Test bank for developing person through childhood and adolescence 11th by berger

Test Bank for Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence 11th by Berger

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Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1. Briefly describe the first three stages of sensorimotor intelligence, including the months of age that each stage covers. For each stage, give an example of an infant's behavior.

2. Briefly describe stages four through six of sensorimotor intelligence, including the months of age that each stage covers. For each stage, give an example of an infant's behavior.

3. Your friend has a 10-month-old infant. She's considering buying an expensive set of infant learning software to train her baby's cognitive ability. What advice would you give your friend about the wisdom of buying such a program? Give at least two reasons for your recommendation.

4. Explain the nature and limitations of memory in infants aged 0 to 9 months.

5. Define object permanence and tell when it begins. Describe how it is measured in laboratory settings and how it can be revealed in informal settings. Why is this concept considered a major milestone in cognitive development?

6. Describe the five stages of spoken language development from birth until the first birthday.

7. Describe the five stages of spoken language development from 12 to 24 months of age.

8. Explain the characteristics of child-directed speech. Why is it used all over the world?

9. How do the views of B. F. Skinner and Noam Chomsky differ in their explanations of infant language acquisition? Explain each view, and then defend the one that seems more convincing to you.

10. Explain two ways in which parents can help to ensure that their baby develops good language skills.

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11. Explain what the Gibsons meant by an affordance and give an example.

12. Identify the four basic theories of language learning and describe them.

13. According to Piaget, the first period of cognitive development is the _____ period, which lasts from birth until about age 2.

14. The first two stages of sensorimotor intelligence are _____ circular reactions.

15. Stage four of the sensorimotor period is known as “new adaptation and _____.”

16. A psychologist who hides a toy under a blanket to see if an infant will try to uncover it wants to see if the child understands _____.

17. If a toddler sees an object hidden first in one place and then in another, he or she will continue to search in the first place. This error is known as _____.

18. Noting that children between 12 and 18 months of age engage in extensive experimentation and exploration, Piaget described the toddler of this age as the _____.

19. In the final stage of sensorimotor intelligence, toddlers begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using _____ combinations.

20. One way to determine whether an infant recognizes something is to use a(n) _____ study.

21. The perspective of cognition that is modeled on computer functioning is called _____ theory.

22. Infants can recognize that some situations _____ different opportunities than other situations do.

23. One way to test infants' awareness of height is to use the _____ cliff.

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24. Research with 3-month-old infants demonstrates that _____ sessions can help a baby to recollect an idea, thing, or experience without necessarily testing whether he or she remembers it at the moment.

25. Adults may not remember information that was stored in infancy because adults tend to rely on _____ memory.

26. Compared to ordinary speech, child-directed speech has a _____ pitch.

27. The distinct form of language used by adults to communicate with babies is called child-directed speech, or _____.

28. _____ is referred to as child-directed speech by scientists.

29. An infant's repetition of syllables such as “ba-ba” is called _____.

30. A single-word utterance that expresses a complete thought is called a(n) _____.

31. When two-word combinations begin around 21 months, it is apparent that a toddler has begun to comprehend _____ rules.

32. The fact that variations in a child's vocabulary size correlate with the amount of language that child has heard underlies the _____ theory of language learning.

33. The _____ theory of language learning stresses that infants are social beings who learn language in order to communicate with other people.

34. The acronym LAD stands for _____, a mental structure proposed by Chomsky as an explanation for infants' ability to learn to speak.

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35. Piaget called an infant's first period of cognitive development _____.

A) sensorimotor intelligence B) adaptation C) object awareness D) imitative learning

36. During the sensorimotor stage, _____ are the raw materials for infant cognition.

A) words and language B) past and future events C) senses and motor skills D) logic and critical thinking

37. Piaget's stages reveal that he believed children begin cognitive development at _____.

A) birth B) 3 months C) 1 year D) 18 months

38. In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage one is described as _____.

A) the stage of reflexes B) making interesting sights last C) first acquired adaptations D) new adaptation and anticipation

39. When 1-week-old Justine feels too warm, she reflexively cries. According to Piaget, Justine is in stage _____ of the sensorimotor period.

A) one B) two C) three D) four

40. In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage two is described as _____.

A) the stage of reflexes B) first acquired adaptations C) making interesting sights last D) new adaptation and anticipation

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41. Freddy has been sucking his thumb for a few weeks. His parents would prefer him to use a pacifier, so they begin to offer one. But Freddy rejects the pacifier and continues to suck his thumb. Freddy is most clearly in stage _____ of Piaget's theory of sensorimotor development.

A) one B) two C) three D) four

42. Three-month-old Everett sucks vigorously on a breast when he is eating a meal, pressing the nipple against the roof of his mouth to maximize the milk in his mouth. He sucks firmly and rhythmically when sucking on a pacifier to fall asleep, with less pressure from his tongue. These sucking adaptations imply that Everett is in Piaget's stage _____.

A) one B) two C) three D) four

43. In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants seek to make interesting events last?

A) stage one B) stage two C) stage three D) stage four 44. “Do you want to play patty-cake?” Sofia asks her infant daughter. The baby responds by clapping her hands. In which stage of sensorimotor development is Sofia's baby?

A) stage one B) stage two C) stage three D) stage four

45. In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants adapt, anticipate, and become more deliberate in responding to people and objects?

A) stage one B) stage two C) stage three D) stage four

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46. Adriana and her mother have been playing patty-cake, but mother is now trying to engage Adriana in a picture book. Adriana wants to play patty-cake again, so she grabs mother's hands and puts them together as if in a clap. Adriana is clearly in which stage of sensorimotor development?

A) stage one B) stage two C) stage three D) stage four

47. The first of Piaget's sensorimotor stages that involves an infant's interaction with something else is _____.

A) stage one B) stage two C) stage three D) stage five

48. The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____.

A) deliberate B) experimental C) creative D) anxious

49. The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____.

A) goal-oriented B) redundant C) stubborn D) unintentional

50. An example of stage-three sensorimotor behavior is _____.

A) thumb sucking and self-soothing B) looking for a smile and smiling back C) searching for a teddy bear hidden under a blanket D) trying to dress like Mommy or Daddy

51. Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of _____.

A) making interesting sights last B) new means through active experimentation C) new means through mental combinations D) new adaptation and anticipation

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52. Stage three of sensorimotor development is characterized by trying to continue an experience, whereas stage _____ is characterized by initiating and anticipating events.

A) two B) three C) four D) five

53. Baby Hugh enjoys playing with his dad's keys, but when his dad takes them away, Hugh does not search for them. Piaget would say that this is because Hugh does not understand _____.

A) conservation B) object permanence C) egocentrism D) affordances

54. _____ is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen.

A) Object permanence B) Acquired adaptation C) Mental representation D) Object continuity

55. Object permanence is demonstrated by an infant who _____.

A) laughs when a sibling makes faces B) grasps a rattle and bangs it on the floor C) willingly lets go of an object D) searches for a toy that has fallen from sight

56. In full view of the baby, Piaget would cover an interesting toy with a cloth to test _____.

A) primary circular reactions B) the stage of making interesting events last C) object permanence D) reflexes

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57. Mary hides Ramy's favorite toy under a blanket while Ramy watches. Ramy removes the blanket and squeals when he sees the toy. Mary again hides the toy, but this time under a different blanket. Even though Ramy saw where Mary hid his toy, he still looks under the first blanket before removing the second blanket and retrieving the toy. Ramy has displayed _____.

A) lack of centration B) lack of object permanence C) habituation D) the A-not-B error

58. One benefit for parents of their infant's lack of object permanence is that _____.

A) they can put a desirable object out of sight, and their infant will forget about it B) the infant will not desire any specific objects C) different objects can serve as security objects D) parents can permanently delay the onset of materialistic attitudes

59. Annette, a 6-month-old human infant, and Dash, a 4-year-old Border collie, are both interested in a squeaky toy. When the toy is hidden from view, what will Annette and Dash do?

A) Annette will forget about it; Dash will search for it.

B) Annette will search for it; Dash will forget about it.

C) Both Annette and Dash will forget about it.

D) Both Annette and Dash will search for it.

60. Piaget referred to toddlers in sensorimotor stage five as _____.

A) little heathens B) tertiary infants C) little scientists D) blank slates

61. According to Piaget, a stage-five sensorimotor baby is like a _____.

A) child in the “terrible twos” B) neurotic person who cannot take no for an answer C) mime who imitates behavior of all kinds D) scientist who experiments to see what will happen

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62. Tia is fascinated with the toilet. So far, her parents have caught her trying to flush a stuffed animal, a toy cell phone, and a handful of dog kibble. Which sensorimotor stage is Tia in?

A) stage three B) stage four C) stage five D) stage six

63. Which research method do toddlers use during stage five of cognitive development?

A) survey B) case study C) trial and error D) correlational

64. Piaget's sixth stage of sensorimotor intelligence is known as the stage of _____.

A) mental combinations B) interesting observations C) primary reactions D) new adaptation and anticipation

65. Dashiel is 20 months old. His mother tells him that he must not touch the candle that she just lit, and then she turns her back to continue tidying the room. When she turns back around, she sees Dashiel trying to dip his finger in the melted wax under the flame.

What best explains Dashiel's behavior?

A) Dashiel is demonstrating early evidence of a deviant personality.

B) Dashiel's actions were driven by curiosity.

C) Dashiel may have a hearing problem.

D) Stubbornness is part of Dashiel's personality.

66. Penny, who is in Piaget's sixth stage of cognitive development, observed her older sister using a curling iron. Later, when she was alone, Penny tried to use the curling iron and burned her hand. Penny has displayed _____.

A) primary reaction B) interesting observations C) deferred imitation D) new adaptation and anticipation

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67. During Piaget's sixth stage of sensorimotor intelligence, toddlers begin to enjoy playing with inanimate objects as if they were real. This is the beginning of _____ play.

A) pretend B) parallel C) rough-and-tumble D) cognitive

68. Research indicates that infants reach the milestones of stage six of Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence _____ Piaget originally predicted.

A) earlier than B) later than C) at the same time as D) in a different sequence than

69. Mariska is participating in a research study to determine whether she can detect the difference between two amounts: a circle containing two dots versus a circle with no dots inside. The researcher shows her the empty circle repeatedly until she looks away while it is on the screen. Then the researcher shows Mariska the circle with two dots in it and records how long she stares at it. What research method is being used?

A) observation B) habituation C) implementation D) visualization

70. Callie is 5 months old. She sees her mother's cell phone and reaches for it. Callie's mother understands the progression of object permanence, so she realizes that the easiest way to protect her phone and to keep Callie from getting upset is to _____.

A) give the phone to Callie to play with B) place the phone out of Callie's sight C) tell Callie “no” in a stern voice D) give Callie something else to play with

71. Which statement has been demonstrated in experiments?

A) Six-month-old infants can recognize their own image in the mirror.

B) Piaget's assertions about the age at which object permanence develops are correct.

C) Three-month-old infants appear surprised if an object vanishes.

D) Object permanence can be acquired earlier with proper training.

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72. Johanna watches while her mother hides a toy under a blanket. Her mom asks, “Where is it?” Then Johanna jerks away the blanket to reveal the toy. About how old is Johanna?

A) 2 months B) 4 months C) 8 months D) 16 months

73. Which theory compares human cognition to the workings of a computer?

A) behavioral theory B) information-processing theory C) adaptive theory D) Piaget's theory of cognitive development 74. Cooper sees his mother come through the door after work. He squeals, “Mama!”

Information-processing theorists would call his exclamation an example of _____.

A) a linguistic supplier B) habituation C) an output D) a calculation

75. Piaget's theory asserts that development occurs in stages, and information-processing theory asserts that development _____.

A) occurs in stages B) occurs in bursts C) occurs continuously D) occurs in sudden leaps

76. Timo pays attention to voices, developing expectations of the rhythm of spoken words, as revealed by a habituation test. Timo is at least how old?

A) 4 months B) 6 months C) 8 months D) 12 months

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77. Justin is a 6-month-old infant. He focuses intently on new stimuli and quickly becomes habituated. What can we infer about Justin's cognitive abilities?

A) He habituates quickly because he doesn't understand the stimulus.

B) His tendency to focus intently indicates that he might develop attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

C) He habituates quickly because he has trouble paying attention.

D) His behaviors might indicate greater intelligence.

78. The environment offers many opportunities to interact with whatever is perceived.

These opportunities are known as _____.

A) affordances B) cognitions C) habituations D) clarifications

79. Geraldo loves to climb, and there are many opportunities for him to do so around his home: on the bookshelf in the living room, the decorative rocks in the front yard, and the ladder for the slide at the park. Each of these opportunities is _____ for climbing.

A) suitable B) habituating C) an affordance D) a motivator

80. A visual cliff is used to assess infants' _____.

A) visual acuity B) perception of depth C) kinesthetic awareness D) ability to crawl

81. To test an infant's depth perception, mothers attempt to lure their infants to cross a(n) _____.

A) bridge B) visual cliff C) elevated platform D) crowded room

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82. Greg is 10 months old, and he refuses to crawl across the visual cliff even though his mother is encouraging him to do so. When he was 6 months old, he squirmed across it without hesitation. What has changed for Greg?

A) His experience with crawling has led him to understand that crawling over an edge affords falling.

B) His visual system has matured sufficiently to detect depth.

C) He has developed an insecure attachment with his mother.

D) He must have fallen from an elevated height since his last test on the visual cliff.

83. Research has shown that 6-month-olds can distinguish whether a person whose face is covered is happy or angry, based on body movements alone. This accuracy is due to _____.

A) babies' experiences with television characters B) emotional affordances C) tertiary circular reactions D) habituation

84. Infants pay attention to _____ more than anything else.

A) animals B) motion C) vehicles D) static objects

85. Infants prefer to stare at _____.

A) stuffed animals B) their pet dog while it sleeps C) their pet dog while it scampers around the house D) photographs 86. Babies who were taught “baby signs” by way of their parents reading a book to them, or by a video lesson presenting the signs, revealed that babies learn language best from _____.

A) video lessons, because of the eye-catching movement and colors B) video lessons, because of the baby's innate interest in information coming from a screen C) parents, because of the direct interaction D) both – the lesson plan was the same, so it was equally effective.

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87. _____ memory is not verbal and begins by 3 months of age.

A) Explicit B) Implicit C) Declarative D) Semantic

88. Janie is a 3-month-old infant participating in an experiment. She's lying in her crib with one end of a ribbon tied to her foot and the other end tied to a mobile dangling over her crib. She quickly learns that she controls the movement of the mobile with her kicking.

One week later, the researchers return, tie the ribbon to her foot, and hang the mobile above her crib. Immediately, Janie starts vigorously kicking her leg. What does this experiment demonstrate?

A) Three-month-olds can remember things for at least a week.

B) Three-month-olds can relearn the kicking strategy very quickly at the second test.

C) Kicking behavior is very easy to learn.

D) Mobiles are very interesting to 3-month-olds.

89. Research on infants' long-term memory has shown that infants can remember if the researchers _____.

A) use situations that are different from real life B) do not let the baby move during the memory event C) use highly emotional events D) use special measures to aid memory retrieval, such as reminder sessions

90. The fact that 3-month-olds do not spontaneously remember a kicking strategy that they learned two weeks earlier suggests that _____.

A) 3 months B) 5 months C) 7 months D) 9 months

91. Implicit memory begins by 3 months; _____ memory takes longer to emerge, because it depends on language.

A) linguistic B) immediate C) explicit D) recognition

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92. According to theorists who believe that infants teach themselves language, infants are primed to learn associations between parts of speech due to the infants' _____.

A) pattern of reinforcements from their parents B) powerful social motivation to communicate C) innate base for learning D) transition from babbling to reflexive language

93. Newborns prefer _____.

A) their mother's language more than any other language B) animal sounds more than speech C) normal speech more than baby talk D) traffic noises more than music

94. Harris is a 3-week-old newborn. A test of habituation reveals that he prefers listening to his mother's language over any other language. Harris _____.

A) understands the words in his mother's language B) comprehends his mother's language C) recognizes the rhythm, sound, and cadence of his mother's language D) is designed to specifically learn his mother's language

95. What role does an infant's attention to mouth movements play in his or her understanding of language?

A) Mouth movements are irrelevant to understanding spoken language.

B) Babies do not pay attention to mouth movements of speakers.

C) When there is a mismatch between mouth movements and word meaning, babies will rely on the word meaning.

D) When there is a mistiming between the mouth movements and the audio, babies will notice the mistiming.

96. During the newborn period, the primary means of communication is _____.

A) meaningful B) reflexive C) babbling D) cooing

97. The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is _____.

A) cooing, babbling, reflexes, and spoken words B) reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words C) babbling, cooing, spoken words, and reflexes D) cooing, reflexes, babbling, and spoken words

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98. Peyton is a deaf baby whose parents have been communicating with him in American Sign Language. At about what age will Peyton express his first signs?

A) 6 months B) 12 months C) 18 months D) 24 months

99. Between 13 and 18 months, infants add approximately _____ new words.

A) 25 B) 50 C) 100 D) 200 100. Amy spontaneously says things such as “mamamamamama” and “dadadadadadada,” without referring to anything specific. About how old is Amy likely to be?

A) 2 months B) 3–6 months C) 6–10 months D) 10–12 months

101. Darius is learning the names of two or three new objects or events every day. This rapid increase in vocabulary is referred to as the _____ explosion.

A) naming B) vocabulary C) object D) cognitive

102. Becky is a 4-month-old infant whose mother uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or phrases, and lots of repetition when she speaks. Becky delights in her mother's use of _____.

A) long, grammatically correct sentences B) a variety of high and low tones C) child-directed speech D) babbling

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103. Elaine communicates with her new baby using child-directed speech, which is also referred to as _____.

A) motherese B) echolalia C) holophrastic speech D) telegraphic speech

104. The distinct language form known as child-directed speech is a _____.

A) verbal collection of facts and myths about having and caring for babies B) teaching technique used to accelerate language acquisition C) simplified language that adults use when talking to babies D) preverbal sound (like “gaga” and “goo goo”) that mothers often make

105. Research has found that child-directed speech is _____.

A) confined to females; males do not use it B) spoken in a high pitch with simple vocabulary and short sentences C) unique to English-speaking parents D) spoken in a low pitch with the use of nonsense words

106. Tony is 8 months old, and he settles down quickly and listens raptly while his mom sings “The Itsy Bitsy Spider.” What factor accounts for Tony's interest in this nursery rhyme?

A) He remembers the story and loves how it ends.

B) He doesn't remember the story, so the end is always exciting.

C) He loves the rhymes and repetition.

D) He loves the simple plot line.

107. Which is a language development that requires the understanding of another person's perspective?

A) babbling B) cooing C) naming D) pointing

108. Infants' repetition of certain syllables at the age of about 6 or 7 months is called _____.

A) cooing B) holophrasing C) gurgling D) babbling

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109. Britta has begun repeating syllables such as “da-da-da-da” and “me-me-me-me-me.”

Britta is in the _____ stage of language development.

A) cooing B) holophrasing C) gurgling D) babbling

110. On average, children begin saying recognizable words at around _____ months of age.

A) 3 B) 6 C) 12 D) 24 111. Brodie just started saying single words such as “mama” and “doggie.” About how old is Brodie likely to be?

A) 3 months B) 6 months C) 12 months D) 24 months 112. Geoff has begun uttering one-word holophrases (e.g., “Dada!”). About how old is Geoff likely to be?

A) 3 months old B) 6 months old C) 1 year old D) 2 years old

113. The term holophrase is used to denote _____.

A) a word that is empty of meaning B) the infant's use of one word to express a whole thought C) the relationship of object permanence to language development D) the use of two words to take the place of one 114. James says “more” to mean “I want another cookie.” In this case, “more” is a _____.

A) holophrase B) preverbal communication C) babble D) reflexive communication

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115. After a child's vocabulary has reached about 50 expressed words, spoken vocabulary will build _____ over the next several months.

A) slowly B) rapidly C) sequentially D) deliberately

116. As infants acquire language, they say more _____ than any other parts of speech.

A) nouns B) verbs C) pronouns D) adjectives

117. Between 18 and 24 months, when toddlers begin to put words together, they reveal their understanding of _____ rules.

A) social B) intentional C) grammar D) interaction

118. At approximately what age will a child begin to utter his or her first two-word sentences?

A) 10–11 months B) 12–14 months C) 16–18 months D) 18–24 months 119. Eric just started saying two-word sentences such as “Dada home” and “Doggie go.”

About how old is Eric likely to be?

A) 10–11 months B) 12–14 months C) 16–18 months D) 18–24 months

120. Abed is an average toddler. His parents can expect him to utter his first multiword sentence at around _____.

A) 12 months B) 16 months C) 21 months D) 27 months

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121. The use of prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, and other parts of speech is known as _____.

A) grammar B) sentence structure C) speech patterns D) syntax

122. Javier's mother is a native Spanish speaker, and his father is a native English speaker.

He hears both languages equally often and is addressed in Spanish by his mother and in English by his father. If Javier is a typical toddler, how will his language skills be affected by this early experience?

A) He will be able to understand one language but not the other.

B) He will often mix the two languages together and be unable to differentiate them.

C) He will soon speak both languages.

D) His cognitive skills will lag behind those of similar-aged monolingual children.

123. _____ believed that children learn language by receiving adequate parental attention.

A) Jean Piaget B) B. F. Skinner C) Noam Chomsky D) Leo Vygotsky

124. By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. B. F. Skinner would have attributed Alan's rapid speech development mainly to _____.

A) his unusually high I.Q. B) an unusual language-acquisition talent C) the amount his parents talk to him D) rapid physical development 125. Andrew uses incorrect word forms such as “ain't” and incorrect grammar such as “I don't got none.” What would Skinner say was the source of Andrew's poor language development?

A) lack of intelligence B) lack of innate language ability C) parents rewarded incorrect language use D) parents role modeled incorrect language use

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126. Which theorist said that children learn language as a result of reinforcements given by parents and caregivers?

A) Vygotsky B) Chomsky C) Skinner D) Erikson

127. According to the social-pragmatic theory, infants communicate because _____.

A) humans are social beings B) babies want tangible rewards C) babies are hard-wired to acquire language D) all primates are driven to master words and grammar

128. According to the sociocultural perspective, what is the focus of communication?

A) the context surrounding the communication B) the content of the communication C) the emotional messages of speech D) the sound of the words

129. Heidi is a 12-month-old who communicates with a few one-word holophrases. When she wants a cookie, she gets her mother's attention, looks directly at her face, and says, “Cuh-cuh!” while pointing at the kitchen. Heidi's seems to be very interested in ensuring that her mother understands what she is trying to communicate. Which theory would account for Heidi's motivation to be understood?

A) behaviorism B) evolutionary C) social-pragmatic D) information-processing

130. Which statement supports the sociocultural perspective of language learning? Toddlers learn new words _____.

A) by hearing an adult say a new word as they play with an unrelated object B) when they are taught in person C) in a group setting D) by watching others talk

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131. Janice's mother often lets her 6-month-old baby sit in front of the television watching episodes of Sesame Street. What is Janice likely learning from the episodes she watches?

A) how to count B) how to read C) new vocabulary words D) very little

132. When does it first become obvious that a person has discerned the rules of his or her native language?

A) when the person learns a second language B) when the person is able to read and write C) when the person starts using two-word sentences D) once the person's sentences contain a subject, verb, and object

133. According to Chomsky's theory of language acquisition, _____.

A) children learn language through a complex process of imitation and reinforcement B) children have an inborn ability to learn language C) the inability to learn language is due to specific brain dysfunctions D) language learning utilizes one particular structure in the brain

134. Universal grammar is Chomsky's term for his observation that _____.

A) all young children master basic grammar according to a schedule B) all grammar rules are the same across all languages C) some rules of grammar are present in all languages D) all parents reinforce correct use of grammar

135. The language acquisition device (LAD) was proposed by Chomsky to explain _____.

A) children's vocabulary spurts B) the difference between surface structure and deep structure C) the systematic differences among languages D) children's ability to derive the rules of grammar quickly and effectively

136. Which theory of language acquisition would say that some 5-year-olds are far more verbal than others because they were born to be so?

A) behaviorism B) evolutionary C) sociocultural D) information-processing

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137. Which theory of language acquisition would say that some 3-year-olds are far more verbal than others because they have heard more language?

A) behaviorism B) evolutionary C) sociocultural D) information-processing

138. Susan is a 21-month-old who has just begun to make two-word sentences. Her sentences already reveal the grammar of her native language, as she produces her nouns and verbs in the order that mature speakers of her language use. Chomsky would attribute Susan's quick acquisition of grammatical rules to her _____.

A) intelligence B) parents' correct use of grammar C) language acquisition device D) receiving reinforcement for proper language use

139. In English, which part of speech facilitates the learning of nouns?

A) articles B) prepositions C) pronouns D) adjectives

140. Which type of sentence do infants prefer?

A) declarative statements B) questions C) commands D) complex structures 141. The statement “Multiple attentional, social, and linguistic cues contribute to early language learning” supports the _____ theory of language learning.

A) behavioral B) epigenetic C) hybrid D) social impulse

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142. Infants learn language to accomplish a variety of goals, so some aspects of language learning are best explained by one theory at one age and other aspects by another theory at another age. This fact supports the _____ theory of language learning.

A) behavioral B) epigenetic C) hybrid D) social impulse

143. There are five stages of sensorimotor intelligence.

A) True B) False

144. According to Piaget, the period of sensorimotor intelligence comes to an end shortly after the first birthday.

A) True B) False

145. One of the first acquired adaptations is an accommodation of reflexes—for example, the reflexes involved in sucking a pacifier.

A) True B) False

146. A baby in Piaget's stage three of the sensorimotor period will attempt to make interesting events last.

A) True B) False

147. By 8 months of age, infants have an understanding of object permanence.

A) True B) False

148. The fourth stage of Piaget's sensorimotor period is often referred to as ends to the mean.

A) True B) False

149. Babies in the fourth stage of sensorimotor development work to achieve their goals.

A) True B) False

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150. Eighteen-month-old babies display object permanence, but they also display the A-not-B error.

A) True B) False

151. Deferred imitation is a kind of memory that infants begin to exhibit at about 18 to 24 months of age.

A) True B) False

152. The stage of tertiary circular reactions is when infants begin experimenting with thought and deed.

A) True B) False 153. A toddler in stage five of sensorimotor development is a “little scientist.”

A) True B) False

154. Babies in the stage of tertiary circular reactions explore the world, actively experimenting on their environment.

A) True B) False

155. After completing all of Piaget's six stages of sensorimotor development, the main cognitive development left for babies to achieve is to learn to use their imaginations.

A) True B) False

156. Piaget's theory has been criticized for being based on too large of a sample.

A) True B) False

157. Habituation research is a technique that Piaget developed for testing his theories.

A) True B) False

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158. Habituation research has revealed that babies are more advanced than Piaget believed.

A) True B) False

159. New methods of measuring infant brain activity have provided excellent support for Piaget's theories about the timing of infant cognitive skill acquisition.

A) True B) False

160. Toddlers enjoy squeezing all of the toothpaste from the tube because they are naturally naughty during Piaget's stage five.

A) True B) False

161. The visual cliff is used to determine whether infants recognize that height affords falling.

A) True B) False

162. Infants prefer to look at stationary objects over moving objects.

A) True B) False

163. Reminder sessions can prolong a young infant's memory of earlier events.

A) True B) False

164. Infants tend to have more language-based explicit memories than adults do.

A) True B) False

165. The sequence in which language development occurs depends upon which language is spoken.

A) True B) False

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166. The sequence of early language development is universal.

A) True B) False

167. Motherese refers to the sounds made by babies and imitated by parents in the first few weeks after birth.

A) True B) False

168. Babies whose caregivers use child-directed speech learn language more slowly than babies whose caregivers use adult patterns in their speech.

A) True B) False

169. Preverbal infants show a preference for child-directed over ordinary adult speech.

A) True B) False

170. Deaf babies do not babble.

A) True B) False 171. A child's first word combinations—for example, “More cookie,” or “My toy”—are called holophrases.

A) True B) False

172. One word plus gestures, facial expressions, and nuances of tone, loudness, and cadence make up a holophrase.

A) True B) False

173. The first two-word sentence appears between 18 and 24 months of age.

A) True B) False

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174. A child's grammar use becomes obvious when he or she begins to produce holophrases.

A) True B) False 175. According to Skinner, a grandfather who smiles whenever the baby says “pa-pa” is providing reinforcement for talking.

A) True B) False

176. Reading to infants has no effect on their language learning since they do not understand most words used in children's books.

A) True B) False

177. According to Skinner, toddlers with smaller vocabularies have parents who do not talk to them very much.

A) True B) False

178. Language acquisition device is a term Chomsky used to refer to the infant's inborn ability to learn language.

A) True B) False

179. Chomsky argued that babies are born to learn language.

A) True B) False

180. The social-pragmatic theory says that babies learn language because they are social beings.

A) True B) False

181. Piaget's first two stages of sensorimotor intelligence are called _____.

A) object permanence B) secondary circular reactions C) primary circular reactions D) goal-directed behavior

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182. The difference between primary and secondary circular reactions is that _____.

A) primary circular reactions involve the infant responding to people and objects B) secondary circular reactions involve the infant's own body C) secondary circular reactions involve the infant reacting to people and objects D) primary circular reactions involve the infant anticipating

183. Tertiary circular reactions are characterized by _____.

A) infants responding to their own bodies B) infants responding to objects or other people C) infants habituating to stimuli D) active independent exploration and experimentation

184. Stage four of sensorimotor intelligence is characterized by _____.

A) primary circular reactions B) new adaptation and anticipation C) accommodations D) object permanence

185. Modern research that includes new technology indicates that infants _____.

A) do not respond to child-directed speech B) have neurons that lack functional electrical activity C) make some cognitive advances earlier than Piaget proposed D) have “infantile amnesia”

186. Recent research on early affordances provides evidence that _____.

A) input and cognitive processing become slower with age B) input becomes quicker with age, but cognitive processing stays the same C) input and cognitive processing do not show much change until the child is much older D) even during the first year of life, age makes a difference in which affordances will be perceived and then acted on

187. Most developmentalists agree that very young infants can remember if _____.

A) they try hard enough B) they are rewarded for correct performance C) they are in the same environment or context as the initial experience D) researchers establish a supportive environment for study

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188. When do infants begin learning language?

A) before birth B) at birth C) around 2 to 4 months D) at 12 months

189. The typical order of spoken language development is _____.

A) reflexive, cooing, babbling, simple words B) cooing, squealing, vowel sounds, simple words C) squealing, cooing, reflexive, simple words D) cooing, babbling, reflexive, simple words

190. Most babies speak their first recognizable words by _____.

A) 6 months B) 8 months C) 10 months D) 12 months

191. Cultural differences in communication appear to influence _____.

A) whether new talkers say names B) whether the baby prefers nouns over other parts of speech C) which words, accents, and linguistic patterns the infant favors D) the use of holophrases

192. According to Chomsky, how do infants learn language?

A) They are taught language.

B) They have a natural capacity for language learning.

C) They are socially motivated to communicate.

D) They use a combination of strategies.

193. Behaviorists believe that a mother who _____ will stimulate her child's communication skills.

A) uses sign language B) uses reinforcement C) ignores mistakes D) points out mistakes

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194. The social-pragmatic theory of language development highlights the importance of _____.

A) impulsive teaching B) brain maturation C) social interaction D) innate traits

195. Scientists have attempted to integrate the three main theories of language development into one theory known as a _____.

A) hybrid theory B) universal grammar C) cognitive theory D) language acquisition device

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Answer Key 1. Stage One: Reflexes. These include all of the reflex actions apparent at birth (such as rooting, sucking, and grasping). This stage lasts for the first month of life. The infant gains information about the world through the repeated use of these reflexes.

Stage Two: First Acquired Adaptations (or First Habits). This stage lasts from ages 1 to 4 months and includes behaviors such as thumb sucking, through which the infant learns the limits of his or her own body.

Stage Three: Making Interesting Things Last. This stage covers 4 to 8 months of age.

The behaviors include those through which the infant interacts with things in the environment, such as shaking a rattle, clapping hands, and kicking to make a crib mobile move.

Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts) Names the first three Describes two of the Does not describe at stages, gives the age first three stages and least two stages or ranges, and describes gives their age ranges name them what occurs in each without including the stage name of each stage Give an example of Gives an example of Gives an example of Gives an example of what an infant does what an infant does in what an infant does in what an infant does in in each stage (shown each stage two stages one or no stages in boldface above) 2. Stage Four: New Adaptation and Anticipation (Means to an End). This stage lasts from 8 to 12 months of age and includes goal-directed behaviors. This comes from an enhanced awareness of cause and effect and the emergence of the fine motor skills needed to achieve these goals, such as pointing, making gestures, and pulling someone's hands into a clapping motion to encourage patty-cake. Infants keep their mouths shut if they don't like the food they're offered.

Describe the first three stages of sensorimotor intelligence

Stage Five: New Means Through Active Experimentation (Little Scientist). This stage lasts from 12 to 18 months of age. It includes trial-and-error learning behaviors such as squeezing toothpaste tubes, flushing things in the toilet, and taking something apart to see what's inside.

Stage Six: New Means Through Mental Combinations. In this stage, lasting from 18 to 24 months of age, toddlers are able to think about the consequences of various actions mentally without actually having to perform them (such as recalling that they got in trouble the last time they flushed a teddy bear down the toilet and thus refrain from flushing something else). At this stage toddlers can pretend and engage in deferred imitation. This means they copy behavior that they observed hours or even days earlier.

Good (5 pts)

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Fair (3 pts)

Weak (0-1 pts)

Describe stages four Names the three Describes two of the Does not describe at through six of stages, gives the age three stages and gives least two stages or sensorimotor ranges, and describes their age ranges name them intelligence what occurs in each without including the stage name of each stage Give an example of Gives an example of Gives an example of Gives an example of what an infant does what an infant does in what an infant does in what an infant does in in each stage (shown each stage two stages one or no stages in boldface above) 3. I would discourage her from making the software purchase. First of all, 1) the Association of Pediatricians recommends NO screen time for children prior to the age of 2. In addition, I would stress 2) the limitations of infant memory. I'd also emphasize that 3) infants learn the most and the fastest by interacting with a teacher. Plus, 4) time spent with the software would reduce the time the baby spends using his or her senses and motor skills to explore the environment. Such behaviors are necessary for normal developmental milestones to occur on schedule.

Good (5 pts) Offers at least two reasons why the software shouldn't be purchased

Fair (3 pts) Offers at least one reason why the software shouldn't be purchased

Weak (0-1 pts) Offer advice Offers no valid reason why the software shouldn't be purchased or recommends that the software be bought 4. 1) Infants have difficulty storing new memories in their first year. 2) One reason is linguistic: People use words to store memories, so preverbal children have difficulty with recall. 3) After about 6 months of age, infants retain information for a longer time than younger babies do. For example, if a 9-month-old watches someone playing with a toy he or she has never seen, the next day, the 9-month-old will play with the toy in the same way as he or she had observed. 4) Infant memory is fairly simple. 5) Repeated experiences are more likely to be remembered than single experiences. This is seen in language learning as well as in learning new behaviors. 6) When teaching a new activity, such as how to play with a new toy, several demonstrations will probably be necessary before the child remembers the sequence of activities.

Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts) Explain the nature States at least three of States at least two of States one or none of and limitations of the six points listed the six points listed the six points listed infant memory above above above 5. Object permanence is a child's awareness that an object or person continues to exist even when out of sight. It begins around the age of 8 months. In a laboratory, it is tested by showing a baby an object and then covering the object with a cloth. Babies who have achieved object permanence will remove the cloth to reveal the object. In more casual settings, it is revealed by a baby looking for an object or a person who is not in the room. This understanding is vital to the future development of language, which allows one to refer to objects and things that are not necessarily present.

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Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts) Define object Defines object Defines object Does not define object permanence and permanence and when permanence or tells permanence or when when it starts it starts when it starts it starts Describe how it is Describes how it is Describes how it is Does not describe how measured measured in a lab and measured in a lab or it is measured in a lab seen in an informal seen in an informal or seen in an informal setting setting setting Explain its Explains its Is vague about why Does not explain its importance importance to object permanence is importance to language learning important language learning 6. Newborn: Reflexive—cries, movements, facial expressions 2 months: Meaningful noises—cooing, fussing, crying, laughing 3–6 months: New sounds—squeals, growls, croons, trills, vowel sounds 6–10 months: Babbling—consonant and vowel sounds in repeated syllables 10–12 months: Comprehension of simple words; speechlike intonations; specific vocalizations that have meaning to those who know the infant well. (Deaf babies express their first signs; hearing babies also use specific gestures—e.g., pointing—to communicate.)

Good (5 pts) Identifies the five stages

Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts) Identifies four stages Identifies three or fewer stages

Identify the five stages of spoken language from 0 to 12 months of age Describe the five Briefly describes each Briefly describes four Briefly describes three stages of the stages of the stages of the stages 7. 12 months: First spoken words that are recognizably part of the native language 13–18 months: Vocabulary reaches 50 words.

18 months: Naming explosion—three or more words learned per day. Much variation: Some toddlers do not yet speak.

21 months: Two-word sentences 24 months: Multiword sentences Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts) Identify the five Identifies the five Identifies four stages Identifies three or stages of spoken stages fewer stages language from 12 to 24 months of age Describe the five Briefly describes each Briefly describes four Briefly describes three stages of the stages of the stages of the stages 8. All normal human infants are very similar in their capacity to perceive and respond to language. Child-directed speech is also known as baby talk or motherese. Its characteristics are adults speaking in 1) high-pitched sounds 2) using simple words and 3) short sentences. Since babies respond more to these sounds than to normal adult speech, their language acquisition develops more rapidly when motherese is used.

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Child-directed speech is used worldwide because it features language adaptations that are best suited for communication with infants and fostering language acquisition.

Good (5 pts) Explain the Explains at least two characteristics of characteristics of child-directed speech motherese Tell why motherese Tells why motherese is used worldwide is used worldwide

Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts) Explains at least one Does not give any characteristic of characteristics of motherese motherese Is vague about why Does not express why motherese is used motherese is used worldwide worldwide 9. Noticing that an infant's first babbles are reinforced with smiles, repetition of the sound, and other forms of attention, Skinner believed that parents' responses reinforce the development of speech in their babies. In Skinner's behavioral theory, parents and other caregivers are teachers of language. In contrast, Chomsky believed that infants are born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) that equips them to learn language on their own. According to his view, language learning is the result of neurological maturity.

Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts) Contrast views of Explains both Explains one Cannot explain either Skinner and researchers' researcher's viewpoint researcher's viewpoint Chomsky viewpoints Defend one of the Defends one of the Defends one of the Does not choose a viewpoints viewpoints and gives a viewpoints without viewpoint or fails to reason giving a reason give a reason for choosing a viewpoint 10. 1) Parents must begin speaking to the baby early—long before the baby can reply. They must 2) give the baby plenty of exposure to language, through conversation, reading, and songs. Parents should 3) use proper grammar and vocabulary when speaking to the child, as babies learn these things from their parents' own language use.

Good (5 pts) Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts) Explain two ways in Explains two ways Explains one way Does not explain a which parents help way their baby develop language skills 11. An affordance is an opportunity within a child's environment that allows for perception and interaction. Many situations afford the opportunity for a toddler to practice a skill, such as running. Some are more appropriate than others (e.g., an open field versus a parking lot). Both afford running, but one is a good place to run (the field) and one is not (the parking lot). How a particular affordance is perceived and acted on depends upon four factors: sensory awareness, immediate motivation, current level of development, and past experience.

Good (5 pts)

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Fair (3 pts)

Weak (0-1 pts)

Define affordance

Defines affordance Defines affordance Does not define (first sentence above) without giving the affordance and lists the four four factors factors (last sentence above) Give an example Gives an example Gives a vague Does not give an such as the running example example example above 12. 1) Skinner said that infants need to be taught language through association and reinforcement. Children associate the names of objects and events with their meaning, and caregivers provide reinforcement for utterances that are close to real language (e.g., babbling “ma-ma-ma-ma” is rewarded with smiles). Skinner assumed that children who use language better are those whose caregivers spoke to them the most.

2) Social-pragmatic learning proposes that social impulses foster infant language.

Children master words and grammar to join the social world of the people around them.

This theory emphasizes that language requires social give-and-take; children cannot learn language from educational programs alone.

3) Chomsky said that learning language is innate or inborn and that adults do not need to directly teach it. Children's innate drive to imitate, combined with a predisposition to derive the patterns in spoken language (thanks to a structure he referred to as a language acquisition device, or LAD), enable children to acquire the language to which they are exposed.

4) A hybrid theory proposed by Hollich et al. suggests that there is an emergent coalition of aspects of several of the theories. This theory contends that each of the three theories accounts for certain aspects of language acquisition, but all three theories must be combined to fully understand language acquisition.

Good (5 pts) Identifies the four theories

Identify the four basic theories of language learning Describe each theory Describes all four theories 13. sensorimotor 14. primary 15. anticipation 16. object permanence 17. A-not-B 18. little scientist 19. mental 20. habituation 21. information-processing 22. afford

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Fair (3 pts) Weak (0-1 pts) Identifies three of the Identifies two or fewer theories theories Describes three theories

Describes two or fewer theories

23. visual 24. reminder 25. explicit 26. higher 27. motherese 28. Motherese (motherese) 29. babbling 30. holophrase 31. grammar 32. behavioral 33. sociocultural (social-pragmatic) 34. language acquisition device 35. A 36. C 37. A 38. A 39. A 40. B 41. B 42. B 43. C 44. C 45. D 46. D 47. C 48. A 49. A 50. B 51. D 52. C 53. B 54. A 55. D 56. C 57. D 58. A 59. A 60. C 61. D 62. C 63. C 64. A 65. B 66. C 67. A 68. A

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69. B 70. B 71. C 72. C 73. B 74. C 75. C 76. A 77. D 78. A 79. C 80. B 81. B 82. A 83. B 84. B 85. C 86. C 87. B 88. A 89. D 90. D 91. C 92. C 93. A 94. C 95. D 96. B 97. B 98. B 99. B 100. C 101. A 102. C 103. A 104. C 105. B 106. C 107. D 108. D 109. D 110. C 111. C 112. C 113. B 114. A

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115. B 116. A 117. C 118. D 119. D 120. C 121. A 122. C 123. B 124. C 125. C 126. C 127. A 128. C 129. C 130. B 131. D 132. C 133. B 134. A 135. D 136. B 137. A 138. C 139. A 140. B 141. C 142. C 143. B 144. B 145. A 146. A 147. A 148. B 149. A 150. A 151. A 152. A 153. A 154. A 155. B 156. B 157. B 158. A 159. B 160. B

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Test Bank for Developing Person Through Childhood and Adolescence 11th by Berger

161. A 162. B 163. A 164. B 165. B 166. A 167. B 168. B 169. A 170. B 171. B 172. A 173. A 174. B 175. A 176. B 177. A 178. A 179. A 180. A 181. C 182. C 183. D 184. B 185. C 186. D 187. C 188. A 189. A 190. D 191. C 192. B 193. B 194. C 195. A

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