Josie Knapp Thesis Book Volume I - Research

BOUTIQUE HOTEL SINGAPORE

THESIS BOOK VOLUME 1 JOSIE KNAPP

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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OVERVIEW 06 07 08 09

Problem + Thesis Statement

Goals + Objectives Client

Consultant

SINGAPORE 12 14 16

Cultural + Socioeconomic Research Site Analysis

Building Analysis

CASE STUDIES 20 22 24

Case Study 1 - Weisses Kreuz Hotel

Case Study 2 - Bermonds Locke Hotel Case Study 3 - Art Hotel Paradiso

PROGRAMMING 28 29 30

Adjacency Matrix

ADA + Codes

Plan Prototypes

RESEARCH 34 36 38 40 42

WELL Research

Color + Material Research

Arousal Theory Research Thesis Topic Research

Original Research

SOURCES 3

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OVERVIEW

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

The boutique hotel is a four-story, 36,000 square foot building located in Singapore. Singapore is one of the most visited cities in the world, known for its multicultural way of life. It is ranked as the most sustainable city in Asia, and fourth most sustainable in the world. The developer has placed the hotel in the neighborhood of Kampong Glam. This area is known for its unique shops and restaurants. The proposed clientele for the hotel are 20-30 year old tourists looking to immerse themselves in the culture of Singapore. The hotel will focus on human behavior and perception to create a relaxing getaway for its guests. It will also adhere to WELL standards.

THESIS STATEMENT

Physical and sensory elements found within an interior space impact an occupant’s emotions, health, and overall well-being. For this boutique hotel, a focus on human behavior and perception, specifically looking at color and lighting, will enhance the guest’s experience.

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GOALS & OBJECTIVES

1.

OBJECTIVE:

GOAL: Understand human behavior related to light and color and apply

knowledge to the space.

Apply various lighting levels and color palettes depending on the task being completed in each space.

2.

all public and private spaces.

GOAL: Utilize sustainable materials to create a healthy, liveable space.

OBJECTIVE: Use materials that are GREENGUARD certified within

3.

GOAL: Apply wayfinding techniques.

OBJECTIVE: Use signage, lighting, flooring, and ceiling elements

to reflect a clearly understood path throughout the space.

4.

GOAL: Design guest rooms that meet customer wants and needs.

OBJECTIVE: Provide a variety of room types so guests have

options that feel more personalized to their wants and needs.

GOAL: Maintain a consistent brand image.

OBJECTIVE: Hotel branding will be used throughout the space in

5.

color, material, and form.

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THE CLIENTS THE VACATIONER

- Travels alone, in pairs, or in groups - Looking to explore the city and have fun - Wants to stay in a hotel that embraces the culture while also being a relaxing getaway

THE WORK TRAVELER

- Travels alone, or with coworkers - Visiting for work but may have some free time to explore - Wants to stay in a hotel that has dedicated workspaces as well as spaces that promote relaxation

THE HOTEL EMPLOYEE

- Eager to welcome guests and provide a memorable experience - Passionate about the city culture and history - Needs efficient an space in order to be as productive as possible

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THE CONSULTANT Charles Dobbins Charles Dobbins currently works as a Business Development Manager for Martin Brudnizki Design Studio. MBDS is an interior architecture studio based in London and New York. They create high-end hotels, restaurants, bars, private members’ clubs, and select residential environments. Some of their most notable clients include Four Seasons, Rosewood Hotels and Resorts, and Six Senses Luxury Resorts. Charles works directly with clients to ensure all their wants and needs are satisfied. He is responsible for developing a network of contacts to attract new clients, research new market opportunities, and oversee growth projects.

Charles graduated with a Bachelor’s degree in Interior Design from High Point University in 2019. During that time he was a design intern for Thom Filicia Inc. in New York, and a real estate intern for Douglas Elliman Real Estate also in New York.

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SINGAPORE

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CULTURAL + DEMOGRAPHICS Singapore is an island country off of the Malay peninsula in Asia. It is a city-state that is made up of towns and is its own capital.

Population: 5.69 million Gender: 49.6% women 50.4% male Languages: Malay, English, Mandarin

and Tamil Income: $4,534 per month Tourism: 18.5 million international tourists per year

RACE 76.2% Chinese 15%

Malays

7.4% Indian

CLIMATE

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It is typically hot, humid, and rainy with temperatures ranging from 73 - 90 degrees.

SOCIOECONOMIC RESEARCH RELIGION 31.3%

Buddhism

18.9%

Christianity

20%

No religion

15.6%

Islam

8.8%

Taoism

5%

Hinduism

AGE Life expectancy: 82 years Fertility rate: 1.2 per woman Largest age group: 45-49 years This reflects the increasingly aging population of Singapore, a significant demographic shift that will have long-lasting socioeconomic repercussions.

ARCHITECTURE Traditional architecture can be seen in vernacular Malay houses, local hybrid shop houses, and black and white bungalows. Religious buildings display European Neoclassical, Gothic, and renaissance styles. Most buildings are Modern architecture displaying Art Deco and International Style.

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SITE ANALYSIS The boutique hotel is located at 269 Beach Rd, Singapore in the neighborhood of Kampong Glam. This neighborhood is where age-old traditions and trendy lifestyles come together. The word ‘kampong’ means “compound’’ in Malay, while ‘glam’ refers to the long-leaved paperbark tree, commonly found in the area and used for boat-making. The district has a history that dates back to Singapore’s colonial era. Today, the area has evolved into a hub for hip travelers and connoisseurs of culture alike. The hotel is near Haji Lane, a street known for its many shops and restaurants. It is also near public transportation to make traveling around the city easy for guests.

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BUILDING ANALYSIS - 269 Beach Rd - Kampong Glam - 36,000 Sq. Ft. - 4 levels

GRID

HIERARCHY

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GEOMETRY

CIRCULATION

ORGANIZATION

GEOMETRY

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CASE STUDIES

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CASE STUDY #1: Weisses Kreuz Hot This hotel is located in Innsbruck, Austria and was designed by noa* network of architecture.

The building was renovated during a wide range of historical eras, yet the distinct features of each period combine in a timeless fashion. Elements from a wide variety of stylistic periods conspire to blur any sense of time. This is where noa* drew their concept from, coming up with “Baroque Chic Shock“. Guests enter into a hallway of mirrors. They see themselves reflected, but at the same time any boundaries are dissolved, and the architecture ceases to exist. Guests are transported away from their own sense of time. A large statement table is used that is a multi-functional reception, breakfast buffet, bar, and convivial meeting place in the evening. In order to solve the daylight issue due to a lack of windows, internal courtyards were created. This allows for each side of the building to provoke a different feeling, with one being more tranquil and one being more exciting.

TAKEAWAYS - How to use furniture for multifunctional purposes - How to solve a daylight issue - Monochrome colors used based on room type - Spatial organization - combined zones without having distinct boundaries - Drew from the history of the building to create a concept

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tel

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CASE STUDY #2: Bermonds Locke Hot This hotel is located in London, UK and was designed by Holloway Li. The design is inspired by California’s Joshua Tree and Mojave desert. In the tranquil pursuit of both business and pleasure, local, re-purposed construction materials are used throughout the design. An industrial process of zinc-passivation creates an iridescent rainbow finish that will be found on bar tops, wall paneling, and echoed by fluted polarizing glass sliding partitions in the rooms. This metaldipping process forms a patina over the metal, embedding the desert sky into the hotel’s DNA. The hotel contains studio rooms, functional living rooms, a bar and restaurant, co-working spaces, a gym, and a yoga room. Each individual guest room is equipped with a fully functional kitchen and laundry facilities, giving guests the flexibility to live in each room from one night to three months.

TAKEAWAYS - Variety of spaces included in programming - Desert-inspired aesthetic - How to use sustainable materials that also relate to the concept - How to re-purpose furniture

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tel

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CASE STUDY #3: Art Hotel Paradis This hotel is located in Ibiza, Spain and was created by IllmioDesign. It is based on two key inspirations, Miami Beach and the style of the group of the Italian architects of the 70s, Archizoom. Throughout the hotel the idea of mixing contemporary design with a natural element can be seen. The access hall is designed as a multi-functional space where in addition to the reception there’s a library space, a cafe bar for events, and a “Zero Suite” room. Color and lighting is used throughout the space to designate different zones. Certain color schemes are used in certain guest rooms based on their size and intended client. Throughout the design custom furniture is used.

TAKEAWAYS - Pay attention to the small details to make guests enjoy their stay and come back - Hotels do not always have to be so traditional, they can be fun - it’s about the experience - Every detail is important to make the concept really come together

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so

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PROGRAMMING

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ADJACENCY MATRIX

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CODE ANALYSIS OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

OCCUPANCY FACTOR + LOAD

Hotel:

Residential (R-1)

.............. 200 Gross

.............. 180

Guest Room:

Residential (R-1)

.............. 200 Gross

.................. 2

Lobby + Reception:

Assembly (A)

.............. 7 Net

................. 71

Lounge:

Assembly (A)

.............. 15 Net

................. 13

Restaurant/Cafe + Bar:

Assembly (A-2)

.............. 30 Net

................ 20

Fitness/Yoga Room:

Assembly (A-3)

.............. 100 Gross

................. 5

Spa:

Business (B)

.............. 150 Gross

................. 4

Coworking:

Business (B)

.............. 150 Gross

................. 3

DOOR CLEARANCES

ADA DIAGRAMS

PUSH side: 12” PULL side: 18” Door size: 36”

PLUMBING WC: M 3 W 5 Lavatory: M 1 W 1 Water Fountains: 1 Service Sinks: 1

ADDITIONAL Sprinklered: Yes Diaganol: 124 ft Max. travel: 250 ft

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PLAN PROTOTYPES Single Room

ADA Single Room

Yoga Studio

Fitness Room

Double Room 30

ADA Double Room

Reception + Lobby

m

Restaurant/Bar + Lounge

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RESEARCH

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WELL BUILDING STANDARD “a performance-based system for measuring, certifying, and monitoring features of the built environment that impact human health and wellbeing, through air, water, nourishment, light, fitness, comfort, and mind.”

PRINCIPLES Equitable

“Provides the greatest benefit to the largest number of people, inclusive of all demographic and economic groups and with special consideration to less advantaged or vulnerable populations.”

Global

“Proposes interventions that are feasible, achievable and relevant across many applications throughout the world. WELL v2 offers regionally appropriate pathways for meeting health intents based on where projects are located.”

Evidence-based

“Promotes strong, validated research leading to conclusions that can reasonably be accepted by the scientific community.”

Technically robust

“Draws upon industry best practices and proven strategies, offering consistency in findings across the relevant field or discipline.”

Customer focused

“Defines program requirements through a dynamic development process, with multiple opportunities for stakeholder engagement, and by tapping the expertise of established leaders in science, health, business, design and operations.”

Resilient

“Responds to advances in scientific knowledge and technology, continuously adapting and integrating new findings in the field.”

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CONCEPTS Air

Materials

high levels of indoor air quality needed

restriction or elimination of compounds or products known to be toxic

Light

Innovation

Sound

Nourishment

create light environments that are optimal for visual, mental, and biological health

identification and mitigation of acoustical comfort parameters

Community

aims to establish an inclusive, integrated community

Water

covers the quality, distribution, and control of water in a building

develops unique strategies for creating healthy environments

requires the availability of fruits and vegetables and nutritional transparency

Thermal Comfort

ensures maximum level of thermal comfort

Mind

promotes mental health through policy, program, and design strategies

Movement

promotes movement, physical activity, and active living 35

MATERIAL + COLOR RESEARCH SINGAPORE Singapore is home to some of the biggest companies who are innovating, testing and collaborating to develop and commercialize sustainable solutions for Asia. They are 2nd in the world for green buildings in 2016, as ranked by a white paper published

by Solidiance. Singapore is striving to “greening” 80% of their buildings by 2030. They want a sustainable future that “merges architecture, nature, technology, and culture.”

Singapore does not have many natural resources. They are the world’s 17th largest importer. They mainly import materials from Malaysia, Indonesia, and China.

RESOURCES Malaysia: tin, copper, timber Indonesia: tin, silver, timber, copper, nickel China: gold, zinc, rare earth materials

Red - represents happiness, joy, success, and is the color worn by brides Yellow - represents royalty, warmth, and clarity and has stabilizing energy Blue/Green - represents spring, healing, longevity, purity, and harmony Purple - represents love Black - represents knowledge, stability, authority, and winter/water but it can be unlucky

White - represents unknown and mourning, it is the color worn to funerals 36

HOSPITALITY DESIGN The most important thing to think about when choosing materials for hospitality design is durability. Hotels experience a lot of wear and tear, but cannot afford to redesign and replace materials each year. Higher end materials should be used in public spaces rather than guest rooms.

COMMON MATERIALS USED

TRENDING MATERIALS

- Hardwood - Engineered Wood - Wood Veneer - Upholstery - Vinyl Wallcovering

- Concrete - Cork - Terrazzo - Wood

Reds + Oranges - represent energy, passion, fire, and happiness, popular for bold color scheme

Greens - represent the growth and harmony of nature, olive and pale green tones are restful for the human eye

Blues - bold blue represents power, pale blue represents trust and tranquility, adds variety to neutral room

Neutrals - beige, cream, and pale yellows represent tranquility, easy on the eye, popular for spas and bedrooms

Black - associated with power, provides contrast, creates a simple ambience in communal areas

White - associated with perfection and cleanliness 37

ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH AROUSAL THEORY Arousal theory is the theory that the physical environment can affect arousal levels by stimulation and by stress created when psychological or physical needs are not met.

Designing with arousal theory in mind encourages designers to focus on noise, congestion, and distractions. For example, visual merchandising and the design of store environments must evoke an optimum level of customers’ arousal in order to be successful.

NOISE under 85 db

CROWDING over 4 ft away

LIGHTING increased saturation + brightness

Effects of Spatial Colors on Guests’ Perceptions of a Hotel Room This study aimed to understand the relationship between color attributes and the perception of a hotel room. The differences between blue and red with two levels for saturation and brightness were examined within a room. The study adopts virtual reality techniques to provide a deep immersion of the participants in the manipulated hotel room’s design settings. The results indicated that there was a strong relation between wall hue and the arousal level. Red hotel rooms were associated with the highest arousal levels among participants. Participants enjoyed staying in blue hotel rooms more than in the red ones finding them more pleasant. However, individual color preference was found to have an important impact on the perception of hotel rooms.

KEY TAKEAWAYS - Color can affect arousal level, but that can also depend on individual color preference 38

GROCERY STORE EXPERIMENT

THEME PARK EXPERIMENT

Two grocery stores were evaluated in their design use to evoke optimum arousal in their customers.

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the use of arousal theory in a theme park.

Study 1

Study 1

the first store had spacious areas, tall ceilings, and bright lights with food on a variety of displays according to color

positive arousal was used in a park to create a good experience for all guests

Study 2

Study 2

the second store had the same products for the same price, but the store was slightly darker with products on shelves against the walls

negative arousal was used in another park to create discomfort in order to encourage visitors to spend more money and use certain facilities

In conclusion, they found that customers would stay longer and spend more when they were in the first store because their arousal levels were higher and more positive.

In conclusion, they found that creating discomfort caused guests to spend more money.

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The Effects of Atmospheric Elements on Customer Impression: The Case of Hotel Lobbies This research paper explains a study that examines the overall impact that the elements of color, lighting, layout, style and furnishings have on hotel guest perceptions and impressions of a lobby. Data was collected using a scenario approach along with photographs of the lobby and structural equation modeling. During the study, the furnishing element was excluded from further analysis because it was found to not represent a unique dimension of atmospheric elements. Furnishings were found to overlap some degree with style since furniture is selected to go with the overall style or concept.

The analysis of the four remaining elements proved that color is the most influential, then lighting and style. Layout was not as important as expected.

KEY TAKEAWAYS - Color is one of the most effective tools to create a positive impression of the hotel lobby

Atmospheric Elements and Personality: Impact on Hotel Lobby Impressions This study attempts to identify the underlying atmospheric elements of a Boutique hotel lobby that most influence a customer’s impression and perception of the hotel. The data was collected based on a scenario approach using photographs of Boutique hotel lobbies in Malaysia and Indonesia. The majority of respondents were 20-30 years old and visited hotels 1-2 times a year. The respondents were 45% Malaysian and 55% Indonesian and 73% of them were single. Overall, the lighting element was found to be the most important dimension and the style element was found to be the least important dimension.

KEY TAKEAWAYS - Lighting is a very important factor in hotel lobby design according to people in Malaysia and Indonesia 40

THESIS TOPIC RESEARCH The Relationship Between Ambient Lighting Color and Hotel Bar Customer Purchase Behavior and Satisfaction This study aimed to examine the impact of ambient light color on consumer spending and perceptions in a hotel lobby bar. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase included data collection on the number of drinks purchased and amount spent in each of four ambient light settings. The second phase of the study included customer feedback ratings regarding how consumers felt at the time of their purchases. The study relied on data drawn from a single hotel during four 30-day data collection periods for each of blue, green, yellow and red hotel bar lighting. The green group had the lowest overall customer satisfaction, highest stress level, and highest self-reported customer spending. The results that customer spend was strongly correlated with stress, and negatively correlated with overall customer satisfaction, requires additional thought and study. The study found that ambient light color significantly affected overall consumer satisfaction.

KEY TAKEAWAYS - Not only do light levels need to be considered, the color of lighting also relates to overall customer satisfaction in public spaces as well

Relation Between Preferences of Luminous Environments and Situations Experienced by Users. A Hotel Case Study This study measures the relationship between the activity experienced in a hotel room and the user’s preferences regarding a luminous environment. A real hotel room was altered for this project and 177 recruited customers in a hotel expressed their preference among 4 lighting conditions in 3 different activities undertaken. In the situation of leisure, people preferred a subdued atmosphere. In comparison to when the user is working or looking at themselves in the mirror, the user expressed a preference for brighter lighting that still provided visual comfort.

KEY TAKEAWAYS - Even though it is a hotel room, a variety of lighting levels is still preferred 41

THE ROANOKE HOTEL + CONFERENCE CENTER To begin our research, Paige Kinney, Micaela Head, Lauren Pittas and I went to the Roanoke Hotel. There we observed how a hotel functions pertaining to its guests and employees. We learned that the Roanoke Hotel was built in 1882 and later on was historically renovated.

During renovation, hidden treasures were found and are now celebrated within the space.

From our observations we came up with a leading question and created a survey.

KEY OBSERVATIONS - Historic preservation policies and applications - Integration of technology - Use of signage throughout

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH: CASE STUDY

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How do people respond to varying design ele within a hotel env Survey Demographics

Survey Questions + Answers Why do people normally stay in hotels?

47.2% for vacation

44.4% for work/business

Amenity Space Preference Rankings What is your gender?

What is your age?

1. Restaurant/Bar 2. Spa 3. Workspace 4. Pool + Recreation 5. Gym

Where do people enjoy spending most of their time while staying in a hotel?

1. Elsewhere 2. Room 3. Common Spaces

How often do you stay in hotels?

Open-Ended Questions - Have you ever had an experience where lighting was

- Have you ever had a positive hotel experience? If so, w

- Has your room or another room impacted your stay in What is your biggest concern when booking a hotel room?

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH: SURVEY

ements such as light, color, and space vironment?

Key Takeaways What style hotel do most people prefer?

28.6% 25.7% 22.9% 20% 2.9%

Boho Historic Glam Contemporary Fun

- People notice lighting and want more lighting control

Do people prefer hotels with history or hotels that are more up-to-date?

44.4% Historic Hotels

- More people prefer historic hotels and traditional design than expected

55.6% Newer Hotels

What color scheme do people prefer in a hotel?

1. Black/white modern 2. Neutral with a pop of color 3. Greens and browns 4. Neons

- People are more aware of design elements than expected (signage, way finding, lighting, etc.)

- People gravitated towards timeless color palettes vs. what is currently trending - More people advocated for a designated workspace amenity than anticipated - To accommodate travelers, access to charging ports in a comfortable environment is necessary

an issue in your room?

what about it made it positive?

n a negative way?

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SOURCES (n.d.). Retrieved December 07, 2021, from https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/our-industries/urban-solutions-and-sustainability.html Caballero, P. (2020, July 26). Art Hotel Paradiso Ibiza / ilmiodesign. Retrieved December 07, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/921540/art-hotel-paradiso-ibiza-ilmiodesign?ad_source=search&ad_ medium=search_result_projects Countryman, C. C., & Jang, S. (2006). The effects of atmospheric elements on customer impression: The case of hotel lobbies. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(7), 534-545. doi:10.1108/09596110610702968 Chowdhury, A. (n.d.). TravelTriangle Blog- Trivia, Images, Stories & Experiences you will love! Retrieved December 04, 2021, from https://traveltriangle.com/blog/ Gehrmann, V. (n.d.). Symbolism of colors, asscociations of the five elements in Chinese beliefs and Feng Shui. Retrieved December 07, 2021, from https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/Chinese_Customs/colours.htm Ghosh, P. (2016, September 26). The history of Kampong Glam in One Minute. Retrieved December 04, 2021, from https://theculturetrip.com/asia/singapore/articles/history-of-kampong-glam-in-1-minute/ Inc, B. (n.d.). Performance and durability in retail and hospitality design. Retrieved December 04, 2021, from https://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com/courses/multi-aia/performance-and-durability-in-retail-and-hospitality-design/ Hirschmann, R. (2020, February 26). Singapore: Main purpose of visits to the country 2018. Retrieved December 04, 2021, from http://www.statista.com/statistics/1100184/singapore-main-purpose-of-visits-to-the-country Kampong Gelam. (n.d.). Retrieved December 07, 2021, from https://www.visitsingapore.com/ see-do-singapore/places-to-see/kampong-gelam/ Kilburn, H. (2019, March 27). Part 23 spa design: The treatment room • hotel designs. Retrieved December 07, 2021, from https://hoteldesigns.net/guide_to_hotel_desig/part-23-spa-design-the-treatmentroom/ League, L. (2021, May 25). Human behavior and the designed environment. Retrieved December 04, 2021, from https://www.qpractice.com/human-behavior-designed-environment/ Luco, A. (2020, September 29). Bermonds Locke Hotel / Holloway Li. Retrieved December 07, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/948548/bermonds-locke-hotel-holloway-li?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_projects The meaning of different colors in Chinese culture. (2021, October 12). Retrieved December 07, 2021, from https://www.thatsmandarin.com/blog/the-meaning-of-different-colors-in-chinese-culture/ Naqshbandi, M. M., & Munir, R. S. (2013). Atmospheric elements and personality: Impact on Hotel Lobby Impressions. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2361143

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Odabaşioğlu, S., & Olguntürk, N. (2015). Effects of coloured lighting on the perception of interior spaces. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 120(1), 183-201. doi:10.2466/24.pms.120v10x4 Pintos, P. (n.d.). Gallery of Weisses Kreuz Hotel / Noa* Network of Architecture - 34. Retrieved December 07, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/964198/weisses-kreuz-hotel-noa-star-network-of-architecture/60db9968447a92016532e104-weisses-kreuz-hotel-noa-star-network-of-architecture-first-floorplan?next_project=no The power of colour. (2021, December 06). Retrieved December 04, 2021, from https://www.hospitality-interiors.net/trends/articles/2016/06/1377127413-power-colour The relationship between ambient lighting color and hotel ... (n.d.). Retrieved December 7, 2021, from https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8766&context=etd Siamionava, K., Slevitch, L., & Tomas, S. R. (2018). Effects of spatial colors on guests’ perceptions of a hotel room. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 70, 85-94. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.10.025 Singapore population 2021 (live). (n.d.). Retrieved December 07, 2021, from https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/singapore-population Singapore population. (n.d.). Retrieved December 07, 2021, from https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/ infographics/population Trade of Singapore. (n.d.). Retrieved December 04, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Singapore/Trade WELL Standards. (n.d.). Retrieved December 04, 2021, from https://www.wellcertified.com/certification/ v2-pilot/

IMAGES [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.google.com/maps/place/269+Beach+Rd,+Singapore +199546/@1.3005291,103.8602446,3a,75y,327.42h,90t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1swKpXD3dT2Rj5wSb7UcB_4A!2 e0!7i16384!8i8192!4m5!3m4!1s0x31da19b1a63f1db9:0xb72045bb21463ddd!8m2!3d1.3006368!4d103.8601786 [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/ green-urban-landscape-cities-Singapore [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/singapore/ [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/f74d4e60-93b5-46ef-8b3f-71754cbc8a26 [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/a-cleaning-man-on-emptystreet-in-singapore-gm1223371607-359332390

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