The Reformations

The Reformations

The Protestant Reformation • What was it?

– Split in the Christian Church which gave us Protestantism.

• Key figure: Martin Luther – Was a German monk.

– 1505…

Martin Luther • Had a problem with his salvation. Confessed for hours on end.

• Came up with Justification by faith – Belief that people became saved by God’s mercy and grace – Instead of doing good works

Pope Leo X • Raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica.

• Authorized the sale of Indulgences – Certificate issued by the Church to reduce or even cancel punishment for a person’s sins – Ensured place in heaven.

• John Tetzel-Church’s agent for selling in Northern Germany – Even promised forgiveness for future sins – Encouraged indulgences for dead relatives

• “By the authority of all the saints, and in mercy towards you, I absolve you from all sins and misdeeds and remit all punishments for ten days."

What do you think Luther did?

• Martin Luther became furious • October 31, 1517- nailed to the door of a church the 95 Theses.

– Statements criticizing indulgences and other church policies.

• Eventually copies spread throughout Germany.

• Luther published 100’s of essays advocating justification by faith and attacking church abuses.

What did Pope do?

• Was discouraged in the lack of money coming in.

• Sent people to Germany to try and talk Luther out of causing all the problems.

• 1520-Pope banned Luther’s works and condemned him • 1521-excommunicated from church

• The Diet of Worms- council of German Princes met to discuss a possible return of Luther.

– Council said Luther should take back teachings.

– What do you think he said?

• NO WAY!!!

• Luther was condemned as a heretic, snuck out of Worms and hid in a castle in Wartburg by Prince Frederick of Saxony.

• In seclusion…

– Translated the Bible in German – Made the Bible available to “normal” people

Lutheranism • Started what would become Lutheranism – Emphasized salvation by faith alone and the Bible was the only source of the TRUTH. – (Catholics believed salvation came from works and faith.)

– Focused on Bible teachings-using vernacular – Church was community of believers – All jobs were vocations

Lutheranism • Brought new Life to Germany but also caused social problems.

– Peasant revolts…

• Became a more conservative religion

Section 4 • Sects began to develop over differences in doctrines and other teachings and rituals.

• Switzerland- church split from Rome • Led by Huldrych Zwingli – Also stressed faith alone – Denounced Catholic beliefs and practices • Purgatory and indulgences

– Wanted to break COMPLETELY away form Catholic Church (opposite of Luther)

• Zwingli wanted to make Zurich a Theocracy – Church run state

• 1525-it worked • 1531-Catholics beat him in war

John Calvin • Mid 1500’s-set up a Theocracy in Geneva • Calvin studied theology, law, humanism • Created his own Protestant theology

Calvin • 1536- The Institutes of the Christian Religion published his theology – Inspired reforms in Europe and North America

• Predestination- God knows all and controls fate of all people – Said God was all powerful and all knowing – God chose “elect” few to be saved

Calvin

• Visitors of Geneva helped spread Calvinism – Easy to set up because it was localized and not like C.C. – Netherlands and Scotland – Scotland-John Knox used Calvin's teachings to lead followers in revolts against “ungodly” rulers.

Radicals • Anabaptists- only allowed adult members – Only those who could make a free and informed choice to become Christian should be allowed to do so.

• Catholics and Protestants baptized infants.

• Did not allow local governments to run their lives

Were peaceful but held fanatical beliefs

Anabaptists • 1534- Munster- seized town – Defeated by Lutherans and Catholics

• Baptists, Mennonites, Amish came from Anabaptists.

England

• King Henry VIII and Pope had a falling out.

– Had 6 children with Catherine of Aragon • All died but one daughter (Mary)

• Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn and asked Pope for divorce • Catherine’s nephew was Charles V – Charles wanted to stay as Queen so he had the Pope say NO!!!

England • Henry had the Parliament create a series of laws to separate the English Church from the Pope.

(Called the Reformation Parliament) – The Act of Supremacy 1534- made Henry head of the English Church instead of the Pope.

• The new Church was not Protestant – Worshiped and acted the same – Devout Catholics did not like King’s rule • Thomas More was beheaded for Treason 1535

– 1536-1540-he closed monasteries, convents, took land and gave to nobles and high officials • Gained support in future policy making

England • Henry married Anne-had a daughter • Married four more times – Finally had a son

• 1547-Edward took throne – Would introduce Protestant doctrines into Church of England.

England • Edward VI died mother took over • “Bloody” Mary – Tried to restore Catholicism by burning 100’s of Protestants at stake

• 1559- Elizabeth I became Queen – Made England Protestant with Catholic features – Puritans wanted no Catholic traditions • Started split that would cause them to move…