Mastering social psychology 1st edition baron test bank

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

Chapter 6 Prejudice: Its Causes, Effects, and Cures Multiple Choice Questions 1. Beliefs about the shared traits of social groups that serve as a cognitive framework for processing social information are known as a. minimal groups b. discriminations c. prejudices d. stereotypes Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-1 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 160 Skill: Factual 2. The negative affect (feelings) that people have about particular social groups is known as a. incidental feelings b. stereotype c. prejudice d. minimal groups Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-2 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 169 Skill: Factual 3. Differential actions taken toward members of specific social groups are known as a. incidental feelings b. discrimination c. minimal groups d. prejudices Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-3 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 169 Skill: Factual 4. Gender stereotypes are a. inaccurate categorizations of women and men b. beliefs about the characteristics of women and men Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

c. inaccurate beliefs about women d. inaccurate categorizations of women only Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-4 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 164 Skill: Factual 5. Gender stereotypes a. include positive and negative traits of men and women b. include only negative traits of women and men c. include only positive traits of women and men d. include both positive and negative traits of men only Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-5 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 164 Skill: Factual 6. One stereotype of women portrays them as being relatively high on _________________ and relatively low on ____________________. a. self-confidence; friendliness b. warmth; competence c. sensitivity; warmth d. competence; warmth Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-6 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 164 Skill: Factual 7. Women are often stereotyped as relatively warm but less competent than men. This stereotype is typical of groups who are a. relatively high in status and not perceived as a threat to the high-status group b. relatively low in status and not perceived as a threat to the high-status group c. relatively high in status and perceived as a threat to the high-status group d. relatively low in status and perceived as a threat to the high-status group Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-7 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 164 Skill: Conceptual Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

8. A social group that is perceived to be a threat to the high-status group is frequently characterized as a. low in nonconformity and low in kindness b. high in friendliness and high in accomplishment c. low in warmth and high in competence d. low in emotional stability and high in self-confidence Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-8 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 164 Skill: Conceptual 9. High-status groups such as men are frequently stereotyped as a. high in emotionality and low in accomplishment b. low in self-confidence and high in leadership c. high in friendliness and low in nonconformity d. low in warmth and high in competence Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-9 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 164 Skill: Conceptual 10. Relatively high status groups are frequently stereotyped as a. high in competence and high in communal attributes b. low in competence and low in communal attributes c. high in competence and low in communal attributes d. low in competence and high in communal attributes Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-10 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 164 Skill: Conceptual 11. Barriers based on attitudes or organizational biases that may prevent qualified women from reaching high-level positions in the workplace is known as a. tokenism b. benevolent sexism c. the glass ceiling d. gender stereotypes

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-11 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 164 Skill: Factual 12. Jessica has worked her way up in her organization and is now a mid-level manager.

She has treated her subordinates the same way her male counterparts treat theirs.

Recently, Jessica has been passed over for several promotions. The jobs went to male coworkers who were possibly not quite as well qualified as Jessica. This situation probably represents a. gender stereotypes b. shifting standards c. benevolent racism d. the glass ceiling effect Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-12 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 164 Skill: Applied 13. Jessica has worked her way up in her organization and is now a mid-level manager.

She has treated her subordinates the same way her male counterparts treat theirs. Her subordinates typically say the same things to her as they do to male managers, but their nonverbal behaviour is somewhat different. In addition, Jessica's performance evaluations are somewhat lower than her male counterparts. This situation is typical of a. out-group homogeneity b. the glass ceiling effect c. tokenism d. cross-gender behaviour Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-13 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 164 Skill: Applied 14. Trina is a successful manager in a mid-sized, male-dominated manufacturing company. She expects immediate compliance when she gives an order and rarely explains the reason for her commands to subordinates. She also tends to focus her attention and efforts on the task at hand, preferring to deal with task-based issues rather than more global concerns. Joyce holds a comparable position with another company.

Unlike Trina, Joyce tends to focus her attention on more global concerns and tries to explain the reasoning behind any orders she gives to subordinates. Which of these two

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

managers is more likely to report gender discrimination because of their different leadership styles? a. Joyce b. Trina c. Both are equally likely to experience gender discrimination d. Neither are likely to experience gender discrimination Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-14 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 165 Skill: Applied 15. Seventeen female employees at a local university have filed a class-action suit against their employer alleging gender discrimination in wages and promotions. Although a plausible excuse was offered in each individual case, the fact that the same pattern of outcomes can be seen in several different departments suggests that ____________________ is present in the university. a. tokenism b. comparable treatment based on gender c. differential treatment based on gender d. gender stereotypes Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-15 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 165 Skill: Applied 16. Glick and colleagues (2000) showed that benevolent sexism toward women was found more among _________ and hostile sexism toward women was found more among ________________. a. women; men b. men; women c. younger respondents; older respondents d. men; men Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-16 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 166 Skill: Factual 17. Tokenism a. has no appreciable effects, positive or negative b. is found only in female-dominated professions Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

c. is associated with having only female mentors d. lets prejudiced people off the hook Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-17 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 166 Skill: Factual 18. ____________ refers to the practice of hiring a few individuals based on group membership. a. Shifting standards b. Reverse discrimination c. Tokenism d. Hostile sexism Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-18 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 165-166 Skill: Factual 19. Juan, the head of human resources at a large company, has been instructed to make sure that about 2% of all newly hired managers are women to reduce the risk of a discrimination lawsuit. This practice represents a. reverse discrimination b. shifting standards c. hostile sexism d. tokenism Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-19 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 166 Skill: Applied 20. The performance of relatively trivial positive actions for members of a minority group can be used as an excuse for later discriminatory treatment. This is known as a. tokenism b. hostile sexism c. benevolent sexism d. reverse discrimination Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-20 Difficulty: 1 Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

Page Reference: 166 Skill: Factual 21. Stereotypes that suggest that women are superior to men in many ways and that women are necessary for men's happiness are a major part of a. shifting standards b. hostile sexism c. tokenism d. benevolent sexism Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-21 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 166-167 Skill: Factual 22. One result of tokenism is that a. it helps to improve the self-esteem of women and minority group members b. it increases the likelihood of minority group protests c. it damages the self-esteem of biased majority-group members d. it helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-22 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 166 Skill: Conceptual 23. One result of tokenism is that a. it can damage the self-esteem and confidence of tokenized individuals b. it damages the self-esteem of biased majority-group members c. it increases the likelihood of affirmative action lawsuits d. it increases the likelihood of minority group protests Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-23 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 166 Skill: Factual 24. Thomas owns a small chain of retail stores. He makes a point of hiring many female cashiers and clerks because he believes that women are friendlier to customers and help to ensure greater honesty among employees. Thomas almost never hires women as managers, however, believing that men's greater self-confidence and toughness are desirable qualities of managers. This situation most clearly demonstrates the results of a. benevolent sexism Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

b. hostile sexism c. shifting standards d. tokenism Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-24 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 166 Skill: Applied 25. Sexism tends to be more prevalent in situations of a. benevolent sexism among men b. inequality between men and women c. equality between men and women d. shifting inequalities between men and women Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-25 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 166 Skill: Conceptual 26. The belief that women are a threat to men's position and power is a part of a. benevolent sexism b. between-group comparisons c. hostile sexism d. shifting standards Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-26 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 166 Skill: Factual 27. Both men and women hold stereotypic images of women. Men are more likely to agree with statements reflecting _______________, while women are more likely to agree with statements reflecting ______________. a. benevolent sexism; hostile sexism b. hostile sexism; androgyny c. hostile sexism; benevolent sexism d. benevolent sexism; androgyny Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-27 Difficulty: 2

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

Page Reference: 166 Skill: Conceptual 28. Some researchers (Glick et al., 2000) have suggested that benevolent sexism may help to keep women in a subordinate role by a. suggesting that male attributes uniquely suit them for superordinate roles b. suggesting that their attributes uniquely suit them for subordinate roles c. allowing males to perform trivial positive actions for females without performing more meaningful positive actions for them d. allowing females to use their natural attributes to offset the effects of long-term sexism Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-28 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 166-167 Skill: Conceptual 29. Use of subjective measurement scales when making comparisons between members of different groups can result in a. within-group comparisons b. social creativity c. shifting standards d. benevolent sexism Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-29 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 168 Skill: Conceptual 30. Changing the comparison group when judging members of different groups is known as a. benevolent sexism b. social creativity c. between-group comparison d. shifting standards Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-30 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 168 Skill: Factual 31. When rating scales are used in the absence of objective measures, shifting standards may

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

a. help raters avoid the effects of stereotypes b. mask stereotyping effects c. reveal stereotyping effects d. hinder efforts to minimize biases Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-31 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 168 Skill: Conceptual 32. Cognitive frameworks for organizing, interpreting, and recalling information are known as a. in-group differentiation b. stereotypes c. subtypes d. schemas Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-32 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 160 Skill: Factual 33. Stereotypes serve to shape our perceptions in such a way that new information about members of stereotyped groups is interpreted as confirmation of our stereotypes. This aspect of stereotypes is known as a. self-fulfilling prophecies b. within-group comparisons c. subtyping d. inferential prisons Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-33 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 161 Skill: Factual 34. Mike believes that men are generally better at math and engineering than are women.

He also tends to think of women as being emotional and a bit “soft.” Mike recently met Karen, an attractive woman who is also a civil engineer. In most other respects, Karen fits Mike's ideas about women. Rather than revise his stereotype of women, Mike probably assumed that Karen represents a(n) a. subtype b. schema

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

c. recategorization d. abberation Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-34 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 161 Skill: Applied 35. We sometimes perceive a stronger relationship between two variables than is actually present. This phenomenon is known as a(n) a. illusory correlation b. hindsight bias c. priming d. self-confirming hypothesis Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-35 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 161-162 Skill: Factual 36. White Canadians tend to overestimate the crime rate among black Canadian men.

This is probably due to a(n) a. illusory correlation b. hindsight bias c. ultimate attribution error d. priming Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-36 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 161-162 Skill: Conceptual 37. Our tendency to perceive members of an out-group as more similar to each other than are members of our in-group is known as a. recategorization b. out-group homogeneity c. in-group heterogeneity d. out-group heterogeneity Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-37 Difficulty: 1

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

Page Reference: 162 Skill: Factual 38. Our tendency to perceive in-group members as more similar to each other than outgroup members is known as a. in-group heterogeneity b. out-group heterogeneity c. in-group homogeneity d. recategorization Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-38 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 162-163 Skill: Factual 39. Our tendency to perceive members of our own group as being more different from one other than are members of other groups is known as a. out-group differentiation b. in-group differentiation c. out-group homogeneity d. recategorization Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-39 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 162 Skill: Factual 40. Increasing the level of out-group homogeneity effects may also increase the level of a. out-group differentiation b. in-group differentiation c. recategorization d. out-group homogeneity Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-40 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 163 Skill: Conceptual 41. Paul is a 23-year-old college student. His family has been investigating long-term care facilities for his aging grandfather. On a visit to one long-term care facility with his parents, Paul commented that all the residents are just like his grandfather. Paul's perception best represents

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

a. in-group heterogeneity b. in-group homogeneity c. recategorization d. out-group homogeneity Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-41 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 162 Skill: Applied 42. Many experts suggest that stereotypes can be changed a. when the relationships between groups change b. when the higher-status group recognizes the negative effects of stereotypes c. when the lower-status group points out the higher-status group's stereotypes d. when one group willingly agrees to share power (and status) with the other group Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-42 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 163 Skill: Conceptual 43. Affective reactions toward an individual because of that individual's group membership is known as a. stereotyping b. bias c. discrimination d. prejudice Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-43 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 169 Skill: Conceptual 44. Providing members of a group with less favourable treatment because of their group membership is known as a. prejudice b. stereotyping c. bias d. discrimination Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-44 Difficulty: 1 Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

Page Reference: 169 Skill: Conceptual 45. ___________________ are goals that can be achieved only by cooperation between groups. a. Superordinate goals b. In-group goals c. Social catagorizations d. Out-group goals Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-45 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 175 Skill: Factual 46. Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from guilt may result in behaviours that a. try to avoid contact with the out-group b. try to protect the in-group's status position c. try to avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group d. try to harm the out-group directly Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-46 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 170 Skill: Conceptual 47. Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from anger may result in behaviours that a. try to harm the out-group directly b. try to camouflage the prejudice as much as possible c. try to avoid contact with the out-group d. try to avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-47 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 170 Skill: Conceptual

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

48. Some experts have suggested that different types of prejudice may arise because of different emotional responses to the target group. From this perspective, prejudice arising from disgust may result in behaviours that a. try to avoid contact with the out-group b. try to harm the out-group directly c. try to avoid feelings of guilt and sympathy for the out-group d. try to camouflage the prejudice as much as possible Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-48 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 170 Skill: Conceptual 49. In Hornsey and Hogg (2000), when the distinctiveness of subgroups was threatened, greater bias toward a _____________ out-group than a _________________ out-group was expressed. a. dissimilar; dissimilar b. dissimilar; similar c. similar; similar d. similar; dissimilar Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-49 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 177 Skill: Factual 50. Groups of individuals that are created on the basis of some minimal criteria are known as a. focus groups b. prejudicial groups c. irrelevant groups d. minimal groups Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-50 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 170 Skill: Factual 51. Incidental feelings are a. the underlying foundation for prejudice and discrimination in Western societies b. those that give rise to prejudices because of their association with judgments about an out-group

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

c. irrelevant to the group being judged, even though they can have an effect on the judgments being made d. a potentially effective means of changing prejudice on a large scale Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-51 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 171 Skill: Factual 52. Advantaged groups show the most prejudice toward out-groups when a. the advantaged group's leadership is threatened b. the advantaged group's image or interests are threatened c. the disadvantaged group acts to minimize the impact of prejudice d. the disadvantaged group's image or interests are threatened Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-52 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 173 Skill: Conceptual 53. The idea that prejudice is caused by direct competition between social groups for scarce resources is known as a. ultimate attribution error b. social identity theory c. superordinate goals theory d. realistic conflict theory Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-53 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 174 Skill: Factual 54. In Sherif's (1961) Robber's Cave experiment, researchers were able to reduce the tension between the two groups of boys by a. giving the groups a goal that could only be achieved through cooperation b. ignoring the taunts and attacks made against each group c. allowing friendships to form between members of different groups d. encouraging competition between the groups for desirable prizes Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-54 Difficulty: 1

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

Page Reference: 175 Skill: Applied 55. Goals that can only be reached by cooperation between groups are known as a. intrapersonal goals b. superordinate goals c. interpersonal goals d. subordinate goals Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-55 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 175 Skill: Factual 56. The tendency to divide the social world into separate groups, including our in-group and a number of different out-groups, is known as a. contact hypothesis b. social categorization c. in-group differentiation d. out-group differentiation Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-56 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 175-176 Skill: Factual 57. The social group to which an individual belongs is known as a. a social identity group b. an in-group c. a superordinate group d. a social group Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-57 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 175 Skill: Factual 58. A group other than the one to which an individual belongs is known as a. an in-group b. a social group c. a social identity group d. an out-group

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-58 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 175 Skill: Factual 59. When Lawrence saw Jeremy, a member of his fraternity, offering to help an elderly person carry groceries home from the store, he believed it was because Jeremy is a friendly, helpful person. When Lawrence saw Frank, a member of a competing fraternity, offering to help an elderly person carry groceries home from the store, he believed it was because Frank was being paid to do so. This difference in attributions made about Frank and Jeremy is one instance of a. the ultimate attribution error b. implicit associations c. shifting standards d. the contact hypothesis Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-59 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 177 Skill: Applied 60. The ultimate attribution error probably stems from ________________ operating at the group level. a. implicit associations b. the self-serving bias c. in-group differentiation d. illusory correlations Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-60 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 177 Skill: Factual 61. The idea that part of our self-esteem stems from identifying with the social groups to which we belong is part of a. social learning theory b. implicit associations theory c. realistic conflict theory d. social identity theory Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-61 Difficulty: 1 Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

Page Reference: 177 Skill: Factual 62. We tend to identify with groups to which we belong, and this identification raises our self-esteem. As a result, we frequently see other groups as being __________________ to our own group. a. unimportant b. inferior c. superior d. equivalent Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-62 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 177 Skill: Conceptual 63. Recent research (Hornsey & Hogg, 2000) has shown that pointing out similarities between subgroups will increase their hostility to each other if a. there is a perceived decrease in similar outcomes for the groups b. there is a perceived increase in similar outcomes for the groups c. there is a perceived threat to individual group members d. there is a perceived threat to the distinctiveness of the groups Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-63 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 177 Skill: Conceptual 64. Behaving differently toward members of different social groups is known as a. discrimination b. bias c. stereotyping d. prejudice Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-64 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 169 Skill: Factual 65. Beliefs that minorities are seeking and receiving more benefits than they deserve and a denial that discrimination influences outcomes for minority members is known as a. shifting standards b. modern racism Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

c. illusory correlations d. implicit associations Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-65 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 179-180 Skill: Factual 66. Attributing bigoted opinions to sources other than prejudice and expressing biased attitudes in some “safe” areas but not publicly is a part of a. modern racism b. shifting standards c. reverse discrimination d. recategorization Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-66 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 179-180 Skill: Factual 67. Researchers sometimes convince subjects that a machine can directly measure their attitudes. Once a research subject is connected to the machine, the subject is then more likely to respond truthfully to questions about his or her attitudes. This procedure is known as a. a priming mechanism b. differential discrimination c. the bogus pipeline d. the bona fide pipeline Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-67 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 180 Skill: Factual 68. Exposure to some stimuli or events will make information held in memory more available to us. This is known as a. the superordinate memory effect b. priming c. a bona fide pipeline d. a bogus pipeline Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-68 Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 181 Skill: Factual 69. Very brief exposures to faces of people from different ethnic backgrounds frequently causes people to respond faster to words with negative meanings than to words with positive meanings. This type of research is known as a. the bona fide pipeline b. a bogus pipeline c. the superordinate memory effect d. category activation Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-69 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 181 Skill: Factual 70. In Western societies, overt racism has _________________ in public life; automatic prejudice has ____________. a. decreased; decreased b. increased; increased c. continued; decreased d. decreased; continued Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-70 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 179-180 Skill: Conceptual 71. Recent research (Simon & Greenberg, 1996) has shown that a majority member's reactions to a minority member are influenced by a. exposure to the prejudice of others and awareness of the majority member's level of prejudice b. the minority member's level of prejudice and exposure to the prejudice of others c. exposure to the minority member and exposure to the prejudice of others d. the majority member's level of prejudice and exposure to the prejudice of others Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-71 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 178-179 Skill: Applied

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

72. The perspective that prejudice is acquired through direct and indirect experiences is known as a. the social norms perspective b. the common in-group identity model c. the recategorization view d. the social learning view Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-72 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 184-185 Skill: Factual 73. The contact hypothesis is based on the idea that a. increased contact between members of different social groups may increase the degree of prejudice between the groups b. increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups c. contact between members of different social groups has no long-lasting effect on the level of prejudice experienced by group members d. decreased contact between group members is necessary for the reduction of prejudice Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-73 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 185 Skill: Factual 74. ___________________ occurs when the boundaries between an in-group changes in relation to an out-group in such a way that at least some out-group members are now seen as being part of the in-group. a. Ambivalent attitude b. Implicit association c. Recategorization d. Common identity Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-74 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 186 Skill: Factual 75. One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize out-group members and in-group members as both being part of a larger single social entity. This approach is known as

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

a. the common in-group identity model b. the inclusiveness model c. the shifting standards model d. the social learning model Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-75 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 186 Skill: Conceptual 76. __________________ are rules within a particular social group concerning what actions and attitudes are appropriate. a. Recategorizations b. Socialization methods c. Social norms d. Collective prejudice Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-76 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 189 Skill: Factual 77. Training individuals to say no to their own stereotypes is known as _______________ and has the effect of ____________________. a. the egalitarian approach; reducing stereotype activation b. social influence training; strengthening stereotype activation c. stereotype negation training; increasing stereotype activation d. stereotype incrementation training; reducing stereotype activation Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-77 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 187-188 Skill: Factual 78. ________________________ are the rules within a social group that concern what actions and attitudes are appropriate. a. Implicit associations b. Social norms c. Incidental feelings d. Social identity Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-78 Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 189 Skill: Factual 79. When prejudiced people are convinced that other members of their group do not share their prejudice they tend to become less prejudiced. This is due to a. social norms b. recategorization c. collective guilt d. social influence Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-79 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 189 Skill: Conceptual 80. Craig believes that women are bad at math tasks. He tends to notice when a woman fails at a math-oriented task, but rarely notices success. He is also good at bringing the failures to mind. Craig is using a prejudicial a. social norm b. discrimination category c. schema d. bogus pipeline Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-80 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 160 Skill: Applied 81. Mike harbours many prejudicial feelings toward homosexuals; in fact, whenever he encounters a homosexual he immediately starts saying many negative comments. This example illustrates that prejudice is often ___________________ in nature. a. implicit b. subliminal c. direct d. indirect Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-81 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 171 Skill: Applied

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

82. Fred, Ted, Larry, and Barry are all research participants who were exposed to the bona fide pipeline procedure. After seeing a picture of a Hispanic face, they are all shown the word “bad.” The number of seconds it takes for Fred, Ted, Barry, and Larry to respond to the word “bad” is 5.2, 3.8, 2.1, and 4.4, respectively. On the basis of this information, which of these individuals most likely holds the greatest amount of negative attitudes toward Hispanics? a. Ted b. Fred c. Larry d. Barry Answer: d Question ID: msp1b 6.1-82 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 181 Skill: Applied 83. Jacob is a summer camp counsellor director who has decided to group his campers into one of three groups; each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the campground. What is the most likely outcome of this situational context? a. The campers will be inclined to develop friendships with their own group only if the camp counsellor director encourages them to do so. b. The campers will become bored with their own group and, consequently, will seek out friends in the other two groups. c. The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups. d. The campers will be equally likely to have friends in all three groups.

Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-83 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 174-175 Skill: Applied 84. Candy is washing the dishes and asks her brother to help by drying them. Her brother says that dishes are women's work, which makes their father smile. Her brother sees the smile and walks away. This scenario is an example of a prejudice as a result of a. social discrimination b. social learning c. incidental feelings d. social assimilation Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-84 Difficulty: 2

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Page Reference: 184 Skill: Applied 85. Which of the following statements does NOT illustrate the ultimate attribution error? a. “Never trust anyone over 30!” b. “I'm telling you that anyone who is not Canadian cannot be trusted.” c. “Sure, men and women have obvious biological differences—but deep down I think men and women are basically the same.” d. “Of course he did well on that exam—he was raised Catholic just like me and all of the Catholics I know are very smart.”

Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-85 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 177 Skill: Applied 86. Mohammed, an Arab Canadian, would be most likely to show prejudice against outgroups if a. he perceives much dissimilarity between his own group versus other groups b. he feels that the distinctiveness of his own group is threatened c. he is fully accepted by members of his own group d. he experiences much discrimination against himself and other Arab Canadians Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-86 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 177 Skill: Applied 87. Jason has just seen five faces from different individuals of varying ethnicities—First Nations, Western European, African Canadian, South American, and Asian—via the use of priming stimuli. After being presented with a certain “target” word his response time after each of these four faces (in the order presented above) was 1.7, 0.98, 2.1, 0.76, and 1.3 seconds, respectively. Which of the following faces is Jason most likely associating with the “target” word? a. Asian b. South American c. Western European d. First Nations Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-87 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 177 Skill: Applied Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Mastering Social Psychology, Canadian Edition Baron/Byrne/Branscombe/Fritzley

88. If 10% of Group A (which has 200 members) are found to be criminals, and 10% of Group B (which has 10 000 members) are found to be criminals, evidence suggests that you will form a. less favourable impressions of Group A b. less favourable impressions of Group B c. more favourable impressions of Group B d. equally unfavourable impressions of both groups Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-88 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 161-162 Skill: Applied 89. Considering the dynamics of an illusory correlation, which of the following events will be most memorable to most individuals? a. An occasion where a very “strange” event occurs during a full moon b. An occasion where a very “strange” event occurs when there isn't a full moon c. An occasion where there is neither a full moon nor an unusual event d. An occasion where there is a full moon but nothing unusual occurs Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.1-89 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 161-162 Skill: Applied 90. The phrase “You can't trust anyone over 30” is an example of a. the illusion of in-group homogeneity b. the illusion of out-group homogeneity c. the illusion of out-group differentiation d. illusory correlations Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.1-90 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 163 Skill: Applied 91. If you are friends with Sally, who is prejudiced against Asians, and you want to eliminate her prejudice, then you should a. try to come into regular contact with Asian individuals b. avoid discussing Sally's biases with her and try to keep her away from Asians c. cultivate contacts with Asian individuals and expose Sally to your new friends d. force Sally to develop a friendship with an Asian person Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-91 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 185 Skill: Applied 92. Suppose John has completed a study where he has been explicitly told to not associate a certain racial stereotype with a picture of a member of the race in question. Given this scenario, John will likely a. feel guilty over the fact that he even made such racial stereotypes and associations in the past b. be extremely confused by this study and, consequently, offer neutral responses c. be much less inclined to associate the racial stereotype with the picture of the member of the race in question d. continue to associate the racial stereotype with the picture of the member of the race in question Answer: c Question ID: msp1b 6.1-92 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 187-188 Skill: Applied

True/False Questions

1. Stereotypes are false beliefs about the traits that members of different social groups share. a. True b. False Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.2-1 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 160-161 Skill: Factual 2. Tokenism refers to hiring individuals based on group membership. a. True b. False Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.2-2 Difficulty: 1 Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Page Reference: 165-166 Skill: Factual 3. Schemas are cognitive frameworks that have been developed from social learning. a. True b. False Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.2-3 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 160 Skill: Factual 4. Subtypes are composed of group members that do not seem to fit the group's stereotype. a. True b. False Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.2-4 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 161 Skill: Factual 5. Prejudice based on fear and envy may cause an individual to harm members of the target out-group. a. True b. False Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.2-5 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 169-170 Skill: Conceptual 6. Palestinians and Israelis are in conflict over territory, which this gives rise to prejudice within both groups according to realistic conflict theory. a. True b. False Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.2-6 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 174-175 Skill: Conceptual

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7. The ultimate attribution error involves making favourable or flattering attributions about members of an out-group. a. True b. False Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.2-7 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 177 Skill: Conceptual 8. Priming involves using a stimulus to activate or make available information that is stored in memory. a. True b. False Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.2-8 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 181 Skill: Factual 9. The level of prejudice cannot be reduced. a. True b. False Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.2-9 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 184-189 Skill: Factual 10. The common in-group identity model suggests that including out-group members as part of a larger in-group will reduce prejudice. a. True b. False Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.2-10 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 186 Skill: Conceptual 11. Social norms are composed of the “average” or typical member of a particular group. a. True b. False Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.2-11 Difficulty: 1 Page Reference: 189 Skill: Factual 12. Mike finds that the more contact he has with individual members of a group he hates, the less he hates them. This is best explained by the contact hypothesis. a. True b. False Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.2-12 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 179 Skill: Applied 13. The contact hypothesis is the view that prejudice is acquired through direct and vicarious experiences. a. True b. False Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.2-13 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 185 Skill: Factual 14. The bona fide pipeline involves the use of deception to encourage people to reveal their true attitudes about an out-group. a. True b. False Answer: b Question ID: msp1b 6.2-14 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 181 Skill: Conceptual 15. Prejudice and bias can be decreased if people can be induced to believe that their prejudiced views are out of line with those of most other people. a. True b. False

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Answer: a Question ID: msp1b 6.2-15 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 189 Skill: Conceptual Short Answer Questions

1. Explain the relationship between stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination.

Answer: These are the three components of attitudes toward a particular group.

Stereotypes represent the cognitive component and are composed of our beliefs about a particular social group. Prejudice is the affective component that encompasses our feelings about a group. Discrimination is the behavioural component of attitudes and includes the different actions directed toward members of different groups.

Question ID: msp1b 6.3-1 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 159-160 Skill: Conceptual 2. Explain when and why low-status group members agree with some aspects of their group's stereotype.

Answer: Low-status group members are likely to agree with what they consider to be positive aspects of a stereotype. For example, women are likely to agree with the idea that women are more ethical and have better taste than men. Different aspects of the lowstatus group's stereotype are likely to be endorsed if these alternative aspects help to differentiate the low-status group from the higher-status group when inequality between the groups is not likely to change. This may particularly be the case when the alternative aspects are not perceived as threatening to the higher-status group.

Question ID: msp1b 6.3-2 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 160-163 Skill: Conceptual 3. Explain what is meant by shifting standards when judging members of different groups. Give an example.

Answer: Shifting standards occurs when we use one group as the standard by which to make comparisons and shift to another comparison standard when judging members of a different group.

Examples will vary. Elements of a successful example should include members of two different groups (e.g., men versus women) engaged in the same behaviour that is Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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expected to be different for the two groups in terms of absolute performance. In the example, performance should be shown to be judged within the group instead of globally (e.g., pretty good for a girl or not bad for a man). Excellent answers will point out that such distinctions may not be made overtly in terms of verbal responses, but may impact subsequent behaviour of the person making the judgment.

Question ID: msp1b 6.3-3 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 168 Skill: Conceptual 4. Describe the relationship between prejudice and the emotions that underlie prejudice.

Make sure to include a brief description of the relationship between the types of behaviour that can arise as a result of different emotional causes for prejudice.

Answer: Prejudice is the emotional component of attitudes toward social groups. As such, prejudice is the emotion and reflects the feelings we experience based only on another's membership in a particular group. As such, all prejudices reflect one or another negative underlying emotions. Although they are very similar, prejudices based on different emotions can be discriminated based on the behaviours they lead to. Prejudice based on anger may lead to direct attempts to harm the out-group. Prejudice based on guilt may lead to efforts to avoid the out-group because of the emotional distress caused by the outgroup's situation. Prejudice based on disgust may also lead to efforts to avoid the outgroup to avoid possible “contamination” by members of the out-group. Prejudice based on fear or envy may lead to defensive behaviours that are intended to protect the ingroup's status or position.

Question ID: msp1b 6.3-4 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 169-172 Skill: Conceptual 5. Explain what is meant by the ultimate attribution error.

Answer: The ultimate attribution error is the same as the fundamental attribution error extended to the group level. It is based on the observation that we tend to attribute positive behaviours of in-group members to relatively stable and internal causes and that we tend to attribute positive behaviours of out-group members to temporary or external causes. This attribution error is likely to be a function of the self-serving bias discussed in Chapter 5 and serves the function of enhancing our self-esteem through identification of some aspects of the self with the group.

Question ID: msp1b 6.3-5 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 177 Skill: Conceptual

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6. Explain what is meant by modern prejudice.

Answer: Openly racist views are more rarely expressed than in the past. However, bigoted attitudes continue to be expressed among like-minded individuals in private.

Bigoted attitudes are sometimes also excused by attributing them to behaviour for which the prejudiced person blames out-groups (access to benefits and opportunities, selfassertion by minorities, etc.).

Question ID: msp1b 6.3-6 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 179-180 Skill: Conceptual

Discussion Questions

1. Explain why stereotypes are formed and used.

Answer: Answers should include the following points: 1. Stereotypes function as a schema—a cognitive framework for processing information and for organizing, storing, and retrieving memories.

2. Stereotypes allow for greater efficiency in information processing.

3. Stereotypes allow us to conserve mental effort (cognitive miser).

4. Stereotypes allow us to maintain our beliefs about the world and about people (subtyping and illusory correlations may be mentioned in this context).

5. Stereotypes allow us to feel positively about our group identities and to increase our self-esteem.

6. Stereotypes act as theories—guiding attention and influencing the interpretation of information.

Question ID: msp1b 6.4-1 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 160-167 Skill: Conceptual 2. Explain the development of prejudice from the perspective of a response to threats to self-esteem and group interests.

Answer: Answers should include the following points: 1. We have a positive view of our in-group(s).

2. If this positive view is threatened, the source is derogated (a) to preserve or enhance self-esteem, (b) to protect group interests, and (c) to maintain group position.

3. Competition for resources may create prejudice. This type of prejudice can be overcome with a superordinate goal (one that requires cooperation between groups to achieve).

Question ID: msp1b 6.4-2 Difficulty: 2 Copyright ©2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

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Page Reference: 172-175 Skill: Conceptual 3. Describe some techniques that might help to reduce or eliminate prejudice.

Answer: Answers should include several of the following points: 1. From the social learning perspective, prejudice is learned via observation. Therefore, experiences with out-group members may counteract prejudice to some extent. It may also be beneficial to call the attention of parents and others to the negative impact that prejudice has on both in-group and out-group members. We can also question prejudiced individuals' justification for bias. Finally, the cost of prejudice to the prejudiced individual can be pointed out.

2. From the contact hypothesis perspective, prejudice will be reduced by any actions that bring in-group and out-group members into contact with each other.

3. We can engage in activities to help people recategorize their existing in-group and outgroup categories to be inclusive create a superordinate in-group that includes the outgroup.

4. We can employ strategies that increase the collective guilt felt by in-group members.

5. We can engage in stereotype negation training ("just say no" approach).

6. We can rely on social influences such as modelling nonprejudicial behaviours and providing people with an accurate assessment of the level of prejudice and negative stereotypes actually present in their in-group.

Question ID: msp1b 6.4-3 Difficulty: 3 Page Reference: 184-189 Skill: Applied 4. Explain the concept of stereotype threat.

Answer: Answers should include several of the following points: 1. Stereotype threat occurs when people believe that their behaviour fits or is likely to fit stereotypes about their group.

2. It may invoke anxiety and bring about self-handicapping behaviour in ways that may be difficult to control 3. Discussion of gender self-handicapping by women; other gender effects 4. Discussion of other minority self-handicapping effects, e.g., on test performance 5. Fear of inadvertently acting to confirm a stereotype.

Question ID: msp1b 6.4-4 Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 183-184 Skill: Applied

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