Occupying Residual Spaces Under Bridges AA SED

Occupying

Residual

Spaces

Under

Bridges

ADAPTIVE MULTI-USE ART HUB Dissertation Project

I

January 2017

I

John Salama

Is it Feasible to build under Bridges?

“Design Guidelines for residual spaces generated by man-made structures With a case study of Multi-use Art and Events spaces in hot arid climate.”

H E A L I N G

T H E

U R B A N

L I F E

O F

C A I R O

Architectural Association School of Architecture I Graduate School I E+E Environment and Energy Studies Programme I MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2015-17

Occupying

Residual

Spaces

Under

Bridges

ADAPTIVE MULTI-USE ART HUB Dissertation Project

I

January 2017

I

John Salama

ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my tutor Paula Cadima for the valuable guidance, motivation and helpful support throughout the course and the process of this dissertation.

Also I would like to thank Simos Yannas, Nick Baker, Klaus Bode, Gustavo Brunelli, Herman Calleja, Byron Mardas, Joana Goncalves, Jorge Rodriguez and the rest of the teaching staff and all the external juries, for the guidance, patience and useful criticism throughout the course and during this project.

Additionally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their unconditional support and encouragement.

Many thanks also to my SED friends and colleagues who were supportive and helpful throughout the course. Special thanks to my dear friend Pakinam Eid for her support and encouragement.

My appreciation to all the creators and developers of open-source databases and software, who dedicated their time and efforts to share their knowledge and findings that definitely helped enrich the outcome of this dissertation.

Finally, I gratefully acknowledge the Architectural Association School of Architecture for the bursary I was awarded to attend AA SED M.Arch 2015-2017.

AUTHORSHIP DECLARATION FORM

Architectural Association School of Architecture I Graduate School.

E+E Environment and Energy Studies Programme.

MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2015-17.

NAME:

JOHN SALAMA.

SUBMISSION:

M.Arch DISSERTATION PROJECT 2015-17.

TITLE:

ADAPTIVE MULTI-USE ART HUB. Occupying Residual spaces under Bridges.

TUTOR:

PAULA CADIMA

SUBMISSION DATE:

27th January 2017.

NUMBER OF WORDS:

16,674.

DECLARATION:

“I certify that this piece of work is entirely my own and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.”

(Excluding references & figures)

SIGNATURES:

ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to provoke governments’ and societies’ reaction towards the right use of the residual unused spaces that were generated as a result of the huge development in the infrastructure especially in dense cities, where those areas always represent a potential risk for crimes and illegal activities.

The dissertation highlights the potential of occupying such spaces based on their environmental performance by generating guidelines based on a case study in a hot arid climate and provide an example of how to occupy the space with a design application.

The chosen case study is for the 6th of October bridge, a 22.5KM Bridge located in Greater Cairo Region. The bridge covers an area approximately 1.5 times as big as the area of the Vatican city. Most of this area is unoccupied, which makes the occurrence of crimes more likely compared to other areas in the city. In order to generate design guidelines for residual areas under the bridge, four micro-climates were identified and analysed based on different environmental characteristics. The produced guidelines recommend better uses for the areas as well as types of functions and activities that could occur for each studied area with a different micro-climate. It also recommends adaptive strategies to improve indoor and outdoor thermal visual comfort.

The second part of the dissertation tests the applicability of the previously generated guidelines by a design application of a multi-use adaptive Art hub located in one of the four micro-climes under 6th of October bridge. The design tries to achieve high levels of thermal and visual comfort following the recommendation of the guidelines.

E C O L O G I C A L

U R B A N I S M

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements.

Authorship Declaration Form.

Abstract.

Table of Contents.

List of Figures & Tables.

List of Abbreviations.

Part I: Guidelines for refurbishing unused urban spaces.

1. Chapter I: The Big Image........................................................................................

1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................

1.2 Objective of Dissertation..............................................................................

1.3 Research Questions.....................................................................................

1.4 Dissertation Methodology.............................................................................

2. Chapter II: Context of Greater Cairo......................................................................

2.1 Location.......................................................................................................

2.1.1 Egypt............................................................................................

2.1.2 Greater Cairo................................................................................

2.1.3 October Bridge..............................................................................

2.2 Climate of Cairo............................................................................................

2.3 Conclusion....................................................................................................

3. Chapter III: Theoretical Background......................................................................

3.1 Urban Microclimate of Cairo.........................................................................

3.1.1 Urban Energy Balance..................................................................

3.1.2 Urban Canyon...............................................................................

3.1.3 Urban Heat Island.........................................................................

3.1.4 Urban Air-Flow..............................................................................

3.2 Microclimate Design Strategies in Urban Spaces.........................................

3.2.1 Controlling solar access................................................................

3.2.2 Controlling Air-flow........................................................................

3.2.3 Building and paving materials.......................................................

3.2.4 Vegetation.....................................................................................

3.3 Outdoor Quality Assessment Methodologies................................................

3.3.1 Thermal Comfort models for outdoor urban Spaces......................

3.3.2 Guidelines for using outdoor assessment methods.......................

3.4 Conclusion...................................................................................................

14 16 18 20 21

4. Chapter IV: Analytic work......................................................................................

4.1 Analytic work for residual spaces under 6th of October Bridge......................

4.1.1 Identifying the different microclimates under October Bridge..........

4.1.2 Analytic Work to find the potential of each microclimate.................

4.2 Adaptive opportunities for outdoor Comfort in Urban Cairo...........................

4.2.1 Typical Winter Day (December) scenario.........................................

4.2.2 Typical Summer Day (July) scenario................................................

4.3 Guidelines....................................................................................................

4.4 Conclusion...................................................................................................

54 56 56 58 67 68 69 70 75

22 24 26 28 30 34 37 38 40 42 43 44 46 47 47 48 49 49 50 50 53 53

Part II: Case study with application of the Guidelines.

5. Chapter V: Pre-Design Studies..............................................................................

5.1 Design Programme......................................................................................

5.1.1 Programme Existing case study......................................................

5.1.2 Proposed programme.....................................................................

5.2 Locating the site..........................................................................................

5.3 Field Work...................................................................................................

5.4 Pre-Design studies for Multi-Use semi-outdoor spaces................................

5.4.1 Daylight quality assessment for multi-use spaces............................

5.4.2 Achieving thermal and visual comfort in semi-outdoor spaces..........

5.5 Conclusion...................................................................................................

76 78 78 79 80 82 84 84 86 90

6. Chapter VI: Design Application.............................................................................. 92 6.1 Form Generation.......................................................................................... 94

6.2 Design Proposal........................................................................................... 104

6.3 Conclusion................................................................................................... 114 7. Chapter VII: Conclusion......................................................................................... 116

7.1 Feasibility..................................................................................................... 118

7.2 Conclusion................................................................................................... 120 8. References................................................................................................................. 122 9. Appendices................................................................................................................. 126

LIST OF FIGURES

Cover

Rendered image for the concept sketch of the adaptive brick wall (software: Rhino, GH, Maxwell ).

FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG.

1.1.1 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.4.1

Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing

an example of residual space under 7th avenue Bridge, Phoenix, USA (source: mikeolbinski.com). the misuse of under bridge space in 2016 during the Garbage crisis, Beirut (source: time.com ). police performing an evacuation of homeless under bridge in California, USA (source: time.com ). an excising slums under a bridge in Bangkok, Thailand (source: time.com ). 19 homeless migrant workers using a space under bridge as a shelter in Jeddah, KSA (source: time.com ). the methodology followed to answer the research questions.

FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG.

2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.2.1 2.2.3

Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing

Location of Egypt in world map (source: Capmas.gov.eg ). population density of Egypt (source: Capmas.gov.eg). population growth of Egypt (source: Capmas.gov.eg). the administrative divisions of Egypt (source: Capmas.gov.eg).

Satellite image of Egypt (source: NASA.gov). 27 world climate classification map (source: Koppen-Geiger climatic classification). monthly average solar radiation for Cairo. Weather station: Cairo Airport (source: Meteonorm 7.00).

FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG.

3.1.4 3.1.5 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.1.8 3.1.9 3.3.1

showing showing showing showing showing showing showing

surface energy balance (SEB) components (source: Erell et al 2010). generated effect of urban surface geometry (source: Erell et al 2010).

Urban Canyon and its geometric description (source: Erell et al 2010).

SVF as a function of canyon aspect ration(H/W) (source: Erell et al 2010).

SVF calculation method as a specific point (source: Erell et al 2010). generalized cross-section of a typical UHI (source: Oke, 1976). comparison between ASV & PMV (source: Nikolopoulou, M., ed., (2004) , Ruros Project).

FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG.

4.1.2 4.1.1 4.1.3 4.1.5 4.1.4 4.1.6 4.1.8 4.1.7 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.2 4.3.2 4.3.3

Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing

Greater Cairo map location of each microclimate the microclimates context condition. an area located in microclimate Ed (Source: Capmas.gov.eg). microclimate NE (Source: Capmas.gov.eg). microclimate E (Source: Capmas.gov.eg). microclimate SW (Source: Capmas.gov.eg). average annual comfort level for each microclimate (Software: LB, HB, E+). average comfort level in different season for each microclimate (Software: LB, HB, E+). different parameters used for outdoor comfort study (software: Rayman pro - mPET model). different parameters used for outdoor comfort study (software: Rayman pro - mPET model). each microclimate potential based on thermal comfort and daylight availability. average annual comfort level for each microclimate (Software: LB, HB, E+). average seasonal comfort level for each microclimate (Software: LB, HB, E+).

FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG.

5.1.1 showing the current situation and activities of Sawy culture wheel (source: culturewheel.com).

5.1.2 showing the current situation and activities of Sawy culture wheel (source: culturewheel.com).

5.2.1 showing location of the site within the context.

5.2.2 showing part of the bridge above the site.

5.2.3 showing the site condition under the bridge.

5.2.4 Bird eye view showing the relationship between the Site and the surrounding Context (software: Vray for Rhino).

5.3.1 Showing the location where the spot measurements were taken.

5.3.2 Showing a diagram with the result of the fieldwork with a cross section the bridge (source: Fieldwork) 5.4.1 Showing exterior view of the brick cube (source: archdaily.com) 5.4.2 Showing the pattern of the perforated wall of the brick cube (source: archdaily.com) 5.4.3 Showing inside of the brick cube (source: archdaily.com) 5.4.5 Showing the exhibition space for the brick cube (source: archdaily.com) 5.4.4 Showing exterior view at night for the brick cube (source: archdaily.com) 5.4.6 Showing the exhibition shelves of the brick cube (source: archdaily.com) 5.4.6 Showing Exterior view of the experimental brick pavilion (source: archdaily.com) 5.4.7 Showing the light pattern inside the experimental brick pavilion (source: archdaily.com) 5.4.8 Showing the lightweight structure of the Brazilian Pavilion (source: archdaily.com) 5.4.9 Showing the bamboo mesh inside the Brazilian Pavilion (source: archdaily.com) 5.4.10 Showing exterior view for the HY-FI pavilion (source: archdaily.com) 5.4.11 Showing inside the HY-FI pavilion (source: archdaily.com)

FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG.

6.1.1 Showing the dimension of the site and the height of the bridge (software: Rhino).

6.1.2 Showing Layout for the site with dimensions and pedestrian path design (software: Rhino).

6.1.3 Bird view showing the relationship between the Site and the surrounding Context (software: Rhino, GH, LB).

6.1.4 Showing the connection between the spaces and slabs (software: Rhino).

6.1.5 Function diagram showing the special requirements of each Space in the Art Exhibition part.

6.1.6 Showing the steps of generating the inside slabs (Software: Diva, GH).

6.1.7 Showing the proposed 16m height planner perforated brick skin (software: Rhino).

6.1.8 Showing the form generation of the perforated brick skin (Software: Diva, GH).

6.1.9 Showing the perforated brick skin after the optimization process (software: Rhino).

6.1.10 Showing the skin optimization steps (Software: Diva, GH, LB) 6.1.11 Showing the location of the amphitheatre and the public park (software: Rhino).

6.1.12 Showing relationship between the main entrance and th other functions in the project (software: Rhino).

6.2.1 Showing zero level floor plan.

6.2.2 Showing plan cut at level 6 m.

6.2.3 Showing plan cut at level 9.5 m.

6.2.4 Showing plan cut at level 17 m.

6.2.5 Showing exterior view for the South East facade and the entrance (software: Maxwell).

6.2.6 Showing North West Elevation.

6.2.7 Showing Section A-A. 6.2.8 Showing exterior view for the North West facade (software: Maxwell).

6.2.9 Showing South East Elevation.

6.2.10 Showing Section B-B. 6.2.11 Showing exterior view for the main entrance and the exit from the exhibition (software: Maxwell).

6.2.12 Showing interior view for the exhibition spaces (software: Maxwell).

6.2.13 Showing interior view from the zero level (exit level) of the exhibition area (software: Maxwell).

FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG.

7.1.1 7.1.2 7.2.1 7.2.2

Showing the monthly performance of the Exhibiting space (software: GH, LB).

Comparing the environmental performance of the optimized skin and the base case (Software: Diva, GH, LB).

Showing temple of Luxor in Luxor, Egypt (source: archdaily.com).

Showing the new design of the new grand Egyptian museum (source: archdaily.com).

FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG.

A.1.1 A.1.2 A.1.3 A.1.4 A.2.1 A.2.3 A.2.2 A.2.4 A.2.5 A.2.6 A.4.1 A.4.2 A.4.3 A.4.4 A.4.5 A.5.1 A.5.2 A.5.2 A.6.1 A.6.2 A.6.3 A.6.4 A.6.5 A.6.6 A.6.7

Showing temporary school initiative under bridge in New Delhi, India (source: time.com ).

Showing a temporary use of residual space under Waterloo bridge, London, UK (source: time.com ).

Showing sport park under a bridge in Stockholm, Sweden (source: archdaily.com ).

Showing an NGO in Cairo trying to use under bridge space as a public park (source: time.com ).

Showing top view of part of October bridge (source: time.com ).

Showing above October bridge (source: maps.google.com ).

Showing example of residual spaces under October bridge (source: maps.google.com ).

Showing example of residual spaces under October bridge (source: maps.google.com ).

Showing different micrclimates for October bridge (source: maps.google.com ).

Showing annual weather data for Cairo. Weather station: Cairo Airport (source: Meteonorm 7.00).

Showing expected scenario affecting the microclimate of the Bridge.

Showing Air temperature on 23 September at 12:00 for Microclimate E (software: Envi-met).

Showing Wind Speed on 23 September at 12:00 for Microclimate E (software: Envi-met).

Showing PET study on 23 September at 12:00 for Microclimate E (software: Envi-met).

Showing gh view port with the inputs to calculate the mPET outdoor comfort.

Showing Exterior view for the cloaked in brick (source: archdaily.com) Showing the rotating screen brick for the cloaked in brick (source: archdaily.com) Showing the rotating brick for the cloaked in brick (source: archdaily.com) Showing Daylight availability study for the selected site under the bridge(software: diva) Showing winter and summer sunlight exposure study(software: Ladybug) Showing Zoning diagram for the proposed programme.

Showing gh view port with the inputs for the optimization process of the brick skin Showing examples of the best 10% of the generation, the top left picture is the starting point.

Showing first concept render (software: vray for Rhino) Showing fexamples of first concept renders.

LIST OF TABLES

TAB. 2.2.1 showing monthly average Relative Humidity in Cairo (source: World Meteorological organization WMO).

TAB. 2.2.2 showing monthly average solar radiation for Cairo (source: World Meteorological organization WMO ).

TAB. 2.2.3 Showing monthly average precipitation in Cairo (source: World Meteorological Organization WMO ).

TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB.

3.1.2 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4

showing showing showing showing showing

Urban characteristics and their effect on the energy balance (source: Gratland, 1960). scale of Actual Sensation Vote (ASV) (source: Nikolopoulou, M., ed., (2004) , Ruros Project).

Value scale of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) (source: Nikolopoulou, M., ed., (2004) , Ruros Project). scale of PET and grades of physiological stress (Source: Matzarakis and Mayer 1996). comparison between different outdoor assessment methods.

TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB.

4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.1.6 4.1.7 4.1.8 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3.1 4.3.4

Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing

the height and width of different cross section of the bridge and the studied area for each micrclimate. the characteristics of the different microclimate under October Bridge different.

Solar Radiation analysis for the spaces under October Bridge for each typology (software: Ladybug).

Solar Radiation analysis for the spaces under October Bridge for each typology (software: Ladybug).

Sun hours and daylight analysis for each typology (software: Ladybug, Diva).

Sun hours and daylight analysis for each typology (software: Ladybug, Diva). level of Cloth used (Source: Cibse guide). annual Outdoor comfort analysis from 6 am to 12 am, using mPET method (software: LB, HB, E+). parameters used for outdoor comfort study (software: Rayman pro - mPET model). different parameters used for outdoor comfort study (software: Rayman pro - mPET model). different parameters used for outdoor comfort study (software: Rayman pro - mPET model). different performance for each microclimate based on environmental aspects. recommendation for activity level in day and night during winter and summer.

TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB.

5.1.1 5.3.2 5.3.1 5.4.1

Showing Showing Showing Showing

the proposed programme and the area of each function.

Spot measurements in 3 different spots in different time (source: Fieldwork, Rayman pro - mPET model) 82 the Albedo of each spot (source: Fieldwork ).

Illuminance Limit for Conservation (source: The Society of Light and Lighting, 2015 )

TAB. 6.1.1 Showing Daylight study for different levels under the bridge. (Software: Diva, GH).

TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB. TAB.

A.4.1 A.4.2 A.4.3 A.4.4 A.4.5 A.4.6 A.4.7 A.6.1

Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing Showing

average Sky view factor analysis for each typology (software: Ladybug). average Sky view factor analysis for each typology (software: Ladybug).

Solar Radiation analysis for the spaces under October Bridge for each typology (software: Ladybug).

Solar Radiation analysis for the spaces under October Bridge for each typology (software: Ladybug). annual Outdoor comfort analysis using PET method (software: Ladybug, Honeybee, E+). monthly mPET comfort percentage and level of cloth for each point (software: LB, HB, E+). annual and seasonal mPET comfort percentage used for each point (software: LB, HB, E+).

Sawy culture wheel spaces area and requirements .

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ASHRAE ASE ASV BLHI CAD CBDM CDA CFD CIBSE CLHI DA DBT DF E+ FAO GCR GH HB HVAC H/W H/L LB LE mDF NASA OPEC p.a PET PMV PPD RH RUROS sDA SEB SHI SVF Ta

Tglobe

Tmrt Ts UBL UCL UDI UHI UNESCO USGBC Va WBT WHO WMF WMO

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers.

Annual Sunlight Exposure.

Actual Sensation Vote.

Boundary Layer Heat Island.

Computer Aided Design.

Continuous Daylight Autonomy.

Climate Based Daylight Modelling.

Computational Fluid Dynamics.

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.

Canopy Layer Heat Island.

Daylight Autonomy.

Dry Bulb Temperature.

Daylight Factor.

Energy Plus (Software).

Food and Agriculture Organization.

Greater Cairo Region.

Grasshopper 3D. Honeybee (Software).

Heat, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning.

Height to Width Ratio.

Height to Length Ratio.

Ladybug (Software).

Lighting Energy.

Mean Daylight Factor.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Per annum.

Physiological Equivalent Temperature.

Predicted Mean Vote.

Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied.

Relative Humidity.

Rediscovering the Urban Realm of Open Spaces.

Spatial Daylight Autonomy.

Surface Energy Balance.

Surface Heat Island.

Sky View Factor.

Air Temperature.

Globe Temperature.

Mean Radiant Temperature.

Surface Temperature.

Urban Boundary Layer.

Urban Canopy Layer.

Useful Daylight Illuminance.

Urban Heat Island.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

United States Green Building Council.

Air Velocity.

Wet Bulb Temperature.

World Health Organization.

World Monuments Fund.

World Meteorological Organization.

1

CHAPTER I

THE BIG IMAGE

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Objective of Dissertation.

1.3 Research Questions.

1.4 Dissertation Methodology.

ADAPTIVE MULTI-USE ART HUB Occupying Residual Spaces Under Bridges.

1.1 Introduction Nowadays there is a huge public demand on creating more outdoor spaces as it became crucial for improving the quality of life in cities. Recent studies shows that cities with more usable public outdoor areas have better percentage of satisfied people.

Such studies evoked governments’ and societies’ reaction to invest more in public outdoor spaces than before. However, the lack of outdoor spaces in large cities is mainly due to the continuously growing world population. As a result, migration from rural to urban areas continues to increase in parallel, in hopes of finding better jobs and quality of life, which finally leads to an increase in the number of metropolitan cities around the world. Nowadays lots of cities around the world are suffering from the destructive impact of this situation.

One of the limited resources in metropolitan cities is the land as the price and value of land in large cities is relatively high compared to small cities.

However, large cities usually tend to have huge infrastructure networks that create some unused residual spaces such as the spaces under bridges and viaducts. These spaces have great potential to perform efficiently as useful outdoor spaces, especially in hot climates as the bridges act as shading elements, which certainly results in higher levels of comfort compared to the uncovered areas in the city.

The possibilities of redefining the concept of some spaces them function as outdoor spaces could become achievable only if designers would give more attention towards such details and parameters that can be adapted to achieve better quality of outdoor spaces. However, these possibilities face big challenges that need to be considered such as climate change that constantly becoming harder to predict and accordingly it will become more difficult for well-designed outdoor spaces to have the same performance in the future.

16

AA - SED I M.Arch 2015 - 2017

1. Chapter I: The Big Image

7th Avenue Bridge

PHOENIX, USA

FIG. 1.1.1 Showing an example of residual space under 7th avenue Bridge, Phoenix, USA (source: mikeolbinski.com).

17

ADAPTIVE MULTI-USE ART HUB Occupying Residual Spaces Under Bridges.

1.2 Objective of Dissertation The objective of this dissertation is to investigate the potentials and the constrains of occupying residual spaces under bridges. Throwing the light on the potential risk such spaces are in and the importance of occupying those spaces with projects that can solve an existing community problem, is also one of the main objectives of this dissertation.

The research focuses on the environmental aspects of the spaces under bridges, trying to achieve thermal and visual comfort by studying different scenarios for different microclimates, and introducing guidelines that suggest recommended functions and activities for each microclimate.

The guidelines were generated for mostly outdoor functions and activities. The consumption of energy could be drastically reduced if some activities could succeed to function efficiently as outdoors rather than indoors.

The studies in this research were made for hot arid climate with a case study in Greater Cairo, taking the advantage of the bridge as a shading element. However, by following the same steps that were followed in this paper, different guidelines for different climates condition could be generated.

Hopefully, the outcome of this research could help developers and decision makers to rethink the use of the residual spaces that were generated as a result of man made structure.

18

AA - SED I M.Arch 2015 - 2017

1. Chapter I: The Big Image

Garbage Crisis BEIRUT, LEBANON

FIG. 1.2.1 Showing the misuse of under bridge space in 2016 during the Garbage crisis, Beirut, Lebanon (source: time.com ).

Under Bridge Evacuation

CALIFORNIA, USA

FIG. 1.2.2 Showing California police performing an evacuation of homeless under bridge in California, USA (source: time.com ).

Under Bridge Slums BANGKOK, THAILAND

FIG. 1.2.3 Showing an excising slums under a bridge in Bangkok, Thailand (source: time.com ).

Homeless Migrant

JEDDAH, KSA

FIG. 1.2.4 Showing homeless migrant workers using a space under bridge as a shelter in Jeddah, KSA (source: time.com ).

19

ADAPTIVE MULTI-USE ART HUB Occupying Residual Spaces Under Bridges.

1.3 Research Questions This research revolves around two main questions that will be answered based on the environmental aspects and users behaviour.

Environmental: Which parameter has major effect on the microclimate of Cairo ?

What strategy should be used to control the microclimate?

What make safe environment for the building to be used as place for exhibiting and performing in public urban spaces?

How can indoor and outdoor spaces be connected in order to create more usable spaces?

How can the spaces be adapted to different micro climates ?

Does Environmental Design cost more?

Users: How does the social behaviour affect the comfort of the users?

How the level of activity could affect the outdoor thermal comfort?

What parameters could help achieve better thermal and visual comfort for users?

Question #1:

Is it Feasible to build under Bridges?

• • •

What are the constrains in such spaces?

Are there any benefits from building under bridges instead of usual spaces?

What are the recommended functions and activities for such a spaces?

Question #2:

Is it possible to reconsider the design of some spaces in outdoors instead of indoors?

• • •

20

What are the constrains in such spaces?

What are the climate challenge?

What kind of functions could work better in outdoor than indoor?

AA - SED I M.Arch 2015 - 2017

1. Chapter I: The Big Image

1.4 Dissertation Methodology The methodology followed to answer the two main research questions is divided into two steps.

The first step: finding a base case of a bridge in hot arid climate and identify different microclimates under the bridge to be studied and analysed from literature and analytic work to produce guidelines.

The second step: using the guidelines recommendation to locate a site that is suitable for a programme that mainly has two functions, Exhibiting and performing, After doing fieldwork in the selected site to prove the liability of the previously produced guidelines.

Literature

Guidelines October Bridge

Identify Microclimates

Answer of Question #1

Analytic Work

?

Locate the site

Fieldwork

Design Application Answer of Question #2

Exhibiting

Outdoor

Performing

Semi-outdoor

Outdoor

10 month

Period FIG. 1.4.1 Showing the methodology followed to answer the research questions.

21

2

CHAPTER II

Context of Greater Cairo

2.1 Location.

2.1.1 Egypt.

2.1.2 Greater Cairo.

2.1.3 October Bridge.

2.2 Climate of Cairo.

2.3 Conclusion.

ADAPTIVE MULTI-USE ART HUB Occupying Residual Spaces Under Bridges.

2.1 Location

30.04° N

24

AA - SED I M.Arch 2015 - 2017

31.23° E

2. Chapter II: Context of Greater Cairo

Greater Cairo

FIG. 2.1.1 Showing Location of Egypt in world map (source: Capmas.gov.eg ).

25

ADAPTIVE MULTI-USE ART HUB Occupying Residual Spaces Under Bridges.

2.1.1 Egypt Location: Egypt is a transcontinental country that lies between 22°N to 32°N Latitude, and 25°E to 35°E Longitude It covers the area of 1,010,450 km2, spanning in the north east corner of Africa and south west corner of Asia. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

Population & Density: According to the Egyptian Government Census, the population of Egypt in 2015 reached 91.16 million.

Apart from the Nile valley, the majority of Egypt’s landscape is desert (FIG. 2.1.5) with a few oases scattered about. The majority of the population live near the banks of River Nile where the most of arable land is found as shown in (FIG. 2.1.2). 98% of Egyptians live on only 3% of the territory.

Administrative divisions: Egypt is divided into 27 governorates (FIG. 2.1.4). The governorates are divided into regions, The regions contain towns and villages. Each governorate has a governor and a capital sometimes carry the same name as the governorate.

FIG. 2.1.2 Showing population density of Egypt (source: Capmas.gov.eg). % p.a.

Population

3.00%

100,000 90,000

2.50%

80,000 70,000

2.00%

60,000

Energy: According to OPEC in 2013, Egypt produced 691,000 bbl/d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas which makes Egypt the largest non member of the OPEC oil producer and the second largest dry natural gas producer in Africa. However in 2013, Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa as more than 20% of total oil consumption and more than 40% of total dry gas consumption of Africa. Egypt’s gas and oil exports are lower than the imports due to the high consumption which resulted in a huge energy crisis that led to closing many factories in the past few years. The crisis of energy in Egypt was a result of the misuse of energy especially in residential areas, as it consumes about 70% of the total energy consumption of the other sectors.

1.50%

50,000 40,000

1.00%

30,000 20,000

0.50%

10,000 0.00% 1970

1980

1990

Population

2000

2010

0 2020

% p.a.

FIG. 2.1.3 Showing population growth of Egypt (source: Capmas.gov.eg).

FIG. 2.1.4 Showing the administrative divisions of Egypt (source: Capmas.gov.eg).

26

AA - SED I M.Arch 2015 - 2017

2. Chapter II: Context of Greater Cairo

FIG. 2.1.5 Showing Satellite image of Egypt (source: NASA.gov).

27

ADAPTIVE MULTI-USE ART HUB Occupying Residual Spaces Under Bridges.

2.1.2 Greater Cairo Greater Cairo is the largest metropolitan area in the Middle East and The Arab World, 15th largest in the world, and one of the fastest growing populations.

Greater Cairo Region (GCR) is located on the River Nile Area, connecting the upper and lower region of Cairo (FIG. 2.1.6).

Octo

ber B

Rive

Greater Cairo Region (GCR) is divided into three main cities. Cairo, Giza and Qalyubia as shown in (FIG. 2.1.7).

ridge

r Nile

According to the Egyptian government census, the population of Greater Cairo reached 20.51 Millions in 2015, which represents about 22.5% of the population of Egypt.

Cairo is the Capital of Egypt and it is the most populated part in Greater Cairo. The city covers an area of 528 km2 and is located on the east side of the Nile river at a latitude of 30° North and a longitude of 31.23° E East at an Elevation of 139m.

The city represents the political part of Egypt.

Giza is the second most populated part in Greater Cairo. It is known for the famous Pyramids of Giza complex. It is located on the west bank of the Nile river. The city is well connected to Cairo city by many bridges which makes it hard to recognize the boundaries between the two cities.

Qaly

ubia

Giza

Cairo

The third part of Greater Cairo is Qalyubia. It is known for its agricultural activities as well as manufacturing activities that depend mainly on agriculture. The city is more separated from Cairo and Giza.

Greater Cairo Mediterranean Sea

ile AA - SED I M.Arch 2015 - 2017

ter C

airo

ea

rN

dS

ve

Re

Ri

FIG. 2.1.6 Showing the location of Greater Cairo in Egypt map

28

Grea

FIG. 2.1.4 Showing the administrative divisions of Greater Cairo (source: Capmas.gov.eg).

2. Chapter II: Context of Greater Cairo

1984

According to the FAO, the rate of urban growth in Greater Cairo between 1984 and 2014 is one of the highest in the world, However, that drastically affected the land-use (FIG. 2.1.8). The area of agricultural land reduced by 30% between the years 1984 and 2014. However the percentage of urban area increased by 160%. That resulted in minimizing the natural resources in Greater Cairo, which caused the land value to rise due to the high demand by the increasing population.

Person/km2

Greater Cairo

19,376

New York City

2003

London

10,831 5,432

0 5,000 15,000 FIG. 2.2.9 Comparing Density of10,000 different cities in 201420,000 (Source: unhabitat.org).

The huge increase in the population on the same area increased the density of Greater Cairo, Compared to other capitals, Cairo is one of the top ten highest density in the world (FIG. 2.2.9).

2014

Agricultural

Urban

The mentioned situation resulted in a mass development in the infrastructure. The planning of the street network of GC was based on Bridges and tunnels, as GC has the largest number of bridges and tunnels compared to African cities as will be explained in the next part of this paper.

Desert

FIG. 2.1.8 Showing the urban development stages of Greater Cairo (source: FAO.org).

29

2. Chapter II: Context of Greater Cairo

33

3

CHAPTER III

Theoretical Background

3.1 Urban Microclimate of Cairo.

3.1.1 Urban Energy Balance.

3.1.2 Urban Canyon.

3.1.3 Urban Heat Island.

3.1.4 Urban Air-Flow.

3.2 Microclimate Design Strategies in Urban Spaces.

3.2.1 Controlling Solar access.

3.2.2 Controlling Air-Flow.

3.2.3 Building and paving materials.

3.2.4 Vegetation.

3.3 Outdoor Quality Assessment Methodologies.

3.3.1 Thermal Comfort models for outdoor urban spaces.

3.3.2 Guidelines for using outdoor assessment methods.

3.4 Conclusion.