1890 1900
VIENNESE SECESSION 1897-1905 Key concepts: pure forms, attention to linework. A seperation from traditional styles - working toward a new future style. Key People: Joseph Maria Olbrich, Otto Wagner Josef Hoffman. Secession Building (1897), Palais Stoclet (1905)
1891-92 REDUCTIVE 1910 1920
SUPREMATISM 1915-1916 Key concepts: fundamental geometric forms (square, circle, etc). Some crossover with constructivism.
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT ACTIVE 1893-1963 “Prairie” style; large horizontal planes, winged open plans, clerestory windows, organic and contextually adaptive. Falling Water (1936), Robie House (1909) FASCIST REVOLUTION 1914-1922 (Italy) Fascism promotes political violence and war, as forms of direct action that create national regeneration, spirit, and vitality. Italian Pavilion (1935), Casa del Fascio (1932-36)
FUTURISM 1909-1916 (Italy and Russia mainly) Glorification of themese associated with concepts of the future; such as speed, technology, dynamism. Designs were often machinistic, streamlined and reduced to essential lines. La Citta Nuova (1914) - Antonio Sant’Elia
LE CORBUSIER ACTIVE 1914-1958 Five Points of Architecture: pilotis, free facade, open floor plan, ribbon windows, roof garden. Maison Dom-ino (1914), Villa Savoye (1928)
1914-18 EXPERIMENTAL
1930
WORLD WAR 1 1914-1918
DE STIJL 1917-1931 (Netherlands) Theo van Doesburg (pivotal character). Neoplasticism - the new plastic art. Key concepts: abstraction, essential forms and primary colours, positive and negative elements. Influenced Mies van der Rohe, the Bauhaus, and the international style. WEIMAR REPUBLIC 1919-1933 German revolution after WW1. Notably, it is the time when the Bauhaus flourished, both in Weimar and later in Dessau (1925-26). Ideas of health and fitness. Key people: Walter Gropius
CONSTRUCTIVISM 1917-1932 (Russia) Developed from Russian futurism. Key concepts: abstraction, three dimensionality, kineticism/movement. Project for a Lenin Tribune (1920), Tatlin’s Tower (1919-20), Soviet Pavilion (1925) THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE 1920s and 1930s Key concepts: radical simpliciation of form, rejection of ornament, adoption of modern materials, and the machine aesthetic. Key people: Le Corbusier, Mies Van Der Rohe, and Walter Gropius
1929-36 CONSTRAINED
1940
WORLD WAR 2 1939-1945
NATIONAL SOCIALISM (NAZI REGIME) 1933-1945 Bauhaus occupied by Nazis, and the influence of artists and architects from the Bauhaus spread internationally. Number of outstanding works falls. Zeppelinfeld (1934) and many other urban works by Albert Speer.
BAUHAUS German school combining arts and crafts Weimar (1919-1925) - Henri van der Velde -Walter Gropius Dessau (1925-1932) - Hannes Meyer Berlin (1932-1933) - Mies van der Rohe
1939-45 UNIVERSAL
1950
MODERN RATIONALISM 1920s to 1940s (Italy) Intended to strike a middleground between classicism and futurism. Substantial commissions from Mussolini during his fascist regime. Key People: Giuseppe Terragni, Adalberto Libera Casa del Fascio (1932-36), Italian Pavilion (1935)
ALVAR AALTO ACTIVE 1927-1959 Concerned with Gesamtkunstwerk. designed interiors, surfaces, furniture, glassware, etc. Tuberculosis Sanatorium (1929), Saynatsalo Town Hall (1950)
CHURCH_JORN UTZON_BAGSVAERD, COPENHAGEN_1981
NOTRE DAME DU HAUT_LE CORBUSIER_RONCHAMP_1951-55 HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY_LE CORBUSIER_CHANDIGARH, INDIA_1951-62 HIGH COURT_LE CORBUSIER_CHANDIGARH, INDIA_1952-55 MAISONS JAOUL_LE CORBUSIER_NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE_PARIS_1952-56 CONCENT LA TOURETTE_LE CORBUSIER_ EVEUX-SUR-ARBRESLE, NEAR LYON_1953-60 SECRETARIAT_LE CORBUSIER_CHANDIGARH, INDIA_1954-58 SOLOMON R. GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM_F.L.WRIGHT_NEW YORK_1956-59 SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE_JORN UTZON_SYDNEY_1956-73 VUOKSENNISKA CHURCH_ALVAR AALTO_IMATRA_1956-59 MARIN CIVIC CENTER_F.L.WRIGHT_SAN RAFAEL, CALIFORNIA_1959-63
PALAZZO DELLA CIVILITA ITALIANA_GUERINI, PADULA AND ROMANO_EUR_1942 UNITE D’HABITATION_LE CORBUSIER_MARSEILLES_1946-52 BAKER HOUSE DORMITORIES_ALVAR AALTO_MIT, BOSTON_1946-49 MORRIS GIFT SHOP_F.L.WRIGHT_SAN FRANSISCO, CALIFORNIA_1948 SAYNATSALO TOWN HALL_ALVAR AALTO_SAYNATSALO_1949-52
TUGENDAHT HOUSE_MIES VAN DER ROHE_BRNO_1930 DESIGN FOR DOM-KOMMUNA BACHELOR APARTMENTS_BARSCH AND VLADIMIROV_1930 SWISS PAVILION_LE CORBUSIER_CITE UNIVERSITAIRE, PARIS_1930-32 EXHIBITION OF THE TENTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FASCIST REVOLUTION_ ADALBERTO LIBERA AND MARIO DE RENZI_ROME_1932 CASA DEL FASCIO_GIUSEPPE TERRAGNI_COMO_1932-36 HOUSE OF GERMAN ART_PAUL LUDWIG TROOST_MUNICH_1933-35 ZEPPELINFELD_ALBERT SPEER_NUREMBERG_1934 ITALIAN PAVILION_ADALBERTO LIBERA AND MARIO DE RENZI_ INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION, BRUSSELS_1935 VILLE RADIEUSE (RADIANT CITY)_LE CORBUSIER_1935 EDGAR KAUFMANN HOUSE (FALLING WATER)_F.L.WRIGHT_PENNSYLVANIA_1936 JOHNSON WAX CO. BUILDING_F.L.WRIGHT_RACINE, WISCONSIN_1936-39 RESEARCH TOWER_1949-51 URBAN PROJECTS FOR BERLIN (GREAT HALL, TRIUMPHAL ARCH)_ALBERT SPEER_1938-40 VILLA MAIREA_ALVAR AALTO_NOORMARKKU_1938-39 FINNISH PAVILION_ALVAR AALTO_NEW YORK’S WORLD FAIR_1939
ALINE BARNSDALL HOUSE_F.L.WRIGHT_HOLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA_1920 PROJECT FOR A LENIN TRIBUNE_EL LISSITSKY_1920 STOCKHOLM PUBLIC LIBRARY_ERIK GUNNAR ASPLUND_STOCKHOLM_1920-28 PAVILION L’ESPRIT NOUVEAU_LE CORBUSIER_PARIS_1920 HAT FACTORY_ERICH MENDELSOHN_LUCKENWALDE_1921-23 SOMMERFIELD HOUSE_GROPIUS ET. AL._BERLIN-DAHLEM_1921 VILLE CONTEMPORAINE_LE CORBUSIER_1922 MAISON LA ROCHE_LE CORBUSIER_PARIS_1922 OZENFANT HOUSE, LE CORBUSIER, PARIS, 1922 PROJECT FOR A GLASS SKYSCRAPER_MIES VAN DER ROHE_1922 BRICK COUNTRY HOUSE PROJECT_MIES VAN DER ROHE_1923 CHARLES ENNIS HOUSE_F.L.WRIGHT_LOS ANGELES_1924 SHROEDER HOUSE_GERRIT RIETVELD_UTRECHT_1924 HOUSING ESTATE_J. J. P. OUD_HOEK VAN HOLLAND_1924 WOLKENBUGEL (“CLOUD-HANGER”) PROJECT_EL LISSITSKY_NIKITSKY SQUARE, MOSCOW_1924 ENTRY FOR THE LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA_KONSTANTIN MELNIKOV_MOSCOW_1924 SOVIET PAVILION_KONSTANTIN MELNIKOV_EXPOSITION DES ARTS DECORATIFS, PARIS_1925 CAFE DE UNIE_J. J. P. OUD_ROTTERDAM_1925 PLAN VOISON (PLAN TO RECONSTRUCT PARIS)_LE CORBUSIER_1925 BAUHAUS_WALTER GROPIUS_DESSAU_1925-26 SCHOCKEN DEPARTMENT STORE_ERICH MENDELSOHN_STUTTGART_1926 VIIPURI LIBRARY_ALVAR AALTO_1927-35 WEISSENHOFSEIDLUNG_MIES VAN DER ROHE_STUTTGART_1927 MAISON STEIN_LE CORBUSIER_GARCHES_1927 RUSAKOV WORKER’S CLUB_KONSTANTIN MELNIKOV_MOSCOW_1928 COMMUNE HOUSE OF THE NARKOMFIN_MOSEI GINSBURG AND I. MILINIS_MOSCOW_1928-29 VILLA SAVOYE_LE CORBUSIER_POISSY_1928-31 TOWN HALL_WILLEM MARINUS DUDOK_HILVERSUM_1928-30 TUBERCULOSIS SANATORIUM_ALVAR AALTO_PAIMIO_1929-33 IAKOV CHERNIKOV_CONSTRUCTIVIST WORKS
FAGUS FACTORY_WALTER GROPIUS_ALFELD, GERMANY_1911 THE VICEROY’S HOUSE_EDWIN LUTYENS_NEW DELHI, INDIA_1912-31 FACTORY ADMINISTRATION BUILDING_WALTER GROPIUS_COLOGNE EXHIBITION, GERMANY_1914 ‘LA CITTA NUOVA’_ANTONIO SANT’ELIA_EXHIBITED IN MILAN_1914 DOM-INO PROJECT, LE CORBUSIER, 1914 GLASHAUS_BRUNO TAUT_COLOGNE EXHIBITION, GERMANY_1914 WORKER’S HOUSING ESTATE_MICHEL DE KLERK_AMSTERDAM_1914-18 IMPERIAL HOTEL_F.L.WRIGHT_TOKYO_1914-21 MIDWAY GARDENS_F.L.WRIGHT_CHICAGO_1914 VILLA SCHWOB, LE CORBUSIER, LA CHAUX-DE-FONDS, 1916 CITÉ INDUSTRIELLE PROJECT_TONY GARNIER_PARIS_1917 OFFICE BUILDING PROJECT_MIES VAN DER ROHE_FRIEDRICHSTRASSE, BERLIN_1919 CA’BRUTTA_GIOVANNI MUZZIO_MILAN_1919-22 GROSSE SCHAUSPIELHAUS (INTERIOR)_HANS POELZIG_BERLIN_1919 EINSTEIN TOWER OBSERVATORY_ERICH MENDELSOHN_POTSDAM_1919-20 MONUMENT TO THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL_VLADIMIR TATLIN_1919-20
WARD WILLITS HOUSE_F.L.WRIGHT_HIGHLAND PARK_1900-02 PALAIS STOCLET_JOSEF HOFFMAN_BRUSSELLS_1905-1911 UNITY TEMPLE_F.L.WRIGHT_OAK PARK_1906 AEG TURBINE FACTORY_PETER BEHRENS_BERLIN_1908-09 GOLDMAN & SALATSCH BUILDING_ADOLF LOOS_VIENNA_1909-11 ROBIE HOUSE_F.L.WRIGHT_CHICAGO_1909 STEINER HOUSE_ADOLF LOOS_VIENNA_1910
WINSLOW HOUSE_F.L.WRIGHT_RIVER FOREST_1893 AMSTERDAM EXCHANGE_H.P. BERLAGE_1897-1903 SECESSION BUILDING_JOSEPH MARIA OLBRICH_VIENNA_1897-98
JONATHAN WIRJOPRAWIRO 04 APR 2012 “SHORTLIST TIMELINE” *Buildings are ordered chronologically from the year construction started. *Architects’ “active” years only relate to the shortlist.
>1960
BRUTALISM 1950s to 1970s From French - béton brut. Key concepts: repetitive angular geometries, raw concrete textures showing formwork when poured in-situ Key people: Le Corbusier OTHER KEY IDEAS/EVENTS: RELEVANT WERKBUND EXHIBITIONS 1914 (Cologne, Germany) - Glass Pavilion 1927 (Stuttgart) - Weissenhoff Estate 1949 - re-established after Nazis
The Deutscher Werkbund is an association of arists, designers, and manufacturers, as part of a State-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass production techniques. Closely linked with the Bauhaus.
RELEVANT UNIVERSAL EXPOSITIONS 1893,1933 (Chicago) 1925 (Paris) - Soviet Pavilion, Melnikov 1935 (Brussels) - Italian Pavilion, Libera & de Renzi 1939 (New York) - Finnish Pavilion, Aalto
1960+ CHALLENGES