Asian Architecture - Alila Villa Case Study

Asian architecture ARC 60403

CASE STUDY PAPER

Integration of Tradition Balinese Architecture into Contemporary Architecture to Achieve Thermal Comfort Alila Villa, Uluwatu, Bali, Indonesia

Name Jolene Hor Student ID 0313751 Lecturer Mr. Koh Jing Hao

Table of Content

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Abstract Research Framework Overview of Alilla Villa Introduction of Balinese Architecture Thermal Comfort 5.1 Definition of Thermal Comfort 5.2 Factors to achieve Thermal Comfort Achieving Thermal Comfort in Traditional Balinese Architecture 6.1 Materials 6.2 Natural Ventilation 6.3 Spatial Organisation Integrating Thermal Comfort of Tradition Balinese Architecture into Contemporary Architecture 7.1 Materials 7.2 Natural Ventilation 7.3 Spatial Organisation Conclusion Reference

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Abstract of Research Paper

The purpose of doing a study one study of achieving thermal comfort in the integration of Balinese and contemporary architecture, is to understand what has been done architecturally in the olden times as that has influence what is practiced now in the modern times to achieve thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is an important aspect of a space as it affects the users in the space a lot. Without trying to achieve thermal comfort, the experience of the space cannot be enjoyed fully to its highest potential by the users as users. Among the factors that affects thermal comfort is the temperature of the air, the relative humidity an also the air velocity. In assisting the validation of the research, literature reviews based on various sources regarding Balinese architecture, in which Alila Villa has been chosen, is taken to represent the architecture style of Balinese architecture. There are many methods architecturally that can be done to promote thermal comfort such as the openness of the structure, the materials chosen that can passively cool down the building , as well as the special organization of the building. The traditional way of Balinese architecture is to have natural ventilation of the building instead of having fans and air conditions. In the Alila Villas, this is practice as well in which the building have a lot of openings to allow the flow of wind and there are no fans in the pavillion. In terms of special organization of Alila Villas, there is a centralise courtyard just like traditional Balinese villas that not only act as a place to gather but also where there is a pond or a pool where there is evaporation water into the ait to cool the area naturally. It is also obvious that nature is an important element of Balinese architecture, thus the landscaping of the villa also helps to achieve thermal comfort as less trees are chop down for the development of the building hence, making the space more shaded and cooling. In conclusion, thermal comfort can be achieved by the integration of vernacular Balinese Architecture and contemporary architecture as the traditional method used in the pass is still applicable.

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Research Framework of Achieving Thermal Comfort

Questions 1.

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What are the factors to achieve thermal comfort at Bali ,Indonesia?

How does natural ventilation work in Balinese architecture to achieve thermal comfort?

What is the impact of the material used in Balinese architecture to achieve thermal comfort?

How does the spatial planning of Balinese architecture contribute to the cooling of the building in vernacular Balinese architecture?

5. What is the integration of contemporary design and Balinese architecture in natural ventilation?

6. How does Balinese architecture affect the materials chosen in contemporary design to achieve thermal comfort?

7. What is the impact of Balinese architecture in spatial planning of contemporary architecture to achieve thermal comfort?

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overview of Alila Villa, Uluwatu

Alila Villa is a hotel that is located on the southern cliffs of an island at Bukit Peninsular, Uluwatu, Bali. It has been operating since June 2009. It comprises of a 50 suite hotel with 35 residential villas. The resort opens its doors on 1 June 2009. WOHA architect who is responsible for the design of the villa designed the villa to cater for the design-savvy travellers who were looking for an ecological sustainable as well as a socially responsible holiday experience. The villa addresses two contemporary architectural issues. The first issue is the creation and the integration of vernacular architecture into contemporary architecture. The design of the villa shows the traditional Balinese pavilions designs with contemporary design in the spaces and the forms. There are many unique design language that was derived from the fusion of traditional Balinese architecture and also contemporary architecture. An example would by instead of using a pitched roof for the pavilions like the typical traditional type, a low pitched roof, that is also favoured more in this post modernism era, is used instead so that the view of the gentle slope not blocked by this. It is clear that the fusion of the two types of architecture responded to the site. WOHA architects claims that the architecture of the building is not traditional Balinese architecture or the future of Balinese architecture but merely a conversation between WOHA and some aspects of Balinese architecture, a culture that they know about but not in depth and contemporary architecture. Secondly is the way that architecture can be ecological sustainable by embracing the passive and active methods to conserve the environment. The idea of the villa is based not on following the stereotypical images of Bali or generic resorts, instead around pleasures inhabiting the site. The architects responded to the site accordingly and designed solutions to the problems that arose. The villa is a Green Globe 21 rated ecological sustainable development and has won several awards.

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introduction of Balinese Architecture

The early civilization of Bali was at the volcanic highlands until people started moving to the coast.

Balinese architecture is said to be influenced by the culture of Bali which was developed from Hindu influences through ancient Java intermediary and also pre-Hindu element of Balinese architecture. Traditional Balinese architecture is believed to be originated from two sources. The indigenous people of Bali were from a megalith culture. They used large stones as building materials to build structures. Balinese came in contact with Hindu architecture at around 200 BC which left a big impact on the way and things that Balinese build. There are also some Chinese architect that influenced that design of a few buildings in Bali. The fusion of the different cultures makes Balinese architecture so unique. Traditional Balinese architecture follows the strict and sacred laws of building which is to have many open spaces that consist of many pavilions and spacious courtyard. Besides that, in the Balinese culture, guardian statues are often used to keep out evil spirits. This law, or rather believe, is known as Tri Loka view of the universe that states that are three distinct realm which is for the Gods, humans and demons. There are several concepts that acts as a protocol to give guidelines in traditional Balinese architecture that affects values of architecture which is the concept of room hierarchy, cosmological orientation, cosmology balance, proportion and human scale, court and honest building materials. Traditionally, there is an Undangi also known as a priest architect that determines the rules, scale and proportion of the pavilions, shrines and gate.

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thermal comfort Definition and Factors

5.1

Definition of Thermal Comfort

Thermal comfort is defined as the condition of mind that express satisfaction with the thermal environment based on the ASHRAE 55-2004 Standards. Maintaining the right thermal comfort in one’s design is an important goal so that users will be comfortable in the building and are able to experience the spaces fully. In architectural design process climate studies is one of the first steps where architects study the climate of the area using metrological station data. Passive heating strategies are also looked into while studying climate to be added into the design of the building’s architecture. There are a few aspects architecturally that can manipulate thermal comfort such as human factors, climatic factors and building factors.

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Factors to achieve Thermal Comfort

Human Factors Human factors are hard to determine as architects can only come to an approximate assumption about the users clothing, culture, behaviours and activities that are not fully accurate. Example, if there were 100 staffs working in an office, it is impossible to get all the human factors. This is as no one can predict for sure the exact behaviour of a user but rather make an assumption of majority of the targeted users.

According to the Jakarta Post (Erviani, N.K, 15 December 2011), the population at Bali in 2010 was 3.89 million. The average population growth at Bali is about 2% a year. According to this data, the estimated population in Bali now should be around 4.29 million people. However, as Bali draws a lot of tourist throughout the year, it is difficult to get the exact population of people at Bali. At tourist attraction areas, it is often pack with people which sometimes cause discomfort. People are normally dress in less cloths as a respond to the hot and humid climate. Most of the activities in Bali involves being outdoor and having close relationship with the environment as it is part of their culture and also as it is one of the main thing to do since Bali is an island with a beautiful beach.

Climatic Factors Climate is an important factor in achieving thermal comfort. This is as heat from the body to the surrounding and vice versa happens until thermal balance is achieved when there is a net flow of heat from the body to the surrounding. If the surrounding is hot, more heat will flow into our body causing us more discomfort and if the surrounding is cold, less heat will flow into our body causing us to feel colder.

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Figure 1: Bali Climate Graph.

Climate and Rainfall [Photograph]. (n.d.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://www.baliguide.com/bali-info/weather.html

As Bali is located very near to the equator, it has a warm and tropical climate. The average temperature is around 30 degree celsius while having a humidity level of 85%. This makes people feel more discomfort faster in this hot weather as people are more prone to sweating compared to summer in a less humid country.

Therefore, wind and ventilation is important at Bali to prevent discomfort of the people.

Building Factors Buildings and architecture creates the environment where people are. The materials used, structure designed and orientation of the building can create a microclimate which affects the thermal comfort of the place.

Before a building is built, properties of materials used such as its U value should be studied as well as the microclimate of the site to enable architects to design to the site’s fullest potential.

Buildings in Bali are built based on their believe in having a close relationship with nature and thus respond to the site and climate very well. This allow natural ventilation and provides a more comfortable environment for the people. Materials that are normally chosen to be used are materials that have low thermal mass such as timber so that there is less heat trap in the building since Bali is hot throughout the year.

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Achieving thermal comfort in Traditional Balinese Architecture

6.1

Material

For hundred years, even without importing materials such as cement, paint or steel, the Bali architecture still splendours. Traditional Balinese architecture are normally built with organic materials as building aims to be in harmony and blend in with the surrounding environment. Materials in Bali are typically considered to sustainable as the materials are normally obtained locally and it is available in the nature. Amongst the natural materials that are commonly used are bamboo, teak wood, coconut wood, thatch stone and bricks. Balinese people are well known for their talent in sculpting. Floral pattern are normally sculpted on the wooden or stone pieces. According to the building principle of traditional Balinese architecture, there should a be truth of material where materials are explicitly exposed so that their essence can be revealed.

Thatch Thatch is a craft of constructing a roof with dry vegetation such as leaves, straws or water reeds. In Bali, there are various types of thatch which is also known as rab such as rab klnagsah, which is woven coconut leave, rab sumi, made of rice stalks, rab ijuk, made from the sugar plam tree trunk fibre and the most famous, rab alang alang which is made from elephant grass .

Figure 2: Thatch Roof Thatch [Photograph]. (n.d.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://www.suncoasttikihuts.com/synthetic%20artifical%20palm%20%20thatch.JPG

This material is favorable in Bali as the outlook of the thatch is very harmonious to the environment.

Also, the materials to construct a thatch roof are easily obtained in Bali which has a tropical climate where leaves, straws and fibre can dry up easily.

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Thatch is natural insulators as there are air pockets that exist within the straws. These air pockets will keep the building cool in a tropical climate. Also, the air pockets allow some air to go through which will allow the building to be ventilated naturally. Although it is lightweight, when thatch is applied correctly, it is a good resistance to wind damage. Thatch roofs are often found in Balinese pavilions Stones Traditionally, foundations of Balinese buildings were the mixtures of volcanic lava rocks, split river rocks, rough lime stones or river sand. Moving up, the body and the walls of the buildings were made of finer or lighter materials as architecturally speaking, the best building in Bali has a more masculine base and finer materials working up.

Figure 3: Volcanic Lava Rocks Extrusive Igneous Rocks[Photograph]. (n.d.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://f.tqn.com/y/geology/1/S/M/W/scoria500.jpg

Volcanic lava rocks are easily obtained in Bali as there are a lot of volcanic site. These volcanic lava rocks have a special property that makes it a good insulator to heat. This is as these the rocks are empty inside and on the outside it is porous. The characteristic of the rock allows hot air to enter into the rock and stored during a hot day. This eliminates the hot air that is contained in the surrounding. At night, the hot air is released and the cycle is repeated.

Wood Wood is used widely in traditional architecture especially teak wood and coconut wood. Wood is often used do wood carvings for ornamentation and the design often shows Indian influence. Timber frame system is practiced in traditional Balinese architecture where the timber columns of the building support the load of the building while the walls that are made of mud and bricks do not carry any load as it is normally detached to the structure. The Asta Kosali, a traditional rule on building states that teak wood that is ideally used for this purpose.

The teak wood should be cut from a living tree and growing locally. Offerings are made before the tree is cut down and the wooden column is erected according to the direction of growth of the tree truck in which it was fallen.

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Figure 4: Wood used as timber frames Classical Balinese Architecture [Photograph]. (2011.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://joyourhome.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Classic-Balinese-Furniture-With-So-Many-BalineseGod-And-Goddess-In-Wood.jpg

Thick walls are less preferred as not only the usable floor area is reduced by it also cost more to construct. Timber frame wall can offer external walls a high thermal insulation for a comparatively slim thickness.

As timber has a low thermal mass, it keeps the daytime heat out and does not absorb it unlike masonry such as cement. At night, it does not release much heat since there is no heat stored up. It will not cause an excessive and uncomfortable night time temperature that people will experience if masonry was used.

6.2 natural ventilation As Bali has a very hot and humid climate, ventilation is very important to aid in achieving thermal comfort. Natural ventilation has been practiced since traditional Balinese architecture as not only it is effective but also cheap. The structure of the building that enable wind flow of the building are namely the roof and the walls as these are the barrier that separate the internal from the external.

Roof Ventilation The shape of Balinese roof originated from the socio-cultural background. However, thermal comfort of the building is created unconsciously due to climate consideration. In the past, the room space from the floor to the rood is not separated and therefore the height from the floor to roof is proper. This avoids heat transfer through radiation that will accumulate the air temperature in the space can be reduced. Natural materials of the roof such as thatch can absorb the solar radiation slowly. The overhang of the roofs can also reduce the amount of radiation that enters the building.

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Figure 5: High Roof of Balinese Architecture Finely Constructed Roof [Photograph]. (n.d.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://www.livingtravel.com/asia/indonesia/bali/NewImages/Bali_VisualArts_15_Ceil ingConstruction.jpg

Porous materials are commonly used to build the roof of the traditional building. This is as the porosity allows roof ventilation when air from inside is allowed to flow outside. Due to the thermos dynamic process, hot air will rise to the roof area and then flow out the roof resulting in the elimination of hot air in the space. This leave the air in the space to be cool air.

Wall Ventilation As most of the activities are done outdoors, there is minimum ventilation used for the walls for example the windows and doors in traditional building. This is also to avoid unwanted infiltrators such as beast and thief from entering the building. However, since the walls are made of natural materials that are also known as breathing materials such as bamboo and timber, cross ventilation can run properly. Air can pass through these materials and guarantee cross ventilation of the building. Cross ventilation will prevent discomfort in the building as not only it can replace the hot air in the building but also move air particles that will prevent occupants of the

Figure 6: Wooden Craft Traditional Balinese Wood Carving [Photograph]. (n.d.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from https://s-mediacache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/ae/7a/50/ae 7a502f5e14f5b1313b4915e8b2b539.jpg

Figure 7: Wooden Crafted Walls in Traditional Balinese Architecture

Magnificent Traditional Ballroom [Photograph]. (n.d.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://www.trastus.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/magnificent-traditional-ballroom-in-thebulgari-resort-bali-also-wooden-floor-terrace-and-wooden-pillars-also-traditional-jarornament.jpg

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building to sweat.

In the interior, the walls that acts as a divider does not go up until the roof. This allows air from one room to flow to the other room as the space is not totally closed until the roof. The wall that act as a divider does not avoid the process of cross ventilation and air movement within spaces happens. The space therefore will have air flow circulation and would not be stuffy. Bear in mind that there was no use of mechanical ventilation at that time, thus there is no fan to circulate the air. Some walls are made of wood that have carving ornaments.

Besides being for aesthetic purposes, these wood carvings has meshes that provides airflow into the building and also within spaces.

6.3 spatial organization Ancient Bali knowledge has been conserved on plam leaf manuscript named Lotar. The lotar not only covers the architecture of traditional Balinese architecture but also other topics related to human life such as religion, healing and arts. One of the building principle stated in the manuscript is the about the cosmological orientation (Nawa Sanga Mandala) which is an orienting framework based on Bali- Hindu philosophy. The application of this principle can be reflected trough the orientation of the buildings and villages where it is divided into nine areas according the hierarchy of spaces which is nista (poverty area) , madya (middle area) and utama (primary area).

Another building principle in the Lotar is the Open air ‘court concept. This showed in the open structures and often separated into different units with special qualities. Each building such as a house typically contains several free-standing pavilions (bale) that serves different functions. The bales are enclosed by a surrounding wall with a street side entrance gate. The bales are arranged around a central court (natah).

From the spatial organization of the building, it can be seen that a microclimate within the building is created. The spaces in between the bales causes prevailing wind to travel at different velocity.

Figure 8: Wind Velocity Diagram

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It is clear that there is a high velocity of wind flowing between the bales creating more breeze in between the bales. The streamline merges at the natah and the turbulent kinetic reduces. The dissipation rate of the wind flow decreases here. At the reattachment point, the shear stress become zero and the heat transfer to the surrounding is reduced. The arrangement of the bale produces a high velocity at the last building at the back.

Since it is located at the reattachment point, the turbulent kinetic energy, energy dissipation and heat transfer tend to increase and therefore the distance between the last building and the natah is important to reduce the wind effect on the last room. The family temple that is located at the corner has a relatively high turbulent kinetic energy.

It can be concluded that traditional Balinese architecture is not just all about the traditional way of life but also have a significant correlation with wind engineering, heat transfer, architectural aerodynamics and thermal comfort as a respond to the needs of people to achieve thermal comfort. Traditional Balinese architecture does not only mean the harmonization between humans and the environment but also to provide protection to humans from harm and ensure their comfort in the space.

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integrating thermal comfort of Traditional Balinese Architecture into Contemporary Architecture Alila Villa, Uluwatu

As an ecologically sustainable development, WOHA architect paid attention to all aspects in trying use as little energy possible to run the hotel. One of which includes achieving thermal comfort without having to use much energy. It is clear that there are some integration from traditional Balinese Architecture that shows in the method that is being used at Alila Villa in achieving thermal comfort.

7.1

material

Alila Villa takes pride in using volcanic pumice rock to construct the roofs of the villas. The practice of using volcanic rock to construct has been used in the past as well as it is a good heat insulator. The volcanic rocks will store the heat during the day to ensure that there is no radiation of heat into the building through the roof and therefore keep a cool environment inside the space. Just like mentioned in the previous chapter, the heat will be removed from the rocks at night when it is cooler.

These volcanic rocks can also support local ferns and succulents.

Figure 9: Alila Villa Roof with Volcanic Rocks Alila Villa Roof [Photograph]. (n.d.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://www.suncoasttikihuts.com/synthetic%20artifical%20palm%20%20thatch.JPG

On top that, these volcanic rocks are also used to build the water courtyard walls. The usage of volcanic rocks aids in prevents the cool air from blowing away too quickly keeping the courtyard cool with the aid of the evaporation of the pool at the courtyard.

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Besides volcanic rocks, other materials that have been used widely in the past such as timber is also used at Alila Villa. All of the pavilions that are build are constructed by mainly timber to give the essence of traditional Balinese architecture as pavilions are such prominent structure in Balinese architecture. The usage of timber is used as it has low thermal mass which ensures the low temperature in the pavilions. Locally recycled ironwood is also used inside and outside for cladding, doors and paneling.

Figure 10: Timber used to construct the pavillion

All the Exquisite Alila Villa Uluwatu [Photograph]. (2012.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2010/06/new-124.jpg materials that used to construct Alila Villa are sourced locally and are mostly recycled. From this, it can be concluded that Alila Villa not only use traditional ways to achieve thermal comfort but also an ecological way to do it considering all aspects in the process including sourcing materials.

7.2

natural ventilation

Instead of the typical steep pitched roof Balinese pavilions, which would have been an obstruction to the view on the slopes, a low pitched roof was developed instead. The terraced rood fused with the landscape preserving the wide open panorama. This shows the progression of traditional Balinese pavilions that evolve. Instead of a thatch roof, the low pitched roof of the pavilions are made of pieces timber. The timbers are arranged in a way such that it is not place closely to the adjacent unit of timber. Just like the thatch roof in the past, hot air that rises is able to be pushed out the pavilion from the holes created.

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Figure 11: Pavilion Roof that Allows Ventilation

h Pavillion of Alila Vila [Photograph]. (2010.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://www.vidafine.com/blog/wpe content/uploads/2010/05/alila-villas-uluwatu-4.jpg w alls of the pavilion can be said to replace wooden carving that was used as ornamented walls in the traditional Balinese architecture. In contemporary architecture, simplicity is appreciated and therefore, instead of a heavily ornamented wall, the simple horizontal language of the roof is continues throughout the walls as well which enables cross ventilation keeping the pavilion cool. Since nature is a plays a big role in traditional Balinese architecture, the arrangement of timber pieces of the pavilion walls are placed in such a way that it does not obstruct the view from inside the pavilion.

The arrangement of timber that shows linearity and simplicity of the pavilion shows the contemporary element of the pavilion while the usage of material and method to cool the pavilion used in traditional Balinese architecture is integrated in it.

Figure 12: Alila Vila Pavillion that Shows Fusion of Traditional and Contemporary Architecture.

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OPavilion [Photograph]. (2008.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from https://butlerseaimages.s3.amazonaws.com/alila-uluwatu-bali.jpg Alila Vila

top of that, the roofs of the villas have large overhangs, similar to the traditional roofs to act as a sun shading device keeping heat from the sun away from the entering the villa. The holes on the higher parts of the wall allows wind flow to push out the hot air that rises out from the building.

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Figure 2: Large Overhang of the Villa.

Alila Vila [Photograph]. (2013.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://www.sostinternational.com/index.php/in-the-spotlight-alila-hotelsresorts-singapore-2/2/

7.3

Spatial organization

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Figure 2: Alila Villa Site Plan

Alila Villa Plan [Photograph]. (n.d.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://www.ppinpoint.com/property-new-articles/million-dollar-villas-in-bali-part-1-alila-villas/

The spatial organization of the villa resemble the traditional Balinese spatial organization as Alila Villa is not constructed as a while building. Instead, just like traditional Balinese architecture, Alila Villa has several buildings, villas and pavilions as separate units that are enclosed in one big compound. Although the design of the building has evolved and the functions and placement of the buildings are not the same the practice of having several structures in a compound creates a microclimate just like in the past and the structures are built around a water courtyard. The spaces in between each of the structure creates different wind velocity that pushes air faster and therefore creating more breeze cooling the area down.

Traditional Balinese architecture strongly believe in the relationship between human and nature and thus, water as an element is also important. The architects used this believe and place a pond or a pool at the courtyards to promote this relationship. The placement of the water courtyards are an advantage to achieving thermal comfort as well the water from the pond or pool will cool the air that pass it creating cooler air that flows into the building.

Figure 2: Alila Villa Pool that Cools the Breeze

Figure 2: Alila Villa Water Courtyard

Alila Villa Rooms Pool [Photograph]. (2008.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://www.trendir.com/housedesign/luxury-resortstyle-villas-in-bali-alila-villas-uluwatuby-woha.html

Alila Villa [Photograph]. (2015.) Retrieved on 21 November 2015 from http://www.trendir.com/housedesign/luxury-resortstyle-villas-in-bali-alila-villasuluwatu-by-woha.html

Figure 2: Process of Breeze being cooled by water.

These water courtyards are not just found at the main lobby of Alila Villa but in all the villas, there is a pool at the courtyard. Since the rooms are very open, the cool breeze easily flows into the building, making users less dependent on the mechanical ventilation that is also provided.

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conclusion of Case Study

From the case study, it is clear that there is integration of traditional Balinese architecture in contemporary architecture in achieving thermal comfort. What has been practice in the past to achieve thermal comfort is still applicable today and in fact, and sometimes is a much better way to solve problems as traditional ways do not damage the environment unlike the active ways such as installing air conditions. Thermal comfort is very important in a building as it has played such a big impact on building construction since the past. This is clear as materials chosen, the structures and the spatial layout reflects how it responds to the climate to provide thermal comfort to the occupants of the building.

The thermal comfort concept in the past has been developed through a trial and error process.

Therefore, traditional architecture can as knowledge and learning for today’s architecture. Thus, it should be given more attention to. Traditional ways can be modified to adapt to the new developments.

The continuation of integrating traditional ways not only in achieving thermal comfort but also in other aspects such as construction, art and also materials should be developed so that the efforts to maintain, preserve and sustain the value of the Indonesian culture is supported. It is important to always evolve to find better solutions but it does not mean leaving everything in the past behind. Roots of one’s culture should never be forgotten, instead, integrated in the development.

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reference

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Erviani, N.K. (2011,Decmber 15). Bali Records Highest Population Growth in 50 Years. Jakarta Post. Retrieved from http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/12/15/bali-records-highest-population-growth-50-years.html

Gunasagaran, S.(2015, March 25). Thermal Comfort [Powerpoint Presentation]. Retrieve from https://attachment.fbsbx.com/file_download.php?id=831358386910452&eid=ASsj9saAswVrAShaDfOaKQCF57I 3k5UJMqBe8NjzQHmH_vCDDCZr0ELtFPIC3mQoZTs&inline=1&ext=1448082498&hash=ASsBeOCFQhru3j0K

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Trimarianto C., Dudek S. (2011). The Future of Sustainable Development in Bali, Sustainable Development in Bali (Volume 1), page 67-77. Doi: 1354-5019-2009-01

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