Unidad didáctica evolution

CLIL UNIDAD DIDﾃ，TICA EVOLUTION

Josﾃｩ Luis Navarro Piqueras

Unidad didáctica CLIL :Evolution Evolution es una unidad didáctica CLIL dirigida a los alumnos de Primero de Bachillerato que pretende introducir en inglés los conceptos más importantes de la evolución a un sector del alumnado cuyas necesidades van más allá de la pura instrucción lingüística: necesitan poner en práctica la lengua que han aprendido y nada mejor que un tema propio de una asignatura de contenido, en este caso de la asignatura de Biología. Esta unidad está pensada para ser impartida en la clase de Inglés, por lo que su utilización tiene lugar de forma coordinada con el Departamento de Biología, fundiéndose así lengua y contenido en dos clases diferentes, con dos profesores diferentes, pero con unos objetivos compartidos.

Los objetivos de esta unidad son: •

Explicar la importancia de Charles Darwin y su teoría de la evolución en la historia de la Biología;

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Explicar el significado de la selección natural;

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Identificar las diferentes características de las distintas especies de homínidos ;

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Discutir las similitudes entre los humanos y los primates;

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Explicar el proceso por el cual sabemos que tenemos ancestros comunes con otros animales.

La unidad está dividida en ocho sesiones: En la primera sesión se presenta un texto sobre el origen de la vida, que se complementa con un vídeo explicativo de Youtube; los alumnos han de realizar actividades de comprensión escrita y ejercicios de vocabulario.

En la segunda sesión se hace un ejercicio simultáneo de comprensión oral y escrita a través de la transcripción de un vídeo sobre los primeros humanos, y los alumnos han de realizar un ejercicio de síntesis de la información recibida.

El tema de la tercera sesión es Darwin, su biografía y su viaje en el Beagle. El tipo de actividad que los alumnos realizan en esta sesión es un ejercicio de Verdadero/Falso justificado, al estilo de los que hacen las PAU. La cuarta sesión explica la teoría de la evolución según Darwin, los problemas de su divulgación y la polémica con que fue recibida. Los alumnos realizan actividades de compresión escrita con preguntas estilo PAU y practican su vocabulario mediante una sopa de letras La sesión quinta retoma la evolución humana a partir del género homo y explica, con la ayuda de un vídeo de Youtube la dispersión del ser humano por el mundo, las distintas especies, etc. Los alumnos realizarán una tarea similar a la de la sesión dos, en la que han de escuchar y leer al mismo tiempo para entender el texto.

La séptima sesión se realiza en un laboratorio de idiomas y consiste en una webquest, que partiendo de diferentes websites intenta fijar los contenidos más importantes y dar una nueva dimensión lúdica a la unidad, a través de juegos online, de presentar la evolución de Homer Simpson, etc.

Durante las sesiones ocho y nueve los alumnos realizan y exponen por parejas una presentación sobre la evolución humana y realizan un timeline con los momentos más importantes. Estas son las tareas que, junto con el resto de actividades realizadas a lo largo de todas las sesiones, proporcionarán los elementos objetivamente evaluables.

Esta unidad didáctica está recogida en https://drive.google.com/file/d/0By7RaJl-g-JZSlVrQ0p0amw5b2M/edit?usp=sharing La plantilla CLIL de esta unidad didáctica está en https://drive.google.com/file/d/0By7RaJl-g-JZV1lER0tfT3VScWc/edit?usp=sharing José Luis Navarro Piqueras

Session 1 The origin of life

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Proteins are what you get when you put amino acids together, and we need a lot of them. No one really knows, but there may be as many as a million types of protein in the human body, and each one is a little miracle. By all the laws of probability proteins shouldn’t exist. To make a protein you need to assemble (unir) amino acids (which are known as “the building blocks of life”) in a particular order, in much the same way that you assemble letters in a particular order to spell a word. The problem is that words in the amino acid alphabet are often exceedingly long.

Yet we are talking about several hundred thousand types of protein, perhaps a million, each unique and each, as far as we know, vital to the maintenance of a healthy and happy you. And it goes on (sigue) from there. A protein to be of use must not only assemble amino acids in the right sequence, but then must engage in a kind of chemical origami (papiroflexia) and fold (doblar) itself into a very specific shape. Even having achieved (lograr) this structural complexity, a protein is no good to you if it can’t reproduce itself, and proteins can’t. For this you need DNA. DNA is a champion at replicating—it can make a copy of itself in seconds—but can do nearly nothing else. So we have a paradoxical situation.

Proteins can’t exist without DNA, and DNA has no purpose without proteins. Are we to assume then that they started simultaneously with the purpose of supporting each other? If so: wow.

Many people that suffer from hair loss take protein supplements in hopes of accelerating their hair growth. Although protein deficiency is not usually the cause of hair loss, adding protein and amino acids to your diet can improve the rate at which hair grows.

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It is as if all the ingredients in your kitchen somehow got together and baked themselves into a cake—but a cake that could moreover divide when necessary to produce more cakes. It is little wonder that we call it the miracle of life. It is also little wonder that we have barely (apenas) begun to understand it.

Adapted from Bryson, Bill A short story of nearly everything NY., 2003

click here and you'll see (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaHHgEoa2c8 )

And now, let’s work a little: Are these statements true or false? Support your answer with words form the text: Amino acids and proteins are the same thing ____________________________________________________________ Proteins are the blocks of life ___________________________________________________________ A protein needs DNA to reduplicate _____________________________________________________________ We call the miracle of life the fact that we can make cakes ______________________________________________________________

Find a synonym for each of the expressions below: Extremely (paragraph I) _____________ However (paragraph II) _____________ Correct (paragraph II) _____________ In some way (paragraph II) _____________ Besides (paragraph III) _____________

This is all very difficult for me; can you explain the main idea of the text, please? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

Session 2 The first humans http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-nLJI2BZIM The only creature on the _____________ she fears is another of her own kind.

Two hundred twenty million years ago… there is only one giant continent called Pangaea. It is a harsh place mostly covered by deserts…

This line of ancient reptiles has met all challenges for more than a hundred million years, but now there is _____________ new… A family of reptiles destined to shape the course of life on earth for the next one hundred and sixty million years.

These are the first dinosaurs This small raptor has survived the drought along with others of her kind, but they have now been joined by another type of dinosaur. A herd of Plateosaurus has been drawn to the _____________. It is hard to believe that these fourlegged giants are related to their small cousins; but they are plant-eating dinosaurs.

Their size is the key to their _____________. At four tons, they are just too big to be threatened. This is the shape of things to come and their descendants will only get larger.

Further down the river is one of this period’s most _____________ animals. This is a connecting link between reptiles and mammals. As he runs, his backbone moves from side to side like a reptiles but he has hair and lives in a burrow like a mammal.

Deep inside, his mate sleeps on a bed of lichen. The bond between them is _____________, and they pair for life. Like all land reptiles, they lay eggs. But after hatching their young are very dependant, and spend their first months feeding from special milk glands on the mother’s stomach.

The Jurassic is a time of colossal sea-going monsters; full of _____________ bristling with spikes and clubs, horns and frills, and mountains of flesh so huge that they shook the ground beneath them.

125 million years ago. The slow _____________ of the continents is breaking up the northern and southern land masses, raising sea levels, and opening up new seaways and coastlines.

Where once there was solid land, now there are ragged cliffs filled with flying reptiles called Pterosaurs. Pterosaurs have been around for one hundred million years and some species are now huge.

Wing spans of twenty feet are common, but there is one species that dwarfs them all.

This giant is forty feet from wing tip to wing tip. With a body _____________ than a man’s, he is the undisputed king of the skies.

This little mammal is a scavenger. She is a marsupial and specializes in raiding abandoned dinosaur nests. This _____________, she thinks she is in luck.

Unfortunately, the smell of food has blinded her to the danger.

Sixty-Five million years ago…

A meteor just ten miles wide abruptly ended the reign of the dinosaurs.

Three thousand miles to the north the effects are about to arrive.

The light from the impact fades in _____________.

The shockwave arrives.

Next comes the blast front.

Finally, a rain of molten rock starts to fall out of the darkening sky.

The meteor hit the Gulf of Mexico with the force of ten billion Hiroshima bombs.

With the catastrophic climate changes that followed, sixty five percent of all life died out. It took earth millions of years to recover and when it did the dinosaurs were gone forever.

It is a time called the Eocene and earth has healed itself from the ravages of the massive meteor strike. A lot has changed since the time of the dinosaurs. It is hotter now and tropical rain forests have sprung up on every _____________. The top predators now are the dinosaur’s direct descendents, the birds. There are many varieties in this weird habitat and the largest is a thousand pounds of muscle and feathers and is as tall as a grown man.

From small _____________, mammals are now prepared to take over the world. Over the course of forty million years, mammals became more and more successful until they were the biggest, fiercest, and most spectacular animals on the planet.

Whatever the climate and whatever the habitat, mammals made it their own.

Their great strength was their ability to _____________. They grew to huge sizes. They evolved into powerful killers like the famous Sabre tooth cats and they even laid claim to the ocean.

And then around 6 or 7 million years ago we have our first ancestor that is NOT also an ancestor of any other living creature.

This is Toumai. It is the oldest known _____________ and dates to between 6 and 7 million ago.

Orrorin dates almost to 6 million years ago and was probably bipedal.

Ardepithecus lived from 5.8 to 4.4 million years ago.

This is Kenyanthropus from 3.5 million years ago.

This is Lucy, an Australopithecus Afarensis from 3.2 million years ago.

Meet Australopithecus Africanus. He is from 2.5 million years ago.

Homo Habilis from 1.9 million years ago was found with tools.

Homo Ergaster dates to 1.6 million years ago.

Homo Erectus lived from 1.8 million years ago until 300,000 years ago. This specimen is from 500,000 years ago.

This woman is the mother of all _____________; the common ancestor from whom we all descend. She lived a hundred and fifty thousand years ago in East Africa and everyone on earth is related to her.

Fill the empty squares with the proper data:

Fact

Time

Pangaea 125 million years ago 65 million years ago Lucy Homo erectus

Session 3 Darwin 1 Charles Robert Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, a town in the west of England. His father was a prosperous and well-regarded physician (médico). His mother died when Charles was only eight.

Darwin enjoyed every advantage of education, but continually worried his widowed father with his bad academic performance. “You care for nothing but shooting, dogs, and ratcatching, and you will be a disgrace to yourself and all your family,” once his father wrote.

Although his inclination was to natural history, for his father’s sake he tried to study medicine at Edinburgh University but couldn’t bear (soportar) the blood and suffering. He tried law instead, but found that insupportably boring and finally managed to ( consiguió) acquire a degree (título) in theology from Cambridge.

A life in a rural vicarage (vicaría) seemed to await him when from out of the blue (así por las buenas) there came a more tempting offer. Darwin was invited to sail on the naval survey ship HMS Beagle, essentially as dinner company for the captain, Robert FitzRoy. FitzRoy, who was very strange, chose Darwin in part because he liked the shape of Darwin’s nose. They were very, very young. At the time of sailing, FitzRoy was only twenty-three, Darwin just twenty-two.

Darwin’s time aboard HMS Beagle, from 1831 to 1836, was obviously the formative experience of his life, but also one of the most difficult. He and his captain shared a small cabin, which can’t have been easy as FitzRoy was subject to fits (ataques) of fury. He and Darwin constantly had quarrels (peleas), some “bordering on insanity (locura),” as Darwin later remembered. FitzRoy came from a family well known for a depressive instinct, and he would kill himself in 1865. Darwin was shocked to learn upon the conclusion of their voyage that almost at once FitzRoy married a young woman to whom he had long been engaged. In five years in Darwin’s company, he had not once mentioned her name.

In every other respect, however, the Beagle voyage was a triumph. Darwin experienced adventure enough to last a lifetime and accumulated specimens sufficient to make his reputation and keep him occupied for years..

In 1836, aged twenty-seven, he returned home after being away for five years and two days. He never left England again.

Adapted from Bryson, Bill A short story of nearly everything NY., 2003

Click here and you’ll see (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olW9D7TQf3g )

Are these sentences true or false? Find evidence to support your answers 1. Darwin was Irish 2. He was a very good student 3. His father wanted him to be a doctor 4. He liked studying law 5. He had a strong religious formation 6. The journey took more than five years 7. FitzRoy liked his eyes 8. FitzRoy and Darwin were great friends 9. Darwin was twenty-seven when he started the voyage.

10. He had travelled around the world

Session 4 Darwin 2 Natural selection seems a simple idea—it is a very simple idea—but it explained a great deal (mucho), and Darwin was prepared to devote his life to it. “How stupid of me not to have thought of it!” T. H. Huxley cried upon reading On the Origin of Species. It is a view that has been echoed ever since. Interestingly, Darwin didn’t use the phrase “survival of the fittest” (la supervivencia del más apto) in any of his work (though he did express his admiration for it).

Darwin kept his theory to himself because he well knew the storm ( tormenta) it would cause, but in the early summer of 1858 he received a friendly letter from a young naturalist named Alfred Russel Wallace and the draft (borrador) of an article outlining (que resumía) a theory of natural selection that was very similar to Darwin’s secret writings. Even some of the phrasing echoed Darwin’s own. “I never saw a more unusual coincidence,” Darwin reflected in dismay. “ Darwin was placed in an agonizing dilemma. If he rushed (apresuraba) into print to preserve his priority, he would be taking advantage of an innocent admirer. But if he stepped aside, he would lose credit for a theory that he had independently propounded.

Wallace’s theory was, by Wallace’s own admission, the result of a flash of insight (perspicacia); Darwin’s was the product of years of careful, methodical thought. It was all extremely unfair. So, the theory was presented under two names. On July 1, 1858, Darwin’s and Wallace’s theory was unveiled (desvelada) to the world. Darwin himself was not present. On the day of the meeting, he and his wife were burying (enterrando) their son.

On the Origin of Species was an immediate commercial success, but rather less (mucho menos) of a critical one. Darwin’s theory presented two intractable difficulties. It needed far more time than the age of the Earth was believed to be, and it was scarcely (apenas) supported by fossil evidence.

The strongest criticism to Darwinism comes from a very conservative religious notion known as argument from design (diseño). Paley, the first theologian to put it through, claimed that if you found a pocket watch on the ground, even if you had never seen such a thing before, you would instantly perceive that it had been made by an intelligent entity. So it was, he believed, with nature, for example, in relation with complex organs like eyes or wings (alas): their complexity was proof (prueba) of their design.

Adapted from Bryson, Bill A short story of nearly everything NY., 2003

Click here (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jvc3S_ZiucU) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_RXX7pntr8) and you’ll see

Think and answer: Why is natural selection a simple idea?

and

here

Why would evolution theory create a storm?

Why is the argument form design related to religion?

Match the words with their definitions: Mimicry___ allelic frequency___ gene pool___ fossils___ (mimetismo) a) occurrence of one of two or more forms of the DNA sequence of a particular gene b) preserved remains of living organisms from the remote past c) similarity of one species to another which protects one or both d) complete set of unique alleles in a species or population.

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Session 5: Evolution Of Modern Humanshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_KjJ234XPC4 Tools followed

shark darkness

rainforest relatives

survive dangerous

gathering conditions

Over the next few million years, some of our ancient _____________ left Africa; discovered fire, _____________ and clothes.

The human species evolved and multiplied. But due to climatic changes, the only modern humans to _____________ were those that stayed in Africa.

This woman is the mother of all mankind; the common ancestor from whom we all descend. She lived a hundred and fifty thousand years ago in East Africa and everyone on earth is related to her.

Eighty thousand years ago severe climate _____________ have again reduced the number of modern humans to fewer than ten thousand. They are scattered throughout Africa in small groups. In an effort to find food, one group living on the east coast attempted a crossing of the red sea to the far coast of Yemen – a distance of only ten miles but a difficult and _____________ journey. They were successful and every nonAfrican in the world today is descended from this group. While some of our ancestors stayed in Yemen, others moved east along the coast of the Indian Ocean looking for warm gentle places to stop. It took six thousand years after reaching Yemen, but our ancestors ate their way to Malaysia. Six thousand miles from Africa, they were deep in the tropical _____________ of Southeast Asia living a life of hunting and _____________. They roamed in small bands. They stayed in one place only long enough to reap the harvest of wildlife and then they moved on. Their bodies gradually adapted to the rainforest conditions. Away from the harsh African sun, their skins became lighter and their stature was reduced by a lack of meat.

The Toba eruption happened in Sumatra seventy-four thousand years ago. It was the single biggest explosion on Earth in the last two million years. The plume was twentyfive miles high and it plunged much of the world into six years of ash-covered _____________. Once again, our ancestors had to move to survive.

Seventy four thousand years ago, sea levels were one hundred and sixty feet lower than today, and most of the islands of Southeast Asia were joined together in a single land mass. Running to escape from the Toba eruption, humans were pressured to cross to the unknown continent of Australia. One hundred miles of _____________ infested seas was an intimidating barrier. But, amazingly, the evidence suggests that wave after wave of our ancestors made this perilous journey.

For thirty thousand years, harsh deserts blocked the passage from Yemen into Europe, but a favorable climate shift finally brought the rain. Rivers swelled, and game spread north and our ancestors _____________ the game. They spread quickly to the Mediterranean, then south along the coast into North Africa‌and up through the Balkans and into Europe.

Bridge actual migration empty settlement skills

Fifty thousand years ago our ancestors entered what is now Germany, but they were in for a surprise. Germany was not _____________. Another line of hominids that had left Africa over two hundred and fifty thousand years earlier was now the master of Europe.

And although they had brains fully as large as modern humans, Neanderthal did not survive this contact. They were soon extinct.

By thirty five thousand years ago, our ancestors were creating art and other treasured objects. Carvings from this time can be delicate and expertly done. Cave paintings as well as carvings were sometimes symbolic and sometimes representative of _____________ people or animals. Paintings often depicted the prey they were hunting‌in some cases dangerous animals such as lions or woolly rhinoceros. Other paintings may even represent magical or imaginary creatures.

By twenty five thousand years ago, our ancestors had trekked north from Southeast Asia, and east from the steppes in Siberia. The _____________ converged at the Bering Straits connecting Asia with North America.

Until recently archaeologists believed that humans reached North America about fifteen thousand years ago, but new evidence places our ancestors crossing the narrow land _____________ into North America between twenty and twenty-five thousand years ago. Advancing ice from the north smothered the central plains and forced the migrants down the west coast into South America. As the ice retreated, they spread back northward. There is evidence of a _____________ in a rocky shelter on the Ohio River in Pennsylvania that was inhabited more than sixteen thousand years ago.

By eight thousand years ago, humans had mastered herding, agriculture, metallurgy and other _____________. Civilizations sprang up around the world and included: Babylon, Persia, Egypt, Greece, America, India, Sumeria, and China. From those civilizations to our own is a matter of history.

One thousand years ago Chinese astronomers observed the first supernova in modern history. Today we see its remnants as the Crab Nebula.

A hundred and thirty years ago, Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the elements that are created in the hearts of stars into today’s periodic table.

About one hundred years ago, Thompson discovered the electron; Rutherford discovered the nucleus and Bohr put together the first detailed description of an atom.

About 80 years ago, physicists concluded that protons existed inside the nucleus.

And about 70 years ago, Chadwick discovered the neutron.

About 30 years ago, Murray Gell-Mann theorized the existence of quarks. Existence of the final quark cousin predicted by his theory was confirmed in 1995.

Penzias and Wilson discovered the Cosmic Microwave Background, and 10 years ago an experiment detected ripples in the thermal nature of that background, thus confirming inflation.

The universe was created in an enormous explosion some 13.7 billion years ago.

Before that explosion, there was no time, no space, no energy, and no matter.

Session 6 A webquest on evolution This is a webquest about evolution. You have to surf the net to find some answers, and show that you are crack in the new technologies (there is life after tuenti).

Activity one We start here, in the USA: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_02 Oh my God, there some words missing here. Please find them.

Biological evolution, simply put, is _______________ with modification. The central idea of biological evolution is that all life on Earth shares a common _______________, just as you and your cousins share a common grandmother.

Now, click on next: What do frogs and we have in common? We are vertebrate, we have a skeleton, and _______________

Activity two Let’s see a movie: Hi, do you know who I am? (https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=faRlFsYmkeY )

Write a shot description of the video you have just seen: ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

Activity three Now, we cross the Atlantic Ocean and we go to the UK. Look at this beautiful thing by the BBC: click here (http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c/life_on_earth/theory_evolutionr ev2.shtml) , and, yes, we have another picture of our dear friend Charlie.

What are the key points of the theory of evolution? Try to say it with your own words 1.

2.

3.

4.

_______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________

Activity four Just above these facts on natural selection, you can see a wonderful timeline made be the BBC: you have to complete the data related to the dates. What happened 4.6 billion years ago? __________________________________ 3.5billion years ago __________________________________ 1 billion years ago? __________________________________ 500 million years ago? __________________________________ 450 million years ago? __________________________________ 390 million years ago? __________________________________ 250 million years ago? __________________________________ 220 million years ago? __________________________________ 200. million years ago? __________________________________ 130 million years ago __________________________________ 65 million years ago? __________________________________ 45 million years ago? __________________________________ 3 million years ago? __________________________________

Activity five Find the answer to these questions in the Learning area of this website: http://www.atapuerca.org/

Activity six So much for working so hard. Now we are going to play a little: click on these links: Let's play 1 (http://www.purposegames.com/game/e40352a20c ) Let's play 2 (http://www.purposegames.com/game/eeaa444c2e) http://learningapps.org/display?v=p83ta26k301 And now take this easy quiz: human-evolution-quiz-game quiz-game )

(http://www.purposegames.com/game/human-evolution-

Follow up activity: we have stopped in the time line at moment of the apparition of the first hominid. Now it is up to you to create a time line with the highlights of Human Evolution. You must look up for your data, describe the facts with your words and add your pictures. It you don’t know how to do it, click here (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHhdgX2wKzw ) and you will get wonderful ideas

Session 7 Work with your partner: you have to create a PowerPoint presentation on the Human evolution: Which aspects do you find more interesting?

You presentation must be divided in two parts, and each of you must explain his or her part to the class.

Session 8 Presentations