ReGenerative Region | Vision for South Holland

[Re]Generative Region Towards localized and revitalized foodscapes in South Holland

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Contributors

Tutors

Hadrien Cassan Diederik van Hasselt Johnathan Subendran Peishan Zhang

Alexander Wandl, Diego Andres Sepulveda Carmona Luisa Calabrese Daniele Cannatella

Abstract The Netherlands is a world leader in the agrifood sector. Both the country and the region of South Holland attribute half of its land to agricultural production which combines highly innovative and efficient greenhouse landscape as well as less productive cropscapes and grasslands.

Moreover, South Holland is home to one of the most productive and profitable regions in the world. However, most of its production is exported to other countries in the EU and around the world. The nation and region are heavily dependent on food imports for their local consumption. The agrifood sector is profit-driven and globalized focusing on efficiency over socio-economic prosperity which has degrading effects on the environment and promotes unsustainable consumption behaviors. This has a profound impact on the region and has led to a wide range of degenerative natural and social ecosystems.

The province and nation push the agendas of a circularity and urgent climate change action, the transition of food sector in South Holland is paramount due to its significant socio-economic position as food touches everybody's lives. Therefore, given the challenges of the agri-food sector and ambitions of the province, how can we foster a socio-spatial transition that promotes a more local and regenerative system that would benefit the region's communities and ecosystems?

Our aim is to understand the socio-spatial impacts of the current degenerative agrifood system to identify critical communities and ecosystems. Through these challenges, we explore possibilities to activate local economies, promote awareness of production, consumption and waste cycles, and revitalize ecosystems by sustainable production.

In order to enhance South Holland's foodscape into a socially just and environmentally restorative landscape, a transition from the current linear process to a regenerative one is necessary.

Keywords: Foodscapes, Regenerative, Localized, Restoration, Circularity, South Holland 2

[Re]Generative Region

Food X South Holland

Contents

01 Food in South Holland

4

02 Approach

18

03 Degenerative Processes

28

04 Vision

42

05 Exploration

60

06 Development Strategy

86

07 Discussion

138

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01 Food in South Holland

4

[Re]Generative Region

Food X South Holland

Introduction The Netherlands is facing a time of tremendous changes. The country is embarking on many transitions, the economy being the driving one: by 2050, the Netherlands plans to have shifted towards a fully circular economy, as is envisioned by the Dutch Government. But they are not facing this challenge alone. The province of South Holland follows this ambition with a plan for a regional circular economy: Circular South Holland (Provincie Zuid Holland, 2019). As South Holland is the most densely populated province of the Netherlands and accounts for almost a quarter of its national gross product, it is a very important player for the implementation of this transition (Provincie Zuid Holland, 2019). Both the Province and the country are under multiple pressures to make this shift in all their sectors. As resources are being depleted and the traditional economic system is causing a lot of waste, leaving behind climate, biodiversity and our health damaged, they will need to rethink their business models (Provincie Zuid Holland, 2019). Currently, the economy is thriving and growing seemingly infinitely, but for how long can this be sustained?

The province knows action is needed and is welcoming strategies to lead the way.

In the footsteps of the National Resources Accord of the government, the Province of South Holland came up with four transition themes: the construction process, plastics, food & organic materials, and the manufacturing industry. These are the crucial sectors that are in need of change for a successful transition to occur by 2050. And for this to happen, they need to be rethought and restructured - rigorous changes are needed.

The aim of this report is to come up with a strategic regional design for the Province of South Holland which tackles the current challenges and will lead the way to a sustainable future. However, a transition like this has a lot of potential that is yet to be explored, and connecting the loop is simply not enough. As the system is being completely

redesigned, let's be critical of these loops. Let's take every single one of them into consideration and revitalise them. Some points can be removed, others can be improved. But it is about considering every detail of the system which is currently in place and then, at the end of the process, what remains is a system that is healthy, resilient, and future proof. In order to reach this, the economy not only needs to be made circular, it needs to be made regenerative- a term which will be elaborated in the conceptual framework. Within a Regenerative South Holland, climate, biodiversity, and health will, once again, thrive.

The flourishing economy of South Holland is for a big part coming forth from the food & organic materials sector: it is responsible for 1.7% of the province's jobs and its greenhouses alone generate around â‚Ź2 billion per year (Metabolic & Drift, 2018; CBS, 2018; LTO, 2018). Furthermore, food is a vital resource, being consumed everyday in large amounts, but most importantly, it is, far more than the other transitional sectors, inclusive of all. Rich, poor, old, young, minority, majority, we all need to eat. Because of this, we argue that the food sector has the biggest potential of acting as a catalyst for the regional regeneration. By addressing the food sector, the transition will impact us all. This creates awareness and will cause other sectors to follow. Also, these themes are not to be seen completely separately. By touching upon food and all that it entails, other themes will be reviewed as well.

This report will propose a regional design strategy that tackles the food sector of South Holland with the aim of having a regenerative province by 2050.

By doing this, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) will be taken into account. The SDG’s are goals for 2030, as defined by the United Nations, with the aspiration for our planet and its citizens to have prosperity and peace now, as well as in the future (United Nations, z.d.).

Trends in Agrifood Sector Impacts of Current System 5

Trends

Trends in Agrifood Sector Innovation and Efficiency As small of a country as it is, The Netherlands is a World Leader in the agri-food sector. With a limited area of 41,543 km², the country has transformed more than half of its land into productive and efficient scapes. South Holland, which is the country’s most populous province, attributes 48% of its land to food production through the form of greenhouses, crop-fields, and grasslands (used for cattle raising). Through technical innovation and ingenuity, the Netherlands has been able to maximize productivity, expanding on the current model of industrial agriculture. Greenhouse complexes have achieved an impressively high yield, minimizing area and resources to produce more efficiently: greenhouses in South Holland produce 18% of the province’s output while using only 3% of its land.

Total Agricultural Land

54%

48%

Figure 1: Agricultural Land Use Source: 2019 TotalCBS, agricultural land

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[Re]Gnerative Region

Food X XSouth South Holland Holland

(Source: www.depositphotos.com)

(Source: www.aerostockphoto.com)

Total Food Output

18% of production

3% of land Crop Land

Greenhouses

Grassland

Figure 2: Crop Yields Source: Provincie Zuid Holland, 2019 Total Food Output

7

Trends

Net Exporter Trends / Net Exporter Agro-food-exports: $1010,000,000,000,000 Agro-food-exports: $1010,000,000,000,000

The majority of the Netherlands’ food production is not intended for local consumption.

The majority of the of Netherlands’ productionto neighboring countries such as Germany, Instead, two third’s productionfood is exported is not intended for local consumption. Instead, 2/3 Belgium and France, and less neighboring nations such as China and Brazil. 27.5% of the of production is exported to neighboring countries exported imported and being after further procession in the Nethsuch asproducts Germany,are Belgium and France, andre-exported less erlands.

This nations business results in agro-food-exports worth 101 billion dollars: neighboring suchmodel as China and Brazil.

27.5% the of the exported products are imported making Netherlands the second biggestand food exporter in the world, behind the United being re-exported after further procession in the States of America, which is 277 times a big.

Netherlands. This business model results in agrofood-exports worth 101 billion dollars: making the Netherlands the second biggest food exporter in the world, behind the United States of America, which is 277 times a big.

Export map

Export Map

UK Belgium

Germany

Export amount (mil euro) France

＞2000 2000＞1000

Italy

1000＞500 Spain

Figure 3: Export Map Source: CBS, 2020

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[Re]Generative Region

Food X South Holland

Export amount

Export Amount

157 bil dollars

27.5%

Re-export

72.5%

Dutch-made

101 bil dollars

United State

Netherlands

93 bil dollars

Germany

83 bil dollars

82 bil dollars

Brazil

France

Figure 4: Export Amounts Source: Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving, 2012

9

Trends

Trends / Global Diet Global Diet

Imports more than half of the consumption The Netherlands’ primarily monocultural production does not provide enough produce diversity respond to of a the growing Dutch “global diet.” Even some goods that can be Importsto more than half consumption produced locally are imported from abroad. The same product sold in supermarkets may The Netherlands’ primarily monocultural comes from different countries.

Therefore, the country is reliant on imports from all around production does not provide enough produce the globe to feed its population.

In fact, the NL imports more than half of the food that is diversity to respond to a growing Dutch “global consumed here. diet.” Even some goods that can be produced locally are imported from abroad. The same product sold in supermarkets may come from different countries. Therefore, the country is reliant on imports from all around the globe to feed its population. In fact, the NL imports more than half of the food that is consumed here.

Import map

Import Map

Belgium

Germany

Import amount (mil euro) ＞2000

France

2000＞1000 1000＞500

Figure 5: Import Map Source: CBS, 2020

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[Re]Generative Region

Food X South Holland

Sources of products sold in Albert Heijn

Sources of Products Sold in Albert Heijn

Spain

Belgium

Morocco

Netherlands

France

Italy

New Zealand

Figure 6: Products sources at Albert Heijn Source: Photos from field visit to Albert Heijn

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Trends

Agricultural Crisis Broken intensive agricultural system

“The many crises hitting Dutch agriculture have their origin in intensive agriculture. “Short-term solutions are mainly in the form of small incremental shifts from the norm and are within existing frameworks,” say the five signatories.

The result is a dramatic decline in insect populations and farmland birds, and uncertainty for farmers. But it can be done differently, they say.”

Figure 7: Nitrogen Emissions Source: CBS, PBL, RIVM, WUR, 2019

An open letter to Prime Minister Rutte and Minister Schouten, sent by a group of top experts including Utrecht University’s Prof. Hens Runhaar. https://www.uu.nl/en/news/the-dutch-agriculturalcrisis-a-call-to-action-from-farmers-scientists-andcivil-society

Figure 8: Habitat Type Source: Sanders, Henkens, & Slijkerman, 2019

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[Re]Generative Region

Food X South Holland

Over the past two decades, the dutch agriculture has had multiple crises to endure, coming forth of the global environmental crisis. The most recent one is the nitrogen crisis. The emission of nitrogen is posing a threat for biodiversity in the Netherlands. Too much nitrogen in the soil will create an overload in nutrients, causing an unbalance within ecosystems. Certain plants will overgrow while others are diminished and won’t survive. This not only has effects on the plants themselves, it also threatens animals and insects within these ecosystems that rely on certain plants.

Besides nitrogen, also a surplus of phosphate ends up in Dutch soils and groundwater, which has the same nutritional overload effects (Ceulemans et al., 2014). This is because the agricultural system overuses phosphorus fertilisers, which is a serious problem: global phosphorus reserves may be depleted within 50 to 100 years (Cordell, Drangert, & White, 2009).

But not just phosphate and nitrogen are dismantling the biodiversity in the Netherlands. The production of food is meant to be highly efficient and profit-driven. This has created monocultures in land use causing drainage of wetlands and environmental pollution which is limiting and diminishing ecosystems (Sanders, Henkens, & Slijkerman, 2019). This has had big effects on nature and wildlife in the Netherlands: 40 percent of the species that the Netherlands has placed on a red list are in threat of extinction and 96 percent of habitat types (in 2013) had an unfavourable state of conservation (Sanders et al., 2019).

Figure 9: Knowledge of Biodiversity Source: Sanders, Henkens, & Slijkerman, 2019

Furthermore, the food industry is emitting 4.7 megaton of CO2 due to polluting production methods, greenhouses that mostly run on gas and the distribution (Metabolic, & Drift, 2018). Another cause of CO2 emissions is the peat meadow degradation, caused by intensive agricultural water use. These CO2 emissions are posing a big threat to the planet and increase climate change rapidly (IPCC, 2018).

All in all, these crises have caused a group of nature experts and scientists from the universities of Utrecht (UU), Wageningen (WUR) and Tilburg (UvT) to write a letter addressing the Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte in a call for a rigorous agricultural system change: “Short-term solutions are mainly in the form of small incremental shifts from the norm and are within existing frameworks”. They argue for a circular natureinclusive agriculture. “Dairy and arable farmers, banks, feed and dairy companies, supermarkets and investors must no longer focus on profit maximization, but on quality and sustainability” (Utrecht University, 2019).

Apart from these challenges, summers are expected to be hotter and drier causing groundwater levels to decrease and sea-levels will rise, which poses pressure on the low lying lands of South Holland (IPCC, 2018). Thus, it is clear that the climate change is having a big impact and the current agricultural system is in need of drastic changes, will it be sustained.

Figure 10: Red List Species Source: Sanders, Henkens, & Slijkerman, 2019

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AgriFood Sector

Monopolization: Who profits, who suffers?

The Agro-Food sector is a highly monopolized system composed of five purchasing companies which dictate consumption choices for the whole of the Netherlands. This leads to unjust production cycles, where food is commodified to the point where prices are dictated by the market and not by the harvest. These companies strive for the most competitive financial production-to-consumption ratio, putting mass pressure on farmers to lower their rates while seeing little financial compensation. This Hourglass model represents the deeply rooted neo-liberal model established in most Western countries. Unfortunately this concentration of power and revenue in regards to the vital resource that is food exemplifies an unjust and inequitable production method which have led to the ineffectiveness of an industry today.

As stated previously, the scope of intention of the agro-food industry has shifted from a utilitarian production, to feed populations, to a profit driven sector where large multinationals offer subquality products to consumers and pay small scale producers very little. Moreover, most of the food produced in the coutnry is not intended to feed the country but is exported allowing for a large profit margin to be made.

Additionally, the centralization of farms has occurred in the Netherlands due to the high financial burdens this system enforces. In fact, the number of farms in South Holland has enormously declined over the years from 11 289 in 2000 to 4 409 in 2019 (Trend in the Netherlands CBS, 2018).

This sharp decline can be explained by current policies which favor large scale national (if not global) production rather than small scale local producers.

Figure 11: Hourglass Diagram Dutch Foodchain Adapted from PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2014

Figure 12: Suffer/Benefit Matrix

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[Re]Generative Region

Food X South Holland

Current Food Chain

Figure 13: Flow Diagram Foodchain Source: Zuid-Holland Circulair, 2018

Degenerative Business Model REINTRODUCE WASTE AS ENERGY

GREENHOUSES 73% of CO2 EMISSIONS

GHG

GHG

PRODUCTION

EXPORT CHAIN

$ 47.7 B (2017)

GHG

GHG

PROCESSING

LOGISTICS

12% OF EMISSIONS

(COLD) STORAGE

EXPORT

PROMOTES NON-FRESH FOOD

RECONNECT PRODUCER TO CONSUMER

Fruits, Vegetables, Grains and Animal Products

GHG

IMPORT

GHG

STORAGE

5 PURCHASING COMPANIES CENTRALIZED

SUPERMARKET

HOME

33% ORGANIC WASTE

ORGANIC WASTE 4B TONNES

50% MARKET SHARE

LOGISTICS

AVERAGE 4 200 KM OF TRAVEL

IMPORT CHAIN

< 50% FOOD WASTE ALONG THE CHAIN

$ 34.4 B (2017) Fruits, Vegetables, Grains and Animal Products

Figure 14: Dutch Food Business Model Sources: Provincie Zuid Holland, 2019; Trends in the Netherlands, CBS, 2018

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Impacts

Impacts of Current System The current system is degenerating the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural and social ecosystems, degrading environments and promoting unsustainable consumption behaviors.

The question that must be asked should further current agendas on circularity by focusing on the restoration of the diminished qualities of the region.

High Waste Yields

66

kg/per Household residual waste yield (Provincie Zuid Holland, 2019

Net-Global Benefits

2/3 Exports

Total exports of regional production (Provincie Zuid Holland, 2019)

Monopolization

2 Supermarkets hold 50% Marketshare (PBL 2019 ) 16

1/2 Imports

Total imports of regional consumption (Provincie Zuid Holland, 2019) [Re]Generative Region

Food X South Holland

Resource Intensive

54,210 TJ Natural Gas (51,000 for GH)

Degrading Ecological System

4.7 mton Carbon Emissions (73% from GH)

Water usage (50% for livestock)

Nitrogen from Livestock

Livestock Feed (1/2 is imported)

Fragmented Natural Network

Figure 15: Impacts of Current Food System Source: Provincie Zuid Holland, 2019; Climate Atlas and PDOK

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02 Approach

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[Re]Generative Region

Food X South Holland

Methodology Research Question Conceptual Framework 19

Methodology

Methodology

1

Find the issues

This methodological framework consists of an approach that combines a linear development of research (problem, hypothesis, experiment and design) and a feedback loop that aims to strengthen a evidence based design process.

Methods Used These are a collection of methods used throughout the project

20

Stakeholder Analysis

Site Visit

Informal Interview

Scenario Building

Data Collection

Reference Review

Mapping + Drawing

Historical Review

Data Analysis

Literature Review

2

RESEARCH QUESTION Hypothesize

3

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Define the terms

Feedback loop to ensure evidence based process

Like, many frameworks, it begins with defining a hypothesis that is based off of a problem statement within the agrifood sector. Then, the terms of the research question are defined through the conceptual framework such as 'what is regenerative?', who are the beneficial communities and what are ecosystems? The definition of these terms helps formulate a lens to analyze the region's challenges. In order for a regenerative future, we had to understand what was degenerative in the current system. Upon defining the challenges and understanding the critical areas of the region, we were able to project a context specific vision for 2050: towards a regenerative South Holland. We developed generators of change that aim to initiate the regenerative processes through a multi-scalar approach where there is interdependencies between scales as well. This can be defined through a panarchy. To further our evidence based process, we used the predefined critical areas to explore the sociospatial opportunities among the various regional conditions (urban, peri-urban and rural). This gathered knowledge enabled us to formulate socio-spatial principles that would activate the regenerative transformation in a context conscious way. Finally, we developed a growth strategy for the region that comprises of activation projects, phased thirty year spatial development plan. This is was supported by an engagement strategy focusing on methods of procedural spatial justice.

The project is concluded with the acknowledgment of potential gaps and drawbacks to ensure a reflective research process.

PROBLEM

4

ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK Understand the critical areas of region

5

DESIGN FRAMEWORK Propose a vision for the region

6

EXPLORATION Challenges to opportunities

7

STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK Develop socio-spatial transition

8

REFLECTION Evaluate process

[Re]Generative Region

Approach

Holland Circular 2050, PBL - Nederland verbeeld, NOS

AgriFood trends in region

Dutch landscape paintings

Problem Statement

CBL, RIVM, PDOK + PBL

How to foster a socio-spatial transition from a globalized profit-driven food industry to a more local and regenerative system to benefit the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s communities and ecosystems?

Preliminary Site Visit from Rotterdam M4H, Port of Rotterdam, Westland to DH Informal interview with local greenhouse owner in Westland ie: Understanding consumption patterns via locating household waste yields

Degenerative

Panarchy

Regenerative

Restoration

Localization

Polyculture

Co-Production

Land sparing

Decentralize

Procedural Spatial Justice

Socio-Economic Degenerative Environmental Degenerative

Vision Statement Generators of Change

Academic papers

Environmental impacts (%) and consumption/waste yields (kg/p) Combining layers of socio-economic and environmental degeneration Developing spatial generators and vision map Regen villages, Urban Metabolism Rotterdam, FABRICations work

Regenerative Region

Replacing traditional agriculture with greenhouse efficiency, energy calc.

Gather knowledge on opportunities

Understanding local actors and governance structures

Knowledge to socio-spatial principles

Regenerative region growth strategy Key activator projects Thirty year socio-spatial development plan

Assess regenerative approach

Exploring spatial potential of generators and regenerative processes Including all necessary actors towards procedural spatial justice Regenerative spatial transition over six growth stages

Sustainable Development Goals

Scientific + societal relevance Ethical consideration

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Research Question

Research Questions

Research Question

How to foster a sociospatial transition from a globalized profit-driven food industry to a more local and regenerative system to benefit the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s communities and ecosystems?

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[Re]Generative Region

Approach

Driving Questions

What are the critical areas of communities and ecosystems in South Holland that are degenerating?

How can a regenerative and local approach create opportunities from the degenerative challenges of South Holland?

What are the spatial conditions and ambitions that will foster a sociospatial and sustainable transition?

How does a regenerative growth strategy facilate a spatial just process to benefit all of the region's communities and ecosystems?

These driving questions act as progressive method to dissect the various terms of the main research question. This is to firstly ensure that global terms can be contextualized to the region's challenges which will allow for a more in depth exploration of the possible futures for the region.

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Neighborhood Smaller and Faster

Conceptual Framework

PANARCHIC FOODSCAPES

Conceptual Framework

DEGENERATIVE

REGENERATIVE

CIRCULAR

Degenerative

Regenerative

Degeneration invokes a temporal decline of qualities which affects the effective operation of a larger system (Merriam-Webster). The agrifood sector currently operating in South Holland has been deemed, through our analysis, as degenerative to communities and ecosystems living in the region. This degenerative aspect is driven by an industry that puts profit over improvement and has established a lock-in dependency on efficiency rather than effectiveness in the food sector. This degenerative aspect of the industry can be highlighted by its extreme landuse propagation, its high non-renewable resource demands, its highly polluting outputs, and its dependency on imports from other countries to function... All of these points contribute to the loss of biodiversity, the contamination of soils, and other decreased ecosystem qualities in the province.

Additionally, this sector promotes unjust values embodied by its monopolization, allowing a few to profit massively and restraining the possibility for small businesses to flourish. It also contributes to unsustainable consumption behaviors as these monopolized businesses dominate the market and therefore command national diets. Finally, this sector seems to foresee an (impossible) infinite growth model to cope with increasing demands giving little consideration to global finite resources and natural cycles it is dependent on.

Our strategy proposes to disrupt this linear and destructive system by furthering the concept of circularity into regeneration. Circular economies have been understood as systems that operate in a closed loop - turning outputs into inputs again. This loop-system although essential to transition any economies into more sustainable ones, does not suffice for the food sector of South Holland. Due to the temporal degradation of ecosystems and social links, a campaign of restoration and revitalization needs to be put in place on both environmental and socio-economic fronts. This would allow for lost qualities to be found again and new prosperous symbiosis to be made. A regenerative system would allow for a dynamic repair and growth of the region and ensure sustainable food production and consumption in South Holland. This definition is based on the World Future Councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 5 pillars for a regenerative city which sees human activity and socio-cultural concerns as an inherent part of ecosystems, which questions the input of humans in ecosystem to promote optimum health, which seeks to restore independent ecologies and biogeological cycles, which understands the diversity and uniqueness of each context (socially, culturally and environmentally) as crucial to the design, and finally sees the design process as ongoing, indefinite, and participatory (Girardet, 2017).

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eRgionatv[]Gr

oach Apr

Panarchy

Spatial Justice

In our strategy, the concept of Regeneration is coupled with a multi-scalar approach applied to circularity: Panarchy. This concept, first coined by Paul Emile de Puydt in 1850, refers to a governance structure that allows for inter-scalar restorative independence while creating essential links to further each element (Gunderson, 2001). In the conception of regenerative foodscapes in South Holland, we developed a spatial framework comprised of four generators of change that aim to be the key mechanisms for a regenerative transformation on various scales. Each generator, although working in integral independence, is reinforced by these interconnected networks and strengthened by these co-relations. The creation of these Panarchic relationships aim to create more resilient systems which are able to support one another and are adaptive to changing circumstances of the region.

In this project, specific attention has been given to the role of urbanists, architects, and landscape architects in promoting spatial justice.

This concept has two dimensions: Distributive Spatial Justice, concerned with the geographical placement of goods and service, and Procedural Spatial Justice, focused on the inclusiveness of the planning process. (Fainstein, 2011) Our strategy to achieve a Regenerative South Holland by 2050 embodies both. Our spatial principles, influenced by concepts which follow, reflect the intensions for a fair distribution of services - in the case of this project, fresh food consumption and access to flourishing ecological reserves. Our strategies are implemented in order to balance out existing inequalities to offer equitable access to regional Public Goods and Commons. Furthermore, our growth development strategies uniquely outline the primordial role of local actors in the design and implementation of context-specific projects - highlighting a spatially just procedural practice.

As you will see in the later part of this report, the encouraged and facilitated involvement of local communities and the integration of preexisting local initiatives highlights our ambition to transition the Province of South Holland towards a future it desires, one we all desire.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Creating regenerative cities primarily means one thing: initiating comprehensive political, financial and technological strategies for an environmentally enhancing, restorative relationship between cities and the ecosystems from which they draw resources for their sustenance.â&#x20AC;? - World Future Forum, 2017

Larger and Slower

Ecological Network

Nation Remember

Productive Network

Region

Switch Point

City Revolt

Community Hub

Neighborhood Smaller and Faster

Figure 16: Panarchic Foodscapes Inspired by Gunderson & Holling, 2002

PANARCHIC FOODSCAPES 25

Conceptual Framework

DEGENERATIVE

REGENERATION

P A N A R C H Y

Social

Environmental

Localization

Land Sparing

Co-Production

Restoration

(de)Centralized

Multi-Function

REGENERATIVE SOUTH HOLLAND

26

eRgionatv[]Gr

S P A T I A L

J U S T I C E

Approach

Socio-Economic Regeneration

Environmental Regeneration

Localization

Land Sparing

Localization, here, is utilized to counteract the decline of agri- culture as a cultural pillar in South Holland, to reactivate small and local economies, and to strive for a less export-dependent industry, which illustrates non-resilient principles in times of crisis. This concept is therefore used to describe a shift of perception towards a vital industry, to describe the new economies supported by this strategy, and to describe new systemic relationships in the food production sector. Since the end of the Second World War and the Famine of ‘44 (Hongerwinter), the country has vowed to never fall hungry again, seriously boosting the agri-food industry (Viviano, 2017). Through investment and innovation, the sector has been able to produce unprecedented yields, but the nature of production has now lost its original intentions. Food is produced not to feed the nation but rather to pay it. A review of Dutch production and its relevance in the regional diet is primordial. Localized flows would allow for a 'South Holland by South Holland' food production which strives to empower actors at all scales to provide essential products for its inhabitants.

Land-Sparing in agricultural systems enables a conversion of sprawling low-yield farming lands to smaller, more productive cultivation areas. This allows for land to be liberated, leaving greater areas to ecological restoration and prosperity (Phalan, Onial, Balmford, & Green, 2011). In this project, the conversion of vastly-inefficient and resource-intensive croplands and grasslands to highly productive greenhouse-scapes frees up areas in critical environmental shape to ensure healthy habitats and support large biodiversity.

Co-Production Co-Production is explored to include citizens as active participants in a food chain that has become unsustainable due to a disconnection between production and consumption and the accumulation of unexplored residual waste streams. Empowering populations and involving them in the production process allows for such regenerative production systems. The psychological connection of populations to their food stream and the potential influence they can have, would allow for more conscious consumption behaviors promoting healthy communities with healthy participants.

Henri Lefebvre theorized on the importance of social actors in the mode of production to formalize desired spaces (Lefebvre , 1991). Here, engaged communities, influenced by alternative food initiatives, can ensure a shift of production that would promote a more sustainable future. (de)Centralization De- and centralization are introduced to balance power concentrations and optimize food flows from seed to compost. The use of a larger centralized network allows for an effective decentralization of network points, adapted to each regional context (Bélanger, 2013). A centralized system allows for a regional standardization which unites the province and all the actors along the food chain. A decentralized system allows for context-specific adjustments which are flexible and subject to change over time highlighting a local and adaptable approach to regeneration.

Ecological Restoration Our strategy puts a strong emphasis on Ecological Restoration in order to strengthen the existing natural systems and enhance their habitat and species’ carrying capacity. Agriculture and landuse change has caused fragmentation in the regional ecology which has weakened the possible ecosystem services that the landscape can provide.

South Holland has a long history of humandriven landscape modification and most of the province has experienced a type of intervention.

From polder creation to river-edge sculpting, the land-water relationship has widely evolved over the years destroying key habitats and modifying hydraulic flows. Our strategy strives to modify the existing landscape conditions towards a lost quality immortalized by the 1600s landscape painters such as Jan van Goyen during the Dutch Golden Age. The series of paintings analyzed for this project portrayed free-flowing rivers torrents and large forested areas, marshlands that transitioned seemingly-organically to small scale productive fields. The restoration of a connected blue and green network would bring out the region’s maximum ecological potential and hint towards a symbiotic future (Orff, 2016).

Multi-Functional Finally, we strive for the implementation of MultiFunctional landscapes as a basis of environmental regeneration. In order to establish a regenerative system able to sustain various energy and food demands, preserves and enhanced ecosystems, functional associations have to be implemented.

Ecological functions and productive landscapes can no longer be completely disconnected and one cannot always replace another (O’Farrell & Anderson, 2010). By combining the two previous concepts, we are able to counteract the current mono-functionality of landscapes in South Holland, which for example produces life-less greenhousescapes in Westland or saturated mono-cultural crop-fields in the south.

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03 Degenerative DNA

28

[Re]Generative Region

Food X South Holland

Problem Statement Main Challenges Degenerative Drivers 29

Problem Statement

Problem Statement

Environmental - Degenerative production systems have diminished the current ecological system

Socio-Economic- Current consumptions behaviors are degenerative, leading to high residual waste yields and unsustainable food production

Although the Dutch agriculture system is very innovative and efficient in terms of production, it does come at a cost. Greenhouses use a lot of energy, currently mostly in the form of natural gas.

The system is highly resource intensive: livestock is in need for a lot of water and (mostly imported) food. Moreover, it is polluting. A lot of CO2 is being produced along all different steps within the food chain: in the production as well as in the distribution due to the centralised and globalised system (Metabolic & Drift, 2018). Pesticides are being used to make agriculture more effective, but at the same time they are polluting soil and (ground)water. Livestock production is creating the greenhouse gas methane and ammonia, which is killing biodiversity (Ceulemans et al., 2014). But biodiversity is not only being harmed by livestock.

The agriculture system is a very profitable industry, but therefore also monocultural. This diminishes green networks and ecosystems (Sanders, Henkens, & Slijkerman, 2019). Also, this profit-driven, monocultural system causes the situation where the Netherlands, as a highly productive country, needs to import half of the food it consumes causing a lot of emissions. Among these imports are products that the Dutch are producing themselves. This is because the country is exporting two thirds of its own production.

(Dolman, Jukema & Ramaekers, 2019; Metabolic & Drift, 2018). All in all, the current production systems of food are degenerative and have diminished the ecological system.

Due to the trends of power concentration and monopolisation within the Dutch food chain, having 5 purchasing companies and two supermarkets controlling half of the market share, a socially unsustainable system is created for Dutch citizens. The market has little diversity: prices of consumables are controlled by a small number of big actors, creating an unfair competition making it hard for small businesses to survive (RIVM, 2016). It makes the food system highly marketing biased, meaning that through marketing strategies and price reductions, the two supermarkets have a big voice in deciding the food trends and consumption behaviour. Supermarkets promote an unsustainable and globalised diet, making products as meat and imported foods attractive (RIVM, 2016).

30

Furthermore, due to this globalised diet and the centralisation of the food industry, there is a large physical and psychological proximity between producer and consumer, creating a lack of awareness among consumers about where and how food is produced. A lack of awareness on the high amounts of residual household waste consumers produce is having the same cause: waste processes are centralised and invisible from consumers creating a distant relation between them and their waste and most of the waste is currently incinerated instead of upcycled. To conclude, the current consumption behaviours are degenerative, leading to high residual waste yields and unsustainable food production.

[Re]Generative Region

Degenerative DNA

The current agrifood system is degenerating environmental ecosystems and socio economic systems in the region of South Holland Environmental

Degenerative production systems have diminished the current ecological system

Socio-Economic

Current consumption behaviors are degenerative, leading to high residual waste yields and unsustainable food production

31

Main Challenges

Degenerative Ecological System

It is visible that the main CO2 emissions come from the greenhouse areas (high production) in the west of the province and that the east of the region is experiencing heavy soil subsidence due to intensive cattle farming and ecological modifications (i.e. the creation of grasslands). Cattle farming is also causing extreme No2 emissions, is using a huge amount of water and is in need of a lot of livestock.

32

[Re]Generative Region

Degenerative DNA

33

Main Challenges

Degenerative Ecological System The ecological system flow shows that the production sector is resource-intensive and polluting the environment. Moreover, the monofunctional landscape and the fragmented ecological network lead to a degenerative ecosystem. The connection between food production and the cities is weak and there is urbanization pressure on productive landscapes and green land.

water

electricity natural gas

CO2 flooding problem

cogeneration

mono-function landscape

Port

Green House

Crop Land

intensive resource demand climate change risk decreasing biodiversity high emission/ pollution

34

[Re]Generative Region

Green Lan

nd

Degenerative DNA

livestock feed 1/2 imported lack of connection

NO2 urbanization pressure

subsidence City

Green Land

Grass Land

35

Main Challenges

Degenerative Consumption Behaviors

In this map, the consumption behavior, which most notably occurs in cities and towns around South Holland, is examined. Most of the food produced in the province is exported and most of the food eaten is imported.

Therefore, the industry is highly dependent on other countries but also on the port of Rottrdam and other mobility infrastructure.

36

[Re]Generative Region

Degenerative DNA

37

Main Challenges

Degenerative Consumption Behaviors The consumption behaviors are degenerative in South Holland. First of all, local consumption depends on imports a lot. Half of the food consumed in South Holland is imported. Secondly, 2 supermarkets- Jumbo and Albert Heijn- control 50% of the market share, which means that big companies can control the diet of most consumers.

Last but not least, residents produce a high yield of waste and centralized and invisible waste management makes them hardly realize this fact.

of 1/2 Import Total Food Consumption

6

Port

Green House

Crop Land

production flow distribution flow consumption flow waste flow

38

eRgionatv[]Gr

eDNAativgnr

2 Supermarkets holds 50% of market share

66kg/year food waste per person

waste management

supermarkets

distribution center Grass Land

39

Degnerative Drivers

Drivers for a Degenerative South Holland The current agrifood system is degenerating the environmental ecosystems and socio-economic systems in the region of South Holland.

Environmental Drivers

40

[Re]Generative Region

Degenerative DNA

Socio-Economic Drivers

41

04 Vision

42

[Re]Generative Region

Vision

Goals Potentials in South Holland Generators of Change Regenerative Region 43

Goals

Goals

In 2050, South Holland will foster spatial catalysts to localize food economies and optimize organic waste streams with diversified productive green networks to facilitate a more regenerative foodscape.

44

[Re]Generative Region

Vision

Localise flows

In 2050, South Holland will foster local food economies in which the city, peri-urban, and rural areas will operate as a productive network, each contributing in their own way toward socioeconomic cohesion.

Production to consumption transparency

The citizen of 2050 in South Holland will actively participate and contribute to a localized and revitalizing waste process, consume more local, and be aware of where their food comes from.

Revitalise ecosystems

The new ecological system in 2050 will facilitate a diverse range of spatial conditions that have restored and enhanced formerly-degenerated ecosystems to ultimately support this productive network.

45

Potentials in South Holland

Potentials in South Holland Greenhouses Grassland Cropland 13 tonnes/ha

31 tonnes/ha

172 tonnes/ha

110 000 Hectares of Possibilities

As part of the DNA of the agrofood industry in South Holland, the greenhouse-scapes are uniquely innovative and can offer a lot of future potential. Weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve calculated that it would take 2.7 times more greenhouses to achieve the same current yield* while liberating more than 110 000 hectares of land for regenerative processes.

What would be the spatial and environmental implications of this new hyper-productive network?

46

2.7x *Refer to 'References' chapter for more detailed calculation

[Re]Generative Region

Vision

Energy Demand Current Greenhouse Energy Demand

54 000 TJ Natural Gas

2.7x Greenhouses Energy Demand

162 000 TJ

Renewable Energy?

The greenhouses in South Holland currently need 54000 TJ of energy (Province Zuid Holland, 2019) per year. If the amount of greenhouses would be upscaled to make up for the removed agricultural land 162000 TJ (2.7 x 54000) is needed. Currently, this will demand for 6462 windmills of 3 MW (Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat, 2016).

However, modern windmills of 8 MW already exist, having the capacity of creating 2.67 times the amount of energy of a 3 MW windmill (Bosch & van Rijn, z.d.). Given the fact that windmills on average last 20 years, in 2050 all windmills will be replaced by more modern ones and 2393 windmills (of 8 MW) will be needed to make the greenhouses completely reliable on green energy (Ministerie van Economische Zaken en Klimaat, 2016;IRENA, 2018). As a windmill takes up 0.2 hectares of land, this will result in the need of 479 hectares.

For solar panels 1338 hectares of land (based on their productivity in South Holland) would be needed to compensate the greenhouses (PMVD, TU Delft, KNMI, z.d.). Both these numbers are big.

However, wind energy and especially solar energy are innovating rapidly - from 2017 to 2025, solar panels are expected to gain a quarter in terms of efficiency and all around the world there is an exponential growth in the implementation of new solar and wind powered energy infrastructure (Blakers, 2019). Bearing this in mind, and at the same time speculating on the energy transition that will accelerate towards 2050, the area needed to supply the greenhouses with green energy will probably be smaller.

New Energy Demand X Renewable Potential Wind Turbine Potential (Current 3MW)

=

6462

479

Wind Turbines

Hectares

=

1338

895

Hectares of Solar Panels

2500

1338 Hectares

47

Generators of Change

Generators of Change

Vision

Generators

Working in Panarchy

Productive Network Ecological Network Switch Point Community Hub

Vision to Action

To ensure a multiscalar vision, we developed 4 generators of change that operate at the macro, meso and micro scales to regenerate SH hollandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s foodscapes. The productive network, the switch point, the community hubs, and the ecological network. These generators act at various local and regional intersections and would act as catalysts to achieve our goals.

48

[Re]Generative Region

Vision

Four Generators

Productive Network The productive network works as both an intense line of production along the existing mobility corridor and aims to activate underutilized space of urban areas as local productive-scapes. Moreover, the productive network aims to allocate various renewable energy landscapes that can contribute to more sustainable production methods.

Ecological Network The ecological network consists of a system of restored ecosystems, enriched biodiversity and promotes the rival of a diverse landscape. The development of this network occurs in parallel to the intensification of the hyper-productive network.

While land is hyper-programed along the mobility network, monocultural and diminished landscapes are liberated to be reclaimed to promote thriving biodiversity and polycultural production.

Switch Point The switch point functions mainly as a transition point of distribution where food, energy, and waste go to and from the local to network scale. In some cases, the switch point can facilitate social functions to promote involvement of communities towards increasing awareness to food chain cycles.

Community Hub The community hub aims to activate transparencies between consumption, production and waste cycles through local markets and educational and social agrifood programs. This in cooperation with local communities.

49

C

Generators of Change

Generators of Change X Space

50

[Re]Generative Region

Vision

Four Generators This map shows the overall spatial performance of the four generators.

The productive network acts as a spine that distributes the region's major mobility and production flow. This hyper-productive network also connects the regenerative nodes (5km circles) to the main network to ensure accessibility to local cycles of production, consumption and waste.

These cycles are carried down to the micro scale with a network of community hubs within each node that aims to promote social cohesion through facilitating a platform for local economies.

While the intense production occurs along the network and nodes, land is liberated for ecologies to thrive again. This allows a reinforcement of the current fragmented ecological network and restoration of diminished areas due to soil subsidence and contamination.

This spatial layout of the generators reinforce the idea of panarchical system, in which the interaction between scales and conditions is crucial to the regenerative transformation of South Holland.

51

Regenerative Region

Regenerative Region

52

[Re]Generative Region

Vision

Regenerative System

Once the generators are in action, the regenerative processes begin to: Revitalize the region's most critical areas while restoring biodiversity, Activate intense and local production and, Promote consumer transparency to cycles of the food chain.

53

Regenerative Region

Regenerative Flows The regenerative processes would optimize various flows through proximity and add a layer of circularity making foodscapes more sustainable.

We speculate that in the future there will be more renewable energy used in greenhouses. The hyper productive network will work as both an intense line of production along the existing mobility corridor and aims to activate underutilized space of urban areas. The switch point and community hub will act as a connector to bridge the gap between local production and consumption.

Local waste recycle can be enhanced to become a resource for production and compost for soil restoration.

Port

Green House

imported products local economies consumption flow waste flow waste management energy input

54

Biodiversity Restoration

Hyper-productive Network

production process

Local production

consumption process

Diverse productions

social aspect

Local consumption

ecological aspect

Market spaces in supermarkets

Distribution Center

Creating social engagement Social awarness Enhancing biodiversity Renewable energy Compost regeneration

[Re]Generative Region

Vision

Localization Center

Urban Area

Productive Brownfield

Localization Center

New Urban Development

Hyper-productive Network

Peri-urban Area

Soil Remediation

Rural Area

55

Regenerative Region

Regenerative Food Chain The regenerative region transforms the existing linear food chain to a system of interdependencies between scales and processes. The generators aim to facilitate the new system from regional to the local level. This new system promotes diverse and sustainable modes of production, localizes economies, optimizes residual waste streams and restores a once diminished ecological network.

FEEDING THE REGION SUSTAINABLY The regional distribution network circulates locally produced food efficiently by combining a regional network and optimize last mile routes. It also strictly uses transport modes that operate on renewable energy.

RENEWABLE ENERGY Harnessing wind and solar energy from expanded energy infrastructure.

RESTORE BIODIVERSITY Reclaiming mono-cultural land to promote ecological diversity + remediate critical areas.

HYER-PRODUCTIVE NETWORK Intense production by more energy efficient greenhouses along existing mobility network. The greenhouses aim to produce many of the crops produced on the croplands today and diversify to localize production as much as possible.

56

[Re]Generative Region

Vision

LOCAL PRODUCTION Diverse production lands will be located on large and small city peripheries to connect consumers with local production methods.

LOCAL CONSUMPTION

OPTIMIZING HOUSEHOLD ORGANIC WASTE

Community hubs enable greater transparency between production, consumption and waste cycles.

Processing local organic waste to biobased fuels either to feed back into the local system or distribute regionally.

CITY SWITCH POINT The switch point is where the distribution modes transfers to a more local, spatial and energy efficiency mode of distribution such as light electric vehicles or cargo bikes

57

Regenerative Region

Possible Futures These visualizations hint at possible futures and the evolution of various regenerative landscapes in South Holland. We can see a post-industrial site being redeveloped into a local production and knowledge sharing hub, a mobility corridor that not only serves to support a mobility network but also a productive one and once inefficient foodscapes like crop fields that are restored into thriving ecosystems, which could support biodiversity and new recreational activities.

Before and After: Urban Regeneration

58

[Re]Generative Region

Vision

Before and After: Hyper-Productive Network

Before and After: Ecological Network

59

05 Exploration

60

[Re]Generative Region

Exploration

Approach Exploring Opportunities Principles Pilot Generator 61

Approach

Combined Approach Gather Knowledge on Regional Capacity

Regional Conditions

Four Generators

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Multi-Scalar

12x

!

Exploration areas X Critical areas

Combined Approach

To achieve our vision, we did an exploration of the regenerative potential of the region to help define strategic areas to apply our generators of change.

The method for the exploration is as illustrated here. We crossreferenced our 4 generators with the main 3 regional conditions (urban, peri-urban, and rural). From this, we found 12 main critical areas that informed us of the regenerative potential of both the generators and three conditions

62

[Re]Generative Region

Exploration

Formulate Spatial Principles and Stakeholder Considerations

+ +

+

++ + Spatial principles

Exploring spatial possibilities

From this gathered knowledge, we were able to draft 10 strategic principles to be applied in the various conditions for each generator, as well as a general stakeholder landscape informing us on actions to be taken for different actors: who to involve, who has to adjust and who has to organize.

Engagement and Stakeholder strategies

63

Approach

Study Area Matrix

Regional Conditions

Four Generators

A1

B1

C1

D1

A2

B2

C2

D2

A3

B3

C3

D3 Little locol economic activity

D1

Multi-scalar

Underutilized urban green space

A1

Legend

A2

Carbon Emission Concentration Nitrogen Concentration

High yield of waste and CO2 emiss

Soil Subsidence High Production

Distant from inhabitants and economic activ

Medium-Low Production Low Production

Water de

Natural Network Local Market Supermarket

Fragile ecosystem

Urban Area Main Urban Radius (10km) Analysis Area Socio-ecological Challenges

D3 Rely on auto-centric accessibility

B3 C3

Environmental Challenges Monocultural unefficient crop land

64

[Re]Generative Region

Exploration

Understanding the Region

This case analysis aims to understand the spatial and systemic implications of the four key generators in relation to the critical areas and conditions of the region.

These are the 12 areas we explored and analyzed.

We strived for a holistic view of the region, looking at areas in the eastern grasslands, southern delta area, and the western coastal area.

C2

High yield of waste

This analysis aims to formulate insights and gather knowledge of the sensitive areas in the region and how the four generators are playing different roles among the context specificities.

The locations of the analysis are driven by the critical areas that were identified. Areas are chosen based on combining socio-economic and environmental challenges.

Little locol economic activity

12x

B2

sion

!

Soil subsidence and high NO2 emission

C1

vity

B1

Monocultural unefficient grass land

Critical Study Areas

ependent city

+ +

+

++ +

Gather Knowledge on Regional Capacity 65

Exploring Opportunities

Productive Network

Planetenpark-Rijswijk

Den Hoorn

Zuid-Hollandse Eilanden

66

[Re]Generative Region

Exploration Strategy

Planetenpark-Rijswijk Site Characteristics supermarket

147285m2 • • • •

Close to the residential area (high accessibility) Limited market options (only one supermarket nearby) Unused space (park with grass) Strong connection with the mobility network

primary school

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Production + Consumption Urban Farming The urban underutilized area can be transformed into urban farmland, which will promote local production and consumption. Located nearby the residential area and a primary school, this park has great potential to promote local participation, which can arouse social awareness, as well as provide knowledge and education to the local communities. Also the local market can be a supplement to the supermarket.

supermarket

residential area

local products consumption participation

local market urban farming

primary school

mobility network 67

Exploring Opportunities

Den Hoorn Site Characteristics 8041 (2015) 3,357,456m2 • • •

Urban pressure/ expansion Connector between rural and urban area Left-over space between Westland and urban area

mobility network productive section

mobility network productive section

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Production + Distribution The productive network works as both an intense line of production along the existing mobility corridor and aims to activate underutilized peripheries of urban areas. It’s a carrier of the distribution activities, connecting the productive area to the urban consumers.

linear greenhouse

switch point productive area

68

urban

mobility network

[Re]Generative Region

Exploration

Zuid-Hollandse Eilanden Site Characteristics 951.19 km2 • • • • •

Most of the land are inefficient monocultural croplands Lack of connection (weak mobility & accessibility) Agriculture crisis ( high emissions & soil subsidence) Space & possibilities for new development Open space & open area

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Production + Consumption The rural area has great potential for new urban development and renewable energy generation. The Regen Village will act as a model that combines food production and new development, which will promote local participation and enhance social awareness. Also an energy transition will take place in the rural area.

Renewable Energy Generation renewable energy (wind farm)

housing

local product

input

output Regenerative Landscape

extra resources

Regen Village

waste for compost

local participation

food productioni green house +bioorganic garden

nfrastructure waste management +energy generation

69

Exploring Opportunities

Ecological Network

Urban Delta

Polder

Rural Delta

70

[Re]Generative Region

Exploration

Urban Delta Characteristics (macro, meso, micro)

Rhine-Maas-Scheldt River Delta 25,347 km2

Haringvliet 110 km2

Middelharnis 6,800 (2012)

• •

•

• • •

Largest River Delta in Europe Collects Water from Belgium, Germany and France

•

Natural Edges (Room for the River Project) “Hard” Edges with Crop Fields

Dike Protection Monocultural Inefficient Crops Loss of Ecological Potential

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Food Plain Protection, Climate Change, Habitat, Biodiversity

Water Discharge

Natura 2000 Core Goals

72,5 % of the Rhine at 15 000 m3/s (2100 projections: 22,000 m3/s) 98% of the Maas

Foraging area and possibility of frost relief for species such as River Marshes, Bogs, and Alluvial tufted duck Forests Quality improvement freshwater tidal area for moist alluvial forests

Discharge Climate Change

Discharge Water Retention

Flood Plain

Potential Soft/Natural Edge Restoration

Water Storage

Land Ecology

Water Recreation

71

Exploring Opportunities

Polder Landscape Characteristics (macro, meso, micro)

Groene Hart • •

Culturally Valuable Polder Landscape Agriculture, Nature and Recreation

Gouda Polder 72,338 (2013) • •

Urban and Natural Ecosystems Main grey/blue mobility corridors

South Gouda Polder • • •

Polder Landscape Cattle Farming/Grazing Soil Subsidence

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Soil Subsidence, Urbanization Pressures Habitat, Biodiversity

Corridor Guided Development

Dutch Meadow Bird

River Marshes, Bogs and Alluvial Forests

Black-tailed godwit, northern lapwing, eurasian oyster catcher

Urban Expansion

Urban Expansion

Soil Subsidence

CO2 Emissions

Peat Oxidation

72

[Re]Generative Region

Exploration

Rural Delta Characteristics (macro, meso, micro)

Rotterdam Muncipality 651,446 (2020)

Rotterdam 651,446 (2020)

• •

•

Largest Port in Europe Program Guided River Modifications

•

M4H • Local initiatives

Water-Land Hard Edge Interaction Dimished Green/Blue Network Connections

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Urban Ground Water, Waste Water, Habitat, Biodiversity

Grass Land

Industrial

Urban

Transition

Programmatic Adjacencies and Spaces in Transition

Runoff Water Ground Water Replenishment

Mass Drainage

Hard Edges and Water Treatment Plants Waste Water

New Uses Treatment Plant

Local Farming Initiatives and Vacant lots Restored Ecosystems Resource Mgmt Innovation Test Sites Community Centers Productive Spaces Instructive Spac

es

73

Exploring Opportunities

Switch Point

Rotterdam Nord

Alphen aan de Rijn

Middelharnis

74

[Re]Generative Region

Exploration

Rotterdam Nord Site Characteristics 623 652 (2015) 325 79 km2 • • • • •

Distant from inhabitants and economic activity Accessible by motorway and productive network Near urban transitional areas (M4H + postindustrial spaces) Near underutilized green spaces Surplus in residual space created by mobility infrastructure

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Distribution and Energy/Waste Transition industrial areas and infrastructural droos scapes to support switch point functions Converting residual organic waste to renewable energy sources

Switch Point

Allocate logistical and waste management infrastructure on extents of city Optimizing last mile to supermarkets and local economies

Space and Systems

Inhabitants

Switch Point

Pick up Point

Storefronts

1

2

Post-industrial Drooscapes

75

Exploring Opportunities

Alphen aan den Rijn Site Characteristics 109 449 (2017) 135 5 km2 •

Lack diversity of functions (mostly residential and commercial) Supermarket (33) > Local market (1) - little local economic activity Accessible to larger network + other transport modes (motorway, pt) 7,200 tonnes of waste/yr (66kg/p) Nearby underutilized productive areas Large industrial and commercial clusters

• • • • •

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Distribution and Energy/Waste Transition industrial areas to support switch point functions Facilitate new knowledge institutions and build awareness Platform for local economies and cycles to interact

Switch Point

Neighborhood organic food waste collection can be generated into bio-based energy sources Optimizing last mile to supermarkets and local economies

Space and Systems A

Productive network

Truck Energy back to ‘grid’

76

B

City Switch Local distribution

LEV Bio-based fuels Organic waste

Local production

Local Switch Local consumption Social engagement

Farmers

Inhabitants

Compost

Organic waste

2

1

[Re]Generative Region

Exploration

Middelharnis Site Characteristics 6 800 (2012) • • • • • •

Low density + sparse urban fabric 2-5 km to next towns Auto-centric + most accessible by car and bus Industrial/commercial areas are either accessible by road or water Diverse range of supermarkets (Lidl, Jumbo, Action, AH, PLUS) Concentrated economic activity

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Distribution and Energy/Waste Local market hall (vendors from area) Cafe/ Restaurant

Switch Point Switch of distributive mode (Truck to LEV)

Knowledge economy (workshops + education programs) Service new urban population with basic functions

Platform to connect farmers and inhabitants Space and Systems

Local production

Farmer

Big trucks

Expertise

Local consumption

Consumer

LEV

Knowledge

Due to sparse density, the switch point can provide service to a broader network in the rural conditions of the region. This can be strategically positioned on the productive network.

77

Exploring Opportunities

Community Hub

The Hague Market

Loolaan Park

Albert Heijn Rooftop

Stellendam

78

[Re]Generative Region

Exploration

The Hague market, Hobbemaplein and Transvaal community square Site Characteristics • • • • •

Biggest market of the Netherlands: 528 stalls, 42.000 visitors per week (2018) Municipality of The Hague plans to cover up market alleys Low income neighborhoods Transvaal and Schilderswijk 90 percent of inhabitants has non-Dutch background Diverse range of supermarkets (Albert Heijn, Lidl and local supermarkets)

Transvaal community square

Hobbermaplein

Church Mosque Community Centre Food bank Waste Distribution centre Supermarket

The Hague Market

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Creating Awarenss and Social cohesion

Foodproduction (greenhouse and community garden) next to existing sport facilities will increase awareness Community center: teaching/volunteering capacity and cafe Bio-waste energy plant: local use and demonstration purpose

s

Food production Greenhouses as marketstalls: production display and market stall in one Before and After: Local Communities

Local communities work together with the community hub: deciding on croptypes, helping out in the social workplace, enhancing awareness on food production.

79

Exploring Opportunities

Loolaan Park, The Hague Site Characteristics • • • • •

• • •

Big open space on the border of middle class neighbourhood Bezuidenhout (The Hague) and the municipality of Voorburg Next to train tracks Close to train station Den Haag laan v NOI Next to two amature gardening societies Close to “stadsboerderij De Reigershof”, a petting farm with shop, environmental education centre, school gardens, after-school care and scouting Francois Vatel high school, with cook/bake education program, closeby Diversity of supermarkets (Albert Heijn, Jumbo, Hoogvliet, Spar and smaller local supermarkets) No local markets close

School Church Foodbank Community Centre Community garden society/petting farm Supermarket

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Creating Awarenss and Social cohesion Bezuidenhout

ciety Collaboration potentallities

ing so

n Garde

in

n de

r Ga

oo F y

it

un

m

m Co

b

u dH

ty

cie

o gs

Petting farm

Supermarkets

Foodproduction in greenhouses Market within greenhouses Bio-waste collection and burning plant Restaurant/cafe promoting local grown food

Voorburg

80

[Re]Generative Region

Exploration

Elandstraat, Rooftop Albert Heijn XL, The Hague Site Characteristics • • • • • • •

Albert Heijn XL - extra large supermarket with parking lot and open space on rooftop in direct sunlight exposure Zeeheldenkwartier: upcoming middle to upper class (gentrifying) neighbourhood Close to city centre (Centrum) and Regentessekwartier Big reach: services furhter laying areas due to good car accessibillity Petting farm nextdoor Dosens of Albert Heijn’s in the area, also a Coop and local supermarkets Zeeheldenmarkt - local market each thursday at the Prins Hendrikplein: ecological grown food stalls

School Church Foodbank/social work Community Centre Petting farm Supermarket

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Creating Awarenss and Social cohesion Further area’s

Zeeheldenkwartier

op

m ar

Co

F ng

lde

he

e Ze

tti Pe

et

rk

a nm

1. Community hub on the roof/parkinglot of Albert Heijn XL including: 2. Food-production in greenhouses 3. Bio-waste burning plant with demonstration and local-use purposes 4. Restaurant/cafe promoting local food 5. Collaboration with neighborhood market possible 6. Cooperation with and involvement of local schools and the neighboring petting farm possible for teaching opportunities 7. Cooperation with other supermarkets is important to increase impact

Community Food Hub

Regentessekwartier

Parkinglot Rooftop Albert Heijn XL

81

Exploring Opportunities

Stellendam (Goeree-Overvlakkee) Site Characteristics • • • •

• • •

Small village: 3490 inhabitants (2019) Connected on Rijksweg N57 Bible-belt: strong (conservative) Christian communities Deltaport - home to 50 fishing ships, most of the catchment is brought in at Ijmuiden and Scheveningen, but also partly ends up at the auction in Stellendam Fish auction Flower bulb production Potatoe, onion, sugarbeet and wheat production School/MBO Church Farm shop Community Centre Supermarket (Plus)

Spatial/Systemic Potential Key Functions

Promote local consumption and wasting The community hub and switch point can be merged in small towns.

1. Collaborate with supermarket Plus to make them promote locally produced food 2. Create a community center with the ability to host schools or (church) communities for education/volunteering possibillities 3. Involve local farmers for sustainable forms of outside agriculture/community gardening 4. Cooperate with Landwinkel Keizer (farm shop): they already promote their own local grown food

Stellendam

Local farmers

Supermarket Local food

Switch point + community hub

The center should include:

• Local food production • Waste facilities with a demonstrating bio-waste plant for local use • Cafe/restaurant promoting local food • Social workspace

Schools

Community Hub Foodproduction

Community centre Church communities

82

[Re]Generative Region

Exploration

End of Exploration

83

Principles

Knowledge to action Spatial Principles The main goal from the body of knowledge gathered from the exploration was to ensure our spatial principles were evidence based. This combined approach deepens the contextual understanding of each principle that can address a diverse array of conditions and challenges of the region.

The following spatial principles are categorized on the same axis of our exploration studies. In this way each princple encourages a diverse role of each generator across the three regional conditions. Although it may they are individual principles, their inter-depency is crucial towards a fully regenerative transformation of the region.

Three Regional Conditions

Four Spatial Generators

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[Re]Generative Region

Exploration

Landscape of Actors From the exploration of all the three different regional conditions around the potential interventions of the four generators, this cloud of actors is defined. The actors are categorised in three themes: public sector, private sector, and civil society. Furthermore, it has been defined what role each of the actors has (they can have multiple roles) in the transition towards a regenerative food system. Certain actors will need to step up and have an organising role- they are the catalysts to start the transition. These actors mostly have a lot of power or expertise and are thus key players.

The second group of stakeholders are the ones that need to adjust their current ways of working due to the proposed transition. Within this group are, for instance, the farmers that will have to innovate their businesses, or waste collection companies that need to reschedule their collection and processing systems. The last group exists of stakeholders that need to be involved for the transition to happen. These can be stakeholders with a passive attitude towards the transition or with little power and interest in the current system.

However, they are very important to be included.

Local communities and agricultural unions are good examples.

85

06

Development Strategy

86

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

Regenerative Growth Strategy Activator Projects Growth Plan 87

Regenerative Growth Strategy

Regenerative Growth Strategy

The growth strategy towards 2050 can be seen through this diagram. The strategy begins with the activation of three key activator typologies which then catalyzes projects along parallel tracks of socio-economic and ecological regeneration. The socio-economic track begins with activating and expanding regenerative nodes while restoration of critical ecological areas. Which then triggers synergies between the tracks as they work towards the complimentary processes of intensifying and expanding. By 2050 the regeneration of the region will be established both socio-economically and environmentally.

02 Scale Up Catalyze strategic areas to begin regenerative transformation along parallel tracks

Activating socio-economic regenerative nodes

Key projects developed

01 Activator Projects Define three regenerative typologies Restoration of most critical environmental areas

2020

88

2030

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

03 Network infrastructure Develop network infrastructure around and between nodes

04 Intensification of mobility corridor to create hyper productive and switch point network

Expand + Connect Develop the remaining nodes and networks to establish a regenerative network in South Holland

Reclaim and revive monofunctional agricultural land to strengthen ecological network

05 Regenerative Region of South Holland A region that fosters local economies and revitalizes ecosystems.

2040

2050

89

Regenerative Growth Strategy

Defining Key Activator Typologies Selection of Strategic Location The selection of activator projects are based on three key typologies which is formulated from the three regional conditions that were explored in the exploration phase. Each typology embodies the challenges and sensitivities that are shared amongst it category. These can range from the various socio-economic and environmental issues stated from the analysis.

The aim of developing these typologies as activators is due to the fact that the entire region is degenerating in various ways and requires diverse regenerative strategy that is context specific. And, that these key projects will activate the regenerative process in those key urban, periurban and rural areas to almost plant the seed for future development.

D1

L

U

A1

For example, based on analysis, we concluded that dense urban areas share the concern of low economic activity, surplus of underutilized space and high residual waste yields. It is also based on our exploration revealed that each regional condition shared opportunities.

A2

Legend Carbon Emission Concentration Nitrogen Concentration Soil Subsidence High Production Medium-Low Production Low Production Natural Network

D3

Local Market Supermarket Urban Area

B3 C3

Rural Activato Middelharnis

Rely on auto-centric a

Monocultural unefficie

Main Urban Radius (10km) Analysis Area Socio-ecological Challenges Environmental Challenges

90

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

Urban Activator Den Haag

C2

Little locol economic activity

Underutilized urban green space

Peri-Urban Activator Den Haag Little locol economic activity

B2

Soil subsidence and high NO2 emission High yield of waste

C1 B1

Four Generators

or

ent crop land

Regional Conditions

accessibility

A1

B1

C1

D1

A2

B2

C2

D2

A3

B3

C3

D3

Multi-scalar

91

Activator Projects

Urban Regeneration Den Haag

Site Characteristics

Pop: 544 766 (2019) Area: 98.12 km2 (CBS) As one of most dense municipalities in the region of South Holland, Den Haag faces many challenges related to little economic activity, high residual waste yields and a surplus of underutilized industrial areas. The city embodies many of the challenges of other urban areas such as Rotterdam and Delft. It is chosen due its strategic location on the mobility network and its proximity to diverse regional conditions such as other varying scaled cities, ecological zones and most importantly the Westland.

92

Industrial transition zone

Abandoned Urban Farming initiative

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

Ecological reserve

Spatial Opportunities This map highlights the key qualities explored in the ‘exploration’ chapter to see combined spatial potential of the generators to promote regenerative processes

Large urban parks Beach area

Underutilized green areas

Vacant rooftops + parking area

Largest open-air market in Den Haag

Transforming brownfield

Well-connected industrial peripheries

Transitional area Large urban parks

Transform residual and industrial clusters as ‘switch points’

Near by Wesland can be connected

Legend Parking Space Industry Supermarket

Well connected under-undertilized agriculture land

Market (food) Potential regen Potential eco-regen 93

Activator Projects

Urban Regenerative Network This is an example of urban regeneration in Den Haag where strategies such as using underutilized and transitional spaces to integrate food production and consumption is applied. Here projects mostly include new switch hubs which would connect urban centers to the regional productive network and local community hubs adapted to their specific context. These hubs host a variety of programs including small scale food production, educative and cross-cultural knowledge sharing, and regional consumption points.

94

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

Applied Spatial Principles

95

Activator Projects

Urban Regeneration The urban area in The Hague is located next to Westland, the most productive area in South Holland. But the spatial connection between these two areas is weak. Adding local market-the Westland market- will bridge the gap between these two areas and also the gap between production and consumption. Different types of community hubs will be built in the urban area, adapting to various surroundings. Two types of switch points will serve the different functions: one mainly for storage and distribution and the other for local participation. Underutilized urban areas and drooscapes will be transformed into the ecoproductive landscapes.

Local Market Bridge the gap between production and local consumption.

Supermarket Cooperation Making use of the underutilized area (rooftop and parking) to transfer the supermarket into a community hub for selling products.

Dense Urban Are

Productive Greenhouses

Local Market

SUPERMARKET

Eco-productive Urban Landscape

Local Market

Transform the underutilized urban green space into a multi-functional landscape that can be both productive and eco-regenerative.

Supermarket Cooperation

Bridge the gap between production and local consumption.

96

making use of the underutilized area (rooftop and parking) to transfer the supermarket into a community hub for selling products. eRgionatv[]Gr

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Sw den act for tion

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Legend Productive Network Switch Point

Intensive production Urban community Local economies

Ecological Network Community Hub

Waste management Compost regeneration

Consumption flow Waste flow

ea

Post-Industrial Area

Distribution Network

Last Mile Distribution

Post-industrial Drooscapes

Switch point inside the dense urban area will act as a pick-up point for last-mile distribution.

st Mile Distribution

witch point inside the nse urban area will t as a pick up point r last mile distribun.

Eco-productive Uraban Landscape

Transform the underutilized urban green space into multifunctional landscape that can be both productive and eco-regenerative.

Redevelop the drooscape as a switch point and provide it with new functions like restoring ecosystemDroopscapes and innovation test site.

Post-industrial

Redevelope the droopscape as switch point and provide it with new functions like restored ecosystem and innovation test site.

97

Activator Projects

A - Community Hub and Switch Point In an urban condition, many pre-established elements of the fabric need to be taken into consideration. This conditions also demands more creativity in terms of how we use space due to dense restrictions. Residual and underutilized areas such as parts of sidewalks, parking spaces, and roof tops need to be converted into multi-use productive zones where a variety of programs can find new symbiosis. Some neighborhoods in cities like Den Haag and Rotterdam are experiencing transitions from industrial to post-industrial residential areas bringing forth a new array of possibilities, soil remediation and building conversions are among those.

Main Objectives: Conversion of existing fabric into the new regenerative model, Establish a stronger connection between production and consumption Generators ID: Community Hub X Switch Point X Ecological Restoration

98

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

99

Activator Projects

A - Community Hub (Albert Heijn XL) Power, Interest + Support Matrix

Albert Heijn XL

Interest

Inhabitants organisation “De Groene Eland” Albert Heijn XL

Religious communities Zeehelden market

local supermarkets

Municipality of The Hague & municipal wastedept.

local supermarkets

Local community centres “De Kronkel”, “De Regenvalk” &“Copernicus”

Ministry of Education, Culture and Coop Science & Social Affairs and Employment

Coop

Change from current food system

Food production experts Schools

Project developers

Inhabitants organisation “De Groene Eland” Religious communities

Petting farm “Het Beestenspul”

Power

Local community centres

Energy companies Waste colletion/processing companies (HMS, AVR, Renewi)

Public Private Civil society

Logistics companies

-

+

Support

Accords

Albert Heijn Government

Coop Local supermarkets

Schools Zeehelden market

Municipality of The Hague

Community centres & Religious communities

100

1

The government needs to establish an accord with Albert Heijn.

Albert Heijn has to be subsided in order for their supermarkets to sell a large share of locally produced fruits and vegetables.

Also they need to allocate their roof and part of their parkingspace as area for the community hub.

4

The Zeehelden market needs to be attracted to participate with the community centre and the local food production. They can promote the local produced foods even further. The government of The Hague needs to involve them in the start up phase and subsidies by the government are needed.

2

Supermarkets in general need to be seduced to sell locally produced products as a big share of their commodity in order to support a regenerative consumption behaviour. Accords should be made with supermarket chains, smaller local supermarkets and the government about subsidies and/or lower taxations on these products.

5

3

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science has to make new policies for schools regarding learning objectives relating to (local) food production. Educating sight visits to community hubs should be promoted.

Community centres and religious communities from neighbouring areas need to be involved in the organising and decision-making processes around the community hub. Their voice, which represents a big part of the local communities, is important for the needs within the community centre - in terms of types of food prouction and social functions. Agreements should be made with the municipality of The Hague.

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Stakeholders make quite some changes. An accord is needed.

Local supermarkets, on the other hand, gain a little power and thus support. Furthermore, it is seen that local communities become key players in the new food system where before they were not really involved.

For the community hub and the switch point in The Hague, all stakeholders have a different relationship towards each other. Based on their interest, support and power regarding the proposed food system, they are mapped on these diagrams. For important stakeholders, the shift from the current food system towards the future projection is also shown.

The switch point mostly changes the way logistics companies have to organize and has an impact on farmers: their local sales market is improved.

For the community hub, important to note is that the powerful supermarkets chains have a substantial support switch because they need to

B - Switch Point Interest

Power, Interest + Support Matrix

Municipality of The Hague & municipal waste dept.

Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management

Farmers (small) Farmers (large)

Logistics companies

Change from current food system

Waste collection/processing companies Auction companies Project developers

Supermarket chains Local supermarkets

Energy companies

Power

Local markets

Organised citizens

Public Private Civil society

Nearby neighbourhood communities

Accords

+

Support

Waste collection/ processing companies Municipality of The Hague Farmers

Auction companies

1

New accords need to be made between the municipality of The Hague and the waste companies that are acting in the area of The Hague: Organic waste will be distributed to and from the switch point between consumers and farmers. Farmers should be included in these conversations to optimize the use of organic waste in thfood production

2

Agreements between farmers, auction companies and the municipality of The Hague should be made on how food is distributed from production areas through the switch point onwards to The Hague and its consumers.

101

Activator Projects

Regenerative Den Haag Residents of The Hague will live in a more productive city in 2050 and the local food will be more accessible. The Hague Market will be a hub for local economies, and the supermarket, like Albert Heijn, will also cooperate and provide local products. The underutilized area and drooscapes will be transformed into urban farmland, which will encourage people to participate in food production and arouse social awareness.

102

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

103

Activator Projects

Peri-Urban Regeneration Gouda

Site Characteristics

Pop: 72,338 (2017) Area: 18.11 km2 (CBS) Gouda is a medium scaled city. In relation to near by dense urban centers such as Rotterdam, the city could be considered a Peri-Urban area: an area with lower density surrounded by a surplus of open space such as grasslands or croplands.

The peri-urban conditions bring great opportunities for local production and ecological rival to strengthen consumers connection with their food, especially because they are within a 5 km radius of the urban, making them quite accessible.

Google Street View right outside Gouda

104

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

Spatial Opportunities

Well connected underundertilized agriculture land

This map highlights the key qualities explored in the ‘exploration’ chapter to see combined spatial potential of the generators to promote regenerative processes Potential supermarket transformation

Transform residual and industrial clusters as ‘switch points’

Surplus of parking space in city

Well-connected industrial peripheries

Well connected underundertilized agriculture land

Potential industrial transformation Industrial periphery between productive and city fabric

Well connected underundertilized agriculture land

Ecoystem under soil subsidence risk

Legend Parking Space Industry Supermarket Market (food) Potential regen Potential eco-regen 105

Activator Projects

Peri-Urban Regenerative Network This is the peri-urban activator located in Gouda.

The aim for the this regenerative network is to strengthen local economies of production, consumption and waste. The generators in this case, work together to activate the localization of economies and revitalize surrounding ecologies.

The distribution network in purple encircles the city and various interventions within city boundaries in the form of community hubs. Around the city, land is transitioned to productive farming and ecological restoration zones.

106

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

Applied Spatial Principles

107

Activator Projects

Peri-Urban Regeneration There are 2 types of switch points in the peri-urban area. One serves the distribution at the city scale mostly, and the other acts as the local food point, which is a supplement for the community hub and serves for social participation and local economies.

On the outskirts of the city, the multi-use path will connect different functions: such as local farming, eco-regeneration and recreational spots. Diverse cropland will replace the monocultural one. In these food points, local waste management flows will be enhanced and become the compost for soil restoration as well.

Local Food Point

Diverse Cropland

Hyper-productive network

Multi-use Path

Peri-urban Area

Diverse Cropland

City Switch

Avoid intensive greenhouses in the degenerated area and replace monocultural cropland by a polycultural productive landscape.

The city switch acts as a distribution center where the big trucks will switch to electric vans for distribution. Also, waste management takes place here to bring back energy to the grid.

Diverse Cropland

City Switch

Avoid intensive greenhouses

The city switch acts as a

108

[Re]Generative Region

Eco

Development Strategy

Legend Productive Network Switch Point

ological Restoration

Urban community Local economies Waste management

Ecological Network

Compost regeneration

Community Hub

Enhancing biodiversity

Consumption flow

Recreation activity

Distribution flow

Biomass energy

Waste flow

Zoom-in section

Energy flow

Multi-use path

Local Food Point

Multi-use Path

The local food point is a switch point on a smaller scale where the local economies can happen.

There will be more local participation in this food point, where social awareness can be aroused.

The multi-use path can be used for production, recreation and eco-regeneration at the same time. Local production can happen here and the polyculture landscape will regen the degraded soil.

Visitors can cycle and admire the rural view.

Local Food Point

Multi-use Path

The local food point is a

The multi-use path can be

109

Activator Projects

C - Ecological Restoration This project exemplifies the ecological restoration applied to underutilized and problematic grassland areas surrounding Gouda. A series of interventions from the 15th to the 19th century have considerably changed the ecological properties of these landscapes to ensure it's optimal economic (and agricultural) performance and we are today seeing some repercussions through soil subsidence for example. The restoration of these low-lying lands to marsh-like ecosystems could be coupled with a wave of new uses for these water body edges such as energy-productive landscapes, recreational centers... The polder strips that would be removed would allow for other land patches to be strengthened in combination with organic fertilizers (composts) and with replanted flora. Less intensive but more multi-functional uses would then take place in these regenerated ecosystems.

Main Objectives: Ecological restoration and regenerative systems

Polder Modification Strategy

Generators ID: Ecological Network X Productive Network

110

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

D - Local Food Point This project illustrats the use of a peri-urban site near Goudaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s old city center. The site has been converted into a multi-functional hub for food production and consumption, waste processing, and serves as a multi-generational community center. Principles of circular production are applied on site as illustrated by the zoom in-axos which showcases internal flows.

Main Objectives: Connect old towns with new programs to seek out new possible symbiosis Generators ID: Community Hub X Ecological Network

On-Site Circular Production

111

Activator Projects

Food Point + Ecological Restoration - Gouda

Food Point & Ecological Restoration - Gouda Farmers (large scale)

(Ministry(small of Agriculture, Staatsbosbeheer Farmers scale) Nature and Food Quality) & Province of South Holland

Land owners Agricultural unions

Ecosystem experts & Environmental contractors

Stakeholders

A large and diverse group of stakeholders is involved in the food point and ecological restoration project in Gouda. Their mutual relations are shown through their interest, support and power in the diagram as well as how their position might have changed from the current towards the projected food system. Communities gain substantially in their power, interest and support. Supermarket chains need to adapt and will have resistance at first. It is notable that parties looking after the interests of nature and ecosystems have become key actors. Lastly, the big negative shift of farmers and their unions is important to notice. Their ways of working are undergoing tremendous changes in the projected system and thus it is essential to discuss the implications with them and make accords.

M

Ministry of Eco

Local mark

Superm Local supermarkets Supermarket chains

Community centres & social organisations

Gouda neighbou

-

Support

Accords

Farmers (large scale) Land owners Agricultural unions Farmers (small scale)

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Local supermarkets Supermarket chains

Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Province of South Holland

Schools

Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy

Local markets

112

Interest

Power, Interest + Support Matrix

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Farmers (large scale) Land owners

Farmers (small scale) Community centres & social organisations

Municipality of Gouda & waste dept.

Agricultural unions

Community garden Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

onomic Affairs and Climate Policy

kets

Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment

Food Production experts

Staatsbosbeheer (Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality) & Province of South

Holland

Ecosystem experts & Environmental contractors Gouda neighbourhood unions Local markets

Logistics companies

Local supermarkets Schools Waste collection/processing companies Energy companies

Power

Project developmers

urhood unions

+ 1

An accord needs to be reached between farmers, land owners, agricultural unions and the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality and the Province of South Holland on farms and businesses in the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s that are allocated to ecological restoration. Farmers and land owners have to be subsides to adjust their business locally to a more small scale and regenerative form of farming, to be able to move and adjust their business to contribute to the highly productive network, or to be reschooled for another profession.

2

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science has to make new educational policies encouraging children to learn more about (local) food production. Educational visits to the local switch points and community hubs should be promoted and cooperations between their organisations and nearby schools should be realised

3

Supermarkets need to be attracted to have a big share of their commodity being locally produced foods in order to support a regenerative consumption behaviour.

Accords between supermarket chains, local supermarkets and markets and the Ministry of Economc Affairs and Climate Policy should be made in the form of subsidies and lower taxations on local products, rewarding them to do so.

Change from current food system

market chains

Public Private Civil society

113

Activator Projects

Regenerative Gouda The perspective of future Gouda shows how the multi-use path will work in residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; daily life.

Residents can participate in the local production on the diverse cropland and the ecosystem will be restored when the land is no longer monofunctional. Visitors can cycle on the path to admire the vivifying agri-foodscape.

114

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

115

Activator Projects

Rural Regeneration Middelharnis

Site Characteristics

Pop: 6,780 (2012) Area: 22.3 km2 (CBS) The municipality of Middelharnis and surrounding area represents a typical rural condition in the region of South Holland. In fact the entire region south of the river Maas can be characterized by low density clusters of towns and vast productive landscapes (mainly croplands). The vast open land brings great opportunity to experiment a variety of regenerative urban development and also production methods.

This is also a part of the region where renewable energy landscapes can be promoted.

116

Google drone aerial shot of wind farm along Haringvliet

Google aerial shot of nearby productive landscape

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

Spatial Opportunities This map highlights the key qualities explored in the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;explorationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; chapter to see combined spatial potential of the generators to promote regenerative processes

Possible expansion of wind farm

Shoreline at risk of erosion and sea level rise

Well connected underundertilized agriculture land for local production

Renewable energy extraction with wind farms Accessibile industrial cluster

Possible expansion of wind farm

Surplus of parking space in city

Near by small town

Potential new urban development area

Intersection of mobility and city fabric

Near by small town

Potential ecological restoration area

Legend Parking Space Industry Supermarket Market (food) Potential regen

Well connected underundertilized agriculture land

Potential eco-regen 117

Activator Projects

Rural Regenerative Network The rural activated area, Middleharnis in the Rhine-Mass River Delta. In such areas, switch points and community hubs would be combined offering direct connection with the productive network and community members. Other activities would also occur in these multi-use spaces.

The former crop fields would give room to new ecological possibilities as well as energy productive landscapes. Spaces would also be dedicated to the construction of new regenerative developments on the edges of such rural communities.

118

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

Applied Spatial Principles

119

Activator Projects

Rural Regeneration The Regen Village, as a combination of productive greenhouses and new urban development, will be the new model for rural development. Farmers can live and work here and the system can be self-sufficient and eco-friendly. Energy transition will also happen in the rural area, where has great potential for developing solar energy and wind farm. The vast inefficient monocultural cropland will be restored to regenerate the ecosystem.

Waste Management

Bio-organic Garden

Regen Village

Greenhouse

Solar Way

Switch Point & Community Hub

Existing Urban Area

Indu

Productive Network Regen village, as a combination of greenhouses and new urban developing area, can not only be productive, but also meet the housing Productive network demandRegen brought by urbanization.

Being part village, as a combination of of the productive network, it can promote local greenhouses and new urban develparticipation in both production and consumption. oping area, can not only be productive, but also meet the housing demand brought by urbanization.

Being part of the productive network, it can promote local participation in 120 both production and consumption.

Switch point & Community hub Due to sparse density and smaller clustering of towns, a combination approach consisting of both switch point and community hub. This multi-functional hub will be a place where switch of distribution, waste to energy conversion, local consumption and production, and social engagement can co-exist.

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

Switch point & Community hub Due to sparse density and smaller clustering of towns, a combination approach consisting of both switch point and community hub. This multi-functional hub will be a place where the switch of distribution, waste to energy conversion, local consumption and production, and social engagement can co-exist.

Legend Productive Network Switch Point

Intensive production Urban community Local economies

Ecological Network Community Hub

Compost regeneration

Consumption flow

Solar energy

Distribution flow

Wind energy

Waste flow

Biomass energy

Energy flow

ustrial Area

Waste management

Zoom-in section

Dyke Production Area

Ecological network Restoration of diminished ecosystems due to human activity by creating restoration of natural coastal habitat, which would be adaptable Ecologicaltonetwork climate change, create unique habitats for of diminished ecosysRestoration critical species and also create new recreational tems due to human activity by creatopportunities for locals and tourists. ing restoration of natural coastal habitat , which would be adaptable to the climate change, create unique habitats for critical species and also create new recreational opportunities for locals and tourists.

121

Activator Projects

E + F - Productive Network/Switch Hub This project illustrates the conversion of sprawling single-function crop lands into multi-functional and symbiotic production networks. We can see here an association of various programs: regional hyper productive network, local and perma-culture community production, renewable energy harvesting, recreational opportunities and ecologically restored landscapes with optimized functionality.

Main Objectives: Associate productions and programs, Restore degenerated ecosystem, Include multi-actor involvement Generators ID: Productive Network x Ecological Restoration X Switch/Communit Hub

122

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

123

Activator Projects

Stakeholders In these two diagrams, the stakeholders playing a role for the switch hub and hyper productive network around Middelharnis/Sommelsdijk are mapped out.

Their interest, support and power for the projected food system as well as important changes from the current system are shown. As seen before for the urban and peri-urban system, supermarket chains need to adapt and an accord is needed to keep them aboard. The same goes for farmers and their unions. As as is shifted from mono functional agriculture to a hyper productive

network, a lot of farmers cannot continue farming as they are used to. They will have to change their activities and thus strong clear agreements need to be made in order for the transition to be fair.

Furthermore, for the switch hub it is seen that, just as in the other regional conditions, communities in Middelharnis/Sommelsdijk are empowered in the projected food system.

Interest

E - Switch Hub Power, Interest + Support Matrix

Infrastructure and Water Management/ Rijkswaterstaat

Municipalitiy of Goeree Overflakkee & waste dept.

Religios communities Food Production experts

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science & Social Affairs and Employment

Auction companies Farmers (large scale)

Supermarket chains

Farmer shops Farmers (small scale) Local markets

Community gardens

Farmers (small scale)

Logistics companies Supermarket chains

Schools Waste collection/processing companies Energy companies Power

Change from current food system

Community centres, social organisations & organised communities

Public Private Civil society

Project developers

Community centres, social organisations & organised communities Religios communities

-

+

Support

Accords

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

Schools

Community centres Social organisations Organised communities

Municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee

Farmer shops

1

The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science has to make new educational policies encouraging children to learn more about (local) food production. Educational visits to the local switch points and community hubs should be promoted and cooperations between their organisations and nearby schools should be realised

2

Community Centres, social organisations and organised local communities need to be involved in the organisation of and decision-making about the switch point/community hub from an early stage. They will have a say in the types of local food production and the social activities that will happen in the centre. The municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee needs to organise this.

124

3

The Municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee needs to involve farmer shops that already sell local products in the implementation of the community centre/switch point. Either a collaboration could be organised or the centre could evolve around the existing farmer shops, giving them a boost.

eRgionatv[]Gr

Development Strategy

F - Hyper Productive Network

Power, Interest + Support Matrix

Farmers (large scale)

Interest

Farmers (small scale)

Farmers (small scale)

Land owners Agricultural unions

Farmers (large scale)

Agricultural unions

Staatsbosbeheer & Province of South Holland

Municipalitiy & waste dept.

Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment

Food production experts

Auction companies

Local markets

Ecosystem experts & environmental contractors

Logistics companies

Organised communities

Supermarket chains

Staatsbosbeh. & Province of S-H

Supermarket chains

Waste collection/processing companies Energy companies Project developers

Power

Change from current food system

Land owners

Ministry of ANF & IWM/ Rijkswaterstaat*

Public Private Civil society

Organised communities *Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Qualtiy & Infrastructure and Water Management/Rijkswaterstaat

-

+

Support

Accords Farmers (large scale) Land owners Agricultural unions Farmers (small scale)

Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Province of South Holland

Local supermarkets

Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy

Supermarket chains Local markets Farmers

Municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee & waste department

Waste collection/ processing companies

1

An accord needs to be reached between farmers, land owners, agricultural unions and the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality and the Province of South Holland on farms and businesses in the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s that are allocated to ecological restoration. Farmers and land owners have to be subsides to adjust their business locally to a more small scale and regenerative form of farming, to be able to move and adjust their business to contribute to the highly productive network, or to be reschooled for another profession.

2

Supermarkets need to be attracted to have a big share of their commodity being locally produced foods in order to support a regenerative consumption behaviour. Accords between supermarket chains, local supermarkets and markets and the Ministry of Economc Affairs and Climate Policy should be made in the form of subsidies and lower taxations on local products, rewarding them to do so.

3

The Municipality of Goeree-Overflakkee and its waste department, the executive waste companies involved and farmers need to join forces and make agreements on how waste streams are used most efficiently.

Especially organic waste coming from consumers needs to find its way back to the farmers in order to be recycled.

125

Activator Projects

Regenerative Middelharnis In 2050, most of the inefficient monocultural cropland in the rural area will be replaced by greenhouses, which are much more efficient and occupy less space. Therefore, many farmlands can be returned to nature for ecosystem regeneration.

The Regen Village will be a model for new urban development in the rural area, combining production and urbanization. Energy transition will also happen here. More renewable energy will be used in the agricultural sector in South Holland.

126

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

127

Growth Plan

Phasing Strategic Areas Conditions

Areas

Growth Strategy Generators

Activate 1

Urban

Peri-Urban

Rural

Den Haag

4x

Delft

4x

Schiedam

4x

Leiden

4x

Rotterdam

4x

Dordretcht

4x

Gouda

4x

Zoetermeer

4x

Alphen aan de Rijn

4x

Gorinchem

4x

Middelharnis Area

4x

Hellevoetsluis

4x

Klaaswaal

4x

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Network 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Begin intensfying n and landscape tran

Knowledge Transfer

Creating coalitions within regional groups

Activate regional typologies

Gathering Knowledge

20 128

2

Scale Up

25

30 [Re]Generative Region

35

Development Strategy

Thirty Year Plan

Expand

Connect

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

2050

The main goal of this strategy is to plan the regeneration of the region from the bottom up and promote collective action of municipalities to both activate their respective areas and coordinate the networks between.

The x axis represents the phases over thirty years and the y axis organizes the development along the urban, peri-urban and rural scales. The strategy is planned in a way that activates processes of each generator through local and network scaled projects, which you can see in the thickness of the lines and four notable colors defined on the legend.

The phasing is meant to define growth from three key activator projects, to their neighboring areas in which coalitions are formed to develop network infrastructure between the defined clusters over 10 years. This will aim to trigger and develop the expansion of the remaining nodes and networks to finally establish a regenerative South Holland.

networks nformation

Connect remaining regional network

Regenerative South Holland

New Urban Development Engagement Participatory Coalition Building Collaboration Generators Community Hub Switch Point Productive Network

Creating coalitions across all regional condtions

Ecological Network Development Local Network

40

45

50

Regenerative Urban Development

129

Growth Plan

Engagement Strategy Methods of Engagement The engagement strategy is comprised of three main processes that take place throughout the thirty years, participatory processes are planned to take place before any activation of an area. This aims to coordinate a productive dialogue between public, private and civil society. There are also two periods dedicated to coalition building between strategic areas in the same regional condition: this is meant to develop agreements and policies to get the crucial actors on the same page to develop the network effectively. These processes are then supported by moments of knowledge sharing and collaborative processes where lessons learned from past development can improve development in the future.

Each of the five phases of the growth strategy will comprise of engagement methods coupled with necessary accords/actions.

!

How to read the following Growth Phase

00

Engagement method used

Growth Phase The main goal of the phase in relation to engagement processes

Participatory Processes Ensuring active participation of all actors in order to build context specific goals and projects

List of possible actor + stakeholder group Here is a neccessary action or accord to initiate process

Collaboration + Knowledge Share Facilitating collaboration between public, private and civil society. Organizing dialogue from experts, practitioners and inhabitants

Coalition Building Connecting new and existing stakeholders to agree on common goals and interests on future development. This is to ensure collective action among different stakeholder groups.

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[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

01 Activate regenerative typologies Accord between the government, province of South Holland and local municipalities of first projects on the local realization of the activators Municipality & Local communities (social centres/unions/societies/organisations) Local businesses and initiatives Schools Need to be invited to talk about needs and interests.

They need to be involved in the first steps of project development so they can participate from the start to have a big role in the realization and plans.

Municipality Government Local market Local supermarkets Supermarket chains Involving ideas for bringing local produce closer to consumers. Discuss potentials and their concerns.

They have to be attracted to incorporate local food in their commodity. Accords on reward (low tax/ subsidy).

Government (ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality) Staatsbosbeheer Rijkswaterstaat Province of South Holland Municipalities Agricultural Unions Farmers (big and small) Land owners Open discussions need to be held with above parties to talk about reshaping current farming. Farmers need to transition to hyper productive network, local small scale regenerative forms of farming or be able to re-trained for another profession. Accords have to be made to subsidize farmers and landowners support them in doing this.

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science & Schools Schools need to be involved with the community hubs, which then can have educational purposes, having children learning about (local) food production thus creating awareness at a young age.

The ministry should discuss potentials with schools and needs to incorporate a new policy regarding this.

Government Staatsbosbeheer Rijkswaterstaat Province of South Holland Environmental contractors Food experts Ecosystem experts Local initiatives and businesses The ecological restoration plans need to be discussed with experts and local parties. They need to be included in the plans. Local parties especially need to have a say as it will help grow local acceptance.

Municipalities Local communities Local markets and supermarkets Local farmers Organizational boards responsible for the local pilot projects/activators (community hub, switch point) need to be established. These should exist of a mix of municipal actors, and local actors from the communities, (super)markets and farmers involved.

131

Growth Plan

Engagement Strategy

02

03 Scale up regenerative nodes

Pilot project have been established and are up and running. They have experienced positives and flaws and have optimized the activators. New local projects are started up and knowledge sharing/collaboration between the established activators and the new ones is needed.

Province of South Holland Municipalities of DH, Gouda, GoereeOverflakkee (Middelharnis) Organisational boards of community hubs and switch points Municipalities of new pilot projects Organisational boards of community hubs and switch points (New projects) Knowledge and insights of the establishments of the projects is shared. Potentials and improvements are discussed. Organisational boards of community hubs will act as the middleman in receiving this information and passing it through to its local actors and communities.

Network Infrastructure The production network and the ecological network have to be connected through the current activated municipalities on a regional scale. The switch points are being upscaled and operate within this bigger structure now.

(Coalitions) Province of South Holland Municipalities of current projects Staatsbosbeheer Rijkswaterstaat & Organisational boards of community hubs and switch points Agricultural unions Farmers Land owners Ecosystem experts Food Production experts Environmental contractors Actors work together in the coalitions.

Impacts and potentials are discussed.

Network can be established

Activate regen typologies in new municipalities repeat steps from Activate phase with the additional information on past experiences of first projects.

132

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

04

05 Expanding Regen Development

The productive and ecological network is established in the region. Regenerative development needs to be upscaled to the whole province of South Holland. A mix of above steps is needed: Collaboration/ Knowledge transfer amongst current and future activators, Participation on a local scale and Coalition building between different actors and activators.

Province of South Holland Municipalities (currently activated) Organisational boards of community hubs and switch points (current projects) & Municipalities of new projects Organisational boards of community hubs and switch points (New projects) steps from Phase 2 +1 to ! Repeat expand and activate remanding nodes

Strengthening links to establish network The last stage includes connecting the missing links to establish and activate the regeneration throughout the entire region.

This stage involves repeating Phase 3 + 4 for the entire region Coalitions (formed in C) & Province of South Holland Municipalities of current projects Staatsbosbeheer Rijkswaterstaat Organisational boards of community hubs and switch points (New projects) & Agricultural unions Farmers Land owners Ecosystem experts Food Production experts Environmental contractors Coalitions formed in C will share their experiences with the actors of the new activators. Coalitions will grow, incorporating the new activators. The production and ecological system is expanded through the whole province of South Holland.

Regenerative Region of South Holland

133

Growth Plan

Spatial Development

1 Actvate Regenerative Typologies

2 Catalyze and Scale Up

Activate regenerative typololgies

Catalyze and

Growth of Network

Growth of Network

!

!

!

rban Regen

Urban Regen

eri-Urban Regen

Peri-Urban Regen

ural Regen

Rural Regen

ctivating

Activating

ndecided

Undecided

cological Restoration

Ecological Restoration

4 Develop Network Infrastructure Between Clusters

!

!

5 Expand Network and Urban

Develop network infrastructure between clusters

Expand developme

Growth of Network

Growth of Network

! !

! !

!

!

! !

rban Regen

!

eri-Urban Regen

!

Urban Regen Peri-Urban Regen

!

ural Regen

ctivating

!

Rural Regen

!

ndecided

cological Restoration

134

!

Activating Undecided

Ecological Restoration

[Re]Generative Region

!

Development Strategy

The spatial transformation of the region pivots on six stages which correlate to the phased growth strategy. This spatial development combines the socio-economic and ecological regeneration of the region. So, the six phases will aim to initiate the regeneration South Holland.

3 Building coalition clusters

d scale up

Building coalitions clusters

Growth of Network

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

Urban Regen

!

Peri-Urban Regen

!

Rural Regen

!

Activating

!

!

Undecided

Ecological Restoration

n Development

6 Connect Links and Establish Networks

ent and network

Connect links to establish network

Growth of Network

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

Urban Regen

!

Peri-Urban Regen Rural Regen

!

Activating Undecided

!

! !

Ecological Restoration

135

Growth Plan

Regenerative Strategy rural strategic area urban strategic area

Legend

peri-urban strategic area

Green Houses Alternative Productive Areas Regenerative Landscape New Ecological Network Current Natural Network Urban Area Project Area Switch Point Community Hub Switch Point + Community Hub Den Haag

Windmill Local Consumption Regenerative Processes

Regenerative Network

Eco-regeneration

Delft

Production Flow Waste Flow Ecosystem Regeneration Socio-economic Regeneration Productive Network Distribution Section

Schiedam/ Rottermda

Productive Section Ecological Section Generators Productive Network Ecological Network Switch Point Community Hub Functions Local economies Local market Middelharnis

Urban community Intensive production Enhancing biodiversity Compost regeneration Recreation activity Renewable energy

136

Productive Community

[Re]Generative Region

Development Strategy

Leiden Alphen aan den Rijn

Zoetermeer

Gouda

Multi-functional Landscape

Rotterdam

Activate the Region

Dordtrecht

The performance of the four generators in relation to critical areas of the region will activate the regenerative processes across South Holland.

This map shows the three key activators as the starting point of this process and begins to suggest the socio-economic and ecological regeneration across the region. The combination of these processes among the multiple scales will foster localized economies and revitalize ecosystems to benefit both the communities and natural systems.

The citizen of 2050 will actively participate and contribute to a localized and revitalizing waste process, consume more local, and be aware of where their food comes from within a Regenerative South Holland 137

07 Discussion

138

[Re]Generative Region

Food X South Holland

Scientific Relevance Societal Relevance Reflection

139

Scientific + Societal Relevance

Scientific Relevance

Our strategy is embedded in the 21st Century paradigm of transitioning industrial economies towards more sustainable and resilient futures and is guided by the United Nations’s Sustainable Development Goals as well as the 2016 Paris Climate Agreements which pledges to keep “a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.” (UN Paris Agreements, 2016) We strongly included the lense of the global climate crisis in our thinking, leading us to formulate environmentally-conscious proposals which strive to integrate man-made socio-economic and cultural aspects into the larger environmental ecosystem and focused on environmental restoration and ecological enhancement.

Our main objectives for this project included transitioning the agri-food sector from a polluting and degenerative industry to a constructive one which regenerated lost or weakened qualities of the landscapes. The current climate crisis has strongly impacted the agricultural sector which is (or should be) embedded in natural cycles, such as shifting seasons and hydrological systems.

The proposed shift towards a greenhouse-centric production allows for a sense of independence of the food industry from natural cycles while still relying on processes such as rain water, energy derived from wind and solar, and organic fertilizers. Our vision strives to couple agroengineering innovation with environmentally conscious production. Moreover, last year, cattle farmers have been strongly scrutinized by the Dutch Government for the high Nitrogen emissions attributed to intensive animal husbandry and un-recycled manure. Farmers from around the region have demanded 3€ billion euros for the next five years to transition and expand their production to a more environmentally conscious agriculture. (Stokstad, 2019) Our project envisions a dietary shift in consumption which would catalyse a reduction in size of cattle farms and a dispersal of such practices around the region.

Additionally, reintroduction of manure into the food chain as a natural fertilizer is hinted on and would considerably reduce emissions and possible contamination of water sources. Coupled with various ecological restoration projects, cattle farming would also be able to exist in other areas of the regions and not simply the current grasslands.

140

Additionally, our project takes into account the current ambitions of the country to transition its economy but also to transition its energy system.

In fact, the Netherlands is behind many countries in Europe in terms of shifting their dominant energy source from fossil fuels towards renewable energies, forcing them today to make a huge leap forward to catch up to neighboring nations (van ‘t Hof, 2018).Today only about 7.8% of energy consumed in the country comes from a renewable source, 4.8% of that derives from biomass.(CBS, 2019) The greenhouse industry is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases which intrigued us to explore their relevance, and to optimize their resource demand, consumption, and output.

There is in fact much spatial potential to power greenhouses with wind and solar technologies that are existing today and that are anticipated to improve. And there are many waste-to-energy loops that are yet to be exploited.

Finally, our strategies investigated the current land-use patterns of the region and looked to enhance and expand ecological spaces in the region to counteract the extreme global and national loss of biodiversity, which scientists have referred to as the beginning of the 6th mass extinction. (Briggs, 2017) A main objective of this project was to unveil how much space could actually be given back to ecosystems and where restoration was possible. The Netherlands, having experienced so many landscape modifications, has lost touch with its natural geology. Part of this project involved the exploration of what revitalization and restoration meant for a country like this one. The ecosystems of the Netherlands are also under much pressure from urbanization trends. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kajsa Ollongren, suggested in Spring 2017 that 1 million homes were needed by 2030. (Jongeneel, 2018) Our project envisioned the implementation of new eco-responsible and productive developments on the edges of more rural communities and along main mobility corridors. These communities could lie as self-sufficient bubbles that responded and contributed to the local-context. Our project envisioned the end of sprawl, and the reign of multi-functionalism.

[Re]Generative Region

Discussion

Societal Relevance

The province of South Holland wants to create a transition in the province from a linear to a circular economy, where all outcome flows and waste streams are valued and recycled, creating a more robust and sustainable system. With our regional design strategy we help the province in trying to reach this goal, and we take it a step further by arguing for regeneration instead of circularity revitalizing communities and giving room for ecosystems.

We try to start this transition through the food sector since it impacts each and everyone of us - we all need to eat. In that way we can try to reach as many people as possible. By bringing food production into towns and cities, citizens are empowered and are able to make more conscious choices about their consumption behaviour. They will be more aware of the impacts of their diets and about where their food comes from. They are involved in making decisions about what their communities are most in need of due to their influence in the community hubs in cities and towns. Citizens will be closer involved in the wasting processes and children will grow up in an environment where food production is something that happens right in their neighborhood.

Furthermore, they will be educated about the food, having site visits and clinics in their local community hubs. The hubs facilitate volunteering programs and will act as a social workplace, so less privileged like isolated elderly, handicapped or people with an allowance are empowered by playing a central role in the communitiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; food supply. All in all, everyone gets a closer bond with the food they consume and thus gains knowledge with which citizens will be able to make wise and sustainable choices.

Outside of the urban areas land is spared, separating nature and hyper productive networks so ecosystems get all the room to thrive- creating a healthier environment. Not only is this good for plants and wildlife, citizens in the towns and cities of South Holland will profit from the cleaner air and the better accessibility to nature they have.

The above implementations touch upon multiple of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) defined by the United Nations to thrive for more peace and prosperity for people and planet by 2030 (United Nations, z.d.). Above all, our regional design tackles SDG 12: Ensure responsible consumption and production patterns, which is at

the core of our project. It was one of the two main challenges we defined in our problem statement.

This is done by reducing the proximity between consumption and production by promoting local food production within the community hubs, that, at the same time, empower local communities.

Through this, also SDG 11 is tackled: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. The community hubs, run by communities, are safe and inclusive places which promote a more sustainable way of living.

Furthermore, cities and communities will be more resilient now they are independent and have control over their own food.

The second main challenge of our problem statement was addressing diminished ecosystems, which we regenerated by giving agricultural land back to nature so an ecological network could be established: ecosystems will be restored making biodiversity thrive. With this, also Regenerative Regions takes on SDG 15: protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity.

Relevant SDGs

Figure 17: Relevant SDGs Inspired by UN Sustainable Development Goals, 2018

141

Reflection

Ethical Consideration Today, we believe we are in need of a radical restructuring of systems as business-as-usual practices and profit-driven companies can no longer exploit land and resources as they have in the last 50-70 years. Our project favored the socially constructive and environmentally restorative lenses while being conscious of the economic principles and demands needed in our current neo-liberal and capitalistic society.

A dominant part of our vision aims to build a platform that connects various under-represented groups such as local farmers, minority community groups, and small entrepreneurs, to gather knowledge on their demands towards contextspecific strategies under the umbrella of the regenerative vision for the region. We understand that our vision may disrupt and demand a significant change in many peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ways of living and working such as small-scale farmers and large-scale supermarkets, so it is crucial for us to develop engagement processes that allow collective efforts in transitioning towards a common sustainable goal. We also believe that an under-represented and vulnerable group is the ecological systems which have been voiceless and therefore exploited. The critical areas among the many environmental landscapes are of utmost importance towards a thriving ecological network.

To our knowledge, we try to be as inclusive and aware of the implications of our decisions throughout the project and ensure adequate constructive compensations.

through the revitalization of ecosystems and therefore the increase of biodiversity, empowering communities to make more conscious food choices boosting health and prosperity of the population, and the establishment of new types of spaces and platforms for community building which can promote new economies and ensure a stronger social cohesion.

Finally, we aspired to set our project within the boundaries of broader national and global ethical frameworks, giving our strategies more depth and purpose. At the inception of our project, we were influenced by the on-going National Energy Transition, by the demands of the Paris Climate Agreements of 2016, and, to a lesser extent, the Green Deal for Europe. Additionally, we set out goals for ourselves which aligned with specific UN Sustainable Development Goals, anchoring our thoughts and actions in relevant realities.

Although our intentions thrive for an all-rounded inclusive participatory process towards a sustainable future, we are aware of the potential risks and the added pressure put on farmers for example. As stated, our vision imposes a dramatic transformation in the agricultural landscape that will impact various actors both systemically and economically. The inclusive decision-making process will aim to find compensations for the losses through new subsidy policies in efforts to transition the most vulnerable towards the future of the region. Additionally, since our project proposes a shift in production locations and strategies, former farmers in rural lands - lands we envision as being restored into flourishing ecosystems - might be seen as unjust. Our goal was to work in correlation with such actors to underlined indirect benefits our strategies would bring forth over time. These benefits include responding to the current environmental crisis 142

[Re]Generative Region

Discussion

Project Reflection Reflection of Regenerative Approach In this quarter we came up with spatial planning and strategy to achieve a fully circular economy in South Holland in 2050. We are quite happy with our highly theoretical and research-based project and we think our project has the following benefits.

In our project we didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t simply strive to satisfy the goal of â&#x20AC;&#x153;achieving a circular economy in South Hollandâ&#x20AC;?, but tried to use the circular economy as a stepping stone to achieve the regeneration of the region by 2050. In that sense we hypothesized on going beyond circularity. Although a loop-system is essential to transition any economies into more sustainable ones, it did not seem sufficient for the food and organic sector of South Holland. We considered not only the future benefit brought by the circular economy, but also by the restoration and revitalization of the current environment which seemed as much of a priority to us.

Our project plays with different scales. We wanted to use the potential of this wide lens to zoom in and out when seen as pertinent, therefore, starting our research on a national scale, and exploring the potential on the city scale. In the end we proposed intervention at a local and neighborhood scale, which, all assembled, activated the whole region.

Going back and forth through these scales helped us to develop the project further and ensured that decisions we were making at a large scale could be translated effectively at a smaller one.

Moreover, we used greenhouses to replace the cropland but did not mention the transition for the greenhouses. The intensive resource demand and high pollution problems still exist and maybe degenerate again in the future. We speculated that in the future more renewable energy will be put into use, but we have only done rough estimates for the number of facilities, for example the solar panels and the windmills, that need to be built. That is to say, we do not yet have a strong argument for this assumption.

Last but not least, we neglected the transition for animal food productions. We were so focusing on the greenhouses that we did not take the stock farming into account. In our project, we mentioned the nitrogen emission crisis that mainly caused by the cattle and also the restoration of the grassland, but we somehow ignore the animals and the transition for the industry.

During the design process, we realized that regional design can not be done by urbanist independently, as there are so many stakeholders that need to be coordinated by professionals from different fields. Our project is not a blueprint for the future, but a framework for possibilities and potential, and we tried our best to make it clear and complete as much as possible.

We maintain the regional characteristic in our project. The Netherlands is a world leader in the agri-food sector. South Holland, the most populous province of the county, attributes 48% of its land to food production. We ensured to maintain the function and the characteristic of the region as a productive one but transitioned its intentions towards a more regenerative way, which can be more eco-friendly while producing the same amount of output.

However, there are still some potential gaps we could not fill in our project.

Because of the special situation, we are in right now, we were not able to do more site visits and interviews, which means that it is impossible for us to know about the real demand for the consumers.

Some conclusions were made not based on the fact, but on the assumptions.

143

Reflection

Individual Reflections Hadrien Cassan During the entirety of our project, we performed a constant back and forth between research and design which allowed us to formulate implementable evidence-based proposals. I believe we began the process with preconceived assumptions about the region and the agro-food sector in general which, from the start, might have influenced the direction of our project towards one that would somehow challenge the existing established framework. National and regional policy documents and analysis of current trends in the agro-food industry allowed us to get a more panoramic view of the subject in question. We did our best to read these documents with impartiality in order to allow our premeditated hypothesis to be proven wrong, some of them were, others were confirmed. I think it was important for us to always question the affirmations we were making and not be jumping too fast or too far. A quantitative exploration through data collection and analysis allowed us to formulate conclusions that lead to a strong and coherent problem statement - the first conclusive stage of our research. Through the analysis of precedents, we were able to see how various research questions were being answered with design proposals, hinting already early-on at the translation we would have to do from one to another. With a defined research question, our formalized vision was based on the conclusions made from our analysis as well as from an interesting speculation around the inherently dutch greenhouse typology and its implementation at a regional scale. This proposition might have been counter-intuitive given our research conclusions deemed that typology as extremely degenerative, but it seemed like an intriguing added design challenge that we could tackle. In our researchdesign relationship, this aspect might have been the less comprehensible one but allowed us to respond to many other challenges found through our analysis such as environmental declines and socio-economic exclusions.

through the scope of our project, formulated our hypothesis through the form of the research question, and proposed regional and local design and temporal strategies in our vision, we produced a second wave of analytical and research-based exploration (the exploration in the report). This second in-depth analysis and research phase allowed us to zoom-in and fully grasp the variety of spatial qualities and potential there was at a local level and to formulate much more appropriate spatial principles for the region that drove our strategic interventions. This part of the process, which might seem redundant and does not translate to a truly linear methodology process (see methodology diagram) was in part due to the shift of working environments provoked by the unexpected pandemic outbreak. But this step proved to be essential and allowed us to further precise our design interventions and ground them in local realities.

In the end, our proposed strategic projects lived at the local scale where the physical design was possible and reflected at the regional scale where the research was able to be highlighted. Our research-informed design process was a very instructive one and reinforced our multi-scalar perception and ability to translate challenges into opportunities.

Our vision proposed a holistic idea of how the agro-food sector could be re-imagined to empower communities and ecosystems. These two pillars which guided us through our entire project were found to be the least respected ones in the agrofood sector. In our proposed conceptual future, we were already drawing out possible design implementations that can be seen through the first visualizations (collages) in our report.

Now that we had understood the gist of the region 144

[Re]Generative Region

Discussion

Diederik van Hasselt Within our project, we question the food system at place in South Holland. The system is highly monopolised: a small group of big actors take (or influence) the decisions. The two biggest supermarket chains in the Netherlands own half of the market share and farmers, although being under constant pressure, seem to have come a long way of getting out of government decisions by uniting themselves and addressing the public debate. Even though decisions are most definitely taken by the governments, they are at least very much influenced by empowered parties.

In the planning and design proposal of Regenerative Regions this is something that we were quite intrigued about. We try very much to redistribute these power structures and empower local communities as to gain awareness and knowledge on their consumption behaviours.

We believe that if citizens are included and empowered, they will feel more engaged to reflect and take actions about their behaviour. In our project we were trying to be as inclusive as possible while also safeguard that the, as we think, needed changes were made. We were aware that by doing the latter, there will be people opposing our plans. For this reason, we mapped out the actors within the different generators as complete as possible to get a good view on who will stand where in terms of their interest, support and power. In this way we can see who is undergoing positive change and who needs more attention. The latter were for instance farmers and their unions.

play, how collaborations can be made and what types of accords are necessarily to ensure harmed actors, like farmers, are treated fair and will still have a voice in this transition.

We were constantly debating about the question: Who has the right to govern? And to us, in this transition, it should come down to a coalition of a healthy mix of representatives of formal institutions like governments, that have certain expertise and a lot of power, together with citizens representing local communities that understand the implications on local level. Constant feedback between these different actors and coalitions should be in place so that a sharing network of knowledge and experience will arise.

In our strategy we propose the rather disruptive idea that all agricultural land should be taken away from farming purposes and be given back to nature so ecosystems can grow and connect, causing biodiversity to thrive. However, as we also realise, this is a very top-down approach, with which we understand we should be careful.

There is off course a thin line between using the overview of trends and expertise to act against the degrading environment, and being unconscious of the consequences it might have locally. But in this case we argued that the current system of food production really cannot be sustained and action has to be taken.

However, because we were aware of the harm our strategy would impose for certain actors, we made a detailed phasing strategy stating how each of the actors should be engaged, what role they should

145

Reflection

Individual Reflection Johnathan Subendran The formation of our vision played a crucial role in the planning and design of our groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s project. We saw this projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s brief as a way to challenge the status quo, are the circular agendas we promote appropriate for a current agrifood system that is degrading the environment and while promoting unsustainable consumption behaviors amongst communities. We believe it was necessary to dismantle the root of the problem and challenge the ambitions of the province. In result, the vision we projected demanded a significant shift from the current system which ensured holistic ideas to transform the region through its diverse conditions. The nature of our vision and ideas explored could be seen as radical or disruptive to some.

To conclude the formulation of the vision played a crucial role in designing and planning a strategy toward a possible future for the region.

For us, the most intriguing part of the project was to materialize the ideas of the vision to a strategy that could be implemented. We are also aware of the possible blind spots in relation to silent stakeholders, varying political agendas and assumptions on how life should be for the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s communities. However, like many of the projects shared with us during the capita and spatial development lectures, they started from imaginative and sometimes radical perspectives on the future, however with some thought and planning they developed a set of concrete actions to make those goals real.

We used the vision as a means to a new beginning.

By this, we used it as a point of reference to ground a comprehensive development strategy that could help pave multiple spatial and socially conscious pathways to get there. As previously described, the holistic nature of our vision tackles two main pillars: socio-economic and environmental transformations. Upon understanding that our vision for the region demanded a dramatic shift in the current agrifood system, we made it a priority to invest a significant amount of time developing a spatially just transition. By considering the vision for South Holland as the birth of a new organism, it was clear that the development strategy could be seen as an opportunity to plan the growth of this new organism.

The growth strategy we developed consisted of spatial, socio-economic and environmental transitions that occurs at once but grows together.

However, it was challenging to consider the intertwining transformation of the socio-economic and environmental landscapes of the region. Since the vision demanded a fundamental reordering of systems and behaviors, it was necessary to develop a comprehensive growth plan from ground up and from the inside, outwards. We aimed to facilitate a form of spatial justice that entailed an elaborate engagement strategy that could steer the regenerative transformation that could be seen as disruptive to a more collective, inclusive and gradual pathway towards the future. By ensuring a well defined growth plan, we bring a dimension of realism to a once naive idea to a foreseeable future with concrete action.

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[Re]Generative Region

Discussion

Peishan Zhang In this quarter, we gain knowledge about regional design, and come up with spatial planning and strategies to achieve a fully circular economy in South Holland in 2050. Our project is a combination of research and design: research is the guideline to design, while design is one of the research methods.

We chose food and organic waste cycles as our focus for circular economy. Research helps us understand the food system better and figure out which section of the system has more potential to be improved. After the investigation, we found that there are too many steps for food from farm to table, which means that there is much unnecessary consumption happening in the current system. Therefore, we set our starting point for the project: to bridge the gap between production and consumption.

In our project, we defined four generators for design and combine them with three different conditions to develop our strategies. We chose more specific areas to do our research, explored 12 areas and came up with 10 principles, which are the guidelines for our final project.

To conclude, we took research as a guideline to come up with the design concept. Based on the concept we did the potential exploration, which guided our final project. From my perspective, research and design just like the double helix of DNA, which influence each other during the process, and finally form our project together.

Then, how to improve the system by regional design? We tried to spatialize the food chain in South Holland, to see where the â&#x20AC;&#x153;food activitiesâ&#x20AC;? will take place. With the spatial research, we could understand the operation of the whole system from a spatial perspective, so as to explore how to promote the circular economy from regional design.

We divided our target into ecological regeneration and socio-economic regeneration. The ecological one mainly focuses on the area where food production brings huge pressure to the environment, while the socio-economic one emphasizes how consumers participate in the system and where the spatial gap between production and consumption is. We found that although a large proportion of the land in South Holland is used for agriculture, many of the products sold in supermarkets rely on imports.

Centralization and power concentration lead to the invisible food chain process, which is the cause for the gap between production and consumption.

Therefore, we came up with the concept of localization, introducing the switch point and community hub as connectors to create a more localized food chain in South Holland.

Our design is based on the understanding of both the space and the system. Meanwhile, design is also a research method, showing the potential for future development. After we clarified our design concept, we found a direction for further research.

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References

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Figures + Calculation Figure 1: Agricultural Land Use CBS, PBL, RIVM, WUR (2019). Verzuring en grootschalige luchtverontreiniging: emissies, 1990 - 2017 [35] (indicator 0183, versie 25 , 17 mei 2019 ). www.clo.nl. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS), Den Haag; PBL Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving, Den Haag; RIVM Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven; en Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen.

Figure 2: Crop Yields Metabolic & Drift. (2018). Zuid-Holland Circulair. Geraadpleegd van https://brightspace.tudelft.nl/d2l/le/content/192733/viewContent/1603342/View Figure 3: Export Map CBS. (2020). Internationale handel; in- en uitvoerwaarde, SITC (3 digits), landen. Retrieved from https:// opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/83926ned/ table?dl=33A50 Figure 4: Export Amounts Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving. (2012). Nederland Verbeeld (p. 7).

Figure 5: Import Map CBS. (2020). Internationale handel; in- en uitvoerwaarde, SITC (3 digits), landen. Retrieved from https:// opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/83926ned/ table?dl=33A50 Figure 6: Product sources at Albert Heijn Photos from field visit to Albert Heijn Figure 7: Nitrogen Emissions CBS, PBL, RIVM, WUR (2019). Verzuring en grootschalige luchtverontreiniging: emissies, 1990 - 2017 [35] (indicator 0183, versie 25 , 17 mei 2019 ). www.clo.nl. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS), Den Haag; PBL Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving, Den Haag; RIVM Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Bilthoven; en Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen.

Figure 8: Habitat Type Sanders, M.E., R.J.H.G. Henkens & D.M.E. Slijkerman (2019). Verdrag inzake biologische diversiteit; Zesde nationaal rapport van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden.

Wettelijke Onderzoekstaken Natuur & Milieu, WOttechnical report 156.

Figure 9: Knowledge of Biodiversity Sanders, M.E., R.J.H.G. Henkens & D.M.E. Slijkerman (2019). Verdrag inzake biologische diversiteit; Zesde nationaal rapport van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden.

Wettelijke Onderzoekstaken Natuur & Milieu, WOttechnical report 156.

Figure 10: Red List Species Sanders, M.E., R.J.H.G. Henkens & D.M.E. Slijkerman (2019). Verdrag inzake biologische diversiteit; Zesde nationaal rapport van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden.

Wettelijke Onderzoekstaken Natuur & Milieu, WOttechnical report 156.

Figure 11: Monopolized Food Chain The Netherlands in 21 infographics, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2014, https://www.pbl. nl/en/publications/the-netherlands-in-21-infographics Figure 12: Suffer/Benefit Matrix ---Figure 13: Flow Diagram Foodchain Metabolic & Drift. (2018). Zuid-Holland Circulair. Geraadpleegd van https://brightspace.tudelft.nl/d2l/le/content/192733/viewContent/1603342/View Figure 14: Dutch Food Business Model Metabolic & Drift. (2018). Zuid-Holland Circulair. Geraadpleegd van https://brightspace.tudelft.nl/d2l/le/content/192733/viewContent/1603342/View Figure 15: Impacts of Current Food System Metabolic & Drift. (2018). Zuid-Holland Circulair. Geraadpleegd van https://brightspace.tudelft.nl/d2l/le/content/192733/viewContent/1603342/View Figure 16: Panarchic Foodscapes Gunderson, L. H. (2001). Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island press.

Figure 17: UN sustainable development goals, Shell Sustainability Report, 2018 https://reports.shell.com/sustainability-report/2018/ introduction/our-approach-to-sustainability/un-sustainable-development-goals.html

Calculation for Greenhouse In terms of outside food production (agriculture, open horticulture and grasslands), the province of South Holland is producing 2.211.390 tons of food (livestock feed included). All greenhouses in South Holland can produce 820.030 tons of food (Metabolic & Drift, 2018).

2.221.390/820.030 = 2.7. This means that 2.7 times the number of greenhouses that South Holland currently has, can produce all the food which is grown outside.

Thus, if all outside food production would be removed and we want to sustain the same amount of food produced by only using greenhouses, South Holland needs to build an extra amount of 2.7 times the greenhouses that theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re currently having.

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Colofon

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Contributors

Tutors

Hadrien Cassan Diederik van Hasselt Johnathan Subendran Peishan Zhang

Alexander Wandl, Diego Andres Sepulveda Carmona Luisa Calabrese Daniele Cannatella

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