A MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
THE 2011
MORE THAN EVERGREEN MEETS THE EYE AWARDS
THE AIA COTE TOP TEN GREEN PROJECTS
ECO-STRUCTURE.COM SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2011
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A MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
EDITOR Katie Weeks kweeks@hanleywood.com MANAGING EDITOR Greig O’Brien gobrien@hanleywood.com SENIOR ART DIRECTOR Aubrey Altmann aaltmann@hanleywood.com ASSOCIATE ART DIRECTOR Marcy Ryan mryan@hanleywood.com ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR Lindsey M. Roberts lmroberts@hanleywood.com ASSISTANT EDITOR, NEWS Alex Hoyt ahoyt@hanleywood.com
GRAPHIC DESIGNER Michael Todaro mtodaro@hanleywood.com
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ADVISORY BOARD Lidia Berger, HDR Inc. Carlie Bullock-Jones, Ecoworks Studio Eric Corey Freed, organicARCHITECT Michael Deane, Turner Construction Bert Gregory, FAIA, Mithun Sean O’Malley, SWA Group Tom Paladino, Paladino & Co. Patrick Thibaudeau, HGA
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The Environmental Defense Fund Paper Calculator (papercalculator.org) estimates that eco-structure will save the following resources by using recycled-content cover stock and paper over the course of 2011: 624 trees ▪ 300 million Btu of energy ▪ 101,973 CO2 equiv. ▪ 247,343 gallons of wastewater ▪ 27,053 lbs. of solid waste
Vol. 9, No. 5. September/October 2011. eco-structure® (ISSN 1556-3596; USPS 022-816) is published six times per year (Jan/Feb, Mar/April, May/June, July/Aug, Sept/Oct, and Nov/Dec) by Hanley Wood, LLC, One Thomas Circle N.W., Suite 600, Washington, D.C. 20005. Subscriptions are free to qualified recipients. Publisher reserves the right to determine recipient qualification. Annual subscription rates for nonqualified recipients in the U.S. $15, Canada $64 (U.S. funds), all other countries $192 (U.S. funds). Back-copy price: $10 for U.S. residents. Copyright 2011 by Hanley Wood, LLC. Reproduction in whole or in part prohibited without written authorization. All rights reserved. Printed in the USA. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to eco-structure, P.O. Box 3494, Northbrook, IL 60065-9831. Canada Post Registration #40612608/G.S.T. number: R-120931738. Canadian return address: Pitney Bowes Inc., P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2.
CIRCLE NO. 44 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
Energy-efficient Lighting Solutions
Helping you reduce energy consumption, overhead, and maintenance costs. Columbia Lighting is committed to providing you with energy management products, tools, and information through our createchange速 energy-efficient lighting solutions.
www.columbialighting.com/resources/createchange Circle no. 32 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
Meeting Today’s
BUILDING DEMANDS
A MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
COMMERCIAL DESIGN GROUP PRESIDENT, COMMERCIAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Patrick J. Carroll pcarroll@hanleywood.com GROUP PUBLISHER, COMMERCIAL DESIGN Russell S. Ellis rellis@hanleywood.com; 202.736.3310 EDITORIAL DIRECTOR, COMMERCIAL DESIGN Ned Cramer
With stricter codes and new standards calling for increased use of green building materials, as well as the AIA 2030 Challenge to create carbon neutral and net-zero energy buildings, IPS has the solutions to help meet your needs. Our insulated panels offer numerous green building benefits such as superior thermal performance for building envelopes, reduced maintenance costs and lower operational costs, you’re sure to meet your building envelope performance goals. Learn about all of the benefits of IPS insulated metal panels at www.insulated-panels.com/Ecos.
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All contents of this issue of eco-structure are copyrighted by Hanley Wood, LLC. Reproduction in whole or in part prohibited without written authorization. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States. eco-structure is the independent, unbiased source for green-building information. The magazine intends to foster an open dialogue about today’s vital green-building issues. HANLEY WOOD, LLC is publisher of Aquatics International, Architect, Architectural Lighting, Big Builder, Builder, Building Products, Concrete & Masonry Construction Products, Concrete Construction, The Concrete Producer, Custom Home, EcoHome, The Journal of Light Construction, Masonry Construction, Metalmag, Multifamily Executive, Pool & Spa News, Professional Deck Builder, ProSales, Public Works, Remodeling, Replacement Contractor, Residential Architect, and Tools of The Trade magazines.
www.insulated-panels.com/Ecos 800.729.9324 info@insulated-panels.com CIRCLE NO. 25 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
DISCLOSURE / eco-structure occasionally will write about companies in which its parent organization, Hanley Wood, LLC, has an investment interest. When it does, the magazine will fully disclose that relationship. PRIVACY OF MAILING LIST / Sometimes we share our subscriber mailing list with reputable companies we think you’ll find interesting. However, if you do not wish to be included, please call us at 888.269.8410.
Selection tip for continuous insulation (ci):
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SUSTAINABILITY RainBarrier is made of 70% to 90% recycled materials. (Rigid foam includes no more than 40% recycled content.)
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Circle no. 56 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
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Circle no. 77 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
CONTENTS September/October 2011
64
FEATURES The 2011 Evergreen Awards 63 Ecommercial, New Construction 64
Kroon Hall, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, by Centerbrook Architects and Planners.
Greenhouse 70
A sustainable residence by Studio 804.
82
Special Recognition 76
North House Project, by Team North/RVTR.
On the Boards 82
The Bullitt Center, by the Miller Hull Partnership.
Perspective 88
William Browning of Terrapin Bright Green.
2011 Jury 90
70
On the Cover: Greenhouse Winner, Sustainable Residence in Kansas City, Kan., designed by Studio 804. Photo by Studio 804. SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2011 ECO-STRUCTURE 7
CONTENTS
DEPARTMENTS Viewpoint 10 Greenscene 12 AIArchitect 17 Products 51 Deep Green 21
Edmonton wants to turn a historic airport into a carbon-neutral community for 30,000 residents. Two directors from Perkins+Will explain how it can be done.
21 96
Technology 31
New technologies integrate solar-energy collection into windows and walls. This page, clockwise from top: Perkins+Will Canada; Rachel Swenie; Jameson Simpson Previous page, top to bottom: Morley von Sternberg; the Miller Hull Partnership; Studio 804
Flashback 41
Large-scale lessons from the Lloyd Crossing Sustainable Urban Design Plan and Catalyst Project.
Ecocentric 96
A former meat-processing facility goes green.
ECO-STRUCTURE.COM
Visit us online for more articles, news, and products. Among this month’s hightlights: Awards: The 2011 Evergreen Awards. Awards: Concrete Producer’s Green Site Awards. Deep Green: Debating the phaseout of incandescent light bulbs. Deep Green: Designing to support the electric car. Deep Green: Revisiting the dark-sky debate. Technology: Dashboards and building-monitoring systems. Technology: Finding the finances for renewables. Technology: Waste-to-energy incineration plants. Follow us on Twitter at twitter.com/ecostructure Become a Facebook fan at facebook.com 8 ECO-STRUCTURE.COM
31 AN AIA MAGAZINE
Lutron — Introducing the NEW Energi TriPak family ®
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Add energy-saving functionality to your space with Energi TriPak, a new wireless control system that is affordable, easy to install, program and use – ideal for retrofit applications. This family of sensors, personal controls, and PowPak modules can save over 60%* of lighting energy.
Wireless communication for easy retrofit - no wires
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NEW smaller design and recessed-mount option
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5 ce $ 8 Pri
•
st Li
NEW Radio Powr SavrTM ceiling-mount occupancy/ vacancy sensor
PowPakTM dimming module with EcoSystem® •
Receives RF commands from sensors and controls
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PowPak modules available for EcoSystem dimming ballasts and LED drivers, general purpose switching, and third-party integration
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Simple button press programming and wireless technology means low installed cost
Automatically turn lights off when a room is unoccupied
sensors
occupied: on
vacant: off
Pico control
Pico® wireless control Provides personal control with no wires
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Functions as a hand-held control, pedestalmounted, or a wall-mounted control within a Lutron Claro® faceplate (no backbox required)
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Multiple button configurations for any application
hand-held
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EcoSystem H-Series digital ballast
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OR
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Reliable fluorescent dimming down to 1% Digitally addressable ballasts allow for simple lighting reconfiguration with no changes to wiring - means reduced operating costs due to space churn $79 list price makes EcoSystem H-Series the perfect ballast for any space
OR
pedestal-mounted
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Visit us at GREENBUILD Booth #1631N
To learn more about the Energi TriPak family, call 1.888.LUTRON1, or visit www.lutron.com/EnergiTriPak2
24/7 Technical Support: 1.800.523.9466 ©2011 Lutron Electronics Co., Inc. | P/N 368-2239 REV A *IESNA 2000 Proceedings, Paper #34: Occupant Use of Manual Lighting Controls in Private Offices. Savings from occupancy sensor auto-off plus manual override and dimming compared to lights left on during operating hours. CIRCLE NO. 76 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
What Makes It Green?
What determines whether a building is truly sustainable? Is a structure green because it is designed to a certain LEED certification level? Or because it reuses an existing structure? Is it defined by a maximum energy use intensity (EUI) or by performance data that is a minimum percentage below local energy codes? Is it defined by water use? How about post-occupancy performance data? Any practitioner worth his or her salt knows that all of the above characteristics and more factor into a structure’s environmental impact and that there is no one factor that serves as the sole guideline in determining whether a structure is sustainable. Which is exactly what makes judging a competition such as our annual Evergreen Awards so challenging. For the fourth summer in a row, we tasked an independent panel of respected industry leaders from across the country to review a range of competition entries, which for 2011 totaled more than 120 entries across five categories. In their submissions, entrants in our building categories— commercial categories for new construction and existing buildings, a residential category, and a category for unbuilt or “on the boards” projects— were asked to address key project goals, energy, water and material use, site selection, air quality and daylighting, grants and incentives received, post-occupancy performance, and overall design innovation. As in past years, our fifth category, Perspective, collected nominations of greenbuilding practitioners who should be recognized for their work in the industry. Each year, before our jury dives into their entry packets, I remind them that there is no one characteristic that should serve as a benchmark in weeding out winners. We are not looking for LEED Platinum–certified projects only, or for a specific EUI. Instead, we ask them to weigh overall performance data (which, to our dismay, continues to be more models and simulations than actual post-occupancy figures), design excellence, overall 10 ECO-STRUCTURE.COM
innovation, and how a project responds to its specific constraints such as budgets, site conditions, and urban or rural context. The parameters are purposefully kept somewhat broad so as to prompt dialogue between our jurors. In moderating the conversation to finalize winners, I am always interested to see what greenbuilding characteristics come up for discussion. At the forefront this year: Efficiency, but not just in terms of energy and water use. In addition to examining performance data and projections, our jurors were also interested in efficiency of resources. How prudently did the designers use materials and their budget? Scale. In reviewing this year’s entries, the jurors questioned whether green design seems to favor small construction, as the majority of submissions were under two to three stories in height. Designing smaller buildings will inherently reduce their environmental impact to a degree, but the impact of large facilities needs to be addressed as well. Innovation and feasibility … or perhaps I should say innovation versus feasibility. It’s one thing to design with an unlimited budget and another to design in the economic climate of the past few years. Consider the North House project (page 76). Initially reviewed in our Greenhouse category, but then pulled out for special consideration, the project’s forwardthinking design and technology wowed our jury. But the practicality of some of the materials and the price tag raised concerns about replicability and feasibility in the real world. (Price, it should be noted, was an overall point of contention in the 2009 Solar Decathlon, a competition in which this project was entered. In response, for the 2011 Solar Decathlon taking place from Sept. 23 through Oct. 2 in Washington, D.C., the U.S. Department of Energy factored affordability into judging considerations.) The North House Project, our jury thought, deserved recognition for showing what can be possible, likening the project to a concept car that is displayed at an auto show. It may not be massmarket-ready by show’s end, but it inspires and drives attendees to look for better, more progressive solutions in the marketplace. And so, for the first
time in the competition’s history, we are bestowing a non-category-specific special jury recognition. In another category-related note, you will notice that the jury chose not to name a winning project in the Existing Buildings category. The consensus was that the industry should be pushing itself to better integrate sustainable features into the existing building stock, with sensitivity to the historic context of the original space. The jury was encouraged by the submissions, but decided that there was no overriding winner. Across all categories, and with all variables put aside, our winners do meet a rather straightforward formula: Superior performance + overall innovation + outstanding architectural expression = awardworthy projects. Our Perspective winner, Bill Browning of Terrapin Bright Green, has fostered these concepts in his work in the industry for the past 20 years, both at the helm of his own firms and as part of the Rocky Mountain Institute. With this formula in mind, I invite you to judge our winners for yourself. Our coverage starts on page 63 and continues online at eco-structure.com. Think you have a project that can take top honors next year? Get more entry information at eco-structure.com/evergreen.
Mike Morgan
VIEWPOINT
AN AIA MAGAZINE
Winner 08 AIA 20 of the ards and Aw Honor um LEED® tin the Pla ication Certif
The world headquarters of Heifer International has
received a Platinum LEED® certification plus numerous design and environmental awards.
A key element of the building’s skin involves the use of Petersen corrugated aluminum panels installed as an accent band in a horizontal configuration. Approximately 22,000 sq. ft. of .050 aluminum PAC-CLAD Silver Metallic 7/8” corrugated panels were utilized. Produced in factory formed lengths up to 55 feet, Heifer International - Little Rock, AR Owner: Heifer International Architect: Polk Stanley Rowland Curzon Porter Architects, LTD. Contractors: Ace Glass Co., Harness Roofing Color: Silver Metallic Profiles: 7/8” Corrugated, M-Panels, Coping Photo: Timothy Hursley
Petersen’s PAC-CLAD Panels are also available in longer lengths by consulting the factory. Our PAC-CLAD® Kynar 500® finish, covered by a non-prorated 20 year warranty, is now available in 38 colors on steel and aluminum. Most colors meet LEED®, ENERGY STAR® and cool roof certification requirements.
WWW.PAC-CLAD.COM I IL: 1 800 PAC CLAD MD: 1 800 344 1400 I TX: 1 800 441 8661 GA: 1 800 272 4482 I MN:1 877 571 2025
Visit our interactive website for more information: www.pac-clad.com. See us at METALCON! Booth 614
Circle no. 72 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
TEAM CANADA
GREENSCENE Time to Shine
Can Washington put politics aside for 10 days? The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) hopes so as the agency’s biennial Solar Decathlon takes the spotlight on the National Mall from Sept. 22–Oct. 2. Twenty collegiate teams will build homes that they have designed and will compete in 10 contests designed to gauge performance, livability, and affordability. Specifically, competitions focus on affordability, appliances, architecture, comfort, communications, energy balance, engineering, home entertainment, hot water production, and market appeal. Each contest contains individual parameters. For example, within the architecture and engineering categories, juries evaluate team drawings, construction specifications, audiovisual presentations, and the final constructed project. In terms of energy balance, homes must produce at least as much electrical energy as is consumed during the length of the contest. To compete in the comfort contest, teams must keep the house’s zone temperature between 71 F and 76 F and keep zone-relative humidity below 60 percent, and when it comes to hot water, each house must deliver 15 gallons of water at an average temperature of 100 F within 10 minutes. Water will be drawn 16 times during the competition. At the end of the competition, first-, second- and third-place winners, as well as a people’s choice award, will be announced. Teams competing in the Decathlon were chosen by a panel of engineers, scientists, and experts from the DOE’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and prospective conceptual designs also were reviewed by a panel of professionals from the AIA, National Association of Home Builders, the USGBC, and ASHRAE. This year’s makeup includes 16 American teams and teams from Belgium, Canada, China, and New Zealand. Missing, however, is Team Germany, the first-place team of 2007 and 2009. The Decathlon is open to the public during the competition. For more information on each team and the metrics used to judge entries, visit solardecathlon.gov. To see who takes home top honors on Oct. 3, visit eco-structure.com. ECO-STRUCTURE STAFF ▪
PARSONS THE NEW SCHOOL FOR DESIGN AND STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND
A No-Go for Gifford
THE U.S. DISTRICT COURT IN NEW YORK CITY DISMISSES HENRY GIFFORD’S CLASS-ACTION SUIT.
The United States District Court in New York City has dismissed Henry Gifford’s lawsuit against the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). Gifford, the owner of the heating retrofit company Gifford Fuel Saving in New York, filed a class-action suit against the USGBC on Oct. 8, 2010, alleging that the organization mislead the public regarding the energy saved by LEEDcertified buildings and that the USGBC has 12 ECO-STRUCTURE.COM
established a monopoly on green-building standards. In addition to naming the USGBC as a defendant, the suit also specifically named USGBC founder and first president David Gottfried; USGBC founding chairman and current president and CEO Richard Fedrizzi; and USGBC founding chairman Robert Watson as defendants. A PDF of the original suit can be downloaded in the online version of this news item at eco-structure.com.
In dismissing the suit, the court held that none of the plaintiffs in the action had alleged or could allege any legal interest to be protected by their lawsuit. The court also dismissed Gifford’s claim of federal false advertising “with prejudice,” meaning plaintiffs are barred from filing a new suit based on those claims. Also simultaneously dismissed were state law false advertising claims. eco-structure staff ▪ AN AIA MAGAZINE
For Over 50 Years Varco Pruden has been building a reputation for innovation… Design Innovation… Architects and building owners demand design flexibility and affordable building solutions. Varco Pruden meets and exceeds those demands. Driven by a commitment to solving customer building problems and overcoming design limitations, VP pioneered groundbreaking innovations such as “custom concept” more than 50 years ago. Today, Varco Pruden still leads the way with technology developments through VP Command™, our proprietary engineering and design software which allows architects and owners to use a customized, VP approach to achieve their building objectives.
Product Innovation… Along with creative systems’ solutions, VP offers the most comprehensive line of adaptable framing and sheathing options. Beyond the industry standard framing options, VP offers specialized systems including open-web framing and Deck•Frame™ a framing innovation allowing system design with EPDM roofing. Further, VP’s WideBay™ system offers an ideal alternative when projects require more open space between frames. VP roof choices include industrial and architectural panels backed by long-term warranties for finish and weather-tightness. SSR and SLR II are both mechanically seamed, high-performance roofing products suited for new construction or retrofit applications. VP wall panel options include a choice of shapes, colors and textures to meet customer requirements, thermal performance needs as well as local building codes and community covenants.
Service Innovations…
With nationwide service centers staffed by trained, experienced engineers and project managers, ten IAS AC-472 accredited manufacturing locations and a national network of more than 1,000 authorized VP Builders, VP delivers an unmatched level of service. Varco Pruden continues to build the reputation for innovation with ideas that shape our projects, our company and our industry.
Visit www.VP.com for more information about Varco Pruden Buildings’ innovations. • Recycled Material Content • Cool Paint Finishes • Passive Lighting Panels
• Member USGBC • End-of-Use Recyclability • Energy Efficient Insulation
©2011 Varco Pruden Buildings is a division of BlueScope Buildings North America, Inc. All rights reserved.
Circle no. 62 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
ACCREDITED AC 472
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aerogel CIRCLE NO. 75 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
Ray C. Anderson, founder and chairman of Interface Inc., passed away on Aug. 8, after a 20-month battle with cancer. Surrounded by his family, he died at his home in Atlanta, announced Interface president and CEO Dan Hendrix. Anderson was 77. An honors graduate of Georgia Institute of Technology’s School of Industrial and Systems Engineering in 1956, Anderson founded Interface in 1973 to produce the nation’s first free-lay carpet tiles. He may best be remembered, however, for his environmental epiphany in 1994. That year, he read Paul Hawken’s The Ecology of Commerce, which he likened to a “spear in the chest.” He thereafter began to reexamine the company’s environmental impact. As noted on Interface’s website, Anderson recalled that “In 1994, at age 60 and in my company’s 22nd year, I steered Interface on a new course —one designed to reduce our environmental footprint while increasing our profits. I wanted Interface, a company so oil-intensive you could think of it as an extension of the petrochemical industry, to be the first enterprise in history to become truly sustainable—to shut down the smokestacks, close off its effluent pipes, to do no harm to the environment and take nothing not easily renewed by the earth. Believe me when I say the goal is one enormous challenge.” Three years later, Anderson further described his vision for the company as such: “If we’re successful, we’ll spend the rest of our days harvesting yesteryear’s carpets and other petrochemically derived products, and recycling them into new materials, and converting sunlight into energy, with zero scrap going to the landfill and zero emissions into the ecosystem.” Under Anderson’s leadership, the company created Mission Zero, a promise to eliminate any negative environmental impact from the company by 2020, through the redesign of processes and products, the pioneering of technologies, and efforts to reduce or eliminate waste and harmful emissions while increasing the use of renewable materials and energy. The company’s progress toward this goal can be tracked online at interfaceglobal.com/sustainability/our-progress.aspx. As of 2010, eight of Interface’s nine factories were operating with 100 percent renewable electricity, and 30 percent of the company’s total energy use was from renewable sources. Total energy use at Interface’s global factories was down 43 percent per unit of product since 1996. The greenhouse gas emissions from global manufacturing operations has been reduced by 35 percent from a 1996 baseline. Since 1996, total waste to landfills from Interface carpet factories has been reduced by 76 percent. Anderson transitioned from day-to-day management of Interface to nonexecutive chairman in 2001, and spent the next 10 years focusing his time and energy on the business case for sustainability, delivering more than 1,000 speeches and authoring two books on the topic: Mid-Course Correction (1998) and Confessions of a Radical Industrialist (2009). In 2007, Time magazine named him a “Hero of the Environment.” Interface manufacturers and markets carpet under the InterfaceFlor, Flor, Heuga, and Bentley Prince Street brands. Industry colleagues are invited to leave comments about Anderson’s legacy on his blog at raycanderson blog.com. katie weeks ▪
Celcias
PM Photography
INTERFACE FOUNDER AND SUSTAINABILITY ADVOCATE, DIES AT 77.
IMAGINATION IS A DRIVING FORCE Creativity is always about perspective—being alert, noticing what others don’t. At VT, if it lives in your mind, we can help give it life. VT custom wood and laminate doors offer exceptional performance and design, produced with our exclusive edge-before-face method, creating a continuous flush appearance. VT stile and rail can be completely customized by panel configuration, sticking, and veneer. VT Heritage and Artistry doors offer virtually endless options for design expression. With VT as your partner, you’ll discover that when inspiration hits, we’re there. ©2011 VT Industries, Inc. All rights reserved.
Circle no. 63 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
VTDoors.com 1-800-827-1615 (ext. 512)
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS ARE GREATER THAN THE SUM OF THEIR PARTS. When it comes to sustainable design and construction, product decisions must work together to contribute to the end result. With evolving requirements and code changes, navigating this complexity can be challenging. Our expertise in thermal systems and sun control can help you create a solution that delivers lower U-values, controls heat gain and leverages light to reduce energy demand. Kawneer and Traco understand how to realize the big picture‌one piece at a time. Every day you make a choice. Make a choice that counts. Architectural Aluminum Systems Steel + Stainless Steel Systems Entrances + Framing Curtain Walls Windows Š 2011 Kawneer Company, Inc.
Circle no. 67 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
kawneer.com traco.com kawneergreen.com
17
september/october 2011
illustration: randy lyhus
Match Point Colocated systems gather multiple functions into a single structure to redefine sustainable growth in the 21st century. by guy horton structures can do more than they do now. it’s the simple but powerful premise behind colocated systems—such as PV panels that double as noise buffers or highway bridges that carry utility pipes—which employ integrated sustainable strategies, including often-overlooked passive strategies. The century-old concept of the building-as-total-design can be carried out with more systems to achieve better energy conservation and productivity. It’s an idea
that has been kept in play by the AIA’s 2030 Challenge, which also calls for greater density in our cities. It’s also an idea that has gained considerable ground already outside of the United States. One way of thinking about colocation is “dense programming,” or the integration of multiple, often nontraditional functions into architecture: structures that transcend property boundaries and zoning. In this way, architecture takes on the characteristics of infrastructure, where opportunities for ganging up systems and functions are explored—usually out of necessity and for cost considerations. At first glance, Atelier Bow-Wow’s 2001 book, Made in Tokyo, doesn’t seem very serious at all in its case studies: park-on-park (a park elevated above a parking lot), highway department store, doublelayer petrol-station-and-office building. But these systems reveal the logic of colocation in one of the world’s densest and most technologically advanced cities. The more you read it, the more it starts to make sense for dispersed cities that may be trying to “shrink,” such as Detroit. Though Atelier Bow-Wow’s decade-old study omits PVs and other green systems, the firm conforms to a more stripped-down definition of sustainability through density and multitasking. China’s goal of 400 new cities by 2020 presents another vision of
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Learn how to become involved through the AIA by visiting www.aia.org.
AIAPERSPECTIVE it’s a beautiful thing
hoto: illia start
september/october 2011
colocation’s potential. Local governments in cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou are leading efforts to improve the sustainability quotient of fast-paced development. Toward this end, the Beijing-based Dynamic City Foundation has been investigating strategies of colocation that mix infrastructure with architecture while incorporating renewable systems and materials—such as an elevated rail system that incorporates urban farms, PV arrays, wind turbines, water-filtration systems, and sewage-treatment power generation. “Dense concentrations within Beijing are not to be regarded as the problem but as the solution,” says Neville Mars, director of Dynamic City Foundation. Its studies highlight how the logic of so-called “dynamic density” makes cities more sustainable and livable. Brazil’s favelas offer a more ad hoc approach to colocation. By grafting onto already dense environments, they create new systems that generate and conserve resources and power—one of Brazil’s key strategies for integrating the informal sector into the formal economy. The existing density presents opportunities for sustainable systems and ways of living that would be more difficult to realize in dispersed conditions such as suburbs. The key to these favelas, and colocation in general, is to combine programmatic density, different systems, and advanced materials. Materials do not by themselves promote sustainability. They must be integrated with programmatic density of the sort seen in the high-tech Copenhagen energy plant and ski slope designed by Bjarke Ingels. The structure creates energy by incinerating waste while also functioning as a ski slope. It also reminds people of the city’s carbon footprint by emitting a 30-meter smoke ring whenever a ton of CO2 is released. Rather than returning CO2, there is also the potential of returning energy to the grid, or at least aiming toward being more energy selfsustaining. One example is the Hearst Tower in New York City, whose builders not only conserved materials during construction, but whose architects created an opportunity for collected rainwater to filter into heating and cooling tubes as well as to irrigate plants. Colocation incorporates green technology and materials while addressing issues of urban form and density, too. “Integrating building systems with architectural features or building enclosures can be a useful way for architects to show how our designs can also improve the functional benefit of a system,” says William Worthen, AIA, LEED AP, director and resource architect for sustainability at the AIA. “Fritted low-E glass that automates shade controls with return air slots; solar-panel patterns on skylights that generate power and reduce heat gain; wind turbines integrated into building façades; living walls and green roofs creating habitat and reducing both storm runoff and the need for air conditioning inside the building; bioswales that filter parking-lot runoff, serve as landscape features, and eliminate the need for expensive and complex stormwater catchment systems; and raised floors systems allowing for HVAC supply each occupant can control and easy access for cabling—they all fit into the category of colocated or multipurposed materials and represent integrated, cost-effective design strategies.” We are in the midst of what Worthen calls “an evolution to highperformance design, which means we all need to start thinking of green as normal.” Sustainability is evolving beyond the advocacy model of organizations such as the USGBC and Architecture 2030 to a governance model based on high-performance codes such as CalGreen and next year’s International Green Construction Code, which is slated for a March launch. “Architects are complex problem-solvers,” Worthen says.“We need to stop trying to just be green or get credits, but instead take the time to understand how the architecture—not just its building systems—can directly benefit and improve a building’s long-term performance, human health, and best value—not just first cost.”
the local barnes & noble is a popular hangout, especially on Sunday, when people come in with their kids, grab some coffee, pick up The New York Times, and sit by the fountain out front. Lately, the fountain’s been off limits because the plumbing is being repaired. But there’s still food for thought out front thanks to the messaging written on the panels of the construction barrier—it’s Barnes & Noble, after all. One of the panels closest to the front door stopped me in my tracks. On it was sketched the outline of a Roman aqueduct. Underneath was a sentence that went something like this: When building the fountains that provided water for the cities of the empire, the engineers created critical infrastructure that was utilitarian and a thing of beauty. What do words about beauty have to do with the focus on sustainability? Maybe a lot for those of us who are trying to marshal a broad constituency behind sustainable design. Part of the difficulty we’ve been having is the way we talk about it. In far too much of the marketing about green design, the stress has been on the utilitarian: Like broccoli, it’s good for you. Yes, we’ve had some success of late in getting the attention of the public and our clients thanks, ironically, to this economy. Saving money by turning off the lights, switching to fluorescent lamps, and caulking are all the rage, but, let’s admit it, we all do it somewhat grudgingly. It’s hard to escape the feeling that if most people were given the choice, they’d bring back the incandescent bulb. What’s missing in the way we’ve been making the case for sustainable design is a passion for the expressive dimension of architecture. This month marks the 75th anniversary of Fallingwater, a masterpiece that to this day has lessons to teach all of us about the beauty and functionality of design excellence. Frank Lloyd Wright was an architect whose work made no distinction between the two. Equally apparent here and throughout his career is his understanding that the expressive element of architecture and its utility are sides of the same coin. It’s an insight he shared with the builders of the Roman aqueducts. More than the bottom line, it’s a way of talking about what we do that’s most likely to create a public demand for green design.
Clark D. Manus, FAIA, 2011 President
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DEEP GREEN
From Planes to Placemaking EDMONTON WANTS TO TURN A HISTORIC AIRPORT INTO A CARBON-NEUTRAL COMMUNITY FOR 30,000 RESIDENTS. TWO DIRECTORS FROM PERKINS+WILL EXPLAIN HOW IT CAN BE DONE. Text Peter Busby and Joyce Drohan Renderings Perkins+Will Canada
Built in 1929, the Edmonton City Centre Airport (ECCA), located in downtown Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, was the first licensed airfield in the country. Facing site constraints in the 1950s, the city built a new international airport and, in 2009, the city council voted to enact a phased closure of the ECCA. In 2010, the City of Edmonton shortlisted five teams from 33 international design groups to reenvision the existing ECCA land as a world-class sustainable community providing leading-edge infrastructure and exceptional livability. The city’s mandate went well beyond LEED requirements, looking to create a development to optimize innovative strategies for renewable energies and sitewide systems such as stormwater management and transit. A largely inaccessible brownfield site, the ECCA initiative presents an exceptional opportunity to repair a 530-acre rift in the city’s urban fabric and create a truly memorable place for Edmontonians. Following six months of intensive design, the five final proposals were evaluated by a jury of business, sustainability, urban planning, and policy experts. In June 2011, a Perkins+Will (P+W) team that also includes the Vancouver-based firms Civitas, PFS, and Edmonton-based Group2 was chosen and confirmed by the city council to lead the site’s transformation. The P+W proposal addresses ambitious sustainability goals set out by the city (outlined in a downloadable PDF in the
online version of this essay at eco-structure.com) and builds on the idea of connectedness — identified as important by Edmonton residents in a series of public forums leading up to the competition. To capture the essence of this idea, the P+W proposal is called “Connecticity.” At the heart of the new community, a major park will provide a jewel in the city’s park system. Embracing the park are three new districts, each with its own distinct character, which will offer diverse urban experiences and superior walkability—both cornerstones of a truly sustainable community. Four strands of connectedness are pursued in the plan, with each embodying key sustainability principles as set out by the city. These include: Cultural Sustainability: Connecting to Site History. Seeking to embed the site’s past in its future, the P+W plan reuses airport runways as key streets and the organizing structure for the development; repurposes historical airport elements such as hangars and the control tower as new community amenities; and adopts the names of those who played key roles in the airport’s past, including the celebrated Canadian bush pilot, Wilfrid “Wop” May, for major public places. Environmental and Ecological Sustainability: Connecting to Nature. The central park and the many neighborhood parks extending from it provide an extraordinary opportunity for residents to experience the benefits of open space at their SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2011 ECO-STRUCTURE
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DEEP GREEN
Ecoregion and Flyways
Ecology
Climate-Responsive Design
Stormwater Management
doorstep, whether for recreation, contemplation, or growing one’s own food. Walking and bike paths provide access to the native aspen parkland as well as the lake and hill that recall the glacially formed “kettle and knob” terrain of the prairie landscape. Extending deeply into the “agrihoods” of the West District, six linear furrows provide a wide variety of opportunities for urban agriculture from the private garden plot outside one’s door to community gardens to a small demonstration farm. Social Sustainability: Connecting Communities. The plan draws from the pattern of existing neighborhoods surrounding the site, extending streets and pathways through new neighborhoods to connect future and current residents, giving the latter access to the many amenities and open spaces of the ECCA community and the former a sense of belonging in the larger Edmonton setting. At the citywide scale, a new light-rail transit (LRT) line planned for the site connects more-distant neighborhoods to the site
and provides easy access to the downtown core for ECCA residents while reinforcing their sense of connectedness to the city. Economic Sustainability: Connecting to Growth Catalysts. The P+W master plan seeks to ensure economic vitality, not only by creating a deeply mixed-use community on site but also by connecting to the growth potential of four major existing catalysts in and around the site: the LRT line, which will spur the first phase of development; the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, a potential partner in sustainable research, slated to expand onto the ECCA site; a new rehabilitation hospital, poised to become the new center of a health-sciences precinct; and Kingsway Gardens Mall, a commercial center whose retail activity will extend the High Street planned for the ECCA’s new Town Centre. The approach to site infrastructure is critical to the goal of creating the kind of sustainable community sought by the city. One main aim is to reduce the community’s carbon emissions
Flyways Aspen Prairie/Meadow Aspen Forest Greenway/Ravines Lake Ravine Catchment Stormwater
22 ECO-STRUCTURE.COM
AN AIA MAGAZINE
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DEEP GREEN
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by 3.2 million metric tons over 20 years. The site is a perfect candidate for direct geothermal systems that capitalize on the unusual proximity of core heat to the Earth’s crust in the Edmonton vicinity. Taking advantage of Alberta’s drilling know-how, the systems would rely on a depth of approximately 5.3 kilometers (3.3 miles) to access this source of available heat. Energy produced by biomass and deep geothermal sources is expected to create enough electricity to adequately meet the needs of the new development—and then some. In fact, our plan proposes that surplus energy
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Waste Management
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of the Town Centre, where jobs may be within a short walk from home and residents have access to a wide variety of amenities. To take the master plan to fruition, the P+W team will orchestrate a highly collaborative 15-month process featuring a series of comprehensive workshops in which city leaders, key stakeholders, and the citizens of Edmonton will participate. Through community focus groups, open houses, and online forums, P+W will formulate a series of strategies for meeting the ambitious goals set out by the city and reďŹ ned by this master-plan process. We believe that the ECCA project represents
one of the most signiďŹ cant urban design competitions in Canada’s history. This, coupled with the city’s vision for creating a leading green development, makes it an unparalleled opportunity to realize Edmonton’s dream to become a global model for sustainable city building. â–Ş Peter Busby, Intl. Assoc. AIA, is the managing director of Perkins+Will’s Vancouver oďŹƒce and the 2010 ecostructure Evergreen Award winner in the Perspective category. Joyce Drohan is the director of urban design in Perkins+Will’s Vancouver oďŹƒce. View more plans and a video from Perkins+Will on the ECCA project in the online version of this article at eco-structure.com.
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UNEXPECTED ANGLE
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TECHNOLOGY Summer Diffused light
Heat
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NEW TECHNOLOGIES INTEGRATE SOLAR-ENERGY COLLECTION INTO WINDOWS AND WALLS. Text Peter M. James Illustration Jameson Simpson
Solar panels aren’t just for rooftops anymore. They are starting to pop up in places—windows, curtainwalls, canopies, and skylights—where they do double duty. While first-generation solar technology—the familiar roof-mounted silicon PV panel—has become a familiar sight, a new generation of solar technologies such as buildingintegrated photovoltaics (BIPV) has the potential to transform common building materials into renewable energy sources. Thin-film solar cells, which can measure just a few micrometers thick, are flexible, translucent, and can be made in a variety of sizes, shapes, and colors. Because of their adaptability, these cells can be integrated into rooftop shingles and SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2011 ECO-STRUCTURE
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TECHNOLOGY
“BIPV is one of the most important and exciting architectural applications to come along in generations. … It has a lot of potential to add more depth to the design palette. Done right, it should make for better buildings, even aside from the benefit of electricity being generated.” —Gregory Kiss, Kiss + Cathcart, Architects tiles, curtainwall panels, and window and skylight glazing. Moreover, it is not just PV cells that are being integrated into this new wave of building materials; phase-change materials and radiant energy systems also are being incorporated into windows and walls. “BIPV is one of the most important and exciting architectural applications to come along in generations,” says Gregory Kiss, AIA, co-founder of New York–based Kiss + Cathcart, Architects, designers of the Stillwell Avenue train-shed canopy in New York City, one of the world’s largest BIPV structures. “For the architectural community, it has a lot of potential to add more depth to the design palette. Done right, it should make for better buildings, even aside from the benefit of electricity being generated.” Building-integrated solar technologies offer several advantages over traditional roof-mounted PV systems: Better architectural integration. Unlike roofmounted solar panels, which can appear tacked on as an afterthought, solar curtainwall panels, skylights, and roof shingles can be truly integrated into a design. Electrical components and connections are similar to those in roof-mounted systems, with the option to tie into the grid or use a stand-alone battery system. Potential for faster payback. BIPV systems not only generate electricity, they also mitigate heat gain by shading façades or interiors. Further, because integrated solar components replace traditional building materials in new construction, higher upfront cost is offset by savings from replaced materials. Streamlined financing and permitting. BIPV material costs can be considered part of the overall building budget, rather than treated as an optional add-on. In areas where design review boards might restrict visible roof-mounted solar panels, integrated technologies offer visually unobtrusive alternatives. Designers, however, should be aware of potential disadvantages as well: Efficiency and performance trade-offs. Flat horizontal and vertical solar applications are typically less efficient than angled roof panels, due to reduced solar exposure. Further, typical roof-mounted flat-plate collectors are made with thick crystals, which deliver about twice the wattage per square foot (10 to 12 watts per square foot) than thin-film PV panels do (4 to 5 watts per square foot). But there are ways to mitigate these impacts. For example, a translucent bifacial PV skylight or canopy panel absorbs light on both sides, CIRCLE NO. 24 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
AN AIA MAGAZINE
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Circle no. 20 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
TECHNOLOGY
Like any complex building skin, a high-performance solar envelope requires carefully coordinated design and installation. Once installed properly, however, integrated solar materials can perform well. so a reflective surface placed below the panel can boost performance. Or lenses can be used to concentrate solar radiation onto the thin-film cell surface. High upfront cost. While the cost of typical flatplate PV panels has dropped steadily in the past decade, BIPV materials are still often priced at a premium. Budget-conscious clients are hesitant to spend additional money upfront. Potential installation and maintenance challenges. Like any complex building skin, a high-performance solar envelope requires carefully coordinated design and installation. Once installed properly, however, integrated solar materials can perform well. Kiss says that his firm has not seen any envelope failures that were attributed to BIPV in its projects. “PV glass has been just as durable as any other glass in terms of its role in the envelope.” Examples in the Field Pythagoras Solar in San Mateo, Calif., is one of several companies working to integrate thin-film PV technology into glazing for curtainwalls and skylights. In the company’s Photovoltaic Glazing Unit (PVGU), thin-film PV strips arrayed like the slats of an open venetian blind are sandwiched between two layers of glass. Transparent prisms direct solar radiation to the PV cells for energy capture, while preserving views to the exterior. Wiring and voltage output are similar to those for standard rooftop PV panels, but the glazing system must be designed to accommodate weatherproof electrical connections between glazing unit and building grid. With a maximum output of 13 watts per square foot, a PVGU “can produce the same of amount of electricity as a traditional solar panel mounted in the same orientation,” says Pythagoras product manager Brendan Dillon. The system was demonstrated on the 56th floor of Chicago’s Willis Tower earlier this year, and the first commercial installations in the U.S. are slated for this fall. According to Pythagoras, typical payback time ranges from three to five years. GlassX, another high-performance glazing system, doesn’t contain PV at all —instead, it contains a translucent, crystalline phase-change material (PCM) that stores solar radiation as heat. New to the U.S. market from Switzerland, the translucent, quadruple-glazed GlassX window has the thermal mass of a 9-inch-thick concrete wall, absorbing heat from the sun during the day and releasing it to the CIRCLE NO. 64 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
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ES1011
TECHNOLOGY
interior at night. GlassX can reduce winter heating loads by 30 to 50 percent. Like translucent PV cells, the PCM reduces light transmission significantly; supplementary vision glazing is critical to preserve views and daylighting. In Los Angeles, Behnisch Architeckten has developed a prototype radiant wall system, dubbed sol.Rad. Kristi Paulson, project architect at Behnisch, says that the system “can offer high performance value for less money than triple glazing.” Sol.Rad starts with a modular façade panel designed for the south wall. The outermost layer is a prismatic glass that transmits low-angle winter light but reflects high-angle summer sun. Admitted radiation passes through a layer of translucent insulation and hits a black-painted precast concrete panel embedded with PEX tubing. The absorbed energy is transferred to water circulating in the tubing to interior wall panels, where heat is then released to the interior; cooled water returns to the south panel to start the cycle again. Sol.Rad was developed for a university dormitory in California then dropped from that project, but its creators are hopeful that the patentpending technology will find a home in a future project. “Modularity and upgradability are really
important,” Paulson says. “That’s why we designed a panelized system that could be swapped out relatively easily.” BIPV technology is available in some off-thewall configurations, too. Solar Ivy, from Brooklyn, N.Y., is a modular, flexible system of miniaturized PV “leaves” that snap into a tensile steel grid mounted to an exterior wall. Each 10-inch leaf generates up to 4 watts and is available in an array of colors; leaves can be arranged loosely to preserve views or densely to maximize production. In the coming year, the University of Utah will sponsor an 800-leaf installation on its Salt Lake City campus. While BIPV and other solar-integrated building materials are still in their infancy, the clear trend is toward modularity, flexibility, and choice. With so many options available, it is critical for designers and owners to communicate early and often. “While there are technical and economic barriers to BIPV, one of the biggest barriers is knowledge,” Kiss says. “It’s certainly possible to do a highly economical BIPV building—but you have to plan it from the very beginning.” Peter M. James works as an intern architect and writes about architecture and design from Washington, D.C.
Yes, we choose Spanish ceramic tiles because of the industry’s commitment to the environment, its ongoing technological innovation and its modern design. In an increasingly competitive marketplace the Spanish ceramic tile industry’s distinguishing features are its creativity and constant technological innovation. Tile of Spain, a quality product that brings you new trends, applications and architectural uses to create spaces with a more human dimension. Why don’t you go for Spanish tiles too? CIRCLE NO. 57 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com Tile of Spain - Trade Comission of Spain Voice: 305 446 4387 F.: 305 446 2602 miami@mcx.es www.tileofspainusa.com
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Circle no. 3 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
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Circle no. 26 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
FLASHBACK
Beyond the Building LARGE-SCALE LESSONS FROM THE LLOYD CROSSING SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN PLAN AND CATALYST PROJECT.
Text David R. Macaulay Renderings Mithun
Estimated Conditions With Lloyd Crossing Redevelopment, 2050 Tree cover: 25%–30% Solar energy input: 161,006,000 kWh per year Carbon balance: 2,144 tons per year net added to atmosphere O2 released: 27 tons per year CO2 used: 38 tons per year Natural gas imported: 11,100,000 kWh per year Electricity Imported: 46,600,000 —100% wind generated Precipitation: 64 million gallons per year— 45% stormwater runou, 35% groundwater recharge, 10% evaporation, 10% transpiration Potable water: 57,736,439 gallons per year— 90% wastewater, 10% building system and occupant consumption
Exploring sustainable solutions for the spaces in between buildings in order to create greener, more resilient communities across North America is an idea that has long intrigued Mithun chairman and CEO Bert Gregory, FAIA. (Gregory is also a current member of eco-structure’s editorial advisory board.) What if, he asked himself in the early 2000s, a neighborhood could expand wildlife habitat and be carbon neutral while living within its own solar and water (rainfall) budgets, and develop renewable energy sources to support these improvements? His answer to this question can be found on paper in the Lloyd Crossing Sustainable Urban Design Plan and Catalyst Project in Portland, Ore. At that time, the then-newly defined objectives for green development issued by the Portland Development Commission (PDC), emphasized mobility, activity, and livability. When the PDC issued an RFQ for the Lloyd District in 2002, it envisioned the project as a vibrant, mixeduse urban neighborhood with high density, a distinct identity, and a variety of transportation options, much like the city’s earlier Pearl District redevelopment. Under the plan, the city would add 8 million square feet of development (retail, commercial, housing) and quadruple the area’s population by the year 2050. At the time of the initiative’s origins, Abe Farkas was serving as the PDC’s development director, overseeing urban renewal efforts throughout the city. In the future, the city of Portland would require
municipal buildings to meet LEED Gold standards. However, despite Portland’s eventual commitment to obtaining LEED certification for municipal buildings, “the PDC hadn’t yet looked beyond the ‘vertical sustainability’ of individual buildings to include ‘horizontal sustainability’ as part of its agenda,” says Farkas, who now is development services director at EcoNorthwest, an economics consulting firm. The genesis of the Lloyd Crossing plan also predated the introduction of the LEED for Neighborhood Development rating system by almost 10 years. Design concepts for the plan, which earned special recognition as a Top Ten Green Project by the AIA Committee on the Environment in 2005, focused on a 35-block area in the Lloyd District near downtown Portland. Home to the Rose Garden Arena, the Oregon Convention Center, and Lloyd Center Mall, this predominately commercial zone is bordered by couplets and ring roads that provide convenient auto access, but also create barriers to adjacent neighborhoods. The plan’s moniker, Lloyd Crossing, refers to the intersection of Portland’s MAX light rail and a planned streetcar extension. An earlier urban master plan had examined redevelopment possibilities for the section’s 54 acres; however its recommendations did not fully embrace energy, water, and climate issues, notes Gregory, who is based in Mithun’s headquarters in Seattle. “The next level of thinking in urban design needs to focus on the interrelationship between SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2011 ECO-STRUCTURE
41
IF IT’S WORTH BUILDING
FLASHBACK
IT’S WORTH
BUILDING
RIGHT. Existing Conditions, 2004
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P L AT I N U M S E R I E S
Tree cover: 14.5% Solar energy input: 161,006,000 kWh per year Carbon balance: 29,069 tons per year net added to the atmosphere O2 released: 3 tons per year CO2 used: 5 tons per year Natural gas imported: 8,350,425 kWh per year Electricity imported: 38,800,000 kWh per year — 66% coal generated, 20% gas generated, 13% hydro generated, 1% renewable energy Precipitation: 64 million gallons per year —88% stormwater runoff, 10% evaporation, 2% transpiration, groundwater recharge negligible Potable water: 22,956,288 gallons per year —90% wastewater, 10% building system and occupant consumption
buildings and their context,” he says. “Understanding the integral nature of building loads and the energy or water supply is absolutely critical.” Context here meant designing habitat and tree-cover strategies to include green infrastructure, wildlife corridors, and bioswales to form an integrated urban streetscape. A proposed districtwide stormwater strategy would capture and treat rainwater to improve conditions in the nearby Willamette River, and reduce demand on Portland’s combined stormwater-sewer and potable water system. At the center of it all was a mixed-use, highrise development—dubbed the Catalyst Project —which incorporated many of the concepts outlined in the plan for open space, habitat, water, and energy. A cluster of proposed buildings, each of which would aim for LEED Platinum certification, would feature extensive natural ventilation and daylighting, rooftop gardens, and rainwater collection systems. Two concepts were completed: One mid-rise option of 150 residential units in two separate structures, and one high-rise alternative with a total of 240 to 300 units. Planned energy systems for the district also included 10 megawatts of photovoltaic (PV) capacity through rooftop systems, south-facing PV wall cladding, PV window shades for south-facing glazing, and PV arrays on all of the buildings, as well as 1.4 megawatts of wind-turbine capacity. The plan also established a methodology for benchmarking habitat, water, and energy use as part of future sustainable development—and for modeling an urban setting that mimics natural systems. Ultimately, these metrics demonstrated how a thriving urban place could function at pre-development levels; that is, like the pristine mixed-conifer forest which existed close to 200 years ago on the site. Mithun, the PDC, and the rest of the planning team, which included contributors from the Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability and the Department of Transportation, also wanted to ensure that this conceptual design could
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“The next level of thinking in urban design needs to focus on the interrelationship between buildings and their context.” —Bert Gregory, FAIA, chairman and CEO, Mithun
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As the demands rise for higher performance in all aspects of today’s buildings, ClarkDietrich can take your walls to an entirely new dimension. We start with innovative steel framing products that work as a system. We back you with online tools and BIM data to empower smarter design and installation. And with the support of savvy engineering services, plus proud membership in SFIA (Steel Framing Industry Association), we’re here whenever you need us. clarkdietrich.com Circle no. 69 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com Interior Framing ∙ Exterior Framing ∙ Interior Finishing ∙ Clips/Connectors ∙ Metal Lath/Accessories∙ Engineering
FLASHBACK
LESSONS LEARNED
For Mithun, Portland’s Lloyd Crossing Sustainable Urban Design Plan and Catalyst Project offered potential as a new model for integrating buildings into the landscape and the public realm. “It’s just so smart to look at buildings at a watershed and neighborhood scale,” notes Mithun’s chairman and CEO, Bert Gregory. “It’s a great, clear unit—a walkable distance—a really great scale for people to identify with.” Still, tackling a 35-block area with plans to add 8 million square feet of space over 45 years brought several issues to light. • Carbon management. To establish a carbon-neutral or -positive footprint from a materials standpoint was one of the project’s biggest challenges. This called for developing a new process to evaluate and select construction materials based on long-term energy efficiency and low embodied-CO2 content. To tackle this, Mithun used the BuildCarbonNeutral construction carbon calculator at buildcarbonneutral .org. “Raising that awareness still challenges us,” Gregory says. • The importance of metrics. As the nature of design continues to evolve, it becomes more critical for architects and planners to benchmark and measure performance, and to understand how solar forces, wind, and water can shape a building or district while reflecting its unique place. To provide benchmarks for future sustainable development, the Lloyd Crossing team also introduced key measurements of ecological performance for the native mixed-conifer forest that existed close to 200 years ago on the site. • The importance of economics. Beyond its advanced building and street designs, and the integrated strategies for water, energy, and materials, Lloyd Crossing demonstrates how creative financing and development of a Resource Management Association plays an essential role in realizing districtwide green strategies and grant coordination. • Public–private partnerships. Adding or modifying infrastructure in service of more than one building makes the planning process more complicated since shared systems are not typically part of the utility model. “The third space of neighborhood sustainability around district utilities is an area that needs capital and expertise to be able to deliver those services,” says Rob Bennett, executive director of the Portland Sustainability Institute. “With a city CIRCLE NO. 31 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
working in concert with private property owners, you can find the financing mechanisms to build and operate those systems.”
HIGH PERFORMANCE
HILLSBOROUGH COMMUNITY COLLEGE ACHIEVED LEED® v2.2 GOLD CERTIFICATION The building is clad with Kingspan Benchmark insulated metal panels for both energy efficiency and aesthetic appeal. To see how it’s done, visit www.pathtonetzero.com to download Kingspan’s Path to NetZero™ app – a unique tool that simulates the process of achieving high performance, LEED® and net-zero energy buildings.
Circle no. 27 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
A propane tankless water heater has an hourly hot water delivery rate triple that of electric units.
Propane clothes dryers can save over 20 percent in energy costs compared with electric in the Propane Energy Pod analysis.
High-efficiency direct-vent propane fireplaces have, on average, fi ve to six times the heating capacity of electric fireplaces, which allows them to add more heat to the living space.
Many efficient and stylish options are available in propane cooking. Did you know propane cooktops provide greater heat control than electric burners?
Research shows that upgrading to a high-efficiency propane furnace produces payback in just one year.
The Propane Energy Pod. It’s a Whole New Bundle of Energy. Research proves that incorporating the Propane Energy Pod is a truly efficient solution for new construction. The Propane Energy Pod combines five key propane applications bundled together to become an innovative and energy-efficient package that includes space heating, water heating, cooking, fireplaces, and clothes drying. Together, these products deliver measurable value to new home construction. For more information about the research comparing the Propane Energy Pod appliances with traditional ones, go to buildwithpropane.com/energypod. Thinking about building with propane? See a full list of free, online training courses, including those listed below, at propanetrainingacademy.com. 쏋
A Comparative Analysis of Residential Heating Systems
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Train Right. Build Better. Circle no. 51 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
High Performance through High Technology :: Conference: December 6-8 :: Exhibits: December 7-8 :: Washington Convention Center Washington, DC
The Ecobuild America conference and exhibit uniquely address all the elements needed to create a better built world — one that is safe, healthy, and environmentally sound. Attend and you can: • Save time by seeing cutting edge technology all in one place at one time • Save money by taking advantage of special show deals • Locate BIM OBJECTS from leading building product manufacturers • Discover new services for building industry professionals Visit the exhibits: Wednesday December 7 – Thursday December 8. As an industry professional, you are eligible for a FREE Exhibit Hall Pass! Attend educational sessions in these special attractions on the exhibit floor: • AEC Interoperability Center • Building Performance & Energy Theater • BIMStorm DC • Admission to free and open co-located meetings and events • BIM & Intelligent Buildings Theater
Questions? Call 800-996-3863 Register today at: www.aecEcobuild.com
Ecobuild America provides timely and proven solutions for reducing environmental and energy impact throughout every phase of the facility lifecycle. A conference and expo designed to help AEC professionals design and construct a better built environment this event covers: • Building Information • Green building • Energy efficiency Modeling (BIM) • High performance • Smart buildings • Geographic Information building • Security and Disaster Systems (GIS) Preparedness and more • Sustainability No matter what the discipline, attendees can harness the latest in technology, products and proven strategies to improve future projects. Ecobuild America, focused on the intersection where ecology meets technology, brings it all together for each and every member of the building team. For complete event information, please visit www.aecEcobuild.com Register Early and Save! Sponsored by
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Technology Programs
• Construction Operations Building information exchange (COBie) CMMS/CAFM Challenge • Life Cycle information exchange (LCie) • Quantity Takeoff information exchange (QTie) • Specifiers’ Properties information exchange (SPie)
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• BETEC Symposium • National BIM Conference • National High Performance Buildings Conference • National Specifiers Conference
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• The American Institute of Architects/ Technology in Architectural Practice (TAP) Building Connections Conference • Arcom’s MasterSpec Academy • Cleantech Switzerland Briefing • Construction Specifications Institute Chapter Meetings: DC Metro & Northern Virginia • The Green Standard’s 2011 Forum on THE NEW WAY TO DEFINE GREEN • Energy Modeling Best Practices and Applications: HVAC/Thermal, sponsored by ASHRAE
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Flip the Switch to Energy Savings Reduce energy costs with Georgia Power’s Commercial Energy Efficiency Program Georgia Power can help your business save money and reduce its energy use. Our new energy efficiency program offers incentives to commercial customers to make energy efficiency improvements including: • High efficiency lighting • HVAC systems • Food service equipment
• Electric water heating • Building envelope improvements • Occupancy sensors
Combined with available tax credits, these incentives reduce equipment installation costs, providing a quicker return on investment. And, with the higher efficiency equipment, you can look forward to saving on your energy bill for years to come. See the website below for a complete list of all qualifying measures.
Call 1-877-310-5607 or visit georgiapower.com/commercialsavings EarthCents is Georgia Power’s portfolio of energy efficiency programs created to help our customers save money, use energy efficiently and help the environment. Circle no. 80 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
Glass Text Hallie Busta
Top: Pedro Guarddon
Chromavision laminated glass from Pulp Studio is intended for both building façade and interior applications. To withstand intense exterior exposure, a custom substrate is laminated between two pieces of glass to offer an opaque metallic exterior look. From the inside, the glass appears tinted and offers full visibility. The copper and brass versions for exterior applications have a solar heat gain coeecient (SHGC) of 0.312 and 20% light transmission. The aluminum version has a SHGC of 0.287 and light transmission of 21.7%. Panels come in 48" widths and customizable lengths. pulpstudio.com; 310.815.4999. Circle 100 ecostructure.hotims.com
Wasco Products’s Dynamic Glazing Series of skylights with SageGlass from Sage Electronics is designed to reduce glare and solar heat gain without blocking outdoor views. The windows darken when an electrical charge is sent through the glazing, causing a thin ceramic coating to absorb light. The windows clear when the charge is reversed. The glass is available with custom tint variations, which can be switch-activated or integrated into a building management system, and may reduce commercial building electric loads by up to 30%. It is available for use on the company’s residential and commercial products and may contribute to LEED credits. wascoskylights.com; 800.388.0293. Circle 101 ecostructure.hotims.com SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2011 ECO-STRUCTURE
51
PRODUCTS
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SNX 62/27 architectural glass from SunGuard by Guardian is ideal for exterior commercial applications, and features three thin layers of silver in its coating, contributing to a 0.27 solar heat gain coefficient and 62% visible light transmission. It has a light-to-solar gain ratio of 2:30. The glass is available on clear, Ultra White low-iron, Crystal Grey, green, and Twilight Green float glass substrates. The series may contribute to LEED points. sunguardglass.com; 866.482.7374. Circle 102 ecostructure.hotims.com
Tate’s new In-Floor Active Chilled Beam offers benefits you can really stand on. Increased energy efficiency, improved perimeter aesthetics, less equipment and ductwork and easy access for maintenance. It provides all the benefits and savings of an overhead system without the threat of damage from condensation or leaking water lines. Our in-floor beam works with underfloor air distribution to provide an efficient perimeter solution while maintaining the benefits of stratified airflow and personal comfort control. And to top it all off, it looks good doing it.
877 999 8283 tateaccessfloors.com/infloorchilledbeam CIRCLE NO. 55 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
Pilkington Profilit OW is an addition to Technical Glass Products’s low-iron, translucent, linear channel glass systems. It can increase visible light transmission up to 90% in uninsulated channels. It consists of self-supporting, low-iron-oxide cast-glass channels in an extruded metal perimeter frame. The glass comes in lengths up to 23' for both vertical and horizontal applications, and is available in three textures: standard cast, a patterned surface; wave, a large wave texture; and macro, a netted screen texture. It is available with a low-E coating for improved thermal performance and can also be filled with Nanogel aerogel, a lightweight insulation material. tgpamerica.com; 800.426.0279. Circle 103 ecostructure.hotims.com AN AIA MAGAZINE
What’s in a name? A promise.
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“In 1995 – before LEED – I specified sustainably harvested wood for the new San Francisco International Airport. In my research, I discovered FSC-certified Collins Hardwood. I was able to choose the exact quality and color, plus I got the environmental standards I support. We received the first commercial award ever given by the National Resources Defense Council for utilizing materials from sustainably managed sources. It was a win for us, for Collins, and for the earth.” Keith Boswell, AIA, Technical Architecture Director SOM / San Francisco
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GlassMode from Recycled Glass Products is intended for a range of applications including countertops, floors, and wall and shower panels. The tiles contain, by volume, 80% locally sourced crushed glass or porcelain chips and 20% VOC-free resin, which is available in seven colors. Both the glass and porcelain are 100% recycled. The glass comes in a range of colors including aqua, green, ruby red, amber, brown, charcoal, flint, and plate. Colors, as well as chip and fragment sizes, can be varied. GlassMode is available in sizes 27" by 84"; 60" by 84"; 30" by 84"; 72" by 84" ; 84" by 84" ; and 84" by 96". All with a depth of 1". enviroglassproducts.com; 888.523.7894. Circle 104 ecostructure.hotims.com
congratulations TO HANLEY WOOD’S JESSE H. NEAL AWARD WINNERS
Hanley Wood is committed to publishing quality content that serves the information needs of construction industry professionals. Our editors have once again been honored by the most prestigious editorial awards program. Join us in congratulating them.
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ThinkGlass by Mailhot is designed for use as countertops, shelving, and stair treads, in commercial applications including restaurants, nightclubs, and healthcare and retail facilities. ThinkGlass features 25% recycled glass and is 100% recyclable. The LED-lit surfaces are available in 10 textures and crystal and aqua colors. LEDs come in eight colors including white, amber, fuchsia, and cyan. The radon-free surfaces do not include sealants and are NSF-certified. Shelving, desk, restaurant, and bar surfaces are available in 33mm, 48mm, 72mm, and 96mm thicknesses; healthcare workstation surfaces are available in 36mm and 48mm thicknesses. It also contributes LEED points. thinkglass.com; 877.410.4527. Circle 105 ecostructure.hotims.com
It’s ultra thermal and ultra innovative. It’s ultra condensation resistant and ultra flexible. It’s ultra trusted and an ultra value. Kawneer’s new 1600UT Curtain Wall System™ is
Setting the standard in thermal innovation.
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Circle no. 6 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
Architectural Aluminum Systems Steel + Stainless Steel Systems Entrances + Framing Curtain Walls Windows
kawneer.com kawneergreen.com
Sefar’s Architecture Vision is a metal-coated precisionfabric interlayer laminated with glass or other transparent materials. Designed to reduce solar heat gain, the fabric is intended for use in exterior glass façades, windows, and interior and decorative glass partition wall systems. The metal coating has a material density of up to 27 threads per centimeter and can also be printed with UV-stabilized inks to produce various color and design effects. The fabrics come in six density options and aluminum, aluminum and copper, chrome, copper, titanium, and gold metal coatings. Their plain or twill weaves offer apertures between 25% and 70%, and light transmission between 18% and 60%. sefar.us; 716.683.4050. Circle 106 ecostructure.hotims.com
Metals Kingspan’s Powerpanel solar roofing system is intended for commercial, industrial, and cold-storage applications. It uses the company’s insulated standing-seam roof, with photovoltaic solar options including a thin-film laminate, poly- or monocrystalline tilt, and direct-mount systems. The insulated system offers R-values of up to 48, and features a one-step installation method that can cut on-site installation time in half. Panels are available in thicknesses between 2" and 6", a 42" width, and lengths between 8' and 52'. It may contribute to LEED points. kingspanspanels.us; 877.638.3266. Circle 107 ecostructure.hotims.com 56 ECO-STRUCTURE.COM
“The powerful geometries of the island and land wings of Exploration Place required a roofing system that would lend itself to the positive and negative toroidal forms of the roofs.” — Hugh Phillips, principal at Moshe Safdie and Associates
Décor Roof Systems. Champion of Design Freedom. Décor Roof Systems from Sika Sarnafil look like metal, but are actually a rugged, watertight thermoplastic membrane. So you get all the beauty of a traditional metal roof, with a level of protection, durability and affordability that only Sarnafil® membrane can provide. With over 45 years of performance history around the world under extreme conditions, Sika Sarnafil roofing systems provide real peace of mind. And with a variety of rib sizes—plus a choice of 7 standard colors or any number of custom color possibilities—Décor Roof Systems provide an unlimited range of design options. In addition, as the leader in durability, fire safety and membrane recycling, Sika Sarnafil can help you meet your sustainability goals with durable, energy-efficient roofing and waterproofing solutions that protect and perform—even after decades of service. u Visit usa.sarnafil.sika.com/decor-5.html to request your FREE Décor Design Guide.
Sika Sarnafil, A Division of Sika Corporation Tel. 1-800-451-2504, Fax: 781-828-5365, usa.sarnafil.sika.com
Circle no. 96 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
PRODUCTS
Pendant light ďŹ xtures from Premier Copper Products are made from 99.7% Grade-A recycled copper. The ďŹ xtures come with an oil-rubbed bronze ďŹ nish burnished into the copper, and are intended for use in work areas, kitchen islands, bars, and covered patios. The hand-hammered pendants are available in three styles: Dome, in 8.5" by 3.5" and 10" by 3.5" sizes; Cone, in 7" by 4" and 9" by 3" sizes; or Large, in 13" by 3.5" sizes. premiercopperproducts.com; 877.251.4486. Circle 108 ecostructure.hotims.com
Crossvilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Mixology line of wrought-metal tiles features at least 50% post-consumer recycled content. For use on a variety of commercial and residential applications including accent walls, ceiling trim, window and door borders, backsplashes, and wet interior wall areas, the seven designs are available in 4" by 4" and 6" by 6" sizes, plus 10 trim options and two random mosaics in four distinctive ďŹ nishes all with a clear, protective coating. crossvilleinc.com; 931.484.2110. Circle 109 ecostructure.hotims.com
Just when you thought it couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get any better... 6 ÂŽ KDV RQFH DJDLQ PDGH FXWWLQJ HGJH LQQRYDWLRQV to the industry standards for attaching solar panels XVLQJ WKH 6 39 .LW The new stainless steel mounting disk is designed to ensure conductivity with module frames. Now, the S-5-PV Kit provides module-to-module continuity within a string of modules. When the S-5-PV Kit is properly installed, ground lugs and copper wire will only be necessary to connect module VWULQJV DQG JURXQG WKH V\VWHP ,Q PRVW FDVHV WKDW FRVW VDYLQJV LV VXIÂżFLHQW to pay for the entire S-5! clamp/S-5-PV Kit setup! The S-5-PV Kit continues to be the easiest, most cost-effective way to install solar panels directly to standing seam metal roofs, remaining the most popular choice worldwide. 7R ÂżQG RXW PRUH FDOO 2U YLVLW ZZZ 6 VRODU FRP HV
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Visit us in October at METALCON Booth and also at Greenbuild Booth
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In British Columbia, innovation really does grow on trees. Of all the building materials you can use, nothing offers the beauty and innovation of B.C. wood. From simple structures to the strikingly complex, the design possibilities of wood are endless. Innovation. It’s built into B.C. wood and our standing as a world leader in sustainable forest management. Visit www.naturallywood.com and you’ll see why wood is truly the renewable resource that can take your imagination — and your next project — to new heights.
Highlights: . Over 600 manufacturers of a wide range of structural, finishing and engineered products . Technical expertise to answer questions on specific product information, installation inquiries and more . Douglas-fir, western red cedar, pine beetle wood and many other species . Case studies on sports and entertainment venues, schools and the latest innovations in wood technology . Green building tools
Visit www.naturallywood.com/gpp for more information.
Circle no. 37 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
British Columbia wood. Sustainable by nature. Innovative by design.
PRODUCTS
Blendz, a solid-core aluminum wall-panel series from Móz Designs, is composed of 80% post-industrial recycled aluminum, and is recyclable at its end of life. The panels can be used as laminates or installed as heavier-gauge prefabricated metal panels for architectural applications including walls, ceilings, and columns. The panels are available in 14 hand-etched patterns, which, along with a range of color options, offer more than 300 variations. The series includes protective finishes for high-traffic interiors and exteriors, and may contribute to LEED credits. mozdesigns.com; 510.632.0853. Circle 110 ecostructure.hotims.com
The HYBRID System: Combines the best features of all green roof systems: • Speed of Installation of Modularity • Natural Function and Natural Beauty of Built-In-Place Systems • Prevegetation of Carpet Systems • Material Diversity of 2.5 - 6” Deep Systems
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Build more performance into the design with Butler. To discover how, call Butler Manufacturing™ at 800-250-5596 or visit butlermfg.com/energy.
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©2011 BlueScope Buildings North America, Inc. All rights reserved. Butler Manufacturing™ is a division of BlueScope Buildings North America, Inc.
CIRCLE NO. 8 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
C A R B O N C A S T
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InPro has always led the way in finding breakthrough green materials for interior protection products. We proudly launched the industry’s first wall and door protection products using our patent-pending G2 Blend® – combining PETG, biopolymer and recycled content. This leading-edge product meets proposed LEED® 2012 standards for bio-based materials and is GREENGUARD® certified.
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Circle no. 90 or http://ecostructure.hotims.com
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LIVING LESSONS Text Katie Weeks
A cursory glance at the winners of this year’s Evergreen Awards reveals an intriguing commonality: All have a connection to sustainable-design education. One project is home to students majoring in forestry and environmental studies, two others were designed and built by students, and the last one serves as an object-lesson in how design firms and municipalities can push beyond current barriers in sustainable construction. Rounding out the awards is the winner of our Perspective category, which recognizes an individual for his or her contribution to sustainable design. This year’s recipient has spent years working to educate building owners and operators about how to achieve better environmental performance from their facilities. A longer look at the winners reveals another issue of particular importance—and frustration—for this year’s jury: There is much work to be done to improve the performance of existing building stock. So this year’s Evergreen Awards marks the debut of a new category for existing buildings. The jury, however, was underwhelmed by the industry’s response to this market challenge, and chose not to bestow an award in the category. The lesson to learn from this? While we’ve made great strides in improving environmental performance, the journey is far from over. Speaking of our jury, many thanks to Lidia Berger of HDR in Alexandria, Va.; Julie Hendricks, AIA, of Kirksey Architecture in Houston; William Leddy, FAIA, of Leddy Maytum Stacy Architects in San Francisco; Tania Salgado, AIA, of RNL in Denver; and Jan Carl Willemse, AIA, of ZGF Architects in Portland, Ore. Learn more about the jurors on page 90 and about the winners on the following pages and at eco-structure.com.
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2011 ECO-STRUCTURE
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ECOMMERCIAL NEW CONSTRUCTION WINNER
Text KJ Fields Photos Morley von Sternberg
GREEN TEAM Architectural lighting, acoustical design, electrical, fire protection, mechanical, plumbing, and structural engineer: Arup, arup.com Civil engineering and stormwater management: Nitsch Engineering, nitscheng.com Client: Yale University, yale.edu Code consultant: Philip R. Sherman Cost estimator: Faithful+Gould, fgould.com Construction manager: Turner Construction Co., turnerconstruction.com Design architect: Hopkins Architects, hopkins.co.uk Executive architect: Centerbrook Architects and Planners, centerbrook.com Geothermal engineer: Haley & Aldrich, haleyaldrich.com Façade engineering and thermal performance: Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, sgh.com Landscape architect: The Olin Studio, theolinstudio.com Materials handling: SEA Consultants, seacon.com Specifications consultant: Kalin Associates, kalinassociates.com Sustainable design: Atelier Ten, atelierten.com
MATERIALS AND SOURCES Carpet: InterfaceFlor, interfaceflor.com Ceilings: Rulon International, rulonco.com Concrete, masonry, and stone: The Briar Hill Stone Co., briarhillstone.com, Curtainwall: Kawneer, kawneer.com Furnishings: Bernhardt Design, bernhardtdesign.com; Fairhaven Furniture, fairhaven-furniture.com; Kusch+Co, kusch.com; Pompanoosuc Mills, pompy.com; Steelcase, steelcase.com Glass: Viracon, www.viracon.com HVAC: Menerga, menerga.co.uk; Silenceair, silenceair.com Lighting: Access Lighitng Co., accesslighting.com; Gammalux Systems, gammalux.com; Nessen Lighitng, nessenlighting.com Photovoltaics: Spire Corp., spirecorp.com; SunPower Corp., us.sunpowercorp.com Paints, finishes, and sealants: Benjamin Moore & Co., benjaminmoore.com Plumbing: SolarUK, solaruk.com Roofing: Follansbee Steel, follansbeeroofing.com; Goodlam, a
Project: Kroon Hall, School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University Location: New Haven, Conn.
Yale University in New Haven, Conn., harvested expertise from both sides of the Atlantic to design Kroon Hall for its School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. Goals for the project included a building to serve Yale well into the next century, to be carbon neutral, and to become the greenest academic building in the nation. London-based Hopkins Architects was the design architect and Centerbrook Architects and Planners out of Centerbrook, Conn., served as the project’s executive architect. Mark Simon, FAIA, founding partner at Centerbrook, says that the collaboration was an opportunity to learn what designers were doing in other parts of the world. “We found that our core ideas about sustainability were the same, but some of the European methods differed,” he says. “Integration became a theme within the project team and the building itself. You can’t just attach sustainable devices to a building. Each element must serve more than one purpose.” The $33.5 million Kroon Hall helped breathe new life into the campus’s south-facing science hill, which had aged into a semi-industrial site smudged with a decommissioned power plant, service vehicle roadways, and waste receptacles. The team designed the 68,800-square-foot, four-story building as a narrow form set into a slope. The thin shape created room for student-friendly outdoor spaces on either side. A walkway lures pedestrians into an expansive courtyard, which is actually a green roof above a new major loading-dock facility with underground service tunnels for all science hill buildings. Operable windows along Kroon Hall’s slender profile offer cross ventilation, and the long south façade captures natural light year-round and allows heat gain in winter. Other passive design techniques include an exposed concrete structure to absorb and radiate energy. Windows are set deep into the sandstone exterior walls to create shading in summer yet allow the winter sun to penetrate. Red cedar louvers at the building’s east and west ends are fixed at an angle that blocks direct sunlight but gathers ambient light bouncing off of the ground. The facility contains faculty offices, classrooms, an auditorium, library and study center, and a student lounge. The team maximized interior spaces and shrunk the building by nearly 15 percent without sacrificing any programming needs. “The front hall doubles as an entry lobby, and the ends of the central halls became the dean’s office suite and smaller lobbies,” Simon says. “Shrinking the building’s size saved money and that allowed us to spend more on insulation and sustainable features.” A raised floor with a displacement ventilation system provides air right at the source of occupied space. Unlike systems that force the air down from the ceilings to reach the occupied zone, the incoming air can be more temperate and circulate more slowly, which saves energy through smaller fans and makes for less precooling and preheating. A computer-driven mechanical system uses sophisticated European heat exchangers to capture 75 percent of the building’s exhaust-air energy, and four deep geothermal wells and heat exchangers to preheat and precool supply air. Hot-water radiators at the ends of the upper three floors provide supplemental heating. The top floor has a cathedral ceiling lined in red oak, with half of the wood coming from Yale’s forests. Skylights offer a partial view to a 105-kilowatt solar photovoltaic array, which received a grant of $485,000 from the Connecticut Clean Energy Fund and was designed to provide 25 percent of the building’s electricity. In addition, solar hot-water panels on the roof are intended to meet half of the building’s hot-water requirements. An open stair shaft on the two upper floors reduces energy use by serving as a natural return-air shaft to minimize fan power and by bringing daylight from the skylights down into the building’s core. Collected stormwater runoff is reused in toilet flushing and irrigation. Combined with fixtures such as waterless urinals and dual-flush toilets, the facility is designed to consume 81 percent less water than a conventional building, equating to a savings of 176,000 gallons of water annually. Kroon Hall opened in 2009 and achieved a LEED Platinum rating. New Haven–based Atelier Ten assisted with sustainable design, performance modeling, and LEED oversight. The building received multiple awards and has drawn interest from beyond the campus. “Many people outside the school use the facility—dinners and conferences have been hosted there,” Simon says. “The building is a lot more popular than we ever expected it would be.”
division of Goodfellow, goodfellowinc.com Windows: Marvin Windows and Doors, marvin.com
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KJ Fields writes about sustainability and architecture from Portland, Ore.
East entry
ECOMMERCIAL NEW CONSTRUCTION WINNER
BY THE NUMBERS Building gross floor area: 68,800 square feet Number of permanent occupants and visitors per week: 51 occupants; 522 visitors Percent of the building that is daylit: 94.9 Percent of the building that can be ventilated or cooled with operable windows: 70.9 Total water used (gallons per year): 246,236 (design case) Calculated annual potable water use (gallons per square foot per year): 3.57 (design case) Total energy used (kBtu per square foot): 25 EPA performance rating: 93 Percent total energy savings: 62 LEED rating: Platinum, LEED-NC v.2.2 Total project cost: $33.5 million (land excluded) Data provided by Centerbrook Architects and Planners
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Third floor cafĂŠ space opposite classrooms
ECOMMERCIAL NEW CONSTRUCTION WINNER
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Third floor environmental resource center
GREENHOUSE WINNER
Text Lydia Lee Photos courtesy Studio 804
GREEN TEAM Architect, civil engineer, client, construction manager, general contractor, interior designer, landscape architect, lighting designer: Studio 804, studio804.com Structural engineer: Barney Schwabauer, Norton & Schmidt Consulting Engineers, nortonschmidt.com Green consultant: Hathmore Technologies, hathmore.com
MATERIALS AND SOURCES
Acoustical system: Onsia, onsiaideas.com
Appliances: Electrolux, electroluxappliances.com Ceilings: Cikel, cikel.com Cladding: Cikel; Vaproshield, vaproshield.com Concrete, masonry, and stone: Geiger Ready Mix, geigerreadymix.com Countertops: Richlite Co., richlite.com Flooring: Cikel; Diamond Tech Tile, dttiles.com; Midwest Radiant Heat, barefootwarm.com Furniture: (on loan from) Retro Inferno, retroinferno.com Glass: TriStar Glass, tristarglass.com HVAC: RenewAire, renewaire.com Insulation: Central Fiber Corp., centralfiber.com Interior walls: USG Corp., usg.com Lighting: Con-Tech Lighting, con-techlighting.com; Tech Lighting, techlighting.com; Y Lighting, ylighting.com Lighting-control systems: WattStopper, wattstopper.com Metal: Cleveland City Forge, clevelandcityforge.com; ExlTube, exltube.com; Simpson Strong-Tie Co., strongtie.com Millwork: EcoUrban Collection, ecourbancollection.com; Häfele America Co., hafele.com/us Paints and finishes: Sherwin-Williams Co., sherwin-williams.com Photovoltaics: BMK Plumbing and Solar, bmkplumbingsolar.com Plumbing and water systems: Bison Hard Water Pumps, bisonpumps.com; Caroma, caromausa.com; Marathon, marathonheaters.com Renewable-energy systems (excluding photovolatics): ClimateMaster, climatemaster.com; Windspire Energy (previously Mariah Power), windspireenergy.com Roofing: S-5! Solutions, s-5.com; Sharkskin, sharkskin.us; Town & Country Sheetmetal Structural systems: Pacific Woodtech Corp., pacificwoodtech.com Windows and doors: Serious Energy Corp.,
Project: Sustainable Residence Location: Kansas City, Kan.
The house at 3716 Springfield is one of the most unusual spec houses in the United States. At 2,640 square feet, it is not particularly large or imposing. But in the midst of the sedate environs of Kansas City, Kan., its contemporary lines are startling—it looks like a rendering that has been magically Photoshopped onto its site. And, unlike most spec homes, it was designed to be a net-zero-energy house, with rooftop photovoltaics (PV) and a 25-foot-tall wind turbine in the backyard. Studio 804, based in the nearby city of Lawrence, has been practicing those sorts of optical illusions since the late 1990s. Founded by architect Dan Rockhill, the nonprofit is a partnership with the University of Kansas’s School of Architecture, Design, & Planning, in which students help design and build one house over the course of a semester. Studio 804 has become known for its prefab houses, which are a beacon of design not only for the Midwest but for the country as a whole —a testing ground for that inspiring-but-rare mix of sustainability, affordability, and modernism. In the past, its projects have been funded by local community-development corporations. In 2009, after doing over a dozen such projects, Rockhill decided to try something a little different. “I did the project as an independent developer,” he says. “I wanted to see if we could produce a house that would have all the bells and whistles and also provide a good return.” But for Rockhill and his students, “bells and whistles” were about top-notch sustainable elements, not granite countertops or moldings. Part of their agenda was to create the first LEED Platinum– certified house in the area. So the house had to be very energy-efficient in its design, and it had to take advantage of the latest technological advances. The team used passive strategies, such as highperformance glazing, screening the house on its west side, and creating a chimney effect by adding low windows on the bottom floor to push hot air through the top floor’s operable skylights. They also installed a geothermal heating and cooling system with an energy-recovery ventilator, supplemented by radiant floor heating. And they put in a 4.8-kilowatt photovoltaic array, whose production capacity was calculated by taking 70 percent of the total wattage that the house would use if it was running all of its electrical devices at once. As for the wind turbine, it “does very little in comparison to the PV, but it’s an icon in that location,” Rockhill explains. “It says a lot about the house and the intent of the house, and we loved the way it looks. Sometimes it’s not all about numbers and formulas.” Studio 804 gave the house a pitched roof and barn-inspired shape to tie it in with the neighborhood, updating the classic form with clean lines and expanses of glazing. Since it was a two-story design, they went with traditional stick-built construction instead of going the prefab route. They picked FSC-certified cumaru for the siding, and wrapped the South American hardwood over the garage doors and the standing-seam metal roof, veiling the house in the rich-hued material. The wood is finished with Penofil, a penetrating oil, to bring out its color and improve its durability. The frame also incorporates 70-year-old reclaimed lumber from the nearby Sunflower Army Ammunition Plant, a federal property now being rehabilitated for public use. On the roof, the solar panels are set flush with the cumaru, the type of detailing that separates great contemporary architecture from the good. Windows at the peak highlight the long open ridge of the house. Inside, there are very few walls, and the central stairwell is enclosed in glass, allowing natural light to flow through the space. In the kitchen, two undercounter refrigerators are tucked into the kitchen island, minimizing the bulky appliance. When it was time to put the house on the market, Rockhill ran into a familiar problem: difficulty in getting a fair appraisal. “In my experience, it’s very hard, if not impossible, to account for the sustainable features,” he says. “The appraisers’ formulas are all about standard construction. There are checklists for amenities, but not for PVs, super insulation, and high-performance windows, so you’re essentially not credited for those things that you’ve brought to the table.” In the end, the house sold for $265,000, about half what Rockhill estimated its real value to be, but enough to cover the cost of materials and help fund Studio 804’s next project. “It’s one of the crown jewels of all of our projects,” he says. “We accomplished everything we wanted to—to build a high-performance, high-quality design. I pride myself in being able to show, year-in and year-out, that you don’t have to give up design quality for sustainability.” The couple who purchased this house, Jenilee Borth-Iiams and John Iiams, knew they were getting a good deal. “We know you couldn’t build that house for what we bought it for,” says BorthIiams, a tax accountant. “We are big fans of everything that Studio 804 has done in the past, and we fell in love with this house. It’s wonderful to live here and be able to put our environmental ideals into practice.” ▪
seriouswindows.com; Velux America, veluxusa.com
Lydia Lee writes about architecture, design, and sustainability from Menlo Park, Calif. 70 ECO-STRUCTURE.COM
Eastern faรงade with garage door
South and East faรงades
GREENHOUSE WINNER
Environmental Systems Photovoltaic panels Cross ventilation FSC-certified tropical wood rainscreen
Residential wind turbine
High-performance louver system
Cross ventilation
Energy-recovery ventilator
Rainwater harvesting system
Hydronic radiant floor Geothermal heat pump
BY THE NUMBERS
Building gross floor area: 2,640 square feet HERS performance rating: 40 Percent total energy savings: 59.9 LEED rating: Platinum Total project cost: $750,000 Data provided by Studio 804
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2011 ECO-STRUCTURE
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GREENHOUSE WINNER
Main Level
Second Level
Bedroom
Garage
Kitchen
Bedroom
Living room
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The kitchen (above) and living room (this image) create one large open living space.
SPECIAL RECOGNITION
Text Cheryl Weber Photos and diagrams Team North, Geoffrey Thun/RVTR
Project: North House Project Location: Cambridge, Ont., Canada GREEN TEAM Architect: Team North; RVTR, rvtr.com Client, owner: University of Waterloo Collaborating universities: Ryerson University; Simon Fraser University School of Interactive Art + Technology Controls design consulting: Ver-Tech Solutions & Service, ver-techsolutions.com; Embedia Technologies, embedia.com Electrical consulting: Red Electric General contractor, fabricator: MCM, mcm2001.ca Lighting consultant: Connor Sampson, CS Design Mechanical consulting: EcoLogix Heating Technologies, ecologix.ca; Eco-Options GeoSolar, eco-options.ca; Goldwater Solar Services, goldwatersolar.com; Slatus Air Systems Responsive façade development: Philip Beesley Architect, philipbeesleyarchitect.com; RVTR Structural engineers: Blackwell Bowick Partnership, blackwellbowick.com
MATERIALS AND SOURCES Building-management systems: Embedia Technologies; VerTec Solutions & Service Ceilings: Decoustics Saint-Gobain, decoustics.com; Hunter Douglas, hunterdouglas.com; Team North Curtainwalls: MCM; Team North Glass: Serious Energy, seriousenergy.com HVAC: AirCycler, aircycler.com; Apricus, apricus.com; Emerson Climate Technologies, emersonclimate.com; Ecologix Heating Technologies, ecologix.ca; Fantech, fantech.net; Johnson Controls, johnsoncontrols.com Insulation: BASF, basf.com Blinds: Draper, draperinc.com; Nysan Solar Control, nysan.com Lighting and lighting-controls systems: Philips Canlyte, canlyte.com Metal, millwork, signage, windows, and doors: MCM Paints and finishes: Sika, usa.sika.com Phase change materials: Cosella-Dörken Delta, cosella-dorken.com Photovoltaics: Day4Energy, day4energy.com; Schüco, schueco.com Plumbing: Bradford White Corp., bradfordwhite.com; Duravit, duravit.com; Gerberit, geberitnorthamerica.com; Grundfos, grundfos.us; Omega Engineering, omega.com Solar thermal system: Viessmann, viessmann.com Roofing: Firestone Building Products, www.firestonebpco.com 76 ECO-STRUCTURE.COM
The North House Project on display at the 2009 U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon in Washington, D.C.
Axonometric
BAPV cladding
Evacuated tube-based solar thermal system
BIPV cladding Flat-packed roof panels and closer panels
Fabric ceiling diffuser
Rainscreen
Wood curtainwall
BIPV cladding Timber-frame SIP panel floor assembly Venetian louver system
Framing and footing elements
Fresh, gray-, and blackwater storage tanks
Prefinished aluminum canopy
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Emerging technologies are expensive, and using them to develop an energy-positive glass house in a northern climate is certainly no exception. The underlying principles are wellestablished: advanced glazing and shading systems, thermal mass, building-integrated solar panels, and energy monitoring. But at its heart is a series of elaborate technology interfaces that are not exactly reproducible on a grand scale. At least not yet. The prefabricated North House, which placed fourth in the 2009 U.S. Department of Energy’s Solar Decathlon, explored the possibility of taking net-energyproducing dwellings to the next level by transforming the way they’re delivered, and by inventing new relationships between building systems, occupants, and their environment. “We think the idea that buildings can change behavior, not just be high-tech machines, is very important to the future of sustainable design,” says Geoffrey Thun, associate professor at the University of Michigan A. Alfred Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning. He was the team leader for North House, developed by students at the University of Waterloo, in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Designed for transportability, the 800-square-foot prototype house has a structural steel frame with leveling anchors that adapt to 3-foot grade variations. Its simple floor plan consists of a “densepack” volume on the north side containing the mechanical systems and plumbing for the “wet” areas, and a flexible south-facing living space. Sunlight is precious at Waterloo’s latitude, so the envelope has a generous 75 percent window-to-wall ratio—far higher than efficiency formulas dictate for northern climates. To keep out the cold, the team designed quadruple-glazed curtainwalls with an overall R-8 insulation value. Heat gain is regulated with an automated shading system that responds to environmental conditions, though the occupants can also manually adjust the exterior louvers and interior roller blinds. North House’s technologies are commercially available, but some, such as the phasechange flooring, are still a bit exotic. Beneath the maple flooring are 1/2-inch-thick panels containing salt hydrate that store and release heat—a lightweight alternative to thermal mass. Passive and active solar strategies are modeled to produce a 6,600-kilowatt annual surplus. Renewable power comes from a rooftop 8.3-kilowatt-peak solar array. It’s complemented by thin-film 5.3-kilowatt-peak photovoltaics on the east, west, and south vertical surfaces that operate when the sun is at a low angle. But the interactive energy-monitoring system may be this project’s most intriguing innovation. Hypothesizing that direct feedback can shape occupant behavior, the team devised a computerized interface that ties actions to outcomes through a variety of real-time readouts. The program, called the Adaptive Living Interface System, collects data on conditions inside and outside the house, such as temperature and humidity, appliance consumption, photovoltaic power production, and water use. Touchscreen controls provide numeric feedback on cost savings by day, month, or year, and occupants also receive ambient feedback. “The controls are gradient based, like dimmers, so if you adjust into a mode that reduces energy efficiency, they immediately turn from blue to red,” Thun says. “And there are LED lights behind the kitchen backsplash, so that when systems are performing in their optimized state, different zones in that surface glow. You register the intensity of the glow subconsciously as you live in the house.” Clearly, North House is a spatial experience rather than simply an encounter with technology. Consider the ceiling, hung with thousands of undulating, diaphanous cones made from window-shade material. The fabric absorbs sound and redistributes light from the perimeter windows. “We wanted to make the technology as transparent as possible; the iPhone’s design has nothing to do with the technology that drives it,” Thun says. It takes vision, experimentation, and sometimes a lot of money to make people think in new ways. With a prototype cost of $670,000, mass production is financially impractical, though Thun notes that the significant costs were associated with a two-year research-anddevelopment process involving 80 graduate students, as well as the cost of taking a core team of 25 students along with faculty and support teams and the house to Washington, D.C., for the Solar Decathlon. As learning curves and technology costs come down, he believes that pieces of it could be incorporated into homes at a reasonable cost. That’s what will be studied in North House’s second life. The University of Waterloo is partnering with rare, a research organization in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada, to reassemble the house on an adjacent preserve and open it for tours. “The performance of these innovative concepts like the windows, floors, and shading technologies need further refinement, and we hope to try out other versions,” says Eric Haldenby, O’Donovan director of the University of Waterloo School of Architecture. “But our main purpose here is to raise public awareness.”
SPECIAL RECOGNITION
BY THE NUMBERS Building gross floor area: 800 square feet Number of permanent occupants and visitors: two adults; over 200,000 visitors Percent of the building that is daylit: 100 Percent of the building that can be ventilated or cooled with operable windows: 100 Total energy produced (kWh per foot): 13.06 Total energy used (kWh per foot): 4.81 Total energy savings: More than 6,600 kWh per year (projected net positive energy) Total project cost: $670,000 prototype construction cost Data provided by Team North/RVTR
Cheryl Weber writes about architecture and design from Lancaster, Pa. SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2011 ECO-STRUCTURE
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SPECIAL RECOGNITION
Adaptive Living Interface System
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The combined kitchen, dining, and living space with a retractable bed
ON THE BOARDS WINNER
Text Charles Redell Renderings and drawings courtesy the Miller Hull Partnership
Project: The Bullitt Center Location: Seattle GREEN TEAM Architect: The Miller Hull Partnership, www.millerhull.com Building-envelope consultant: RDH, rdhbe.com Civil engineer: Springline Design, springlinellc.com Client, owner: Bullitt Foundation, bullitt.org Developer: Point32, point32.com Electrical engineer, mechanical engineer: PAE Consulting Engineers, pae-engineers.com General contractor: Schuchart Corp., schuchart.com Geotechnical engineer: Terracon, terracon.com Landscape architect: Berger Partnership, bergerpartnership.com Lighting designer: Luma Lighting Design, lumald.com Photovoltaic designer: Solar Design Associates, solardesign.com Structural engineer: DCI Engineers, dci-engineers.com
MATERIALS AND SOURCES *All manufacturers listed are those currently proposed and are subject to change. Acoustical system: Pliteq, pliteq.com Building-management systems and services: KMC Controls, kmccontrols.com Ceilings: 9Wood, 9wood.com Cladding: Alcoa, alcoa.com Curtainwalls: Sch端co, schueco.com Exterior wall systems: Cascadia Windows, cascadiawindows.com Glass: PPG Industries, ppg.com Insulation: Roxul, roxul.com Paints and finishes: Benjamin Moore & Co., benjaminmoore.com; Tnemec, tnemec.com; Pavers: Abbotsford Concrete Products, pavingstones.com Pedestal supports: Bison Innovative Products, bisonip.com Photovoltaics: SunPower Corp., us.sunpowercorp.com Roofing: Cetco, cetco.com; Infiniti Paints and Coatings, infinitipaints.com; Soprema, soprema.us Site and landscape products: Forms+Surfaces, forms-surfaces.com Windows and doors: Sch端co; Kawneer, kawneer.com
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Madison Street entrance
ON THE BOARDS WINNER
BY THE NUMBERS * All data is estimated. Building gross floor area: 52,000 square feet Number of permanent occupants and visitors per week: 200 Percent of the building that is daylit: 82 Percent of the building that can be ventilated or cooled with operable windows: 100 Total water used (gallons per year): 129,000 Calculated annual potable water use (gallons per square foot per year): 2.3 gallons. The project is designed to use filtered rainwater for the potable source; when approved by the local jurisdiction, potable water use will be provided solely by rainwater catchment on site. Currently only nonpotable uses will be supplied by rainwater. Total energy used (kBtu per square foot): 16 consumed in building, 16 generated by on-site PV, net-zero-annual energy. EPA performance rating: 100 Percent total energy savings: 83 for building, 100 including PV contribution. LEED rating: No LEED rating; pursuing the Living Building Challenge instead. Total project cost: Not available at this time. Data provided by the Miller Hull Partnership
Designing a building to meet the requirements of the Living Building Challenge (LBC) means taking the concept of green building to the next level. Living Buildings must meet performance standards in seven “petals”—Site, Water, Energy, Health, Materials, Equity, and Beauty—and each petal is subdivided into a number of imperatives. The designers of Seattle’s Bullitt Center also are taking the LBC to a new level in terms of scale: They are now constructing what is expected to be the first multistory urban development in the world to attempt Living Building certification. Upon completion in fall 2012, the six-story Bullitt Center (formerly the Cascadia Center for Sustainable Design and Construction) should be the greenest office building in the world, according to the architect, Seattle-based Miller Hull Partnership. It is designed to be a 250-year building that generates all of its power on site thanks to a 230,000-kilowatt-hour rooftop solar array. The indoor temperature will be regulated by ventilation through large, computer-automated windows, as well as a hybrid heating and cooling system that combines 36 geothermal wells with an ultra-efficient heat exchanger. An extremely tight building envelope designed to eliminate air infiltration and thermal bridging; a high-performance, triple-glazed curtainwall; a 500-square-foot green roof; enough daylighting to reduce lighting loads in office spaces to less than half of what’s allowed by Seattle codes; and dramatically reduced plug loads are planned to cut the 52,000-squarefoot building’s Energy Use Index to 16 from Seattle’s more typical 92. “The intention is to set a new prototype of sustainable urban development to show it can be done,” says Brian Court, AIA, an associate at Miller Hull and the project architect on the Bullitt Center. “Part of the project is identifying the barriers.” From addressing occupant behavior to getting financing for a project with no market comparisons, plenty of barriers exist on the Bullitt Center’s path to Living Building certification, which requires a minimum of 12 months of post-occupancy performance data. Located in an area well-served by transit, the center is being built with parking only for bikes. The LBC requires a net-zero-water building, with all of the occupants’ water use coming from captured precipitation or closed-loop water systems, so all of the center’s graywater will be treated on the green roof, waste from composting toilets will be processed on site, and rainwater will be collected in a 50,000-gallon underground cistern for reuse on site. Meeting the energy requirements of the LBC raised another challenge. While all buildings of a similar size in the Department of Energy’s High Performance Building database purchase energy every year, the LBC requires that all of a project’s energy needs be supplied by on-site renewable energy on a net annual basis. This forced the nonprofit Bullitt Foundation, the building’s owner and developer, to act as a second lender, since no bank would finance the entire project. Generating all of its power on site meant first reducing the building’s energy consumption as much as possible, otherwise the solar array would be four times the size it is now, according to Court. After designing an energy-efficient building, the project team turned its attention to plug loads and occupant behavior. Each tenant will be separately metered and even individual plugs can be tracked, if a tenant desires. Bullitt Center leases will include a maximum allocation of annual electricity use. To further address occupant behavior, the designers are using visibility as a tool. Energy dashboards, a view of on-site waste-treatment systems, and smart outlets at every workstation will all play a role. The team also placed windows along the external wall in a stairway that had the best views in the building, with the hope of enticing occupants and visitors away from the elevators. If successful, this unorthodox measure could reduce energy use by 3,000 kilowatt-hours per year. Still, finding a way to make the solar array large enough to power a Class A office building and be aesthetically pleasing was tricky. The array will be located entirely above the building, but will extend past the property line almost to the curb face, Court says. It was a choice necessary to account for the larger square footage of a multistory building located in Seattle versus the current Living Buildings: one-story structures located on less-developed campuses. Court says that the design choice —which has been called awkward looking—is an expression of place. “In Seattle … that large sheltering roof, there is a sense of comfort to it,” he says. “So we feel that the expression is about its place. It is about Seattle trying to power a six-story building in an urban environment.” Future net-zero buildings might not have to make that kind of choice if the vision of Denis Hayes, president and CEO of the Bullitt Foundation, comes to pass. His theory is that urban developments will have to work with existing buildings to create eco-districts or living cities that are largely self-sustaining. The City of Seattle recently passed a Living Building Program ordinance that provides leeway in some development standards such as accommodation for solar rooftops and graywater removal. “The Bullitt Center is a step in the right direction, but we don’t think it’s the ultimate solution in that you have a bunch of buildings that are totally self-contained and autonomous,” Court says. “We want to see neighborhoods working together, sharing resources.” ▪ Charles Redell writes about sustainability from Seattle.
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BUILDING LIFE CYCLE
NET-ZERO WATER
NET-ZERO ENERGY
EXHAUST
250-YEAR STRUCTURE HEAVY TIMBER, CONCRETE & STEEL
RAINWATER COLLECTION 100% DEMAND MET ON SITE 50,000-GALLON CISTERN
MECHANICAL GROUND-SOURCE HEAT EXCHANGE RADIANT HEATING & COOLING HEAT-RECOVERY AIR SYSTEM
50-YEAR SKIN HIGH-PERFORMANCE ENVELOPE
GRAYWATER 100% TREATMENT ON SITE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION & INFILTRATION
NATURAL VENTILATION NIGHT FLUSH & OPERABLE WINDOWS
25-YEAR TECHNOLOGY ACTIVE SOLAR CONTROL PHOTOVOLTAICS
WASTE COMPOST 100% TREATMENT ON SITE
ENERGY 100% RENEWABLE ON SITE GRID USED AS BATTERY
FRESH
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2011 ECO-STRUCTURE
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ON THE BOARDS WINNER
Section Facing Northwest
9'-4"
9'-6"
Section Facing Northeast
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15th Street entry
Madison Street and entry
PERSPECTIVE WINNER
Interview Katie Weeks Portrait Eli Kaplan
Thus far, William (Bill) Browning’s career path is a real-world example of holistic thinking in action. Growing up in a generation fascinated by the likes of Jacques Cousteau, Browning, 50, recalls an early appreciation for the environment. Combining this awareness with architecture, he earned a bachelor’s degree in environmental design with a specialization in energy-conscious architecture and resource management. Once in practice, however, he felt that something was missing. “I got out of school and discovered that architects didn’t get to make all of the decisions,” he recalls. “Ultimately, someone needed to help owners and developers.” Browning enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for a master’s in real estate development, and upon graduation in 1991, founded Green Development Services at the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) in Colorado, with the aim of “exploring the interface between the built enivornment and larger ecosystems.” For the RMI, his projects included new towns, resorts, building renovations, and demonstration projects such as Walmart’s Eco-Mart, the Greening of the White House, Grand Canyon National Park, and the Sydney 2000 Olympic Athletes’ Village. He also authored several publications on sustainable practices in collaboration with others: Green Development: Integrating Ecology and Real Estate; A Primer on Sustainable Building; Greening the Building and the Bottom Line; and Biophilic Design. In 2004, Browning left RMI to work on the development of a New Urbanist community in Virginia, where he led the site planning, authored a set of design guidelines, and guided infrastructure development. In 2005, he co-founded Browning+Bannon, a real estate and consulting firm focused on environmentally reponsive development and, in 2006, partnered with architects Bob Fox and Rick Cook to found Terrapin Bright Green. They were joined by Chris Garvin, AIA, in 2008. Working out of New York and Washington, D.C., Browning and his team work on high-performance environmental strategies for corporations, governments, and large-scale real estate develoments such as the National Museum of the American Indian (pictured at left), InterfaceFlor, Bank of America, and the National Geographic Society.
How would you describe your work at Terrapin Bright Green?
Our consulting projects tend to be fairly large-scale or complex pieces of the built environment. We’ve helped write guidelines for existing buildings in Battery Park City [in New York City]. We’ve worked with Gale International to come up with greenbuilding and green-infrastructure strategies for a new city [New Songdo City] being built in Korea. We’re working on a large, 70-year-old building in lower Manhattan that is almost 3 million square feet, and a 118-story tower in Malaysia. On our research side, we’ve worked on algaeto-energy concepts with the Smithsonian to help put together an experiment that takes algae and the technology for cleaning wastewater and turns dirty water into biofuel. From that, the Natural Resources Defense Council asked us to look at the environmental implications of the different ways people are proposing to make fuel from algae. We also have an ongoing research project with the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority and the Biomimicry Guild to introduce biomimicry to industries in New York State. Looking over your time in the industry, what do you consider to be the most exciting innovations? It’s been interesting to see how quickly some ideas have caught on. The conversation about net-zero energy definitely moved more quickly than I expected, as well as the adoption of green roofs and the relationship to the tops of buildings. New York City just passed a code that allows one-third of the roof area to be greenhouses and that sort of stuff is not just technological. It’s a major rethinking of how we should be interacting with the tops of buildings, and the acceptance of those ideas happened much quicker than I expected. What do you think will be the biggest factors to influence sustainable design in the next one to five years? Increasing interest in biomimicry and biophilia. And evidence that Nils Kok, Piet Eichholtz, and John Quigley have done at the Haas School of Business at the University of California at Berkeley
and Maastricht University [in the Netherlands] about the economic performance of green buildings through the downturn of 2007–2009 and how green buildings are performing better in terms of rent. As that word starts to get out there, it brings forward a whole new level of conversation. How do you work with the concept of deep ecological history? We met Eric Sanderson of the Wildlife Conservation Society a number of years ago when he was working on a project called Mannahatta [welikia.org], looking at the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson sailing up the bay and encountering the island. What did it look like when he arrived? Mannahatta remapped the ecosystems of Manhattan so you can see what it must have looked like in 1609. We also had worked with people like Conservation Design Forum [cdfinc.com] in the Midwest who look at what the ecosystem was like in places pre-European contact. We use this information to inform what we do on a site. In the case of Mannahatta, we are working on a building in Manhattan. It took quite a few months to do a water-balance calculation because something just didn’t make sense. In the basement there was a series of massive sump pumps that seemed to be running all the time and there were more of them than you’d normally expect. It looked like a stream was flowing under the building and using Mannahatta, we confirmed that. So, instead of doing what was done for 70 years and pumping the water out and putting it down the storm drain, we’re looking to use that water in the building. That experience led us to ask what else was going on at the site. We developed a process for calculating what the ecosystem may have been doing on a site, something Janine Benyus calls environmental performance standards: Looking at the site and asking how much standing carbon was there and how much was captured on an annual basis; how much sunshine and solar energy was available, how much of that was being converted by photosynthesis and how much was trapped and turned back into heat. How much precipitation evapotranspirated, how much was absorbed on the
site, how much was running off ? We wind up with a set of numbers that tell us what the place was doing when it was an intact, healthy ecosystem. We run those numbers of the site today and they change pretty dramatically. Our goal is to question what we could do to make the site look more like it did in terms of the original performance. Can we design buildings and systems that perform like the indigenous ecosystem did? Terrapin has used engaged offsets to help finance sustainable initiatives. How do these work? We were contacted by National Geographic to help sort through what it would take to make their facilities in Washington, D.C., carbon neutral. They get most of the electricity from wind, which helps the carbon footprint, but they use a lot of natural gas, particularly with an Edward Durell Stone building that is a constant-volume reheat building. We developed an investment strategy that would give them steps to reduce the natural gas use, but realized we wouldn’t be able to get them all the way there [to carbon neutral]. There is not enough surface area to do the amount of renewables on site, so they were going to have to buy offsets. We buy offsets and at times, some of them feel a little far away, but we’ve got people in our own backyard who are struggling to pay their energy bills. Rather than spend money halfway around the world, why don’t we do it where we are? That was the question behind engaged offsets. An engaged offset is a voluntary financial mechanism where the offset money is used, in most cases, to pay for the marginal cost of renewable-energy systems on low-income housing in the community. National Geographic is working through capital budgets to put together renovations and as they get there, this will give them the mechanism for how to make up the rest. We’ve now been approached by a major financial house in New York and we’re doing an investigation with Enterprise to put together a package of tens of thousands of tons of offsets per year in New York City. It we can make that work, then we’d like to see other organizations do it in their own cities. ▪ SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2011 ECO-STRUCTURE
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JURY
1
1. LIDIA BERGER
of California at Berkeley, and the California College of the
Lidia Berger is vice president and national sustainable
Arts. Examples of his work are included in the permanent
director for the federal program for HDR. Based in
collection of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. He
Alexandria, Va., Berger has 17 years of professional
was elected to the American Institute of Architects College
experience in the Washington, D.C., area. She has
of Fellows in 2003, and currently serves on the national
managed teams performing SROI studies for clients such
AIA’s COTE Advisory Group. lmsarch.com
as Johns Hopkins University and the U.S. Army Corps
2
of Engineers. She is a founding member of the USGBC
4. TANIA SALGADO, AIA
National Capital Region chapter, was involved in the
Tania Salgado, AIA, is an architect and design principal
development of the LEED-CI rating system, and served on
in the Denver office of RNL, a global design firm
the LEED-EB core committee. She is a current member
providing planning, architecture, urban design, landscape
of eco-structure’s editorial advisory board, and is a
architecture, and interior design. She is a licensed
nationally known speaker at conferences for the USGBC
architect in both Colorado and New Mexico, and is a
webinar series, Practice Greenhealth, USGBC Federal
LEED accredited professional. Salgado has held leadership
Summit, EcoBuild America and EcoBuild Federal, and
positions with the AIA for several years, including her
the Tradeline conference. hdrinc.com
current position as AIA Denver’s past president of the board
2. JULIE HENDRICKS, AIA 3
2009 was honored with the AIA National Young Architect of
at Kirksey Architecture in Houston. She has consulted on
the Year award after receiving this award from both Denver
and managed the LEED process for 40 projects and many
and Western Mountain Region AIA chapters. In 2009, she
building types, adding up to more than 7 million square
was named one of Denver Business Journal’s 40 Under 40,
feet of space. She has been a part of Kirksey’s EcoServices
Colorado’s Design and Construction 20 Under 40, and has
team for six years, has been a LEED accredited professional
been twice a finalist for Denver’s most influential business
for eight years, and has been a registered architect for 10
leaders for the Power Book Celebration. rnldesign.com
and has written a number of published articles on the topic.
5. JAN CARL WILLEMSE, AIA
Hendricks is very active in volunteering and advocating
Jan Willemse, technical design partner for ZGF Architects,
for green building in the Houston community, and holds
approaches architecture as a synthesis of art and science,
leadership positions in the USGBC and the Citizens’
infused with a strong sense of social responsibility. He
Environmental Coalition. She is an executive committee
researches and implements strategies that support design
member of the Gulf Coast Green conference, and has
and innovation, with a focus on the intelligent application
taught architecture at the Boston Architectural College
of sustainable building systems and materials. His projects
and Prairie View A&M University. kirksey.com
have ranged from new children’s hospitals in Portland
3. WILLIAM LEDDY, FAIA
5
and Denver to Portland International Airport terminal expansions to the California Science Center in Los Angeles’s
As a founding principal of San Francisco–based Leddy
Exposition Park. He has also worked on major research
Maytum Stacy Architects, William Leddy, FAIA, has
and clinical facilities for clients including Memorial
received numerous regional and national design awards
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, and the
from organizations including the American Institute of
Oregon Health & Science University in Portland. Willemse
Architects, the U.S. Department of Energy, the USGBC,
graduated from the University of Oregon with a bachelor’s
and the Urban Land Institute. The AIA has named four of
of architecture and is a registered architect in the State of
his designs as Committee on the Environment (COTE)
California. zgf.com
Top Ten Green Projects. He has lectured nationally on the topics of resource efficiency, universal design, and design excellence, and has served as visiting professor at the Southern California Institute of Architecture, the University 90 ECO-STRUCTURE.COM
committees within the AIA and other organizations, and in
Julie Hendricks is the director of research and innovation
years. She frequently speaks on the topic of green building,
4
of directors. She has served on numerous awards juries and
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ECOCENTRIC
Closing the Loop
A FORMER MEATPROCESSING FACILITY GOES GREEN.
Text Hallie Busta Photo by Rachel Swenie
96 ECO-STRUCTURE.COM
It’s been nearly a century since Carl Sandburg dubbed Chicago “Hog Butcher for the World” in a poem. Since then, the city has swapped its meatpacking industry for a green-building one. Much of this construction involves the transformation of industrial structures into energyefficient facilities. A prime example: the Plant, in development on the city’s South Side. There, local entrepreneur John Edel is turning a 93,500-squarefoot former USDA-certified meat-processing plant into a net-zero-energy incubator for sustainablefood businesses. Edel is limiting work on the structure’s existing concrete-and-masonry envelope, built in 1925, and is taking advantage of the building’s original 4-inch-thick foam insulation. The $4.5 million project also includes the installation of energy-efficient windows, a third-floor greenhouse, and storefront glass walls on the façade. Most of the change will occur inside, with the installation of a series of closed, concentric energy loops. With future spaces to include a brewery, bakery, commercial kitchen, and vertical farm, Edel expects the facility to require a nominal electrical load of 300 kilowatt-hours and to be fully operational within five years. The system incorporates an anaerobic digester that will use tenants’ and neighboring businesses’ food waste to keep the operation technically off-grid, although Edel says it will remain grid-tied. To power the facility, Edel says that the digester will convert waste into biogas, which will then be fed into a
repurposed fighter-jet-engine turbine to convert the biogas into electricity and approximately 2.1 million Btu per hour of steam. Freestanding aquaponic systems will harvest tilapia. The systems’ oxygen will be recycled to feed kombucha cultures, and the fish will be fed by spent barley from the brewery and nitrates created by bacteria as it processes ammonia in the system. Plants growing in hydroponic beds will also absorb the nitrates. “[The] circle of the waste becomes the energy, which becomes the food, which becomes the waste, which becomes the energy,” says Michael Newman, an architect with local firm Shed Studio, which is collaborating on the project. That fluidity carries over to the space’s layout, Newman says. Still in construction, the interior will feature clean lines, areas for collaboration, and pieces of the former facility—including stainless steel electrical panels, floor drains, and red-brick floors —reused to reflect what Newman calls a “holistic sense of sharing.” The project team expects to have applied for a building permit by the time you read this. However, the goal of occupancy by Spring 2012, and the launch of the digester by Summer 2012, will depend on how quickly other permits can be secured. “Anytime you do anything that’s unusual, it can take a while to get everything lined up and everybody happy with how it works,” Newman says. Regardless, perhaps another line should be added to Sandburg’s poem? ▪ AN AIA MAGAZINE
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REIMAGINING THE BUILDING ENVELOPE