Urban Planning Folio

PORTFOLIO - RESUME -UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITIES - OVER THE RHINE CINCINNATI MAPPING AND UNDERSTANDING THE TOPOGRAPHY, DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AND LAND USE LAND COVER AND ZONING -MANAGING THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT - SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (WRITING SAMPLE) FORMULATING A 5 YEAR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE CITY -BACHELORS OF ARCHITECTURE PROJECT SAMMELAN - A PLACE TO COMMUNE NODAL DEVELOPMENT FOR A COMMERCIAL NODE IN MUMBAI - URBAN CONSERVATION CLIMATE RESPONSIVE SPATIAL STRUCTURES - THE CASE OF HERITAGE CLUSTER OF NEW PANVEL, MUMBAI

JYUTIKA RAJESH BHISE APPLYING FOR SUMMER 2019 INTERNSHIP WITH URBAN DESIGN, COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLITY UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI

Jyutika Bhise

Summary

Technical Experience

With a strong interest in sustainable urban planning, Tata Consulting Engineers- ECOFIRST

Jan 2018 to Jul 2018 determined to make a difference to the world community. Passionate Airoli, Mumbai, India both professionally and socially, working at various levels for improvement. • Worked on Guwahati, India smart city design proposal for river front development of Mora Baralu river • Researched for services optimization for affordable housing and presentation formulations and presenting data to clients.

• Project management, accessibility audits, data and file management. Green building certification in compliance with IGBC.

Technical Skills bhisejh@mail.uc.edu 513-720-8196 Cincinnati, Ohio www.linkedin.com/in/ jyutika-bhise

GIS : Arc GIS Drafting : Auto Cad, Sketch UP Rendering : Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Indesign Sustainablity: Ecotec, Climate Consultant Others : Microsoft Suite

Education Masters of Community Planning University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio Expected Graduation Apr 2020 | 3.96 CGPI Bachelors of Architecture Mumbai University, India Graduated 2017 | 8.32 CGPI Ranked 1st of 82 in 2012-2017 batch in terms of CGPI Outstanding performance Award 2015-2016 Sir Dorabji Tata Merit based scholarship Award of Tata Trust Scholarship for the year 2015-2016

Certificates and Courses Certified TERI elective course 2015-2016 Design to sustain workshop series - Fenestration design and shading devices. Design and shading devices.

Completed training for GRIHA certified professional and evaluator

Leadership Positions:

Bhise and Associates

May 2017 to Jan 2018 Dombivli, Mumbai, India • Worked on interiors and architectural projects along with project co-ordination and preparation of bill of quantities.

Ar. Mrinal Godbole

Dec 2016 - Mar 2016 • Worked freelance for making architectural drawings and interiors.

Sashi Prabhu and associates

Dec 2016- Apr 2017 Churchgate Mumbai, India • Worked in the architecture and interior department, worked on design drawings, municipal drawings, site execution drawings, bill of quantities, making presentations and research.

Acedemic Projects Managing the Urban Environment Detailed 5 year plan for solid waste management for Santo Domingo, Capital of Dominican Republic pg. 99 to 130 Link : https://drive.google.com/open?id=1mbgTNCYjhbzT282so4FZvzrG3rmCil8S Architectural Thesis: Sammelan - A place to commune A nodal city centre for the growth centre KDMC based on principles of sustainability, user centric design through interpretation of the larger culture of Dombivli for the project.

Researches: Study of the community life, commercial needs and relevant examples to provide a premise that will help further the community feeling of a node in Mumbai -Dombivli India.

Informal commercial setup of a node in Mumbai- Dombivli which gives it an essential ephemeral character.

Urban Conservation: Documentation and analysis of the historical structures in Panvel Baleshwar temple area Presented paper in International Metagreen Conference at Trivanrum, India titled Rotract Club of Dombivli East – Youth wing of Rotary Club of Dombivli East.

“Climate responsive spatial system: The case of cluster of Old Panvel” • Club Secretary 2017-2018: Raised about 1500$ for donation • International Service Director 2015-2017 • Stage designing for several programs

UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITIES - OVER THE RHINE CINCINNATI KEY RESPONSIBLITIES: Cartography and Data Analysis SOFTWARES: Arc GIS , Photoshop, Indesign

MANAGING THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT - SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Solid Waste

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The sanitation issue is one of the major concerns affecting the quality of life the city provides for its residents, and it exists primarily due to the ineffectiveness of waste collection from the informal settlements.

While mismanagement within these settlements is a critical issue, the overall problem is multifaceted in reach, massively affecting the public, private and residential levels. In a city with a population of 3 million, waste generation is a continuous process, and its disposal is one of the key concerns of the city. Along with its resident population, the city also hosts a tourist population of 2,500,000 every year. On average, each person produces about 1.26 kg of waste per day. One of the key insights from this number is that the waste generated is nearly twice that of many other developing countries, like India, which, in its urban areas, produces about 0.6kg of waste per person per day. Due to this massive generation of waste per capita, on average, Santo Domingo produces a volume of 3797 metric tons of garbage per day (Hoy Digital, 2017).

In addition, the composition of the generated waste is also highly inorganic, which would further complicate the disposal of waste as the generated waste cannot be decomposed and must use other methods for disposal. About 50% of the total waste generated is inorganic and the other 50% is organic in nature. This is about 10% higher than other developing countries like India, where about 60% of the waste produced is organic (Kokusai Kogyo, 2006).

The landfill at Duquesa is the only one serving the region and is about 123 hectares (Dominican Today, 2015). One of the major issues of the landfill is that it has reached about 70% of its capacity and can service Santo Domingo for only four more years beyond 2018. This is one of the main reasons that management of solid waste is a key concern.

At the heart of the solid waste management issue, lies Santo Domingos primarily by the notorious Duquesa Landfill, located to the north of the city. Duquesa is the endpoint for 79% of the waste generated by Greater Santo Domingo.

The culmination of the looming closure of the dump, lack of funds and the frustration boiling among local officials, businesses and residents leaves Santo Domingo no other rational choice than to start looking into alternative plans. It will take a multipronged and dedicated effort to put Santo Domingo on track to remediate the situation, beginning with increasing available funds (DĂ­az, 2017).

Raising the tax per ton would be the first and most important step, for investing in the facility now and in the future. An increase to at least $3.50 USD per ton within the 5-year span of this environmental plan for Santo Domingo would double the tax funds available from roughly $7500 USD a day to $1400 USD a day. These funds could go to investing in modifications to the Duquesa Landfill, as well as creating a safe working environment, and eventually to funding a future landfill when Duquesa becomes full.

One of the costliest aspects of fixing the Duquesa Landfill is the construction of and incorporation of the components of a sanitary landfill, such as a leachate system and a clay liner. While data are limited on the current physical state of the landfill, these measures would act as intermediary steps until either the initial waste inflow is reduced by the development of productive recycling/compost programs, or another site for a new landfill is developed.

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KEY RESPONSIBLITIES: Writing Bacground, Introduction and Suggestiations and Priorities Formulating Graphics Formatting the write up Complete text link: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1mbgTNCYjhbzT282so4FZvzrG3rmCil8S

An efficient landfill system is the key element in any solid waste management scheme, particularly in an urban environment, not only for practicality, but also for public health and for environmental and beautification purposes. Additional measures, such as recycling and incineration, take the reduction of solid waste a step further. The Dominican Republic actually did not start recycling on a large profits from the export of its recyclable waste. In 2014, the nation exported over $100 million USD of plastic waste, and some say that is only a fraction of the $600 million USD potential (Diario Libre, 2014). Despite this, the city of Santo Domingo has no formal recycling program. A formalization of this process to incentivize residents to sort and collect their recyclables in exchange for money, which is a fairly common practice in places like India, could be implemented as an intermediate step prior to the construction of formal recycling facilities.

Santo Domingo is in need of an entire recycling program, and this requires the construction of processing machine facilities, as well as administrative offices. It is important to consider as well that it is important to publicize these efforts and make recycling education and information available and accessible to the public. This step is also essential to cultivating a culture of environmental awareness in the area, on all levels of socioeconomic status. Just as the landfill needs to generate and maintain a set of specific and targeted guidelines for waste acceptance criteria and human safety, the recycling program would need to be diligent about waste sorting. The successful implementation of a formal recycling program would also provide economic benefits in the form of jobs, both skilled and unskilled, as well as revenue from exporting recyclable waste to other countries. A benefit in the form of a greener reputation for the Dominican Republic is another positive aspect of this project; and it may help in maintaining the area as a tourism destination. One way in which Santo Domingo could greatly reduce the solid waste inflow, resulting in less of a burden for management, is through the utilization of a Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plant. A plant of this type has three primary benefits: (1) a reduction in waste,(2) the generation of electricity to power the plant itself and for the area as well as(3) the provision of an alternative endpoint for waste that is less environmentally taxing than even a conventional sanitary landfill.

Dissertation aim to formulize a complex with aIM TO FORMULIZE A COMPLEX WITH a relatable identity for the community.

A RELATABLE IDENTITY FOR THE Catering to its need for commercial and COMMU ITYCOMMUNITY ANALYSIS community infrastructure.

DESIGN COMMERCIAL COMMUNITY

Sammelan - A place commune SAMMELAN - A PLACE TOtoCOMMUNE Undergraduate Thesis Project UNDERGRADUATE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGH DISSERTATION

COMPLETI ON

CREATI NG

BY

-

CHARACTERI STI CS

section b

site plan section c

section i

site entrance

Aim to document the current condition of the heritage structures, understand sociocultural and volumetric dynamics and suggesting conservation solutions

Urban Conservation Documentation

Documentation of heritage cluster of ballareshwar temple precinct

GROUP DOCUMENTATI ON OF THE HERI TAGE PRECI NCT OF BALLALESHWAR TEMPLE I N MUMBAIWI TH FOCUS ON COMMUNI TY UTI LI ZATI ON OF SPACES AND MASSI NG OF THE STRUCTURES AI MI NG TO DOCUMENT CURRENT CONDI TI ON TO SUGGEST SOME CONSERVATI ON MEASURES

community analysis an analysis of the resident population in the selected area gives the following statistics which are useful in understanding the current composition of the area and the needs to firmly put the prospective of adaptive reuse for the region

Climate responsive spatial system:- The case of Heritage cluster of Old Panvel Prof. Tejashree Lakras

Ar. Jyutika Bhise

Pillai College of Architecture Panvel, Navi Mumbai, India tejashree0504@gmail.com

Practicing Architect Dombivali, Mumbai, India jyutikab@gmail.com line 4-e-mail address if desired

Abstract: (Revised) Nowadays, the universal observation says that architectural practice and construction techniques have had a change in paradigm in which the focus shifts from human and nature responsiveness to being governed by reduced time of construction and finances. Due to this, the inherent nature of sustainability has become an added ornament, intensely craved in the urban setup. Despite this, the heritage sector in the country continues to inspire the architectural world with its eternal existence which is nothing but the result of smart optimization of local resources, climate responsive planning and also micro contextualization of design. In reflection to this, the study of the case of Heritage cluster of old Panvel is illustrated here which is unique in its spatial arrangement and is the true example of Maratha style of architecture. The research follows an theoratical mode of enquiry with the help of conceptual drawings of cluster and identifies certain performance indicators which define the sustainability aspect of the cluster and are very specific to this place, i.e. strategic placement of buildings with respect to natural features around, open and built spaces relationship, massing/ height ratio, nature of openings of individual buildings along with the quality of interactive spaces thus created. Referring to the quality of interactive spaces created as a performance indicator for sustainability of buildings or clusters is extremely essential as they directly help to understand as to how people relate to the built form and thus will ensure the sustainability of the settlement as well as help in the preservation of living heritage. The cluster being comprised of residential majorly has one commercial and one religious building too and is planned by repeating peculiar built modules with minor changes. The paper further analyzes the distinct character of such modules pertaining to its response to equal, cool air flow and sufficient amount of light to the interiors of the buildings. The study and analysis of the case reveals that achieving perfect harmony of human interventions with nature is the soul way out for meeting goals of sustainability and hence it further attempts to prove that the role of learning from heritage in upgrading the contemporary approach towards sustainability is crucial.

Key words: - Climate responsive, Sustainability, Heritage, Spatial Arrangement, Architecture.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The Wadas (the courtyard house forms) in Maharashtra are the complete reflection of certain basic factors like economic status of the owners, the culture and lifestyle of the occupants and most importantly the climatic conditions of site. Such divergences have brought the typological identities in the Wadas of different regions of Maharashtra. (Deependra, 2010) The Wada architecture has evolved with variations in positioning of open courtyards, location of opeining in the built forms, the choice of construction material and technology and the roofing patterns, all pertaining to the micro level climatic conditions across Maharashtra. Hence the classification of Wadas is identified based on the nature of geographic variables: Coastal/ Konkan region, plateau/ Desh region and the Plain/ Marathwada and Vidarbha region. Out of which the Konkan Wadas, which are located mostly in the settlements of Panvel, Kalyan, Pen, Ratnagiri and Alibaugh, hold the following typologies i.e. Noblemen’s Wada, Ordinary Wada, Wadas of marchants, Tenement Wada and Muslim Wada. These different types of Wada possess sloping roofs and the compact planning of open court and built forms, low height semi covered balconies and other vernacular techniques to suit to the heavy rainfall and extreme humid climate of the region unlike the Wadas in other regions of Maharashtra where flat roofs and multiple and integrated open courtyards are the basic architectural characteristics. (Gupta, 2013).

This paper brings out the importance of such distinct climate responsive spatial system of Panvel Wadas by focussing on one cluster for its detailed analysis.

II.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PANVEL

A booming commercial and trading center right from the Peshwa period, today’s Old Panvel in Navi Mumbai region in Raigad district also has a strong cultural relevance from the time of its establishment. Its proximity to Konkan region which is rich and diverse in natural resources and with trade centers like Kalyan, Pune, Nasik etc, gave it a strategic importance thus attracting various

communities at various periods of its history for trade and religious purposes. The Brahmin communities from Konkan, Pune, Ahmednagar along with 'Marwari Seths i' from Rajasthan and ' Lingayat Vanis ii' from Nashik were a few among the communities who established Panvel in the 1720's and among these the Bapats from the Brahminiii community from Konkan were appointed as the chief administrators during the Peshwa rule. Not only did they develop Panvel as a potent commercial node but , they also developed it as a religious and pilgrimage center by constructing temples and sacred lakes with a futuristic perspective. Eventually, other communities also started settling in Panvel thus taking advantage of the potent node.

A. “Bapat Wada” cluster Bapats'iv the first settlers of Panvel, introduced the Wada system, a then contemporary dominant system of residential construction to the settlement by construction of Bapat Wadav which then turned to be the center for cultural and spatial growth.

The Wada housed many religious and administrative guests of Panvel like administrators, traders, businessmen, religious priests thus demanding many alterations and extensions to the Wada. The Wada then gradually developed into a comprehensive cluster consisting an additional Wada of the Lingayat community, a commercial area and an adjoining temple complex, while adhering to the sustainable principles. Careful planning of structures with consideration of the vegetative growth and other natural features implemented in the development of the cluster was later used as an example for further spatial growths some of which is evident even today. The development of structures utilized many ingenious strategies like positioning of the water-body on the leeward side so as to avoid the humidity gain in the windward direction thus making it sustainable inherently.

The initial planning principles were responsive to the immediate and the broader context, were not just developed to satisfy their base function but also considered the human structure interface porosityvi. These principles gradually faded in post-colonial period as the spatial growth started being hazard, uncontrolled and insensitive to its surrounding.

A key component of understanding the Maratha style of architecture is to understand the time concept behind the construction. The residential and commercial as well as religious structures were constructed with an aim to last for more than a century which is easily attained and is evident in the long-lasting structures of present. Though critical concepts of sustainability were absent during the construction of the cluster, analyzing it according to the current parameters makes us understand its contemporary relevancevii. (refer figure 1) The paper hence identifies the ‘Bapat Wada’ cluster as the sustainable heritage cluster for the study to bring out its lost value by a detailed analysis with the few performance indicators which are specific to this Peshwa style of cluster that are strategic placement of buildings with respect to natural features around, open and built spaces relationship, massing/ height ratio, nature of openings of individual buildings. The study not only highlights the climate responsive placement of built masses but also evaluates its dependency on local cultural associations which were the backbone of its long life.

B. Brief overview of climatic and topographic conditions Located near the western coast of India in the Konkan region though an inland city, it has close proximity to the creek and thus experiences warm and humid climate. With a mean annual temperature of 27 degree Celsius and the average annual precipitation of about 2000 mm, the city has a clear sky most of the months. The precipitation is experienced through the south west monsoon winds in the months from June to September and the overall wind direction is west to southwest. The temperature variations are from 18 degrees in winter to about 38 degrees in peak summer. (climate data, 2017) The overall humid climate throughout the rear makes strategies like cross ventilation and reduction of humidity crucial for maintaining the indoor comfort conditions.

The abundance and variety of timber vegetation and the easy access to the “Kala Pashan” (basalt rock) quarries in the outskirts of the settlement has proved to be a boon from construction point of view. The presence of natural lakes and plenty of underground and surface water contributed to the prosperity of the settlement. This gave rise to construction of many artificial lakes and wells for both public and private usages. In accordance with this, the first cluster of the settlement i.e. the Bapat Wada cluster was planned where the orientation of the built masses and positioning of water bodies and plants was the main criteria and which later set the standard

planning parameters for the growth of the areas of the settlement. The paper hence further analyzes the performance indicators of the cluster pertaining to the sustainability planning.

III.

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

A. Strategic Placement with respect to natural vegetation To attain indoor comfort conditions, the cluster planning serves as one of the most crucial role as it helps in reduction of humidity, facilitates ventilation and conditions air and also helps getting diffused lighting. Hence, the responsiveness to the micro-context like water bodies and vegetation has a direct impact on micro-level sustainability and is an inevitable part of the Maratha style of architecture. The adjoining plan shows retention of dense vegetation in the west and southwest so as to facilitate the conditioning of air by reducing its humidity and temperature also by oxygenating thus improving the indoor air quality. The tree plantation being prominently on west and south-west side conditions the incoming air whereas the small quantity of plantation inside courtyards controls the temperature making the spaces around more functional and active. (refer figure 1) B. Functionality Placement Proportions and transition of open, semi open and closed places The transition and inter connectivity of various spaces is one of the primary concerns when it comes to the equal distribution of cool air and temperature maintenance in the functional areas. The cluster follows typical courtyard Wada system where semi open corridors are placed facing the huge central opened to sky courtyards and are later followed by the enclosed spaces on back by following the approximately 3:0.5:2 proportions (open to semi open to enclosed). The diffused air flow received through open courtyard serve the purpose of activities in semi open corridor spaces in daytime. Also, the presence of enclosed spaces on the back reduces heat gain. However, these enclosed spaces can remain active for both day and nighttime due to the cross-ventilation system working inside. (refer figure 2) Building length to depth ratio: Another but important strategy for accomplishing comfort conditions in humid regions is providing cross ventilation. This can be easily achieved through long and narrow designs of buildings and careful positioning of windows and ventilators. The main Wada within the cluster takes due advantage of this strategy and uses the central court yard for ventilation if, the entrance is towards the windward direction in this case west to southwest. Also, due to the narrow depth of the rooms, the rooms on the west can directly be ventilated through the window from the windward direction. (refer figure 3 and 4) C. Cluster massing and height ratio Mutual shading of buildings and open spaces The advantages of compact planning are not only limited to the control of humidity, but it establishes significant mutual shading pattern for buildings when vertical/ elevation planning factors are also equally focused. The cluster buildings use these principles to shade its smaller structures and living spaces. The built spaces in Wadas have 2 storeys have vegetation or clear buffers externally and a buffer within in the form of the courtyard. This helps in mutual shading for the ground floor which are intentionally projected outwards a bit. The height of commercial building facing the road is restricted to single storey to receive shading from the double storied buildings and group of tall trees on the East. The temple complex which is 1.5 times taller than the single storey structures is surrounded by double storied Wadas on two sides and open spaces in between thus shading the living spaces. The analysis shows that all the double storied buildings are kept connected to each other facing open spaces on two either sides and the ground structures are kept closer to double storied so as to serve the purpose of sustainable massing successfully. (refer figure 5 and 6) Module repetition The group of buildings designed with respect to mutual shading, natural vegetation and transition of open, semi open and built spaces caters to both sustainability and functionality aspect of the place. Hence the module is seen repeated across the cluster maintaining its climate responsive characteristics. Also, this type of repetition was later followed for all other upcoming clusters of the settlement.

D. Nature of openings and Other Architectural Elements.

Nature of openings- Size and proportions In order to overcome extreme humidity and allow diffused light into the interiors at the same time, window openings are carved in such a way that the width to height ratio vaguely could have been followed as 1:1.5. The horizontal flow of humid air because of its heavy nature can be controlled by having lesser width to the openings and more depth on the vertical side. The roof overhangs are used for covering the windows on top floor partially whereas the lower storey windows get indirect cover through top floor balconies which help reducing the entry of direct and harsh sun into the living spaces. However, the ratio of Door openings facing inner courtyards as well as the exteriors of Wadas, changes to 1:2 so as to serve the purpose of cross ventilation substantially for the separate rooms. (refer figure 7)

Nature of openings- Positioning and orientation The other crucial factor is the positioning and orientation of the windows and doors. The windows are placed on equal intervals of span double the size of window widths. The number of openings on south and west side are kept lesser than the ones on the other sides and ones facing the inner courtyards. This is because the courtyard windows experience the indirect air flow which helps in managing the proper air pressure into the interiors and finally controls the level of humidity too.

Architectural Elements.- Plinths: An evident high plinth runs along to all the Wadas and the temple complex where some of it is now reduced due to soil accumulation and increase in the level of the municipal road in the recent times. The main purpose of elevated plinths was to avoid flooding in the internal areas. This is a key feature only seen in the historic structures of the Konkan region due to the high precipitation in the region. (refer figure 8) Architectural Elements.- Walls : Through the climate analysis of Panvel, it is evident that the place faces high temperatures coupled with high humidity. An ideal solution for such conditions is a non-porous material with high thermal capacitance or in other words materials with high thermal mass which is the quantity of heat require the raise the temperature of unit volume of substance by a degree Celsius (National Stone Institute, n.d.). Thus the walling system used for the Wada (lime mortar + basalt rock + lime mortar) gives us a thermal capacitance of about 0.92[kJ/(kg k)] (Springer, 2014) The locally available building material, Basalt rock (procured from Sahyadri ranges nearby) highly known as an igneous rock and for its impervious nature which help in maintaining the indoor humidity. Hence the presence of basalt stone walls of 1 meter thick in the structure, gives excellent insulation and maintains the indoor air temperature.

The total walling system has no off gasses (air pollutants, unpleasant odors, dust or any other materials released post construction process) that can impair the indoor air quality thus making it fit for occupancy almost immediately after construction (Natural Stonethe oldest sustainable material).

Thus, considering the longevity of the structure, in perspective of the life cycle approach, the material is highly appropriate as it has very low embodied energy and is an ideal cradle to grave material with multiple sustainable recycling optionsviii. (refer figure 9) (refer figure 10) Architectural Elements.- Sloping roofs : The sloping roofs is a key feature of the architecture in this region irrespective of the era or style of construction. The sloping roof system has been serving the two major purposes, I.e. facilitating the drainage of roof water during heavy monsoons and helping reduction of heat gain by resisting perpendicular incidence of sunrays.

The entire roofing set up is essentially made up of clay tiles, resting on wooden supporting members. The clay tiles prove to be an excellent material as they have a very low U value up-to 0.157 W / m.k (roof experts, 2017).

An additional level of enclosure is made horizontally using wooden members I.e. the “Madi ghar�ix (loft area) to provide insulation in the warm summer months and is well ventilated and also is used as a functional storage area. (refer figure 10) E. Inter dependency between locals and built heritage- overall sustainability of the cluster.

The eternal existence of such distinct climate responsive built heritage is nothing but the result of strong cultural associations that the local people had laid with all due respect for it. The segregation of functions for various types of spaces was done by taking their long-term preservation into consideration. The semi open and open spaces like the corridors around courtyards, semi shaded verandah sitting spaces (with trees), the temple stepped otlasx and so on were primarily reserved for the most interactive and sociocultural activities so as to receive attention from all the user profiles for its maintenance purpose. Whereas the enclosed spaces like private rooms, storage spaces, sanctum etc which remained not as much active as the other spaces were the responsibility of the specific users. This cultural bond that co-existed between the built and un-built spaces and locals contributed a lot in the social sustainability processes.

IV.

CONCLUSIONS

The Bapat Wada cluster- the study area for this research being first and one of the few surviving historic cluster of Panvel settlement has been undoubtedly guiding and inspiring not only in terms of sustainable construction practices but also for the sustainable bond between natural features, local communities and buildings. The above extensive study and analysis of the same reveals that such exotic and distinguished models of sustainable architecture should not face negligence but should become part of today’s urban economic development where locals should be closely associated with the built and un-built spaces for its purpose of long term

Figure 7 The schematic section showing mutual shading pattern in the cluster

A view of temple complex

Figure 9 The schematic wall section

A street view of the Bapat wada cluster

Figure 10 The schematic section showing air insulation through roofing tiles

Figure 8 Photograph showing high plinth of the WADA

preservation. Also, the climate responsive style of construction which is one of its kind can be adopted easily for contemporary context by doing necessary modification in order to achieve contemporary and futuristic sustainable goals for the entire settlement.

References 1.

2.

3.

Chaurasia, R. S. (2004). History of Marathas. Atlantic Publishers. climate data. (2017, December 04). Retrieved from https://en.climate-data.org/location/47677/ Dalvi, S. a. (2001). MMR- HCS. Retrieved from https://mmrhcs.org.in/images/documents/projects/navimumbai-notifiedartea/notified-areanavimumbai.pdf.

4. Dalvi, S. M. (2001). Identification, Listing and grading of structures and precincts of Cultural, Historical or Architectural importance that merit heritage conservation in Navi Mumbai notified area . Mumbai: MMR HCS. 5. Majumdarr, R. C. (2001). The history and culture of the Indian people- The Maratha Supremacy.

6. National Stone Institute. (n.d.).

MIA + BSI. Retrieved Deccember 26, 2017, from Building Stone Institute: http://www.buildingstoneinstitute.org/technical-stone-information/stone-and-sustainability-technical/why-choose-natural-stone/ 7. Natural Stone- the oldest sustainable material . (n.d.). p. 24.

8. roof experts. (2017). www.roofxperts.in/comparisonchart_rxi.pd.

9. Sadawartey, P. (2006). Samagra Panvelchi Gaatha. Panvel: Aashay Prakashan.

10. Shah, K. (2015). Documentation and cultural heritage inventories case of the historic city of Ahmedabad. ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information sciences vol 2. Taiwan: CIIPA Symposium.

11. Springer. (2014). Thermal Properties of Rocks and Density. In L. K. Eppelbaum, Applied Geothermics.

Figure 2- Schematic section showing proportions of open courtyard to semi open spaces and enclosed ones

Set of figures

Figure 4 showing the building length to depth ratio

Figure 6 The schematic view showing the proportions of windows and doors

Figure1- Showing the Bapat Wada cluster spatial arrangement

Figure 3- showing building length to depth ratio

Figure 5 showing the schematic height map so as to know the overall massing of cluster

Endnotes

i

Marwari Seths- The Rajasthani communities belonging to business class Lingayat vanis- The Kannad communities belonging to business class iii Brahmin- The priest community of Maratha period iv Bapats- The Surname of a Marathi Brahmins royal family, first family settlers of Panvel v Wada- The typical courtyard house of Maharshtra ii

vi Human structure interface porosity: The proper maintenance of a structure and its continuous reuse is only possible when the people easily relate to the built form. The old Wadas of panvel provided various niches to facilitate human interaction and thus stay relevant even today. These niches help create lively spaces thus giving them a unique identity and avoiding mundane un-relatable areas. vii Sustainability these days is focused on analysis of the buildings and in this many key features like the carbon footprint of materials used, the life cycle energy involved which give us an empirical perspective towards the project. These factors though established recently help are relevant to the structures constructed about a century ago and are only a medium to understand the structures in a better way. viii The materials used in the construction are appropriately chosen and have lasted a long time thus making their embodied energy the least also these materials present varied sustainable options for reuse and do not have to end up in landfills wasted, thus further increasing their life and reducing embodied energy. Thus with nearly unending life, the cradle to grave journey of the material is highly sustainable. ix Madi Ghar- The loft areas in the Wada structures x Otlas- The sitting platforms in the temple premises