MArch portfolio 2021 by J Yap

PROJECT BRIEF: AQUALIBRIUM

Clients: Newham Council, London Economic Action Partnership (LEAP), Royal Docks Team, 3C Folklore Partners: Zoological Society of London (ZSL), Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT), University of East London, Marine Conversation Society, Canal and River Trust, Shellfish Association of Great Britain Local groups: Friends of West Ham Park, Newham Conservation Volunteers, Newham City Farm Building Program: A series of building and landscape interventions that aims to rewild the area along the docks’ edge while providing means of economy. The interventions comprised of urban wetlands, greenhouse productions, oyster farm, research labs and marketplace. Project description: The term “sustainability” is supported by three main domains: environment, economy and social. They are enabling and competing against each other in urban settings in a way that if one of the three “pillars” is compromised, a systematic collapse would entail. The growth of a city often overlooks the significance of biodiversity. Humans rely on a healthy ecosystem for fresh water, soil stability and fertility, food and medicine. The key theme for this project is the rewilding of the dock area by creating an attractive open ‘water aquarium’ and improving the green infrastructure. The Royal Docks boasts a massive water environment that is channeled from the river Thames. From being declared biologically dead to where 125 species of wildlife make their home, the river is at its cleanest in 150 years. However, continuous effort to mitigate pollution should not be neglected as the area is undergoing major transformation along with the relocation of the Mayor’s office to the Crystal Building. This proposal aspires to create a green industrial process by manipulating the water environment with the utilisation of the existing infrastructure. For instance, a close-loop oyster farming culture that creates not only material products but also contributes to water purification, creation of a storm-surge protected environment which encourages the immigration of wildlife. The proposal not only aims to boost the tourism scene but also enrich the area in a community sense: a well-maintained ecological park that is benificial for educational purpose as well as for leisure. One of the visions is to foster the diverse demographics and local community from Silvertown and North Woolwich with a sense of belonging. Besides, Aqualibrium offers opportunities for the underrepresented community who are seeking job opportunities or place to settle down. The community is in need of accommodation and space for socialising. The project will be allowing and encouraging them to participate in its work-while-stay program where they get temporary accommodation with lower rent in exchange for their contribution. Next, research labs near the Thames offer students from UEL and professionals to study and exchange knowedge on the welfare and preservation of wildlife in an immediate setting. In terms of circular economy, the construction strategy takes reclaimed materials from the site excavation. The site will practise natural land-purifying method before commencing construction. By having careful landscape planning, there are also opportunities for self-growing of food and energy regeneration by utilising aquaculture and greenhouse farming. Can oyster cultivation be waste-free and less resource-intensive? Lastly, it is important to note that the concept of circularity does not halt at the idea of materiality, but relays onto the exchange of knowledge and skills.

3C FOLKLORE

TAKEAWAY FROM 3C FOLKLORE RENOVATION PROJECT Exploded axonometric drawing Utilising timber as the main construction material in accordance to the clients’ vision to practise sustainability and circular economy

01 First floor extension Corridor connects the back building to the main building

02 Second floor extension Timber frame construction for the provision of bedrooms, bathrooms, launderette and communal space.

03 Insulation, pitched roof and exterior cladding Providing thermal comfort and waterproofing. As well as giving a new outlook for the building.

Legend

01 Ceiling and floor finish 02 Structural timber frame 03 Timber joists (joist centres 600mm) 04 Timber stud walls 05 Aluminium cladding 06 Pitched roof timber structure 07 Zinc roof

3C FOLKLORE

TAKEAWAY FROM 3C FOLKLORE RENOVATION PROJECT 3C stands for Collaborative Care Communities which is a new way of delivering housing, education, employment and care to some of the most vulnerable members of society. 3C Folklore has been co-designed by Ginger Giraffe Cooperative and Lemon Leopard Charity. The two sister organisations are working together to bring about a space that brings together the four elements below under one roof:

1 Co-living Accommodations are provided for care-leavers and keyworkers. Common spaces are shared amongst these users for social and networking.

2 Co-learning and working Residents are able to learn bartending, vinyl recovering, music production, gardening and beefarming together with many other skill workshops to be organised in the building.

3 Co-caring The building is designed to accommodate people of special needs. Lift, access ramps and disabled toilets are included in the design.

2 Co-learning and working Residents have the priviledge to participate in the oyster aquaculture activities which offers skill-training such as individual oyster farming, research, self-grown food production. Besides, there are also opportunities to take part in the maintenance of the green infrastructure on-site.

3 Co-caring The co-caring concept does not only limit to humans but also taking care of the wildlife. The human-to-animal interactions in a conducive environment helps improving the mental wellbeing of the users as well as conserving the biodiversity.

3C to Royal Docks

Client

Users: care-leavers

1 Co-living Individuals are offered temporary accommodation with affordable rent in exchange for their work and contribution. This could benefit people in need such as careleavers and immigrant workers who are seeking jobs opportunity and place to settle down.

CHAPTER 1 SITE ANALYSIS

SITE ANALYSIS

THE METROPOLITAN GREEN BELT AND THE ALL LONDON GREEN GRID (ALGG) The Metropolitan green belt The structure of the ALGG is built around four key elements. London’s existing river and other key landscape corridors, including the Thames; established open spaces and identified opportunities for creating new parks, such as the Wandle Valley Regional Park; existing and proposed green connections and corridors, such as the proposed London Riverside Link; and, the designated and protected landscapes that are generally located at the boundary of London and flow across administrative boundaries to neighbouring areas and often include areas of degraded urban fringe.

NEWHAM

London’s Royal Docks They were once the largest enclosed docks in the world and today the 250 acres of water provide a spectacular setting for the area’s transformation into a vibrant 21st century destination to live, work and play.

All London Green Grid (ALGG) within the green belt London Downlands Lea Valley and Finchley Ridge Epping Forest and River Roding Wandle Valley Thames Chase Beam and Ingrebourne

Arcadian Thames

Bexley, River Cray and Southern Marshes

River Coine and Crane

South East London Green Chain Plus

Brent Valley and Barnet Plateau

Central London

London’s Royal Docks

Extending and connecting the green grid Arrows and yellow color show opportunities for parks across the grid. The initial intention for this project at the Royal Docks is considered part of the government’s green grid planning.

SITE ANALYSIS

GREEN GRID AREA AROUND THE ROYAL DOCKS N

Greenway

Canning Town Recreational Ground Limmo Peninsula Ecological Park

Newham City Farm Beckton Park Project site

Albert Island

Thames Barrier Park Lyle Park

All London Green Grid (ALGG) South East London Green Chain Plus Epping Forest and River Roding Lea Valley and Finchly Ridge

Royal Victoria Gardens

Sightings of mammals Seals Dolphins Porpoises Water voles

Green infrastructure design principles: 1 Sitching together the green spaces to create a connected Royal Docks landscape 2 Allowing “meanwhile” interventions from enabling nature to organically colonise distributed land, to long term successional planting 3 Increasing biodiversity and access to nature. Enhancing and protecting habitats and attracting wildlife. 4 Addressing environmental conditions on site including mitigating wind, air and sound pollution.

European eel (Fishes)

Fieldfare (Wintering birds)

Water vole (semi-aquatic mammals))

Oligochaeta (Inverterbrates)

SITE ANALYSIS

INFRASTRUCTURE OVERVIEW Economic and transport infrastructure

1 Royal Victoria Dock Footbridge

2 ExCeL Exhibition Centre

3 Connaught Bridge

4 University of East London

6 Sir Steve Redgrave Bridge

5 Bascule Bridge

2 3

Project site

4 6 5

Albert Island 11

10 9

Flood defence, sustainable and green infrastructure

7 Greenwich ecology park

8 Thames Barrier Park

9 Thames Barrier

10 Royal Victoria Gardens

11 King George V Lock

12 Gallions Tor

SITE ANALYSIS

SECTIONAL SITE STUDY

Emirate Skyline High Water

Section 01

‘Ecological gap’ between the waters

Silvertown Excel Exhibition Centre

Millennium Mills Thames Barrier High Water

Section 02

‘Ecological gap’ between the waters 01 03

Albert Island

North Woolwich High Water

Section 03

‘Ecological gap’ between the waters

Pumping Station

Section 04

North Woolwich

‘Ecological gap’ between the waters

Scale 1:4000

SITE ANALYSIS- BRIEF HISTORY

KING GEORGE V (KGV) DOCK AND ALBERT ISLAND

1921 | Opening of KGV dock -The third and final dock of London’s Royal Docks was officially opened by King George V -10% of dock water area had been added.

Royal Albert dock

Albert Island

Warehouses

Royal Victoria dock

1939-1945 | WW2 -The Royal Docks suffered severe damage during World War 2. -It remained open for merchant ships which kept Britain supplied with food.

KGV dock

Warehouses Royal Albert dock 19301960-1981 | Area’s decline -The advent of larger container cargo ships could not navigate down to the Royal Docks, leading to the areas decline. -The last vessel to be loaded left on 7 December 1981, leading to mass unemployment and social deprivation in the surrounding communities of North Woolwich and Silvertown.

1981-2020 | Area’s regeneration -The London Docklands Development Corporation was established in 1981 to regenerate the areas. -The Docklands Light Railway and London City Airport opened in 1987 -The University of East London opened in 1999 and ExCel London opened in 2000. -Hotels, restaurants and bars have opened to service the people who live, work and study in the area.

KGV dock Royal Albert dock

Albert Island 2

Albert Island

Brownfield

KGV dock

3 1

Housing

1930 image of the docks overseeing KGV docks

1999-

SITE ANALYSIS

SITE CONTEXT AT KGV DOCK AND ALBERT ISLAND

Section AA | Scale: 1:2000

DLR DLR

KGV Lock

Previous lock location

Lock at Gallions Points Marina

Section BB

Previous lock location

“Remnant” lock gate

2 DLR

1 1-The lock entrance for boats and vessels to KGV dock. A residential tower can be seen on the left and a brownfield site on the right.

2-This entrance to the basin has been completely filled in. The remnant of the lock gate is visible.

N.Woolwich foot tunnel

Residential

Industrial

Green

School

Brownfields

FS DLR

Ferry Stop Docklands Light Railway

250m

500m

3-The lock that leads to Royal Albert Dock is still operating and accessible by small-medium vessels.

BIODIVERSITY CHALLENGES

UK FOOD SURPLUS AND WASTE

Climate change may affect river and wetland habitats extensively.

6.7 million tonnes of food is wasted by UK households every year.

Excessive development close to waterways represent a key threat to the quality of aquatic ecosystems across the borough.

In London, 890,000 TONNES of food is thrown away of which 540,000 tonnes is avoidable each year

Pollution Run-off toxic and non-toxic pollutants into water-courses pose a threat to aquatic ecosystem. For instance during high rainfall events London’s sewer systems are overwhelmed leading to discharge of effluent.

133 million meals (£166 million) were redistributed to charitable organisations, animal shelters and others.

CHAPTER 2

LINES OF INQUIRY 1

RESTORING AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM AND SHORELINE RESILIENCE THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPORTANCE OF OYSTERS

The known biogeographic range of Ostrea edulis, map adapted from Spalding et al. (2007)

A BRIEF HISTORY OF OYSTER FOOD OF THE WORKING CLASS

‘Poverty and oysters always seem to go together’ An excerpt from Charles Dickens’ the Pickwick Papers. Oysters have been around since the start of humanity -Scientists believe that the first oyster appeared in the Triassic period. Fossil records show that the oyster dates to 145 million years ago.

“Not a very nice neighbourhood this, sir” said Sam, with a touch of the hat, which always preceded his entering into conversation with his master. “It is not indeed,Sam,” replied Mr Pickwick, surveying the crowded and filthy street through which they were passing. “It’s a very remarkable circumstance, sir,” said Sam,“that poverty and oysters always seems to go together.” “I don’t understand, Sam,” said Mr. Pickwick. “What I mean, sir,” said Sam, “is, that the poorer a place is, the greater call there seems to be for oysters. Look here, sir; here’s a oyster stall to every half dozen houses. The streets lined vith ‘em. Blessed if I don’t think that ven a man’s wery poor, he rushes out of his lodgings and eats oysters in reg’lar desperation.”

Over 2000 years ago| Roman times -The Native Oyster has been fished from UK waters near Kent, Essex and Cornwall. Shells are commonly found in Roman archeological sites. After the Romans left, the oyster lost its status as a delicacy.

Oyster farm in Whitstable, Kent.

19th to 20th century -Oysters were plentiful and cheap; sold on almost every street corner in London. -Popular with the working class who used oysters as a substitude for expensive beef. -In 1864, over 700 million oysters were consumed in London alone; oyster fisheries employed around 120,000 people across the UK. -By 20th century, oysters became over-fished.

“Oh, mister, i’m sure that was a bad one!” Oyster salesman (indignantly). “What d’yer mean? then you shouldn’t ‘a’ swallered it, mum! i’ve been in this trade a matter o’ ten years, and never - “ Lady. “Well, it certainly left a nasty taste -” Salesman (mollified). “Well, there’s no denyin’ that some of ‘em is ‘igher in flaviour than others!”

Today (in the UK) -Oysters are sustainably harvested by licensed oyster farms and fisheries, under strict UK laws. -Oysters are considered a luxury food.

What’s next? Can sustainable oyster aquaculture be practised at the Royal Docks area which is at close proximity to the tidal Thames? Can oysters be available to everyone? Can oysters aquaculture serve environmental and educational purposes?

Illustrations of oyster being one of the popular street food in 19th century London.

REGENERATING AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM

AQUACULTURE FOR SUSTAINABLE FARMING AND PRODUCTION

Aquaculture The process of breeding, raising and cultivating aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish and aquatic plants. Aquaculture is an environmentally responsible source of food and helps create healthier habitats. The oyster farm creates a landscape that is a synthesis of production and recreation.

Oysters as “filter feeders” -Oysters consume hundreds of microscopic species in water. -Also consume algae, dirt, nitrogen pollution and more. -Water goes in one end, is processed, and then released at the other end, sediments sink rather than float on water surface.

Shoreline resilence -Oysters reefs protect shorelines from wave erosion naturally -During a storm, underwater oyster reefs or bed absorb wave energy before it hits the shore -These reef can be created artificially by dumping hard substrate on the seafloor and seeding them with oyster larvae

Plants

An oyster reef can develop on artifice substrates. The oyster populations can develop self-sustainingly, contributing to overall coastal protection.

Oysters Fish

Estimated water filtering capacity and production

150 L H2O

One oyster filters 150 litres of water per day

1 Acre (~4000 m2)

An oyster reef can develop on artifice substrates. The oyster populations can develop self-sustainingly, contributing to overall coastal protection.

750,000

One acre of area can produce an estimate of 750,000 oysters 15-40 million gallons of H2O

Oyster farming The site will be looking at the submerged and suspended oyster farming.

1 acre of oysters could filter between 15-40 million gallons of water in a day.

An oyster-dominated anti-erosion structure in Texas Oysters usually spawn between late June and mid-September and remain dormant during winter; eggs or sperm are formed in spring (Hedgecock et al., 2007; Kennedy and Roberts, 1999)

OYSTER AQUACULTURE

THE PROCESSES AND LOCATION SUITABILITY

Royal Docks

Teddington Lock

Hammersmith

Lowertidal Thames (Saltwater dominated)

Upper tidal Thames (Freshwater dominated) Oyster farming | Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) -IMTA gives farmers new ways to produce food. -Besides fish, farmers can grow algae (macro- and microalgae, oysters or mussels, sea cucumbers. -Microalgae can be used as ingredients for human food, animal feed, cosmetics or even biofuel. -Once the algae have cleaned the fish’s water, farmers no longer need excessive water treatment Aquaculture close-loop concept

Fish

The microalgae are eaten by oyster larvae for growth Microalgae

Waste from the fish tank passes through filters

Sea water comes into the fish tank

Oysters

Microalgae in water

The remaining water contains nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) is consumed by microalgae

Clean water returns to the Thames/ harvested and used for watering greenhouse and toilets

SITE ANALYSIS

WATER QUALITY STUDY

01 Present 02 10.26 ppm 03 <20 NTU 04 11.8 C

01 Present

05 pH 8.49

02 8.50 ppm 03 20-50 NTU 04 12 C 05 pH 8.65

01 Present

ROYAL DOCKS

02 9.68 ppm

Proposed site could become another habitat parcel.

03 <20 NTU 04 12 C 05 pH 8.55

01 Present 02 10.52 ppm

Habitat parcels in Newham, London Reedbed and pond present Reedbed and intertidal mudflat

03 <20 NTU 04 12 C 05 pH 8.81

Water quality required for aquaculture 1. pH: 6.0-8.0 2. Temperature: 7-20 C 3. Dissolved Oxygen: not less than 5 ppm 4. Turbidity caused by clay or soil particles must be removed by adding materials that attach to the particles and settle at the bottom Water sampling, laboratory analysis and bathing water quality assessment This is a laboratory analysis result for 11 November 2020. Samples were collected from 6 locations within the Royal Docks. The water in this location complied with guidance and is SUITABLE for water contact sports and bathing water. Source: londonroyaldocks.com

Floodplain grazing marsh Pond present

Green space and waterfront access deficiency

Social deprivation in Newham

Two areas are subject to an acute lack of such access (highlighted grey) -Royal Victoria Dock West and the site of Thameside West development; -The eastern end of the docks around Albert Island and Beckton Riverside

52% child poverty rate compared to 38% in other typical London borough.

Inequalities in the access of direct routes to parks -Most of the southern part of the area have poor access to medium open space and waterfront (highkighted in red)

There are 378 care-leavers in 2019 out of 10030 in London, and 78150 in England. 1/3 of care-leavers become displaced within the first 2 years of leaving care. 5.4% unemployment rate and worklessness. Unemployment stands at around 15,000, the rate is double that of London.

CHAPTER 3

LINES OF INQUIRY 2

SITE PHOTOS

CURRENT SITE CONDITIONS

Poor circulation Poor provision of footpath and cycling routes

Unpleasant environment Trash and plastic waste can be seen around the site

Inaccessible waterfront The brownfield site is currently a construction site

SITE ANALYSIS

SEWAGE SYSTEM AND PROPOSED INTERVENTION Dry

Rain Domestic, commercial and industrial wastewater

Overflow

To sewage treatment plants

river Thames

To sewage treatment plants

Combined sewer system All wastewater and surface water go into one pipe like the illustration above. There will be a sewage overflow if the system cannot cope with surface water in addition to waste water from households.

Dry

river Thames

Domestic, commercial and industrial wastewater Roof and storm drain

Rain

Separate storm

To sewage treatment plants

Separate storm

sewer

river Thames

sewer

To sewage treatment plants

river Thames

Separated sewer system Sewer runs to treatment plants directly transporting wastewater. Meanwhile street storm drains and roof drains are directed to a seperate line to nearby water body. This is a more efficient system during wet weather.

Brownfield site: no sewage system

Bioretention area

Wetlands

Landscape intervention

Hard surfacing Combined sewage Separated sewage “Porous” area that absorbs water off the rain and road surface run-offs “Non-porous” hard surfacing

Hardscape storage Concrete slabs

Tarmac

Spray tar and chip

Asphalt

Swale

EXISTING ECOLOGICAL ZONES

EXISTING ECOLOGICAL PARKS AND WETLANDS

Bow creek and East India Dock Basin

Royal Docks

Project site

London wetlands centre

Greenwich Peninsula Ecology Park

Bow Creek 4 acres

100 acres

East India Dock basin

woods

East India Dock basin

shrubs

woods woods lock -The London wetland centre was built from four disused reservoirs. -In 1995 the reservoirs were broken up and 500,000 cubic metres of soil sorted and remixed. -During the next five years over 300,000 water plants, 8000 wild flowers and 27,000 trees were planted by hand.

-Bow Creek Ecology Park features small streams and ponds, an outdoor classroom, footpaths, observation points, and seating. -East India Dock Basin is the remnants of the docks of the East India Docks Company, famous for shipping spices in the late 19th Century. -Since its closure in 1967, the Dock Basin has been turned into a bird sanctuary and is made up of a diverse range of habitats.

-Greenwich Peninsula Ecology Park is open in 1997 to remediate the environment and to restore species and habitats loss during industrialisation in the late 1880s. -The ecology park is made up of 2 lakes surrounded by marshland. -Phytoremediation was used at Greenwich Peninsula Ecology Park to extract and degrade pollutants.

CLIENT AND USER

STAKEHOLDER AND PROGRAM OFFERED

Project and design team

Clients

Program and revenue generation

Mayor of London + Newham Council Funding (yearly subsidy funding scheme)

Work and stay program (accommodation) Applicants are offered cheaper rents in exchange for their contribution on-site. Skills training are provided by the staffs.

Royal Docks Management Authority Limited (RoDMA) Manages the water areas and marine infrastructure Folklore (Hackney) Project funding and managing user groups for accommodation units

Architects and landscape designers Building design, landscape strategy, planning and statutory procedures and material decision

Partners | The environmental organisations

Oyster-farming experience Everyone can buy and farm their own oysters at designated zones.

Structural Engineers Structural integrity and building services design Builders and site manager Take lead on building construction and site monitoring UEL students opportunity Architecture students can participate in learning during different construction phase. Students are also allocated 20% of the rentable accommodation units for stay.

Shellfish Association of Great Britain Provides guidance and training for oyster aquaculture farming Canal and River Trust Provides insight on waterways excavation and reburbishment of locks WWT Provides support for green infrastructure/ landscape creation ZSL Offers training for oyster aquaculture; monitoring the water quality parameters

Markethall + greenhouse Provides rentable lots for food entrepreneurs/ marketeurs. On-site residents can produce their own food at the greenhouse for consumption or for home businesses.

USER DIAGRAM

POTENTIAL USER AND BUILDING TYPOLOGY DRAFT

Construction: Market

Construction: Aqua-centre

Food businesses and entrepreneurs -Local businesses can gather, grow and thrive as a community

Construction: Accommodation

North Woolwich and Albert Basin residents and tourists -They are now connected by a new destination and green infrastructure

UEL students and researchers -University individuals to participate in aquaculture/ landscape research

Time of waiting: Flexible

Time of waiting: short and instant

Time of waiting: Flexible

Intention: Trade

Intention: Visits, passing by, trade

Intention: Study and research, career

Moments: Public encounters and interactions, networking

Moment: Public encounters and interaction, market transactions, oyster farming experience

Moments: Partake self-build project, working at aquaculture research centre

Trading

Visiting

Markethall

Designing + Working

Move-in

Care-leavers and key-workers -They are provided temporary accommodation and job opportunities

Time of waiting: Extended Intention: Temporary accommodation until independent Moments: Skill-learning (co-working), social interaction (co-living)

Staying and working

Extension: Housebost stop

Houseboat community -Houseboat residents and businesses get to network with the on-site residents and visitors

Time of waiting: Medium/ temporary (2 weeks) Intention: Boat mooring, maintenance, trade Moments: Close encounters and interactions, networking

Short staying

Markethall + Greenhouse Accommodation units

Oyster hatchery

Houseboat stop and communal space

Oyster hatchery Oyster hatchery + research office

Accommodation units

CHAPTER 4

SITE INTERVENTION

SITE ANALYSIS

SITE CONSIDERATION STUDY

Gallions Reach

KGV

Site amenities Residential Brownfield site University

Site accessibility Highway + pedestrian Temporary construction sites access Footpaths

Construction site DLR station

Site’s average wind direction -The wind is most often from the north for 3.7 weeks, from 15 April to 11 May. -The wind is most often from the west for 11 months, from 11 May to 15 April. -Prevailing wind direction is from the southwest.

Summer sunlight hour 21 June Average reception of sunlight is great and more than 6.30 hours a day.

Equinox sunlight hour- 21 Mar/ 23 Sept Average reception of sunlight is good, the site is not affected by adjacent buildings.

Winter sunlight hour- 22 Dec The site is generally having a good amount of sunlight except where it is near to the KGV lock where the residential blocks cast shadow.

SITE DECONTAMINATION STRATEGY

THE NATURAL PROCESS OF PURIFYING AND PREPARING THE SITE Soil deontamination strategy- Phytoremediation Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process that uses various types of plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, and/ or destroy contaminants in the soil and groundwater.

PHASE 1 CONSTRUCTION

1. Site survey and preparation

5. Phytoremediation | Projection: 3-5 years

Original dock wall

Existing construction vehicular access (to be redesigned) Site to be bioremediated

Phyto-volatilisation- plant takes up water containing contaminants and release through the leaves

Existing footpath

Original lock gate

2. Blocking water penetration

3. Removing hard surface + topsoil

6. Excavation after phytoremediation

Sheet pile placed to block dock’s water

Some plants are relocated for construction clearance

Phyto-degradation- plant metabolises and destroys contaminants with plant tissues Phyto-extractionplant roots absorb the contaminants to the shoots and leaves

Phyto-stabilisationplant produces chemical compounds to immobilise contaminants to limit the diffusion in soil

Hard surfaces

Original lock gate

4. Planting according to zoning

Plants for phytoremediation

Area to be excavated 1. Plants will be relocated after phytoremediation

Easier for relocation

Sunflower

Construction zone (private and semiprivate zone)

Long term planting

Poplar tree

Reusing excavated materials

Indian mustard Wetlands strip and bioretention zone

Willow tree

1. Clay and subsoil

2. Majority of the plants will be relocated

3 Priority construction zone (public building)

3. Dedicuous trees remain after phytoremediation

1. Gravelly clay and soil can be used for making rammed earth as building material.

2. Rocks and hard surface fragments can be used as gabion retaining wall.

SITE ZONING AND MASSING

URBAN INTERVENTIONS AND PEDESTRIANISATION

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT N

Residential area

SW wind

Reside n

For best building solar gain, ventilation and protection, the facade of the main public buildings (marketplace, aquaculture centre) should be facing south, ideally no more than 30o off the east-west axis.

tial are

Site context Highway + pedestrian Roads to be redesigned Existing footpaths

Site of intervention Construction warehouse/ storage area (temporary)

Site zoning and planning Medium vehicular access for logistics

Area to be excavated

Improved footpath

Area for green infrastructure

The proposal will be creating a new destination for the residents around the area, as well as proposing new footpath and medium logistical access. Proposed logistical access

Accommodation/ private area

Proposed footpath

Public/ semi-public area Platforms/ piers

50m

A new pier will be proposed at the site mirroring the existing old pier. Both piers create a semi-enclosed water area for intertidal oyster farming, attracting wildlife and giving people access to the waterfront.

SITE INTENTION SKETCH STUDIES

December 2020

SITE INTENTION SKETCH STUDIES

Greenhouse: exotic plants and spices

Flexible common space -Marketplace and dining -Workshops

Greenhouse, control room, office space, oyster-processing space

Swimming area (high tide)

January 2021

SITE INTENTION

SKETCH STUDIES- CIRCULATION

Platform circulation 1 Linear-centre 2 Diagonals 3 Linear-side 4 Diagonal + platforms

Building orientation Facades of public buildings are facing south, no more than 15-30° off the east-west axis to maximise solar gain

Site permeability The buildings’ orientation, platforms and landscape should allow uninterrupted flow of pedestrian traffic

SITE INTENTION

SKETCH STUDIES- MASTERPLAN N 03

Docks water

tial den Resi

area

re al a

ti den Resi n

KGV lock

atio

t ng s i p m

Lock

04 05

Thames water

SITE INTENTION

SKETCH STUDIES- MASTERPLAN

Main greenhouse

Algae cultivating greenhouse Residential greenhouse Main logistic and processing point

Oyster bed Viewing platform

Oyster bed

CASE STUDY 1

DESIGN AND MATERIALITY INSPIRATION Crossrail place by Foster and Partners British firm Foster + Partners has designed the roof structure and cladding that wraps around the four storeys of shopping and leisure facilities above ground level, as well as the gardens on the top level. “It provides a welcoming public space between the residential neighbourhood of Poplar and the business district of Canary Wharf, demonstrating the role of infrastructure as the ‘urban glue’ that binds a city together,” added Foster. Roof plan

Roof garden plan

Long section

1. The roof garden is located directly beneath a 310-metre-long transparent hood. 2. Triangular air-filled cushions made from ETFE – a type of plastic used for its resistance to corrosion – are set into the timberlatticed awning. 3. It will offer visitors a totally new vantage point from which to look out across the water and the surrounding area.

CASE STUDY 2

DESIGN AND MATERIALITY INSPIRATION FRAC Dunkerque by Lacaton and Vassal The architects transformed the derelict workshop in the port area of Dunkirk into a new home for the archives and exhibition spaces of the Nord-Pas de Calais region. Instead of overhauling the existing workshop, they chose to conduct minor renovations and leave it empty so it can be used to host events, exhibitions, and house large-scale artworks.

Short section of the extension

1. An extension of identical dimensions was proposed and constructed alongside the renovated workhop. 2. Under a light and bioclimatic envelope, a prefabricated and efficient structure determines free, flexible, and evolutionary platforms, with few constraints, fit to the needs of the program. 3. The transparency of the skin allows to see the background vision of the opaque volume of the artwork’s reserves.

SITE INTERVENTION IN CONTEXT MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL N

Royal A

lbert B

asin

KGV D

ock KGV L o

River

Thame

50m

100m

SITE INTENTION

PROPOSED MASTERPLAN Isometric drawing: Intertidal Thames Lock gate closed at low tide

05 01

Legend 01 Markethall + greenhouse 02 Aquaculture oyster hatchery 03 Residential unit 04 Aquaculture fish nursery 05 Houseboat stop + workshop 06 Constructed wetlands 07 Viewing platform 08 Future development

BUILDING PROGRAM

USER SCHEME AND STRATEGY

Building typology

Opportunities

User groups and engagement 01

01 Rentable market stall lots 02 Greenhouse co-working 03 Social space

Phase 2 construction Local food businesses

Markethall and greenhouse (Commercial) -Ground floor markethall 288 sqm -Ground floor circulation core 79 sqm -1st floor greenhouse 237sqm -2nd floor greenhouse 135 sqm -2nd floor terrace 52 sqm

03 06 08 09

Students and researchers 10

04 Educational facility [visit] 05 Oyster equipment renting 06 Research lab co-working Phase 2 construction

Aquaculture oyster hatchery (Industrial) -Ground floor reception -Ground floor lab (3 labs) -1st floor lab (2 labs) -1st floor co-working -Roof terrace

50 sqm 554 sqm 456 sqm 87 sqm 172 sqm

Care-leavers

03 04 05

07 Co-living and co-caring [*20% of accommodation units are eligible for students] 08 Home businesses 09 Workshop space

11 10

Phase 3 construction

Local communities

03 09

10 Public space and recreation 11 Oyster farming [industrial] 12 Oyster farming [individual] 13 Swimming zone 14 Fish nursery co-working

10 accommodation units(Residential) -Single ensuite bedroom (6 per unit) -Double ensuite bedroom (1 per unit) -Ground floor shared living area -Shared mezzanine level -Winter balcony

22 sqm 45 sqm 127 sqm 68 sqm 19 sqm

Houseboat community

SITE RESPONSE TO THE TIDAL THAMES SITE ACTIVITIES IN RELATION TO THE WATER BODIES

Intertidal Thames oyster strategy Lock gate opens at low tide 1. Based-land culture near gabion walls

2. Intertidal ground culture and rack 02

Preparation (Typically May-August)

Harvest (Typically September-April)

Gate open + Low tide

SITE RESPONSE TO THE TIDAL THAMES SITE ACTIVITIES IN RELATION TO THE WATER BODIES

Intertidal Thames oyster strategy Lock gate opens at medium tide 1. Brackish water from the Thames

Bringing in aquatic life to the site with oyster reefs habitat 02

2. Oyster rack submerged

Gate open + medium water level

SITE RESPONSE TO THE TIDAL THAMES SITE ACTIVITIES IN RELATION TO THE WATER BODIES

Intertidal Thames oyster strategy Lock gate opens at high tide 1. Visitors’ oyster farming experience Buying oyster spats and renting floats from hatchery centre

Placing oysters in the float at a designated spot on-site

2. Water pumped to oyster hatchery

Gate open + High tide

OVERALL GROUND FLOOR MASTERPLAN PROPOSED BUILDING TYPOLOGY IN CONTEXT N

Existing locks Scale | 1:600 Towards Gallions Reach Royal Docks Fish nursery

Aquaculture oyster hatchery

Oyster farming zone

Houseboat stop

Swimming zone

Refurbished locks River Thames Markethall

Accommodation units

Oyster farming zone

Towards North Woolwich

CHAPTER 5

BUILDING TYPOLOGY DRAWINGS

GROUND FLOOR MASTERPLAN

PROPOSED BUILDING TYPOLOGY IN CONTEXT N

Legend 01 Visitors’ oyster farming zone 02 Water control lock 03 Home business 04 Outdoor market zone 05 Fish nursery 06 Main waste collection point 07 Water pumping station 08 Loading bay 09 Refurbished lock

Scale | 1:250 04

01 07

UPPER-FLOOR MASTERPLAN

PROPOSED BUILDING TYPOLOGY IN CONTEXT N

Legend 01 Greenhouse 02 Public terrace 03 Microalgae lab 04 Mezzanine level

Scale | 1:250

01 02

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 1 SKETCH STUDIES- MARKETHALL

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 1

SKETCH STUDIES- MARKETHALL SECTION

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 1

MARKETHALL GROUND FLOOR PLAN A

Scale | 1:100

Building controls 03 06

Building controls 02

Legend 01 Indoor markethall 02 Stair core 03 Rentable shop-lot 04 Restroom and lift core 05 Visitors oyster farming zone 06 Bike racks 07 Outdoor market Fire-rated glazing

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 1

MARKETHALL SECOND FLOOR PLAN A

Scale | 1:100

07 02

Legend 01 Greenhouse 02 Stair core 03 Semi-outdoor terrace 04 Lift core Fire-rated glazing

BUILDING TYOPOLOGY 1 MARKETHALL PERSPECTIVE SECTION

Section AA Scale | 1:100

3525

10100

5780

2550

5600

2550

3400

View of the Thames

3500

View of the Royal Docks

Legend 01 Greenhouse food production 02 Indoor markethall 03 Reclaimed gabion retaining wall 04 Public water platforms 05 Public terrace

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 1

MARKETHALL GREENHOUSE TECHNICAL DETAILS 5780

3500

Technical details Scale | 1:10

A 04

01. ETFE cushion 02. Aluminium profile 03. Insulated gutter 04. Glulam timber beam 300x600 05. Thermal blanket (temp <10oC) 06. Hopper window 07. Waterproof layer 08. Shade cloth 09. Air supply duct

5600

01. Timber batten 02. 9mm plywood 03. Rigid insulation 04. Treated external wood finish 05. Rainwater flow 06. Waterproof layer

05 01

C 3400

01. 30mm wood plank finish 02. 20mm wood subflooring 03. Perimeter insulation 04. Timber sill plate 05. Timber bond beam 06. Air vent for kitchen space 07. 150mm insulation 08. 450mm stabilised rammed earth wall

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 1

MARKETHALL GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION Summer solstice Sun angle: 62 21 June Rainwater diverted to storage for watering plants

Winter solstice Sun angle: 15 21December Ventilation

Scale | 1:20 Public terrace for markethall customers. Provides vantage view towards the Thames

Control of solar gain by ETFE cushions

Sunlight reflected by the reflective frit layer

Internal convection reduces heat transfer Lightings to provide extra luminance for plants during darker days

Thermal blanket for heat retaining when temperature drops below 10C

Light permeability: 85-90% Rammed earth wall as thermal mass

Overhang to prevent rainwater exposure for rammed earth wall

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 1

MARKETHALL BUILD-UP

Core structure (market) Concrete foundation and structural stabilised rammed earth walls.

Timber structure (greenhouse) Glulam timber as the primary structure for greenhouse.

Building envelope (greenhouse and roof) ETFE cushion as the lightweight envelope material that offers good reception of sunlight.

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 2

SKETCH STUDY- ACCOMMODATION UNIT

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 2

TYPICAL ACCOMMODATION UNITS GROUND FLOOR PLAN N

Scale | 1:100

16300

Laundry room

Small storage under stairs Timber shutter door

A 05

Legend 01 Co-living area 02 Home business 03 Public promenade 04 Visitors oyster farming zone 05 Main street 06 Common garden (buffer between units)

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 2

TYPICAL ACCOMMODATION UNITS GROUND FLOOR PLAN N

Scale | 1:100

Legend 01 Single en-suite bedroom 02 Shared mezzanine level 03 Winter balcony

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 2

TYPICAL ACCOMMODATION UNIT TECHNICAL SECTION A

B 10

04 03 09

07 02

06 01

10 03

01. Concrete footing 450x600mm (w x d) 02. R.E concrete slab 200mm thick 03. Perimeter insulation for thermal break 04. Floor insulation 100mm thick 05. Wood subfloor 25mm thick 06. Wood plank flooring 50mm thick 07. Gravel layer 08. Drainage hole 09. Bedding course 50mm thick 10. Permeable paving 11. DPC 12. Lightweight aggregate footing blockwork (thermal break)

01. 450mm thick rammed earth wall 02. 100mm rigid insulation 03. Insulated plasterboard finish 04. 50mm acoustic insulation 05. Floor joist 06. 25mm wood subfloor 07. 50mm wood plank flooring 08. Timber bond beam 09. Timber sill plate 10. Timber lintel

01. Timber beam 300x300mm (w x d) 02. Insulated box gutter 03. Timber ledger 04. Timber sill plate 05. Aluminium profiles 06. Waterproof layer 07. Rafter D

01. ETFE cushion 02. Air supply duct 03. Timber header profiles 04. Aluminium profiles 05. Window rail frame 06. Hopper window 07. Exterior finishes with drip detail Scale | 1:10

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 2

TYPICAL ACCOMMODATION UNIT ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION Section AA Scale | 1:50

Scale | 1:50

Sunlight reflected by the reflective frit layer

Internal convection reduces heat transfer

Summer solstice Sun angle: 62 21 June

Light permeability: 85-90% Scale | 1:20 1275

Winter solstice Sun angle: 15 21December

6250

3150

4500

Overhang to block summer sun and prevent rainwater exposure for rammed earth wall

Gutter to divert and store rainwater

7850

Winter balcony stores heat during the day which can be release into the room at night

Hot water MVHR unit

MVHR unit

Rainwater diverted to constructed wetlands through permeable paving and bioretention planter

Hot water

Common garden as a buffer between public and private

Tap

Central heating unit Permeable paving Ground source heat pump -Water supply -Sewer directed towards constructed wetlands

Rainwater harvesting tank

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 2

TYPICAL ACCOMMODATION UNIT EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC Zinc roof

ETFE roof

Timber rafters

Lightweight aluminium cladding

Timber frame structure

Railings

First floor joists and beams

Stairs and storage

Stabilised rammed earth wall

RE concrete slab

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 3

SKETCH STUDY- AQUACULTURE OYSTER HATCHERY

DESIGN AROUND INDUSTRIAL PROCESS

ES TS

CROSS SECTION: DOCK WATER USAGE BY OYSTER HATCHERY

Long sections Gate closed to prevent leakage

Contains contaminants: nitrogen and phosphorus

Water from fish nursery Gates are open

Cross section Constructed wetlands

Accommodation area

Aquaculture centre/ oyster and algae hatchery

Gravity-fed

Algae greenhouse produces micro algae as food for oyster larvae

Oyster hatchery acquired water from fish nursery

Wetlands purify waste water by natural process

Grey water is pumped to wetlands instead of sewer

Water from the fish nursery is used and cleaned by adult oysters

Clean water is pumped to oyster hatchery tanks

Off-bottom oyster farming.

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 3

AQUACULTURE OYSTER HATCHERY GROUND FLOOR PLAN N

Visitors’ learning experience Staffs’ entrance Visitors to buy oyster spats

Scale | 1:100

01 04

Legend 01 Broodstock spawning lab 02 Reception and lobby 03 Oyster culture tank zone 04 Storage 05 Spat assessment area 06 Loading bay 07 Lift 08 Toilets

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 3

AQUACULTURE OYSTER HATCHERY FIRST FLOOR PLAN N

Visitors’ learning experience

Scale | 1:100

05 04

Legend 01 Mass algae culture lab 02 Co-working zone 03 Algae starter tanks and lab 04 Toilets 05 Pantry 06 Outdoor terrace 07 Mechanical equipments

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 3

AQUACULTURE OYSTER HATCHERY SECTION Section AA Scale | 1:50

Oyster cultivation

04 Spat assessment

01 Broodstock/ larvae spawning

02 Oyster culture tanks

Spat set on cultch

Fully-grown oysters

Roof terrace and mechanical equipment

06 Visitors’ floating oysterfarming experience

05 Spat culture tanks

07 On-bottom farming culture Off-bottom farming culture

Intermediate Algae culture lab

Mass algae culture lab

07 01

Spawning lab

Oyster culture lab

Spat assessment lab

BUILDING TYPOLOGY 3

TS ES

AQUACULTURE OYSTER HATCHERY SECTION Section AA Scale | 1:50

3750

5900

3750

2750

Rainwater diverted to tank Cross ventilation

6000

MVHR unit

Mass algae growth Intermediate algae growth requires greater amount of sunlight and monitoring

Roof terrace for mechanical equipment and green roof

Microalgae is gravity-fed to the oyster tank

Rammed earth wall as thermal mass

MVHR unit

4025

MVHR unit

Hot water

Tap Concrete screed flooring to ease cleaning and withstanding load Permeable paving Rainwater harvesting tank

Planter box separates the public and private zone

Central heating unit

Ground source heat pump -Water supply -Sewer directed towards constructed wetlands

FIRE ESCAPE ROUTE

MARKETHALL

Markethall ground floor plan Scale | 1:200

Markethall upper floor plan Scale | 1:200

Fire escape route

No-smoking zone

Assembly point

Fire stair

Fire hose reel

FIRE ESCAPE ROUTE

ACCOMMODATION UNITS

Accommodation ground floor plan Scale | 1:200

Accommodation first floor plan Scale | 1:200

kitchen

towards assembly

Fire escape route

Fire curtain

Assembly point

Fire hose reel

FIRE ESCAPE ROUTE

AQUACULTURE OYSTER HATCHERY

Oyster hatchery ground plan Scale | 1:200

Oyster hatchery first floor plan Scale | 1:200

towards assembly

Fire escape route

No-smoking zone

Assembly point

Fire stair

Fire hose reel

OVERALL ELEVATION

BUILDING TYPOLOGY IN CONTEXT N

South elevation Scale | 1:200

16500

17200

37400

12910

8450

East elevation Scale | 1:200

15400

20300

22350

10500

CHAPTER 6

MATERIAL CASE STUDY

MATERIAL STUDY

MAIN STRUCTURAL MATERIAL AND FEASIBILITY STUDY Glue-laminated timber is a processed timber product intended primarily for load bearing structures. Besides, in relation to its weight is one of the strongest structural materials, has good environmental qualities and is considered to have a lasting aesthetic value – therefore glulam is often used in visible load bearing structures – as an environmentally creative structural material.

Enginnered timber joist

Strength

The laminating effect; Glued laminated timber will be stronger than an individual plank with the same cross-sectional size.

Connections with slotted in metal sheets and steel dowels.

Fire

Life-cycle of glulam timber product

The glulam beam’s surface can be up to 20 percent of the floor area without demands of treatment in order to achieve a higher surface layer class than European Class D. 2

Glulam retains a significant load bearing capacity even during a fire. The protective carbon layer, which forms on the burnt surface contributes to this. Connections

1 Wall construction that will be used for the proposal 2 Studying the possible joist to rammed earth wall connection

Different types of column-beam connections.

Floor construction

MATERIAL STUDY

MAIN ROOFING MATERIAL AND FEASIBILITY STUDY ETFE pillow entails rather low levels of acoustic insulation. -It is possible to insert a mesh able to attenuate the noise thanks to the fact that it works as a damper reducing the reverberation in the space below. -The aluminum edge profiles can be designed so that the mesh can be added at a later time, thus offering the possibility to evaluate the extent of the problem.

ETFE detail references

The stiff ETFE skin behaves like a drum when rain water hits the pillow. In order to mitigate, preventive design methods can be adopted to reduce the impact of the noise generated by rain on the internal environment. One method to improve the acoustic performance is to install an anti-drumming ETFE mesh over the ETFE skin. By doing that water can pool on the perforated mesh and dampen the noise.

Pneumatic system (air supply)

ETFE flammability ETFE Foil as a material has low flammability (270C) and is considered self extinguishing. In the event of a fire, hot smoke will cause the foil to soften, fail and then shrink away from the fire source to create natural ventilation. The quantity of material used in the roof is not important in this situation – the foil will not create molten drips or any fumes. ETFE lifespan ETFE can be recycled with ease, but due to its properties (does not degrade under UV light, sunlight, weather, pollution) it has a very long life which is estimated between 50-100 years, making the need for recycling small.

A typical air inflation unit measures 1.2m x 1.2m x 0.9m and is located near to the ETFE cushion system, internally or externally. The system requires a dedicated and secure power supply consisting of two 240V 13 amp electrical connections – as the ETFE foil roof is a live system the cushions are permanently linked to the air inflation unit to ensure the pressure is maintained.

MATERIAL STUDY

MAIN STRUCTURAL MATERIAL AND FEASIBILITY STUDY Rammed earth has been well-knowned for centuries as a traditional wall construction technique. Moist earth is poured into a formwork in layers of to 15cm thick, and then compacted by ramming. The formwork usually consists of two-parallel walls separated and interconnected by spacers. Traditonal formwork with spacers

Bushey Cemetery by Waugh Thistleton Architects

Wall detail study (u-value calculation for 450mm thick wall)

Spacers pierce the wall, causing openings that must be filled in after formwork removal. New technique The rammed earth walls are quick to construct. It took an eight-man team just 46 days to construct the 400mm-thick walls using formwork which could be reused in sections.

Sliding formwork for rammed earth panels

Mechanised rammed earth work in progress

The u-value of the rammed earth wall in my proposal is not at an optimum value i.e. <0.20 W/m2K. Wall thickness might need to be revised and mechanical heating is needed for room thermal comfort.

“The buildings have in fact been formed from the site. The ecological construction material is made up of earth mostly excavated from where the buildings stand and which had to be removed to landscape the area...”

MATERIAL TESTING

RAMMED EARTH TEST WITH CRUSHED OYSTER SHELL

MATERIAL TESTING

RAMMED EARTH TEST WITH CRUSHED OYSTER SHELL

First prototype 6 part soil 2 part sand 1 part cement 1 part oyster shell

Second prototype 6 part soil 1 part sand 1 part cement 2 part oyster shell

Third prototype 6 part soil 1 part cement 3 part oyster shell