeong dam 2MW plant

Installation of Inje 110kW Research Equipment for wetland

On-going Research & Development (Singapore) Floating PV test beds

Source:

200 kW floating solar farm in Sheeplands Farm, Berkshire, UK Application: renewable energy on-site to power the reservoir’s pump for farm irrigation Technology/Developer: Hydrelio by C&T/Floating Solar UK

6.3 MW floating solar farm in London’s Queen Elizabeth II reservoir Application: power for water treatment works of Thames Water (water provider to London & Thames valley communities) Technology/Developer: Hydrelio by C&T/Lightsource RE UK

2 MW floating solar project on Boryeong dam reservoir, South Korea Application: power generation for 700 homes Technology/Developer: Posmac/K-water

Rendering of the 13.7MW plant on the Yamakura Dam reservoir, Chiba, Japan (2018) Application: grid-connected power generation to power approximately 4,970 households Technology/Developer: Kyocera TCL Solar LLC

40MW floating solar project on former coal mining region, Anhui, China Application: power generation for 15,000 homes Technology/Developer: Sungrow Power

343 kWp floating solar plant on an irrigation pond, Savona, Italy Application: power generation (grid-connected) Technology/Developer: Ciel et Terre