Nuclear Science and Technology (Vagisha Nidhi, Mody University) India

Nuclear Energy- An overview

Vagisha Nidhi Department of Nuclear Science & Technology Mody University of Science & Technology Lakshmangarh (Sikar), Rajasthan - India E-mail: vagishanidhi.set@modyuniversity.ac.in, vagisha.nidhi@gmail.com 1

ENERGY Power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide heat (thermal/heat energy), electricity (electrical energy) or to work machines (mechanical energy).

Sources Of Energy

2

ENERGY Renewable source: Renewable sources of energy can be used over and over again. They generate much less pollution, both in gathering and production, than non-renewable sources

Non-Renewable source:Once these natural resources are used up, they are gone forever.

3

India’s % Share by Various Sources

4

NEED FOR ENERGY Social and economic development Improvement towards health, education and economic empowerment All of the above need energy to sustain and compete on global scale.

5

Energy Scenario

India is the 3rd Largest Producer of Electricity 1. China : 6495 TWh 2. USA : 4350 TWh 3. India : 2929 TWh Per capita annual consumption (kWh):

India ~ 1120 ; world average 2500 Indicative of socioeconomic development like literacy, longevity, GDP and human development are directly dependent upon the per capita energy consumption of a country.

6

What is a perfect source of Energy Wish-List • • • • • •

Environmentally clean Abundant Available Relatively compact Affordable Safe & Secure

7

HIGH POWER GENERATION o 1 kg of Firewood = 1 kW-hr of electricity o 1 kg of Coal = 3 kW-hr of electricity. o 1 kg of Oil = 4 kW-hr of electricity.

BUT

o 1 kg of Natural Uranium = 50,000 kW-hr of electricity  It is cost-competitive with other forms of electricity generation.  If the social, health and environmental costs taken into account 1. Avoidance of CO2 emissions

8

How costly is Nuclear Power driven Electricity The average nuclear power tariffs in the last three years were around 230 Paise/kWh (less than half of other sources) Tariff of TAPS 1&2

94 Paise/kWh

( Oldest Station– 42 years)

Tariff of RAPS-5&6

302 Paise/kWh

Nuclear power tariffs tend to reduce with time

9

How COMPACT is a Nuclear Power Plant

Typical Nuclear & Fossil sites: 1–4 km² Solar thermal or photovoltaic (PV) parks: 20–50 km² (a small town) Wind fields: 50–150 km² ( a city like ) Biomass plantations: 4000–6000 km² (a district) Note : Comparison made for 1000 MW power plant 10

WORKING OF A PRESSURISED WATER REACTOR

Steam

Hot Water Cold Water

Fuel required to generate 1 MU Electricity Natural Uranium

~ Two

bundles (27 kg)

Indigenous Coal

~ 700

tones

Coal 12

Nuclear Reactor Core

Fuel Sub-Assembly

Solidified high level waste produced by generating electricity, for an average Indian family, for 25 years from nuclear power

Waste generated from a 1000 MW Coal fired power plant

Carbon dioxide :

2.6 million t /Year

Sulphur dioxide :

900 t /Year

NOx:

4500 t /Year

Ash:

3,20,000 t/Year

Waste generated from a 1000 MW NPP

High Level

Intermediate Level : 310 t /Year Low Level

(with 400 t/Year of toxic heavy metals)

: 35 t /Year

: 460 t /year

Radioactive Waste Disposal

 Vitrification

 Storage deep underground  Considerable research is being done to address the nuclear waste.

15

Nuclear Fission ď śNuclear Fission is an example of a nuclear reaction, in which a Heavy atom called Parent atom is broken into smaller atoms called Daughter atoms. ď śFission results in the formation of Daughter Nuclei, Two to three neutrons and most importantly release of large amount of energy.

U235

Neutrons

200 MeV Energy

Daughter Atom-2 16

FISSION REACTION & FORMATION OF FISSION PRODUCTS

Ba

NEUTRON

1. Neutron is captured by U-235 atom.

3. Two to Three neutrons

Neutron

About 200MeV of energy is released in each Fission.

U-235

are released during each fission. These neutrons if allowed, can cause fission of further U-235 atoms

Kr 2.

U-235 undergoes Fission, forming two Fission Products Ba (Barium) & Krypton (Kr)

Nuclear Fusion

Sun: a fusion reactor

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS OF NPCIL

Nuclear Power Plants in India

22

Nuclear Share (%) of Electricity Generation

MANY COUNTRIES HAVE NUCLEAR POWER

Global Nuclear Share: 11% ; 2619 TWh

23

Different kind of ionizing Radiation Alpha radiation (α)- Alpha radiation consists of alpha particles that are made up of two protons and two neutrons each and that carry a double positive charge Beta radiation (β)- Beta radiation consists of charged particles that are ejected from an atom’s nucleus and that are physically identical to electrons Photon radiation (gamma [γ] and X-ray)-Gamma radiation consists of photons that originate from within the nucleus, and X-ray radiation consists of photons that originate from outside the nucleus, and are typically lower in energy than gamma radiation.

Neutron radiation (n)- Apart from cosmic radiation, spontaneous fission is the only natural source of neutrons. Neutrons can be produced in laboratory by different kind of nuclear reactions.

24

Penetration abilities of different types of ionizing radiation

25

Applications

Diagnosis and treatment of cancer

Carbon dating

Detection of hole in underground pipe

Increasing genetic variability Food irradiation and preservation

Health care- Diagnostics ( I-131, Technitium-99)  Radio Therapy- Co-60, Cs-137  Sterilization & Food Processing: Co-60, electron accelerators  Agriculture : P-32  Radiography: Ir-132  Radiotracer: Br-32, Hg-197, T  Nucleonic Gauges- CS-137  Hydrology- Tritium

27

“Nuclear is a stepping stone to move further out into manned space exploration�

Curiosity is about twice as long and five times as heavy as NASA's two previous Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, and its plutoniumpowered nuclear battery will provide the mobile laboratory with about 2.7 kWh per day, far in excess of the 1 kWh per day maximum of the earlier solar-powered rovers.

The nuclear battery is also much longer-lasting than the solar power systems used by the previous missions, and is expected to last through the rover's planned operations and beyond, providing the potential for the mission to be extended.

Radiation is inescapable We live in a naturally radioactive world We are exposed to radiation from:  Sun and outer space  Radioactive materials present in the earth  House we live in  Buildings where we work  Food we eat &  Air we breath

29

Where We Live In

 The houses are made up of materials which contain radioactivity  Gamma radiation from walls, floor & ceiling, and radon and thoron progeny are major sources of radiation exposure  Especially in closed rooms, radon is the significant dose contributing factor

30

What We Drink

 Radioactivity in milk is over 200 times more than in drinking water and 3 times that in beer

 From a cup of milk ~ 180 beta particles of potassium-40 are emitted per minute

 From a cup of tea ~ 91 beta particles of potassium – 40 are emitted per minute from tea leaves (excluding milk and water) 31

RADIATION EXPOSURE- Examples

EATING 1 BANANA EVERY DAY FOR 1 YEAR, 36 microSv

STAYING AT NUCLEAR PLANT BOUNDARY FOR 1 YEAR, 10 microSv

India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program and expects to have 20,000 MWe nuclear capacity on line by 2020 and 63,000 MWe by 2032. It aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050. Now, foreign technology and fuel are expected to boost India's nuclear power plans considerably. All plants will have high indigenous engineering content. India has a vision of becoming a world leader in nuclear technology due to its expertise in fast reactors and thorium fuel cycle.

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

Nuclear Science and Technology: Nuclear science has openings in variety of fields, such as research, nuclear power plants and healthcare. The most prominent careers in this field include nuclear engineer, nuclear physicist, and nuclear medicine technologist. Nuclear Science & Technology offers ample placement opportunities in India and abroad such as

34

NEWS in DAINIK BHASKAR- 10 Sept. 2017

CONCLUSION Electricity demand in India can be met by nuclear energy providing long term energy security to the country An important responsibility is to manage energy and environment in a sustainable way. India is large enough to influence the world dynamics, whether it is demand for fossil fuels or environmental issues. Finally, it must be remarked that sustainable development is not a matter of choice but a necessity.

Nuclear energy is and will be part of the solution. Nuclear Power – Green Power , Safe, Clean & Ecofriendly 39

RAPP site Scene with Chambal river

Tarapur Atomic Power Station

Kaiga Atomic Power Station

Narora Atomic Power Station

Kakrapar Atomic Power Station

Madras Atomic Power Station

Thank You All 46