China Offshore 4th Annual Company Formation Guide 2014

4TH ANNUAL COMPANY FORMATION GUIDE

BVI Bermuda Cayman Islands Guernsey HongKong Isle of Man Jersey Mauritius公司建立年度指南第四辑 4th Annual Company Formation Guide Seyshelles UK 2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

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Company Formation Guide 2014

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

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主编 Editor in Chief: John Yang 撰稿人 Contributors: Brandon Tang, Brian Garst, Dan Mitchell, Robert W. Wood, John Yang, Shawn Greene, Yao Lu 美术总监 Art Director: Susan Shen 美术编辑 Designer: Shujie Wang 研究员 Researcher: Naomi Wu

营运总监 Director of Operations: Spencer H.Hall 制作总监，亚洲 Production Director, Asia: Oliver Davis 销售总监 Sales Director: Matthew Sumner 客户经理，亚洲 Accounts Managers: Nicholas Parish, Pooja Ramchandani, Gregorio Cazalis Victor Canetti, Philippe Israels 销售助理 Sales Assistant: Naomi Wu 发行经理 Circulation Manager: Iris Gao

出版机构 Publisher MX Media Group Limited 地址 Address: Rooms 05-15, 13A/F, South Tower, World Finance Centre, Harbour City, 17 Canton Road, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong

广告投放 Advertising enquiries 亚洲 Asia: +852 3073 2008 电子邮件 E-mail: sales@chinaoffshore.com.hk

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Company Formation Guide 2014

Letter From Editor | 编者的话

欢迎阅读第四期《中国离岸：公司建立指南》，本指 南旨在为您提供在全球主要的离岸行政特区内建立公司的 最新信息，让您有机会一站式获取最新的数据、分析报告 和业界观点。 本期指南概括了几个行业专家的意见和比较详实的离 岸行政特区的数据，辅以表格和地图来给读者更为直观的 展示。离岸公司的建立一直以来都是高净值人士财富管理 的最强大工具之一，在节税和规避风险的基础上让自己的 财富增值和未来得到有效保障。 随着全球经济趋于稳定，在数个行政特区的公司注册 数据都显示，它们在 2012 年的下半年都开始慢慢趋于回 暖。2013 年下半年全球新注册的公司总数为 38416 家。 虽然这个数字比 2012 年下半年有 3% 的下降，这主要是 因为英属维尔京群岛（BVI）的季节性下降，对整体数据

Welcome to the 4th Annual China Offshore Company

Formation Guide , a report that offers information about company incorporation activities at major offshore jurisdictions around the world, here you will be able to look at the most recent data, figures and articles.

This guide has included a few industry experts’

viewpoints and detailed data of various offshore

jurisdictions, with maps, data and tables to maximize

your knowledge base as well as your reading pleasure.

Offshore company incorporation has always been the

favorite vehicle and powerful weapon of HNWIs’ around the world, it can further succeed your business and

most importantly, add value to your wealth and protect your assets. As you can imagine, Asia remains, by some distance, the principal source of business growth for

the industry. Geographical fluctuations in demand tend to reflect broader macroeconomic movements. The

产生的影响不可忽视。 亚洲仍然是遥遥领先的行业业务增长的主要来源地。 地区的需求起伏往往反映宏观经济的走势——过去 12 个 月欧洲的需求逐渐下降，而北美则出现反弹，但上述两个 市场和其它主要市场的长期前景趋于乐观。今后五年，预 期拉丁美洲和非洲将成为增长最快的客户来源地。要特别 之处的是，中国的对外投资业务已经实现了令人惊叹的增 长，并有望变得更加蓬勃。 这本《中国离岸：公司建立指南》的小册子将以年刊 的形式向大家展示最新的行业动态和业界分析报告，通过 数篇由业界著名的专业公司提供的报告和论述，为您的公 司和业务指明一条向大受欢迎的离岸金融中心进军，进而 向海外扩张，为您的事业添砖加瓦的明路。

《中国离岸》编辑 John Yang

sharpest growth in client origination over the next five years is expected to be in Latin America and Africa. In China specifically, the much touted jump in outbound

business is already happening and it is likely to become even more pronounced.

The China Offshore Company Formation Guide

will be presented to you on a yearly basis, this guide covers latest reports and analysis from some of the

most reputable professional institutions in the world in the format of reports and discussions, we hope to help with your choice of the right jurisdiction for offshore

company formation, to succeed your businesses at these jurisdictions, and expand to the rest of the world.

Editor, China Offshore John Yang editorial@chinaoffshore.com.hk 2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

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观点 OPINION 06 英属维尔京群岛 离岸金融经济的引领者 British Virgin Islands - Leader of Offshore Financial Economy 12 以离岸财富管理和税务竞争来促进全球 经济增长 Growing the Global Economy through Offshoring and Tax Competition 18 美国联邦机构：中国投资者须知海外账 户纳税法案（FATCA）对中国的影响力 What Chinese Citizens and Businesses Should Know About the IRS 离岸聚焦 Offshore Reports 24 离岸公司建立行业浅析 The World of Offshore An Insight into Offshore Company Incorporations 36 离岸公司建立指南 A Know-how Guide to Forming an Offshore Company 44 怎样在上海自贸区设立公司 Establishing a Company in the Shanghai FTZ 48 离岸公司建立的全球趋势分析 Offshore Incorporation Trends 54 颇具争议的美国海外账户法案 ——中国的反应 China’s Relationship with the Contentious U.S. FATCA 58 2014 上半年热点 Halfyear highlights 60 行政特区 Jurisdictions 190 离岸指南 Offshore Handbook

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Company Formation Guide 2014

离岸公司建立行业浅析 The World of Offshore An Insight into Offshore Company Incorporations

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离岸聚焦

OFFSHORE REPORT

目录

Contents

advertiser directory

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广告商目录 Cook Islands FSDA - Inside Front Cover and P1 Board of Investment - P63 Premier Financial Services - P67 Afrasia Bank - P69 GlobaLex Chambers - P71 Clifford International Business Services - P79 Lapoudriere Law & Consultancy Chambers- P81

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Qatar IFC - P99 RAK Investment Authority - P101 Callenders Counsel and Attorneys - P111 Leno Corporate Services Limited - P112 Harneys Westwood & Riegels - P122-123 Loeb Smith & Brady - P129 Professional Trust - P137 Bilanz Data Wirtschaftstreuhand GmbH - P139 Bilanz Data Wirtschaftstreuhand GmbH - P144145 InfoScreen Limited - P151 Kinanis LLC - P153 Asia Offshore Association - P154 Allgemeines Treuunternehmen (ATU) - P165 Jordans Trust Company Limited - P173 Cook Islands FSDA - P179 Pacific International Trust Company - P185 British Virgin Islands International Financial

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Centre - Inside Back Cover Appleby -Outside Back Cover

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

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观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

英属维尔京群岛 离岸金融经济的引领者

British Virgin Islands Leader of Offshore Financial Economy Brandon Tang Director, International Incorporations T: +852 21069338 E: brandon.tang@tmf-group.com

Brandon 在为公司和私人客户的离岸 架构交易和公司咨询服务方面有丰富 的行业经验。他也和多个离岸行政特 区的政府部门有着良好的关系，他在 利用离岸产品方面也经验丰富。 Brandon 是香港特许秘书学院和特许 秘 书和管理学院的附属会 员。 他 于 2000 年加入 TMF 集团。 Brandon has substantial expertise in offshore structuring transactions and company consultation services for both corporate and private clients. He has wellestablished relationships with authorities in various offshore jurisdictions, and has experience in the use of a range of offshore products. Brandon is an associate member of the Hong Kong Institute of Chartered Secretaries and the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators; he joined TMF Group in 2000.

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Company Formation Guide 2014

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属维尔京群岛已利用其稳 定、透明、创新、完善、专 业等越来越突显的优势当仁 不让的成为近几十年最为热门的、对 全球金融体系至关重要的国际金融中 心。 首先，英属维尔京群岛拥有被众多国 际机构认可为最强大的监管体系，以 及后来吸引了许多国际客户作为企业 结构及财产保护、财富管理的首选司 法管辖区。如 2004 年的英属维尔京 群岛商业公司法，其灵活性已经得到 全球各地法律从业人士的积极评价和 认可，英属维尔京群岛公司可以在世 界各地的证券交易所上市。 其次，英属维尔京群岛在信息有效交 换和透明度方面一直积极而努力的满 足于经合组织。并实际的做到了对投 资者的身份核查，行为监督。至今， 英属维尔京群岛已经与各国签署了多 项税收信息交易协议，并努力确保了 已经签署的协议能够得到有效实施。 在英属维尔京群岛注册的各类企业、 信托及其他形式的注册公司已接近 1,000,000 家， 据 相 关 调 查 数 据， 41% 的全球离岸组织都在 BVI 注册， BVI 已经占境外直接投资市场第二大 份额，仅次于香港。所有主要的离岸 律师事务所都在 BVI 设立了办事处， 可以高效的服务来自不同国家的客 户。

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ritish Virgin Islands (BVI) has evolved into a well-deserved international financial center which has been the most popular and important one for the global financial regime over the decades thanks to its evident advantages in terms of stability, transparency, innovation, improvement and professionalism.

First of all, BVI owns the strongest supervisory system recognized by many international organizations, an innovative and sound legal system which has been implemented afterwards, high-quality service providers and professionals, and a regulatory system that effectively supervises financial services and industrial activities. As a result, a large number of international clients are attracted to choose BVI as their preferred legal jurisdiction concerning corporate structure, property protection and wealth management. For instance, the BVI Business Companies Act, 2004 has been highly spoken of and recognized by legal practitioners across the globe for its flexibility. And BVI companies could launch at any stock exchange market around the world.

Secondly, BVI has been meeting the OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) requirements in terms of effective information exchange and transparency in a proactive and dedicated way, and has achieved identity verification and behavior supervision of investors. Up to now, BVI has entered into multiple revenue information exchange

观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

英属维尔京群岛所具备的老练和朝 气，吸引着来自全世界不同国家不同 领域的投资者，其低廉的政府费用， 合理的税收环境，和便捷快速的服务 也使越来越多的中小型跨国企业跃跃 欲试。 随着离岸业务在全球资本市场越发多 元化的发展，不同领域不同规模的投 资者对其认知和了解也愈发加深，离 岸不再仅仅是税收调控上的工具，它 强大的法律法规监管体系，以及自身 所拥有的完美资本运作环境已经慢慢 走近大众心里，不再陌生。其中 BVI 作为最初离岸的代表者，对于近几年 大陆投资客户的意义重大。 如七年前在大陆沿海城市兴起的中小 型外贸企业中所认可并广泛应用的离 岸公司在税务调控、信 息 保 密 从 而 维护进出口买卖双方的货品信息安全

agreements with various countries and is working hard to ensure the effective implementation of the signed agreements.

BVI is home to nearly 1,000,000 enterprises of all kinds, including trusts and registered companies of other types.

According to relevant survey data, 41% of global offshore organizations are registered in BVI and BVI enjoys the second largest share of overseas direct investment (ODI), which is preceded by only Hong Kong. All major offshore law firms have set up offices in BVI, enabling them to serve clients from different countries in an efficient way.

BVI’s sophistication and vitality are appealing to investors in different sectors of various countries and, many small and medium-sized multinationals are eager to venture into BVI given its low government fee, reasonable tax environment, and convenient and fast service.

As offshore business is developing in a diversified way on the global capital market,

investors in different fields and of different sizes have gained deepened understanding of offshore business. Offshoring is not just a tool for taxation regulation and control.

More importantly, it is regularized by strong laws and regulations system, and offers perfect capital operation environment which is highly welcomed by the public. Among others, BVI, as the earliest representative of offshore financial center, has been significant for mainland investors in recent years.

For instance, offshore companies, recognized and widely used by small and medium-sized foreign trade companies which emerged along the coastal cities in mainland China seven years ago, have safeguarded goods and information safety of buyers and sellers in the import and export via taxation regulation and control as well as information privacy protection.

As such, a multitude of BVI companies have sprung up. The legal features of

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

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观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

等，使大批 BVI 公司如雨后春笋般出 现在我们面前。 BVI 公司所具备的法律特征也使当时 相对保守闭塞的大陆进出口企业者耳 目一新，如：该法域无任何外汇管制， 公司在全球范围内自由开户；BVI 公 司法以英国商业公司法为基础，这对 于在国际商业实践中必须履行英美法 系的海外公司，具有相当的吸引力； BVI 公司实行注册代理人制度，信息 披露要求极少，保密规定相当严格， 使公司自身安全具备充分保障，极大 减少了公司风险因素； 政府免除一切 税收；采用授权资本制无需实际验资， 等等。这些完美的法律体系和运作环 境使大陆的进出口企业得到了新鲜氧 气，体制改革，焕然一新。 时至今日，BVI 公司被越来越多的高 净值人群接受并开始积极了解，运用 的恰到好处。比如： 在财产规划，遗 产安排方面，利用其个人信息保密， 使得投资者规避了财产分配过程中出 现的关系纠纷，高额税务等问题，使 整个操作更加人性化，私密化，便捷 化；在海外市场拓展投融资领域，规 避投资风险，使风险分散，巧妙的规 避了政治壁垒及政策壁垒，加速了中 国企业走出去的步伐；同时在品牌战 略规划领域，也有越来越多的企业者 开始运用离岸的组织形式规避持有者 信息，使风险降到最小，实现利润最 大化。 如在海外投资领域，我们举一个简单 实例： 国内两家电视台媒体 A，B 欲在美国 投资，但由于媒体代表的是国家之喉 舌，在投资过程中遭受到了美国政府 的政策阻扰，想直接投资是非常困难 的。之后，A,B 两家媒体各以 50% 的

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Company Formation Guide 2014

BVI companies have presented a new appearance to the relatively conservative and occlusive foreign trade companies in mainland China. For instance, the scope of law is free from any foreign exchange control and companies may open accounts freely across the globe; BVI companies act is based on the British Business Companies Act, which is truly appealing to overseas companies which shall abide

by British and American legal system in international business practice; besides that, BVI companies adopt the system of registered agent, with little information disclosure, strict confidentiality rules, meaning that safety of companies are fully secured and risk factors have been greatly reduced; the government exempts all taxes and fees and employs the authorized capital system without actual capital verification, etc. The perfect legal system and operational environment have offered fresh air and refreshing institutional reform to mainland foreign trade companies.

As of now, BVI companies have been increasingly recognized by more and more high net worth individuals (HNWI) who have started to actively understand and to use BVI companies to the point. For example, personal information protection has helped investors avoid relation disputes, expensive taxation and other issues arising out of property distribution during property

planning and heritage arrangement, making the entire operation humanized, private and convenient; when it comes to expanding investment and financing on overseas market, BVI companies are wellpoised to avoid investment and disperse risks, thereby skillfully evading political and policy barriers and accelerating the globalization pace of Chinese companies; in the meantime, with regard to brand strategy and planning, more and more entrepreneurs have used the organization form of offshore to avoid the exposure of holder’s information, minimize risks and maximize profit.

Take a simple example in the field of overseas investment: Two domestic television stations A and B plan to invest in the U.S., but as the mouthpiece of the country, they were subject to policy impediments of the U.S. government during the investment, making direct investment extremely difficult. Later, the two media organizations established a joint venture – offshore company C in BVI, each holding 50% of the stake. Company C raise capital in Hong Kong as the main executor and then venture into and invest in the U.S. market smoothly. This case points out that when going global, we may employ the unique features of offshore company, including information privacy, structural safety and identity freedom, to reasonably

观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

股份合资在 BVI 群岛设立了一间离岸 公司 C，以 C 为主体在香港融资， 之后顺利进入美国市场，投资成功。 这个案例说明了，在走出国门的时候， 我们可以利用离岸公司信息保密，结 构安全，身份自由等独有的特点，合 理规划海外投融资项目，规避政治壁 垒和政策壁垒，达到“曲线救国”的 目的。 同时，我们再举一个实例简单说明一 下，离岸公司在个人及投融资项目中 的风险规避问题： 有 甲， 乙， 丙 三 人 想 共 同 设 立 一 间 HK 公司，来投资海外的三个项目： 通过上图可以看出，最初的结构是存 在隐患的。首先，投资者甲，乙，丙 三人信息完全得不到保护；其次，他 们所共同设立的 HK 公司，其具备的 信息完全透明的特征，使得在之后的 投资过程中所有结构暴露无遗；最后， HK 公司同时持有三个项目，这在风 险防范，风险分散上是很大的隐患。 再看一下经过我们合理规划后的结构 图 ： 甲，乙，丙三人各自持有一间 BVI 公 司， 分 别 为 A,B,C, 这 样 利 用 其 BVI 公司的不透明性，三人各自的信息是 完全保密的，保证了投资过程中三人 原始投资信息的安全；其次，A，B， C 三间公司共同持有一间 BVI 公司 D， D 公 司 投 资 项 目 一，A，B，C 三 间 公司共同持有 BVI 公司 E，E 公司投 资 项 目 二，A，B，C 三 间 公 司 共 同 持有 BVI 公司 F，F 公司投资项目三。 D，E，F 都是 BVI 公司，依然利用其 不透明性保证了投资方的信息安全。 最后，用 D，E，F 三间不同的公司来 分别持有三个项目，达到风险分散的 目的。 这个简单的案例说明了，在投 融资项目中，其复杂多元的细节架构， 存在着很多潜在的也是致命的风险，

plan overseas investment and financing projects, avoid political and policy barriers, thereby realizing the target indirectly.

We hereby give another example to brief on the risk avoidance feature of offshore companies in individual and company investments and financing projects: Investors A, B and C intend to jointly establish a Company in HK to invest in three overseas projects: We can find from the figure above that the original structure is subject to hidden danger of failure. To begin with, the information security of investors A, B and C couldn’t be protected; secondly, the joint venture - HK Company, featured by complete information transparency, lays bare all structures in subsequent investment; last but not least, HK Company owns three projects at the same time, which means severe hidden danger in risk prevention and dispersion.

Let’s see the structural figure after our reasonable planning.

Each of investors A, B and C owns a separate BVI company, namely Company A, Company B and Company C. As

such, based on the opaqueness of BVI companies, information of the three investors is completely classified, ensuring the security of the original investment information of the investors during the investment process. On top of that, Companies A, B and C jointly own a BVI company – Company D, which makes investment in Project I; the BVI company – Company E - joint owned by Companies A, B and C - invests in Project II; and Company F, the BVI company owned

by Companies A, B and C, invests in Project III. Companies D, E and F are all BVI companies, which still ensure the information security of investment due to their opaqueness. Finally, three projects respectively held by Companies D, E and F realize risk dispersion. This simple case indicates that the complicated and diversified breakdown structure of investment and financing projects is subject to many potential yet deadly risks; however, the reasonable and clever use of offshore companies could exactly help us prepare for avoidance at the beginning, and as a result, many risks that couldn’t be reserved in the late stage are averted.

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

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观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

而合理巧妙的利用离岸公司，恰恰可 以帮助我们在最初就做好规避准备， 避免了很多后期不可逆转的风险。 其实，远在 20 世纪 50 年代，中国企 业在拓展国际发展空间的过程中早已 开始利用离岸中心进行商业运作。上 百家中国企业利用离岸公司在中国境 外上市融资、投资及其他商务运作。 中国政府提出的企业“走出去”战略 规划使更多企业寻找国际发展空间， 为了企业参与国际竞争、制定战略规 划、规避风险和降低国际运作成本， 离岸运作成为中国企业必须考虑的方 式。 1984 年英国属地 BVI 通过世界上首 部 离 岸 公 司 法， 即 国 际 商 业 公 司 法 （2004 年更改为商业公司法），至今， 离岸公司这种特殊的商业组织形式在 国际贸易、国际投资、国际服务、财 产保护、国际税收计划和其他形式的 商业运作中起到了重要作用，它被专 业界称为国际经济发展的润滑剂。 其中 BVI 作为最初的引领者和现代最 稳定最成熟的司法管辖区，它的尽善 尽美被口口相传，深入人心。 但近期 由于当地监管部门力度的加大，对投 资者进行尽职调查等监管手续，给很 多服务提供商增加了与终端投资者沟 通的难度，延迟了合同签署的时间， 使部分投资者面对繁琐的手续，和大 量需提供的证件，望而却步。还有目 前 BVI 公司在境外外资银行开户难， 门槛高的问题，无疑是给大量原本忠 于 BVI 的投资者一盆冷水。正值近几 年如雨后春笋般涌现出大量新的离岸 司法管辖区，并以超低的政府收费， 更加便捷的操作程序，重洗了离岸市 场的牌局，也使越来越多的投资者在 选择投资地和公司结构时有了更宽的 视野，这无疑对 BVI 群岛是很大的冲 击。

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In fact, as early as in the 1950s, Chinese companies had already used offshore centers in business operation when they were expanding their international development space. Hundreds of Chinese companies engaged in overseas IPO and financing, investment and other business operations via offshore companies. The “Go Global” strategic planning released by

the Chinese government for companies has enabled more companies to seek international development space. In order to help enterprises participate in international competition, formulate strategic planning, avoid risk and reduce the cost of international operation, offshore business has become a way Chinese companies must take into account.

观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

尽管如此，但大部分中规中矩、谨小 慎微的投资者对英属维尔京群岛的热 情丝毫没有减退，他们还是一如既往 的相信，英属维尔京群岛一直代表着 透明、监管、协作、执行和合作方面 的最高标准。她在满足国际标准方面 的良好声誉才是保持自身优势的最底 牌，最忠实的投资者依然愿意相信， 英属维尔京群岛是最完美，最使人信 任的离岸司法管辖区。

免责声明条款 虽然我们已采取合理步骤以提供准确 和最新的信息于本版物中 , 但在这方 面 , 我们不作出任何明示或暗示的保 证或陈述。信息如有变更 , 恕不另行 通知。本版物中包含的数据信息均受 全球不同的司法管辖区内的 ( 含税 ) 法律而随之变化。 本版物中包含的数据信息绝不构成提 供要约或招揽业务 , 或对于我们的服 务建议 , 或对于从事任何交易或法律 , 税务 , 金融 , 投资或会计的建议。 于 这些信息的基础上如没先寻求独立专 业意见均不应该采取任何行动。我们 概不负责由于您使用或依赖本文所载 数据所引致的任何损失或损害。 本 版 物 出 于 TMF 集 团 B.V. , 邮 政 信 箱 盒 23393 , 1100 DW 阿 姆 斯 特 丹 Zuidoost 荷 兰 ( contact@tmfgroup.com ) 。 TMF 集 团 BV 是 TMF 集团的一部分 , 由一些遍布世界 各地的公司组合成。任何集团公司不 是另一集团公司的注册代理。一个载 有完整名称 , 地址和监管公司细节的 列表 , 都可从我们的网站得到 : www. tmf - group.com 。 © 2014 TMF 集团 B.V.

In 1984, BVI passed the first-ever offshore companies act, the International Business Company Act (renamed to Business Company Act in 2004). As of now, offshore company, the special form of business organization, has played an active role in international trade, international investment, international service, property protection, international taxation plan and other forms of business operation, and is regarded as the lubricant of international economic development by the professional society.

Among others, as the earliest initiator of offshoring and the most stable and sophisticated jurisdiction in the modern times, BVI has been highly welcomed for its perfectness. However, due to the increased supervision by local regulators recently, due diligence investigations on investors and other regulatory procedures have added more difficulties to the communication between service providers and terminal investors, and thus delay the contract signing. As a result, some investors deterred in face of complex formalities and a large number of certificates that need to be submitted. Alongside that, the difficulty of BVI companies in opening account at overseas foreign banks, and high threshold have undoubtedly thrown a wet blanket on many investors who were originally loyal to BVI investments. A large number of offshore jurisdictions have sprung up in recent years have reshuffled the offshore market with even lower government fee and more convenient operational procedures, and broadened the horizon of investors when selecting investment destination and corporate structure. This definitely represents a heavy disadvantage to BVI. Anyway, most of the disciplined and over-cautious investors are still enthusiastic for BVI. They believe, as always, that BVI has been standing for the highest standard

for transparency, supervision, coordination, execution and cooperation. It aces in maintaining advantages thanks to its sound reputation in meeting international standards. The most loyal investors are still willing to believe that BVI is the best and the most credible offshore jurisdiction.

Disclaimers Although we’ve taken reasonable steps to provide correct and latest information in the publication, we don’t make any commitment or statement, either explicit or implicit, in this regard. Any information change will not be notified separately. Data and information contained herein is subject to change of (tax-inclusive) laws of different jurisdictions across the world.

Data and information contained herein shall not constitute the provision of offer or solicitation of business, or suggestions for our services, or suggestions for engaging in any trade, law, taxation, finance, investment or accounting. Without consultation for independent and professional advice, No action shall be taken based on the said information. We take no responsibility for any losses or damages arising out of your usage of or reliance on the data carried herein.

The publication is produced by TMF Group B.V., P.O. BOX 23393, 1100 DW Amsterdam Zuidoost, Netherlands (contact@tmf-group.com). TMF Group B.V. is affiliated to TMF Group and composed of companies spread all over the world. No group company is the registered agent of another group company. You may find a list with complete names, addresses and regulatory companies from our website www.tmf-group.com. © 2014 TMF Group B.V.

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观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

以离岸财富管理和税务竞争来促进 全球经济增长 Growing the Global Economy through Offshoring and Tax Competition

发展、繁荣经济和提升生活 水平方面，高速度增长的国 家都已知道税务政策的重要 性。低边际税率能以鼓励多劳多得、 勤俭节约和更多投资来获得较高的生 产效率。另一方面，差劲的税务政策 则能极大地拖慢经济发展。更为重要 的是，对资本征收过高的税收——是 特别具有破坏力的，因为它抑制资本 组合，这一所有经济学理论都认为是 大大有助于经济增长的资本流动方 式。

在

Brian Garst

Dan Mitchell

Brain Garst 是 美 国 自 由 与 成 功 政 府 事务部主任，该部门致力于促进税 务 竞 争、 金 融 隐 私 权 和 财 政 主 权。

Dan Mitchell 是位于华盛顿加图研究 院的高级主管和自由和繁荣中心的董 事会主席。

Brian Garst is the Director of Government Affairs for the Center for Freedom and Prosperity, which works to promote tax competition, financial privacy and fiscal sovereignty.

Dan Mitchell is a Senior Fellow at the Washington-based Cato Institute and Chairman of the Board of the Center for Freedom and Prosperity.

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鉴于经济发展对人类繁荣所起的巨大 作用，综合起来看，即使极微小的增 长率从长远考量也会对经济会产生深 远的影响。举例来说，仅仅 7% 的经 济增长率能在十年内使一个国家的经 济总量翻倍，而 1% 的增长率则只能 在 70 年内达到同样的效果。更加微 小的区别也能产生很大的能量。3% 的普通经济增长率意味着在 24 年之 内能使经济总量达到翻倍的效果，或 者说经历每一代人的时间让经济总量 翻倍。不幸的是，政客们很少会关心 怎样促进经济的增长，他们经常会在 无形中成为经济增长的障碍。政客们 更关心提升税收收入来为自己权力和 威望的累积而提供资金。

观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

竞争的力量 值得庆幸的是，至少有一种能够让那 些对经济发展作出贡献的人服务的机 制存在，至少在某种程度上来说，能 够影响到政治的决策。金融辖区（行 政特区）之间的税赋竞争让政客难以 实施差劲的税收政策，激励他们施行 更少的惩罚性税赋来促进经济发展。 这是因为当个人和公司迁移他们的财 富或公司到更有利的地方时，他们对 本国政府所征收的过度税负产生压 力。那些忽视竞争的国家要在经济和 金融上遭受损失，而坦然接受的国家 则变得更加繁荣。在美国和英国的里 根总统和撒切尔夫人时期经历的税务 革新后，全球都由此而掀起了减税运 动。全球平税国家的数量增加了十倍， 其中处于最高点的个人所得税和公司 所得税都应声而落。 竞争所遭受的阻碍 政治舞台上既有赢家也有输家。短视 的政客往往只看到税收收入的降低而 不是经济发展所带来的好处，其中包 括就长远而言更高的政府收入。以经 合组织（OECD）为例，高税收国家 的政客们对此作出的反应是希望消除 税负竞争。他们努力创造一个全球性 的税收垄断体制——本 质 上 是 一 个 “政客们的欧佩克”——结果当然是 对全球税负竞争产生更多的阻挠和障 碍。 这一情况从 1998 年 OECD 会议主题 “有害的税负竞争：一个新兴的全球 性问题”开始。在遭受全球抵制后， 这一组织不再为税负竞争贴上有害的 标签，而是寄希望于逐渐把它的影响 力化解到最小程度。

igh-growth nations have learned the importance of good tax policy when it comes to enhancing prosperity and living standards. Low marginal tax rates reward productive behavior by encouraging people to work more, save more, and invest more. Bad tax policy, on the other hand, can significantly stunt economic development. More specifically, excessive taxes on capital – such as capital gains, dividends, interest and inheritances taxes –are particularly destructive because they inhibit the formation of capital, which all economic theories agree is necessary for economic growth.

H

With economic growth comes advancement in human prosperity. Even slight differences in growth rates provide a major impact over time thanks to compounding. A seven percent growth rate can double economic output every 10 years, for instance, but a one percent growth rate can only do so every 70 years. Even smaller differences can be profound. A modest three percent rate of growth means doubling economic output in less than 24 years, or about once every generation or so. Unfortunately, politicians rarely care about promoting growth, and often are themselves obstacles to its achievement. They care more about raising tax revenues that can then be

spent in the quest for the accumulation of personal power and prestige.

The Power of Competition Thankfully there is a mechanism by which the interests of the people in growing the economy can be imposed, at least to some degree, onto the political class. Tax competition between jurisdictions makes it difficult for politicians to impose bad policy and it gives them an incentive to adopt less punitive tax policies instead. This is because when individuals and businesses relocate either physically or financially to jurisdictions with more favorable tax rates, they apply pressure on home governments to reduce excessive taxation. Nations that ignore competition suffer fiscally and economically, whereas those which embrace it are shown to prosper.

When the U.S. and the U.K underwent tax reform under Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, it kicked off a round of global tax cutting. The number of flat tax nations increased ten-fold, and the top income tax rates on both corporations and individuals plummeted.

Competition's Discontents Where there are political winners there are

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观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

支持这一运动的官僚和政客声明，他 们不仅希望打击非法避税行为，他们 的行为还表明，他们的真正目标是让 政客们从经济的生产领域获取更多的 金钱供其支配。 举例说明，在 2009 年墨西哥城举办 的 OECD 主题为“透明度和税务目 的的信息交换”全球论坛上，组织者 在会后总结报告文档的草稿中秘密地 加入了一个出人意料的提法，由此， 合法的税务规划和节税行为和非法避 税一样，一下子变成了“有害的避税 行为”。

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also losers. Short-sighted politicians see only declining tax rates and not the benefits that come with economic growth, including higher revenues in the long run. Acting through the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), politicians in high tax nations reacted by seeking to erode tax competition. Their efforts to create a global tax cartel – essentially an “OPEC for politicians” – have resulted in a constant imposition of new obstacles to fiscal competition.

erupted, the organization backed off from officially labeling tax competition as harmful and instead sought ways to slowly chip away at its effectiveness.

The effort began with a 1998 OECD entitled, “Harmful Tax Competition: An Emerging Global Issue.” When a backlash

For example, in 2009 at the Mexico City meeting of the OECD's Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information

The bureaucrats and politicians who supported this effort claimed that they merely wanted to crack down on illegal tax evasion, but their actions indicate that the real goal is to make it easier for politicians to grab more money from the economy’s productive sector.

观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

这是针对税负竞争要害的直接打击， 其目的非常清楚，旨在对资本向低税 率金融辖区的合法流动加以阻挠。它 再一次在与会者中产生了反对浪潮， 中国是最积极的反对国之一。

for Tax Purposes, organizers secretly inserted a bombshell into their draft “summary of outcomes” document. Legal tax planning and avoidance were suddenly identified as a “harmful tax practice” on par with evasion.

尽管墨西哥城倒退严重，OECD 继续 前进在达成目标的道路上。采用他们 的税务协定而同时又希望招商引资的 国家一直被施压，要求其对金融隐私 权被侵犯采取认可的态度，更被要求 签订意在消除以节税和财富转移为目 的的条约。如果那些高税率国家的政 客们无法阻止低税率金融辖区提供更 有竞争力的税收政策，那么他们就要 通过权力来阻止自己的公民来充分利 用这些辖区带来的好处。

This was a shot aimed squarely at the heart of tax competition, with a clear goal of hindering the legal movement of capital toward low tax jurisdictions. It again induced a backlash from attendees, with China taking a lead role in scuttling the effort.

反对达到历史高点 即使他们已经成功实施了“税务信息 交换协议”和其它旨在消除税负竞争 的手段，OECD 继续采取措施来阻碍 全球资本的自由流动。被提上议事日 程的最新措施是，金融辖区间的大量 和自动的纳税人信息的交换。事实上， 这意味着信息仅仅将单向流动——从 低税率地区向高税率地区的流动—— 因为那些实施优势税务政策的辖区根 本没兴趣从其它地区获取税收收入方 面的信息。

Despite the Mexico City setback, the OECD continued to make progress in their quest. Nations that use their tax code to attract investment are constantly pressured and cajoled into abandoning recognition of financial privacy rights, and have been forced into signing lopsided information sharing treaties designed to eliminate the benefits of relocating for tax purposes.

If the politicians from high-tax nations can't prevent jurisdictions from offering more competitive tax policies, then they are content to stop their citizens from taking advantage of them.

Opposition Reaches Fever Pitch Even with their successful introduction of Tax Information Exchange Agreements

and other measures designed to blunt the impact of competition, the OECD continues to assert new powers over the flow of global capital. The latest item on the agenda is the bulk and automatic exchange of taxpayer information between jurisdictions. In reality, this means information will flow one way – from lowtax jurisdictions to high-tax jurisdictions – since nations with good tax policy have no interest in seeking revenues from extraterritorial earnings.

The OECD is piggybacking on international financial upheaval created by U.S. passage of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), which imposes unilateral requirements on foreign institutions to report information collected on Americans to the U.S. government. Through FATCA, the United States is asserting its universal “right by might” to enforce domestic tax laws on the entire world. FATCA purports to combat tax evasion, using a dragnetstyle spying regime that threatens to cost the world far more than it will rise in new revenue for the U.S. government.

Rather than be appalled by the United States' assault on fiscal sovereignty, or its onerous and costly burdens on the global financial sector, the OECD appears jealous of FATCA's bold demands and the bureaucrats have used to it justify their own renewed assault on competition.

OECD 利用美国的海外账户纳税法案 （FATCA）产生的金融动荡来获取利 益，让外国金融机构向美国政府报告 其美国公民在海外获取的收入信息。 通过 FATCA，美国在全球范围内挥 舞他的“权力大棒”来加强其本国的 税务体制。FATCA 旨在向避税宣战， 采用撒网的形式广种薄收，事实上其 产生的无形成本要远大于美国政府所 能获得的税收增加。

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观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

不光是被美国向全球显示其金融统治 权 所 恐 吓， 或 者 它 对 金 融 界 产 生 的 高 额 成 本 和 负 担，OECD 看 起 来 对 FATCA 的无理要求，和采用行政手 段干预税务竞争所产生的嫉妒心则有 过之而无不及。G20（20 国集团）和 OECD 最近开始推行一个新的全球标 准。多国的财政部长和央行行长 2013 年在莫斯科的会晤所发布的“七月公 报”声明该组织“致力于信息的自动 交换成为新的全球化的标准。”他们 甚至还表示 FATCA 已“成为迈向全 球多边化的信息自动交换的催化剂”。

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The G20 and the OECD have recently asserted a new global standard. The July 2013 Communiqué at the conclusion of the Meeting of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors in Moscow declared the body is “committed to automatic exchange of information as the new, global standard.”

They even acknowledge that FATCA “acted as a catalyst for the move towards automatic exchange of information in a multilateral context.”

The OECD's pursuit of automatic exchange of taxpayer information threatens the foundations of tax competition by making

it possible for all nations to tax income no matter where it is earned. Currently only the United States engages in this destructive practice, but politicians in other nations are no less greedy than their American counterparts; they have simply lacked the means to apply such a policy in the past. With new rules to pressure other tax agencies to help spy on their citizens throughout the world, the OECD's new standard would make it much easier for additional governments to adopt the practice of worldwide taxation. Making it more difficult for citizens to take advantage of low-tax jurisdictions will erode the

观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

OECD 对纳税人的信息自动交换的 要求威胁到税务竞争的基础，把不管 在全球任何一个地方所获得的收入都 变成可征税收入变成可能。现在美国 正采用这个毁灭性的方式，但其它国 家的政客并非不如美国政府一样贪 婪，他们只是在过去没找到合适的方 法而已。新规定要求全球其它税务中 介都要及时汇报纳税人的税务信息， OECD 的新标准让更多的政府在全 球范围内更容易地实施税务信息的交 换。让公民更难于利用低税率地区来 合理节税。无可避免的结局就是，全 球范围内更高的税率和更低的经济 产量。OECD 税务政策主席 Pascal Saint-Amans 把 这 些 政 策 称 为 一 个 “国际税务政策的分水岭”。OECD 秘书长

power of competition in restraining political excess. The inevitable result is higher global taxes and reduced economic output.

OECD tax policy head Pascal Saint-Amans calls these developments a “watershed moment for international tax policy,” and OECD Secretary-General Angel Gurría has trumpeted its new standard as “a real game changer.” The game he refers to is international tax competition, which has for so long worked in the interests of taxpayers, and the change he desires is a tilting of the field away from economic producers and toward wealth confiscators.

In the past the OECD has relied heavily upon coercion to establish its tax regimes.

This tactic has worked because the targets of their attacks are typically small and too afraid to stand up for their sovereign rights. But as Western nations continue to languish under the destructive weight of excessive taxing and spending, the emergence of new global competitors with increased political power could change the dynamic.

If Chinese citizens want to continue to avail themselves of favorable tax policies – and maintain the pressure created by tax competition at home – they should oppose efforts by the OECD to rewrite in their own interests the rules of global commerce.

Angel Gurria 也把这个阶段性成功称 为“一个真正的游戏规则的改变”。 他说的“游戏”指的就是国际税负竞 争——长时间以来都是为纳税人谋福 利的竞争机制。他期待的游戏规则的 改变，是天平从经济产出者向财富充 公者的倾斜。 过 去，OECD 很 大 程 度 上 依 靠 高 压 政策来建立它的税务法制。这一策略 能够成功的原因是，他们攻击的目标 通常比较小，且害怕站出来争取自己 的权利。但是随着西方国家的经济因 为过度税收和政府的过度支出而持续 低迷，有着更多政治力量的新全球竞 争者则有能力来改变这一切。如果中 国公民希望继续利用有利的税收政 策——以及继续接受本国实施的税收 高压——他们应该用自己的力量在全 球经济活动中来改写游戏规则。

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观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

美国联邦机构：中国投资者须知 海外账户纳税法案（FATCA） 对中国的影响力 What Chinese Citizens and Businesses Should Know About the IRS

很

多中国人和中国企业在美国 做生意，在美国投资，或有 家人在美国。由于美国政府 和中国政府近来的关系越来越密切， 将来中国投资客或公司需要面对美国 联邦机构税法的情况也会越来越多。 有些中国人也是美国公民或绿卡持有 者。但是由于不是长期住在美国，常 忽略了向美国国税局报税。美国政府 也正在加强税务收缴。 美国预扣税义务

Robert W. Wood Robert W. Wood 执 业 于 Wood LLP， 一家位于旧金山的税务律所，为全世 界的客户提供税务咨询和服务（www. woodllp.com）。他也是多本税务书籍 以及《福布斯》杂志和《税务笔记》 杂志的税务专栏撰稿人。 Robert W. Wood practices law with Wood LLP, in San Francisco (www.WoodLLP. com), a tax law firm representing clients throughout the world. He is the author of numerous tax books and contributes regular tax columns to Forbes and Tax Notes Magazines.

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如果不是美国公民，美国政府只能通 过境外汇款扣税来收集税务。美国每 年汇给外国人的金额高达 1400 亿美 元。这些扣税义务很复杂也很难择要， 不过大概规则是：美国政府向给外国 人的汇款扣 30％的税， 但是有些税 收协议允许减少税率。 美国要求私人企业和公司在汇款前扣 押预扣税，然后转缴给美国国税局。 事实上，如果美国公司没有按规定扣 押预扣税，则该公司必须自付补齐这 部分税款。因此国外个人和公司常常 会发现美国公司宁可多扣押预扣税， 因为美国国税局不会对过多的预扣进 行惩罚。

any Chinese individuals and companies conduct business with the U.S., have U.S. investments, or U.S. relatives. Some encounter the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) because of U.S. withholding tax rules. Others find themselves answering IRS questions because of the increasing cooperation between the U.S. and foreign governments—including China.

M

However, many individuals and families in China are either U.S. citizens or permanent residents, even if they do not spend significant time in the U.S. That means their U.S. tax compliance may languish. This is a dangerous tendency, particularly at a time when the U.S. is enforcing its tax laws more firmly than ever.

U.S. Withholding Tax For non-U.S. taxpayers that have no requirement to file U.S. tax returns, the only way the U.S. can get any tax money is via withholding on payments sent from the U.S. to those persons.

U.S. source income paid to foreign individuals amounts to $140 billion

观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

美国要求私人公司在汇款前扣税，事 后缴给美国国税局（IRS） 。 如果美 国公司没有扣税，公司必须付 IRS 税 金。美国公司小心为上，通常会多扣 押，因为 IRS 不会惩罚过多的预扣。 可并不是每样向外国的汇款都必须扣 税。实际上有很多不同的汇款定义。 一般来说，只有在美国境内的所得收 入才可以预扣所得税。并且还必须被 归类为固定的、可确定的，每年都有 的 或 是 定 期 的 收 入（ 简 称 FDAP 收 入），该词汇可以被理解为包括个人 服务所得报酬、股息、利息、租金、 稿酬以及很多其他类型的收入。 如果中国公民或公司在美国有收入， 最好预先计划。美国公司为了保证他 们符合美国税法，通常会比较保守。 但是如果您有充裕的时间，就可以预 先解决税赋的问题。 美国公民和绿卡持有者 对于美国居民和绿卡持有者来说，税 务 的 问 题 会 更 复 杂。 全 球 有 700 万 美国公民和绿卡持有者不居住在美 国。在美国税法看来，美国绿卡持有 者只要在美国呆一天就视为永久居 民。美国公民和绿卡持 有 者 必 须 申 报他们在国内和国外的所有收入，包 括填报 TD F90-22.1 表“国外银行和 金融账户申报”(Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts 简称 FBAR)。您的国外银行或投资账户也 必须一一列清。 如果美国公民和绿卡持有者在任何外 国公司有 10％以上的股份，那会引 发更多的美国缴税义务。有 50％以 上股份的美国公民将面对最严格的赋 税责任。此外，由于“等同所有权” 规则可将个人财产在其家庭成员之间

each year. The tax withholding rules are complex and difficult to summarize. However, most types of U.S. source income paid to a foreign person are subject to a withholding tax of 30%, although a reduced rate or exemption may apply in the case of some tax treaties.

The U.S. relies on private parties and companies to collect this withholding tax and remit it to the IRS. In fact, if withholding is required and a payer fails to withhold the required tax, the withholding agent (the payer) is liable for it. That is one reason non-U.S. individuals and companies often find that U.S. payers err on the side of withholding tax. The IRS does not criticize over-withholding.

However, not every payment is subject to withholding, and much of the terminology is hard to decipher.

In general, the payment must be from sources within the U.S. to be subject to withholding. Moreover, it also must generally be classified as fixed or determinable annual or periodical income. This phrase has been interpreted as covering compensation for personal

services, dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and many other types of payments. Gains from selling intangibles such as patents or copyrights are also subject to withholding.

For any individual or company receiving payments from the U.S., planning ahead is best. Payers in the U.S. want to be certain they are complying with U.S. law so they are not liable for the tax themselves.

But there is often a way to address the issue provided that there is adequate time.

U.S. Citizens and Residents In some ways, withholding tax problems are nothing compared to the tax issues facing U.S. citizens and residents. U.S. citizens and green card holders face a far more serious interaction with the IRS. There are more than 7 million U.S. citizens living outside the U.S. and many green card holders too. A green card holder is classified as a permanent U.S. resident for tax purposes regardless of how little time he spends in the U.S. U.S. citizens and green card holders must report their worldwide income

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观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

进行推定归属，因此，国外投资者和 家庭通过一到多个公司来掌控其生意 或者房产的做法常会在缴税方面让他 们伤够脑筋。 有些美国公民和绿卡持有者因为这些 苛刻的税率，会选择放弃他们的公民 身份。所以现在放弃美国国籍的情况 是创历史新高。即便如此，这些人离 开美国也负有纳税义务。 最近几年来，由于美国国税局的传讯 和起诉，许多美国银行开始将有外国 账户的美国公民和永久居民列入名单 内。 美 国 政 府 也 开 始 从 举 报 人、 证 人 和 银 行 收 集 了 很 多 资 料。 另 外， 美 国 政 府 通 过「 海 外 账 户 纳 税 法 案 （FATCA)」，要求海外银行公开美 国公民和永久居民的海外账户资讯。 因为 FATCA，很多国家（英国、加拿 大等等）已经跟美国签订协议。虽然 中国还没跟美国签协议，但是中国表 示支持美国执行 FATCA。美国和香港 特区的协议应该在 2014 年签约。 美国公民和绿卡持有者必须申报他们 全球的收入。如果您有海外银行账户， 请在 Schedule B 上选“是” 。 美国公民和绿卡持有者的海外资产超 过 5 万美元，就须向美国国税局如实 申 报 Form 8938。 如 果 您 的 海 外 账 户金额超过 1 万美元，您也必须申报 FBAR。FBAR 申报必须在每年 6 月 30 日以前完成。如果您不申报海外收入， 您就可能面临罚款甚至牢狱之灾。刑 事犯罪的诉讼时效为 6 年。但民事的 税收欺诈罪则不受诉讼时效的限制， 故美国国税局可在 10 年甚至 20 年后 查账并要求您补缴漏缴的税款，还可 能罚您 20% 的罚款或 75% 的民事欺 诈罪罚款。

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Company Formation Guide 2014

to the IRS, and make annual FBAR financial disclosures.

the act of expatriating itself can involve compliance and disclosure.

In addition, if U.S. citizens or green card holders own more than 10% of the stock of any foreign company, additional U.S. tax and disclosure obligations arise. The biggest problem occurs for those who have invested more than 50% in a foreign company that holds their business, investments or even their residence. Under U.S. controlled foreign corporation rules, additional U.S. tax and disclosure obligations are triggered.

Over the last few years, IRS subpoenas and prosecutions have caused banks to identify U.S. citizens and residents with foreign accounts. In addition, the U.S. has gathered stockpiles of information from whistleblowers, banks under investigation and cooperative witnesses. But the biggest sea change is the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), the U.S. law that compels banks worldwide to turn over the details of American account holders.

Moreover, there are deemed ownership rules that can attribute constructive ownership between family members. As a result, the propensity of foreign investors and families to have one or more companies in which they hold businesses or real estate can cause tax headaches.

Some U.S. citizens and green card holders choose to give up their U.S. citizenship or residency in view of what they may see as high U.S. compliance burdens. The number of expatriations from the U.S. is at a record high. But in some cases,

As a result of FATCA, many nations are entering agreements with the U.S., including the UK, Canada, and numerous other nations. Despite delays in negotiations between China and the U.S., the two countries have expressed a desire to work together to implement a FATCA agreement. Hong Kong SAR has already embraced FATCA and an official agreement is expected to be signed in 2014. For all of these reasons, U.S. tax compliance is in the spotlight.

观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

如果您并不是故意违犯， 每 次 漏 报 FBAR 会面临 1 万美元的罚款。如果 您是故意违犯，则罚款就是 10 万美 元或是高达 50％海外账户金额。假 报招致最高达五年监禁的刑事重罪及 高达 25 万美元的罚款。不申报 FBAR 也可能招致最高达十年监禁的刑事重 罪及高达 50 万美元的罚款。 为了避免严重的罚款，很多纳税人应 该考虑海外主动申报计划（Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program，简 称 OVDP）。该计划允许纳税人更正 过去八年内的错误资讯或漏报的咨询 和 FBAR。纳税人必须缴纳漏报的税 款、 利 息、 以 及 20% 的 漏 缴 税。 该 计划同时要求纳税人缴纳过去八年内 海外账户最高余额的 27.5％。 这 27.5％是最严重的罚款。但是对于 长年居住在海外的美国纳税义务人， 美国给他们提供有简单且对他们更有 利的「简易型揭露计划」(Streamlined Filing Compliance Procedures)。 该计划只要求过去 3 年内的纳税申报 , 6 年 FBARs, 而且没有罚款。

U.S. citizens and green card holders must report their worldwide income on their U.S. taxes, even if they claim foreign tax credits or an exclusion of income earned abroad. There are also disclosure obligations. If you have a foreign account, check “yes” (on Schedule B).

As part of your tax return, you must file Form 8938 if your foreign assets (generally) exceed $50,000 in value. You also must file a Foreign Bank Account Report (FBAR) annually if the aggregate of your foreign accounts exceeds $10,000 at any time during the year. FBARs are separate filings due by June 30 each year. If you fail to report your worldwide income on your tax return or fail to check the foreign account box, it can be considered tax evasion or fraud.

一些纳税人尽管有不恰当的报税，但 如果该不恰当报税有幸并不影响其所 欠税务（比如，由于其境外缴税相抵 免），美国国税局表示该种情况不需 要该纳税人修改纳税申报表。

The criminal statute of limitations is six years. The statute of limitations never expires on civil tax fraud, so the IRS can pursue you 10 or 20 years later. Tax bills can include a 20% penalty or a 75% civil fraud penalty. Failing to file an FBAR carries a civil penalty of $10,000 for each non-willful violation. If willful, the penalty is the greater of $100,000 or 50 percent of the account balance for each year you failed to file. Filing a false tax return is a felony that can mean up to five years in jail and a fine of up to $250,000. Failing to file FBARs can even be considered criminal, carrying fines up to $500,000 and up to ten years in prison.

申报过去的 FBAR 不算是安静方式申 报。虽然纳税申报和 FBAR 都很重要， 不报 FBAR 有更严重的后果，所以纠

For many, participation in the IRS offshore amnesty program is the best way to solve a failure to

如果不参加 OVDP, 也不参加「简易 型揭露计划」，有些纳税人会选择以 安静方式（quiet disclosures）申报 海外账户，这样的申报比没有申报好 些，但是美国国税局警告大家，如果 抓到您，您会面临严重的罚款。

comply in the past without facing potential prosecution or civil penalties that can be severe. The IRS amnesty program involves submitting up to 8 amended tax returns and 8 FBARs. It involves paying taxes, interest and a 20% penalty on any unreported income.

Finally, the IRS program calls for a penalty equal to 27.5% of the highest balance in your foreign accounts over the 8 years.

For many participants, the most painful part of the IRS program is the 27.5% penalty paid at the very end of the case. For some U.S. citizens living outside the U.S., though, there is a more favorable IRS program referred to as the “Streamlined” program. For those who qualify, it only involves 3 tax returns, 6 FBARs, and no penalties.

For those who do not enter either amnesty program, the choices are narrowing. Some opt for a “quiet” disclosure. That means amending tax returns and filing FBARs outside the IRS amnesty programs.

Although a quiet disclosure is better than doing nothing, the IRS warns that it will treat you harshly if it catches you. For fortunate taxpayers who do not owe any U.S. taxes despite improper reporting (because of foreign tax credits, for example), the IRS has said that amended tax returns are not necessary.

Moreover, in such a case, filing past due FBARs is not considered a quiet disclosure. And while both tax returns and FBARs are important, FBARs are arguably more sensitive than tax returns.

Civil and criminal penalties for

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观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

正 FBAR 比纠正纳税申报还重要。您 可以避免 FBAR 的罚款如果您有“合 理事由” (reasonable cause), 可是 这些事由没有明确的制定。 有些人不纠正以前的错报或漏报，而 只对将来的纳税申报和 FBAR 进行修 改。可是美国国税局仍可能会调查以 前漏报的纳税申报和 FBAR。而且取 消账户不会解决您以前的错误。如果 您的这种行为被视为隐瞒以前的错 误，您可能会面临更严重的罚款。 公司问题 拥有国外公司 10％的股票就必须另 填申報。如果您和其他美国公民总共 持有 50％以上的股票，这个公司就 是受控外国企业（CFC)。 这就带来重要的申报责任。首先您必 须申报 5471 表格和您每年的纳税申 报。另外，虽然您没有收到实际配额， 您必须按照您在公司所持有的股份比

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Company Formation Guide 2014

failing to file FBARs are worse than tax penalties. That is one reason filing FBARs can help ameliorate liability even if minor errors on your tax returns are not corrected. You can avoid FBAR penalties if you had “reasonable cause,” but the grounds for waiving penalties are not clearly enumerated.

Some people do not attempt to correct the past and instead commence filing accurate tax returns and FBARs prospectively.

However, the risks can be high. The IRS may ask about the lack of prior FBARs and tax returns disclosing a foreign account. Moreover, simply closing foreign accounts is not an answer to compliance failures in the past. Tying off the problem prospectively can make sense, but ironically, it can exacerbate a lack of past compliance if the actions are viewed as efforts to conceal previous offshore activities.

Company Issues As discussed, owning as little as 10% of the stock of a foreign company can trigger additional IRS filing obligations. The obligations are most onerous when you and other U.S. persons own more than 50% of the foreign company. Even if you own less than 50% yourself, the U.S. shareholders owning more than 50% means the company is a controlled foreigncorporation for U.S. tax purposes.

That entails very unfavorable tax treatment. First, you generally must file a special form (5471) with your annual tax return. Moreover, you are generally taxed on your portion of the company’s income even if it was never distributed to you. In effect, your pro rata share of the corporate income is attributed and taxable to you because you are a U.S. person.

观点 | Opinion CHINA OFFSHORE

例来缴税。如果您没有申报这表格， 美国国税局可以无限期查账和要求您 补缴漏缴的税。此时，美国国税局的 3 年或 6 年的查税时效便不存在了。 换句话说，如果美国国税局发现您在 CFC 拥有股票且没有申报 5471 表格， 美国国税局可以进行无限期查账 , 甚 至 要 求 您 补 交 10 年 或 20 年 前 的 漏 税！ 离境的外籍人士 美国的税务责任很严重。有人因为高 税，打起了退堂鼓。可是退“美”鼓 也有缴税规定。您必须证明您已经正 确缴纳了 5 年的税。另外，如果您的 资产超过 2,000,000 美元，或者您最 近 5 年来平均每年付了 155,000 美元 以上的税，您必须缴纳出口税。 出口税的理论很实用。这是美国当局 向您讨税的最后机会。出口税假定您 在离开时变卖了资产， 那 么 您 资 产 增加的价值就需要缴税。 比 如 您 当 初资产 3,000,000 美元，事后增值到 6,000,000 美元， 您增值的 3,000,000 美元需要缴税，免税额为 668,000 美 元。 不仅美国公民需要缴纳出口税。 永久居民和绿卡持有者也必须缴纳出 口税。所以放弃国籍的决定不能轻率， 需要慎思。未雨绸缪便可能减少出口 税的责任。

You might assume that you are safe from the past if you did not know about this rule and have not been filing the required IRS Form 5471. But if you fail to file the Form 5471 with your tax return where required, the IRS statute of limitations never runs on your tax return. The normal 3 year or 6 year periods that cut off the IRS ability to audit you do not apply. As a result, if the IRS discovers that you owned shares in a controlled foreign corporation and that you failed to file a Form 5471, the IRS can audit you for an unlimited period, even ten or 20 years back!

Expatriation Formalities and Exit Tax The U.S. tax rules can be onerous.

For some, these tax rules can motivate expatriation. Yet even leaving America can have a special tax cost. To exit, you generally must prove 5 years of tax compliance in the U.S. In addition, if you have a net worth that is greater than $2 million or have average annual net income tax for the 5 previous years of $155,000 or more (tax, not income), you face an exit tax. The theory of the exit tax is practical.

It is the last chance the U.S. has of taxing a person who is giving

up U.S. citizenship or permanent residency. The exit tax treats you as having sold your property upon your departure. Only gain is taxed, so if you have a basis of $3M in your assets and on expatriation, they are worth $6M, the $3M gain is taxed, but there is an exemption of $668,000.

U.S. citizens are not the only ones to face the exit tax. Longterm residents giving up a Green Card can also be required to pay it. A decision to expatriate should never be taken lightly, and careful thought is needed. Fortunately, advance planning can often reduce or eliminate the exit tax.

Conclusion How and when you file, respond, or react to the IRS can have important legal and financial consequences, in whatever context you come into contact with U.S. taxes. For that reason, consider U.S. tax exposure before implementing legal or investment structures. Consider U.S. tax issues before filing, reporting or responding to the IRS. Implement your strategy carefully after obtaining tax advice tailored to your facts.

结论 如何报税，何时提出，何时回应美国 国税局都有很重要的后果。所以您在 投资之前，必须谨慎考虑美国税务申 报。还有在报税前，也要小心考虑美 国报税问题。律师根据您特别的税务， 给您特殊的忠告，巧妙谨慎履行付税。

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离岸聚焦 Offshore Reports

离岸公司建立行业浅析

The World of Offshore An Insight into Offshore Company Incorporations

By Courtesy of Appleby and OIL

Introduction

简介 欢迎阅读第四期《中国离岸：公司建立指南》，本指南旨 在为您提供在全球主要的离岸行政特区内建立公司的最新 信息，让您有机会一站式获取最新的数据、分析报告和业 界观点。以下是行业专家的主要调查报告的总揽： •

由于应属维尔京群岛（BVI）的季节性趋势对数据的 影响，2013 年上半年的离岸公司总注册量比前六个 月下降了大约 3% 左右。

•

BVI 继续占据离岸公司注册活动的领导者地位，比它 最近的竞争者开曼群岛的注册量要多出六倍之多。

•

毛里求斯公司的增加量排名第一，比 2012 年的注册 量多 9%。

•

在经历 2011 和 2012 年的衰退期后，离岸活动公司 的注册总量趋于稳定。从 2008 年至今，这一总注册

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Company Formation Guide 2014

Welcome to the 4th Annual report of China Offshore Company Formation Guide , a report that offers information about company incorporation activities at major offshore jurisdictions around the world, here you will be able to look at the most recent data, figures and articles. Here are number of key findings from the experts' statistics outlined in the following pages, as summarized here: •

The overall volumes of new offshore companies being registered was about 3% lower in the first half of 2013 than in the preceding six months, due to a seasonal reduction in the British Virgin Islands (BVI) register that has a disproportionate effect on the figures.

•

The BVI continues to dominate offshore new company registration activity by volumes, with a consistently maintained six-fold lead ahead of its

离岸聚焦 Offshore Reports

量上升了 5%——这个数字不出预料，也要得益于香 港和英国的注册量，两者比 2008 年分别增加了 53% 和 16%。 •

百慕大是在本地公司注册总量增加最大的行政特区， 比 2012 年 12 月底的数字上升了 5%。排名第二的则 是毛里求斯的 4%。

•

英国和香港，作为两个具可比性的离岸行政特区，和 前六个月相比，继续显现出复苏的迹象，表示全球经 济的复苏刺激着亚洲和欧洲市场的回暖。两者都有可 观的增长，而英国在这一期间新公司注册 11% 的增 长量则更令人印象深刻。

•

在其它离岸行政特区也能看到这一复苏迹象。俄罗斯 已打破其之前在 2009 年底创下的记录，公司注册总 量已达到 4922200 家。

closest comparator, the Cayman Islands.

•

Mauritius showed the biggest increase in new company incorporations Mauritius showed the biggest increase in new company incorporations with 9% more added than in the second half of 2012.

•

The total number of active companies on the offshore registers has stabilized, following a decrease between 2011 and 2012. Since 2008, this total number has increased by 5% - a figure that is, as we would expect, outpaced by Hong Kong and the UK which report increases on 2008 figures of 53% and 16% respectively.

•

Bermuda is the offshore jurisdiction witnessing the greatest growth in total number of companies on its local register, with a 5% increase on the figures recorded at the end of December 2012. The next biggest growth (4%) came from Mauritius.

•

The UK and Hong Kong, as onshore comparators, continue to show signs of recovery compared to the previous six months, which is encouraging as it indicates the global economy is strengthening in the Asian and European markets. Both are demonstrating positive growth, with the UK showing a particularly impressive 11% more new incorporations being registered during the period.

•

Elsewhere, other onshore comparators are also mirroring this recovery. Russia has just surpassed its previous peak, set at the end of 2009, with 4,922,200 active companies now listed on its register.

全球公司建立总览 整体情况 随着全球经济趋于稳定，在数个行政特区的公司注册数据 都显示，它们在 2012 年的下半年都开始慢慢趋于回暖。 2013 年下半年全球新注册的公司总数为 38416 家。虽然 这个数字比 2012 年下半年有 3% 的下降，这主要是因为 英属维尔京群岛（BVI）的季节性下降，对整体数据产生 的影响不可忽视。 其它地方的增长率在 8-9% 之间，大部分的离岸行政特区

The Company Formation World The Big Picture As the global economy appears to be stabilizing, the company registration data reveals that levels of new company registrations in several jurisdictions have accelerated following a faltered growth pattern during the second half of 2012.

In the first half of 2013 there were 38,416 new

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离岸聚焦 Offshore Reports

新公司成立量

New Companies Formed 百慕大 Bermuda

英属维尔京群岛 BVI

开曼群岛 Cayman

耿西岛 Guernsey

马恩岛 Isle of Man

泽西岛 Jersey

毛里求斯 Mauritius

离岸总数 Offshore Total

比前半年的增长率 % change from previous half

2012H1

465

33065

4794

814

1214

1204

1100

42656

9

2012H2

498

31034

4176

770

1073

1169

970

39690

-7

2013H1

538

29144

4504

790

1167

1215

1058

38416

-3

来源：Appleby Source: Appleby

和在岸行政特区如英国和香港的增长率接近。正如我们所 预料的，英国以 11% 的增长率领跑全球。 离岸公司注册的活动公司总数 在分析离岸公司注册的活动公司总数时，和去年下半年相 比，离岸市场和它们的在岸对手的扩张速度基本持平。大 部分的增长率都保持在 1% 和 5% 之间。唯一的例外是 BVI （最大的离岸公司注册地，由于季节性的原因而显示比较 平抑的增长率），和马恩岛（该地区在每年的第一季度要 减去解散公司的总数，因此数据有所模糊）。 当把所有的离岸公司注册量数据相加后，现在的总数要比 2008 年前大衰退时期增加了 5%。 地区趋势 百慕大 在 2013 年上半年，百慕大新成立的公司有 538 家。这要 比 2012 年下半年增加了 8%（40 家），比 2012 年同期增 加了 16%。 这 538 家新公司中，422 家为豁免公司，21 家为海外公司， 95 家为本地公司。 有趣的是，和 2012 年下半年相比，六个月期间内本地公 司的增加量为 44%。这一百慕大正面的增长量可部分归因 于在美国市场的营商意愿的改善，以及百慕大政府致力于

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offshore company incorporations in total. Although this represented a small decrease of 3% on the preceding six months in 2012, this was primarily due to a seasonal decline in incorporations in the British Virgin Islands (BVI), which has a disproportional effect on the total figures.

Elsewhere, with growth at around 8-9%, most offshore jurisdictions are close to growth levels seen in onshore comparators the UK and Hong Kong. The UK is, as we would expect, leading this growth with an 11% increase.

Total Active Companies Listed on the Offshore Registers When looking at the total numbers of companies active on the registers, the offshore markets are expanding at an identical rate to their onshore counterparts, compared to the second half of last year. Most have reported increases to the total number of active companies on their registers of between 1% and 5%. The only exceptions are the BVI (the biggest offshore register, which due to a seasonal dip in new registrations appears to have flat-lined), and the Isle of Man (where steady activity is being masked by a front-loaded removal of dissolved companies from its register during Q1 each year).When added together, the total number of companies on all offshore registers is now 5% larger than pre-recession 2008.

Geographic Trends Bermuda

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国际市场的目标，都让许多新成立的公司来到百慕大进行 注册。 该行政特区也继续受到飞机租赁业的青睐——百慕大的飞 机注册和商业飞机注册工具继续保持稳定和稳固的增长。 百慕大得利于许多其它行政特区对保险业预期的改善，也 被作为发行和列入保险相关证券（ILS），比如灾害债券等 的主要选址地之一，并获得了相当的成功。 ILS 市场在过去的几年内增长迅速——已达到了 300 亿美 元的资产，正因为它几年来极佳的优良回报率和主流投资 市场不太紧密的关系而成为新宠，并有可能在未来几年内 继续增长。 英属维尔京群岛 BVI 的 新 公 司 注 册 总 数 和 2012 年 下 半 年 相 比 略 有 下 降 （29144 对比 31034）。这是因为 BVI 在每年的 4-6 月的 衰弱期，这是过去五年来一直遵循的模式，我们预期在未 来几年内这一季节性衰退会最终会自我修复。 虽然新公司注册的总数收到季节因素影响，BVI 继续在数 量上领跑全球的离岸公司注册活动，也已连续几年比第二 位的开曼群岛多六倍以上的数量，每半年的新公司注册总 数都超过 30000 家。这一时期内新公司注册总数占注册公 司总量的比重也稳定保持在 14%。 2013 年 6 月 底 为 止，BVI 的 活 动 公 司 总 数 稳 定 保 持 在 457151 家，比 2008 年的数量多出很多。 2011 和 2012 年间 BVI 公司注册处共处理 86000 家新公 司注册申请，其中有很多家因为“2012 年 BVI 商务公司（修 改）法案”的出台后而解散。特别值得注意的是，这一修 改法案减少了公司解散前该公司保持罢工的时间长度，从 之前的十年减少到现在的七年。该地区在 2014 年对公司 注册的需求趋于缓和，但仍会领跑于其它对手。 开曼群岛 开曼群岛的注册总部发布的数据暂时有点延迟，数据只反 应到 2013 年 3 月。该年度前三个月的数据表明，开曼群 岛 2012 年下半年公司注册总量的减少看起来已经得到遏

In the first half of 2013, 538 new companies were registered in Bermuda. This is 8% (40) more than H2 2012 and 16% more than the same period in 2012.

Of the 538 new company registrations, 422 were exempted companies, 21 overseas companies and 95 local companies.

Interestingly, the number of local companies registering has grown by 44% in the six month period, when compared to the second half of 2012. The positive growth in Bermuda is partly explained by improving business sentiment in the US market which, coupled with the Bermuda Government’s proactive campaign to target international business, is driving much of the influx of new business to the jurisdiction.

The jurisdiction is also seeing continued interest from the aircraft leasing niche - a Bermuda vehicle is required for each aircraft registration and commercial aircraft registrations remain steady and strong.

Bermuda also benefits disproportionately to other jurisdictions as the insurance sector outlook improves, and is viewed as a key location from which to issue and list insurance-linked securities (ILS) such as catastrophe bonds, with considerable success.

The ILS market, which has grown significantly over the last few years to -about $30bn in assets, is attracting more interest due to its excellent returns for several years and its lack of correlation to mainstream investments, and is expected to continue to grow strongly.

British Virgin Islands The number of new incorporations in the BVI was slightly down compared to the second half of 2012 (29,144 versus 31,034). This is due to BVI having a weaker April-June, a pattern replicated every year for the previous five years, and we would expect this seasonal dip to correct itself as the year progresses.

Although numbers of new incorporations are affected by seasonal factors, the BVI continues to dominate offshore new company registration activity by volume,

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止。如果本地公司注册继续和前三个月的增长数据保持一 致，它将很轻易地以高达 8% 的速度超过 2012 年下半年的 数量。虽然有可能超过 2012 和 2011 年新成立的公司总数， 早期发布的数据显示 2013 年会成为开曼群岛新公司注册 数量爆发性增长的一年。

and has consistently maintained a six-fold lead ahead of its nearest comparator, the Cayman Islands, and kept up a steady pace of circa 30,000 new companies registered each half year. New company registrations as a percentage of the whole register also held steady at 14% for the period.

分析开曼群岛新注册公司类型的数据，有豁免公司、非居 民公司、居民公司和外国公司的数量和 2012 年的非常相似。 豁免公司继续占据绝大多数，其它类型的公司数量则非常 稀少。

The total number of active companies on the BVI register at the end of June 2013 remained stable at 457,151, and well above 2008 levels.

开曼群岛的离岸活动公司注册总量保持全球第二，表现出 它合同的灵活性和法律的稳定性对外国投资者的吸引力。 2013 年 3 月的数据显示这个行政特区已超过 2008 年衰退 期前的最高峰。我们预计这一趋势将在 2014 年继续保持。 毛里求斯 / 塞舌尔 2013 年上半年，毛里求斯新公司注册总数为 1058 家，比 上一年同一时期增长了 9%，该时期这个行政特区的注册总 数经历了少见的下降。 毛里求斯到 2013 年 6 月止，活动公司的注册总数呈增长 趋势。它 4% 的增长率仅次于百慕大。毛里求斯公司注册 处在全球经济危机时期受到很大影响，但是如果增长率继 续保持，2013 年会成为它连续增长的第三年。 毛里求斯全球商务公司的增长反映出这个行政特区和非洲 （和其它地区一起）对投资吸引力的增长。随着美国市场

The BVI Register of Companies shed 86,000 companies between 2011 and 2012, many of which appear to have been dissolved following changes introduced by the BVI Business Companies (Amendment) Act 2012. In particular, the amendments reduced the total period for which a company may remain struck before it is dissolved, from ten to seven years, resulting in the foregoing one-time downward adjustment to the companies register. The Territory is anticipating a softer demand for incorporations over the course of 2014, but expects to maintain a substantial lead ahead of other offshore comparators.

Cayman Islands The General Registry in the Cayman Islands is currently experiencing some delay in publishing figures, and data is only available up to March 2013.

Based on figures reported for the first three months of the year, the dip in new company incorporation activity revealed in our H2, 2012 for Cayman appears to have been reversed. If the local register continues to add new companies at the same rate as reported in the first three months, it will easily surpass the second half of 2012 by as much as 8%. Although there is some way to go to exceed the numbers of new companies being added in 2012 and 2011, the early indication is that 2013 will be a buoyant year for new registrations in Cayman.

Looking at the types of companies reported to be joining the register in Cayman, the mix of Exempt, NonResidential, Residential and Foreign remains steady and very similar to 2012. Exempt companies continue to dominate the register, with much smaller numbers of entities falling into the other categories.

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Cayman remains the second largest offshore jurisdiction for total active companies on the register, reflecting the contractual flexibility and legal certainty enjoyed by companies incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Figures reported in March 2013 show that the jurisdiction has surpassed the peak figure recorded in pre-recession 2008 this year. We expect this trend to continue into 2014.

Mauritius/Seychelles In the first half of 2013 the number of new companies added to the register in Mauritius was 1,058, up 9% on the previous period, when the jurisdiction experienced a rare dip in activity.

复苏迹象的明朗化，我们预计其对西方的吸引力会越来越 大，毛里求斯作为传统意义上的风险规避投资地，和多个 非洲国家签订的投资保护和促进协议也让它能在必要时求 助于国际仲裁机构的帮助。 塞 舌 尔 国 际 商 务 当 局 的 报 告 显 示 在 2013 年 上 半 年 有 10096 家国际商务公司（IBC）在此地建立。这让它很快 就能打破其在 2011 年创下的记录，该年度有超过 16000 家 IBC 在此地建立。塞舌尔已经有世界最大的国际商务公 司注册机构，且正吸引着来自俄罗斯和非洲投资者的兴趣。 耿西岛、泽西岛和马恩岛 英国的皇家属地泽西岛、耿西岛和马恩岛的公司注册活动 受很多驱动因素的影响，因此它和加勒比或印度洋的金融 中心的公司注册活动并不直接相关。 这些英国皇家属地的总体数据表明，在 2012 年下半年和 2013 年上半年之间，新公司注册数据上升了 5%。虽然数 据涨落不尽相同，而有趣的是这些金融中心，和他们在世 界其它地方的伙伴一样，在 2013 年上半年也经历了新公司 注册的上升，马恩岛领衔所有地区，这一时期内涨幅在 9% （1167 家公司）。耿西岛和泽西岛的涨幅分别在 3% 和 4%。

Mauritius also witnessed positive growth in the total number of active companies listed on its register as at June 2013. Its 4% increase was second only to Bermuda. The Mauritius register was hit hard by the global recession but, if this growth stays on target, then 2013 will be the third successive year of growth.

This increase in global business companies in Mauritius reflects the jurisdiction’s growing attraction as a means of investing in (amongst other areas) Africa.

And as the US market shows signs of recovery, we expect more interest from the West where Mauritius has shifted perceptions of traditionally more risk-averse investors having signed several Investment Protection and Promotion Agreements with various African countries where recourse to international arbitration can be sought.

The Seychelles International Business Authority reports that an impressive 10,096 international business companies (IBCs) have been incorporated in the first six months of 2013. This puts the registry well on track to beat the previous annual high that was recorded in 2011, when over 16,000 IBCs were added during the year. The Seychelles already operates one of the fastest IBC registers in the world and is attracting increasing interest from Russia and Africa.

Guernsey, Jersey & Isle of Man The company registration activity in the UK’s Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of

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Man are influenced by a very different set of drivers so it is not directly relevant to compare activity in these jurisdictions to that of the Caribbean or Indian Ocean centers.

泽西岛和耿西岛注册的活动公司总数在 2013 年上半年比 较稳定，相对上一个时期的涨幅微小，分别为 1% 和 2%。 马恩岛的数据显示了 2% 的下跌（474 家）。虽然如此， 由于该年度第一季度马恩岛由于公司注销的关系，也使得 该地区的数据的真实度打了折扣，如图所示。事实上，该 岛大环境下在该年度上半年的 9% 的新公司注册涨幅，我 们认为真实的情况是马恩岛在 2013 年的涨幅稳定。 离岸信息泄露 离岸行业目前面临的最大挑战是公共形象问题——250 万 条含有离岸持有资产所有者身份的信息记录遭到泄露，以 及 20 国峰会不断对跨国公司的跨境活动施压，都是最好 的验证。 因此，这一特定主题的重要性也影响到其它方面，牵动公 众对行业所在的不同司法管辖区的印象，以及所背负监管 义务的分量。而单独审视公共关系是非常值得的，至少能 够让我们了解它为行业从业者带来多大的障碍，以及他们 希望如何解决这一问题。 需要注意的是，资料的泄露问题不能单独审视——这一不 幸事件是整个行业面临的众多压力之一，涉及到长期现象 （如经合组织领导的高透明度活动），以及最近 20 国峰 会针对跨国公司所发起的审查。因此，当超过三分之一的 受访者表示资料泄露会导致离岸投资工具需求的下降，而 46% 的受访者预计相关需求不会发生变化，但是公众对司 法管辖区的偏好会重新调整，这个问题需要在这一更大的 背景下来看。

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The combined data for the Crown Dependencies shows that between the second half of 2012 and the first half of 2013 new company incorporation figures have grown by 5%. Although the dynamics are different, it is interesting to note that these centers, like their counterparts elsewhere in the world, also witnessed an increase in new incorporation activity during the first half of 2013, with the Isle of Man leading this growth with a 9% increase (1,167) for the period. Guernsey and Jersey grew by 3% and 4% respectively.

The total numbers of active companies listed on the Jersey and Guernsey registers at the end of the first six months of 2013 held steady, with small increases of 1% and 2% respectively as against the previous period.

The Isle of Man figures reveal a decline of 2% (474).

However, because of the way that the Isle of Man front-loads removal of companies into the first quarter of the year this distorts the potential full year picture as the adjoining table illustrates. In actual fact, against a backdrop of 9% growth in new incorporations in the Island in the first half of the year, we would suggest a more realistic picture is one of steady activity for the Isle of Man for 2013 when we report on the full year.

Offshore Leaks The primary challenge currently facing the offshore industry concerns its public image – the leak of 2.5 million records identifying the owners of assets held offshore plus renewed pressure from the G20 group of nations on the cross-border activities of multinationals have made sure of that. Such is the significance of this particular theme that is permeates all others, influencing the perception of different jurisdictions and the weight of regulatory burdens.

However, it is worth examining the impact of the public relations issue in isolation, if nothing else than to get a sense of how much of an obstacle it is proving for industry participants and how they would like to see it

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将近十分之一的受访者证实，银行已通过加强对几个司法 管辖区的审查作出回应。鉴于这是公共关系的问题，最具 知名度的离岸中心之一——32% 的受访者认为英属维尔京 群岛已加强了留意，22% 的受访者表示开曼群岛也有同样 的状况，只有 7% 的受访者认为美国也有这一趋势。有证 据表明，部分国际银行对离岸公司开设银行账户设定了更 为严格的程序，这是暂时性的挫折还是整个行业面临的瓶 颈？ 在被问及如何化解这些主观问题时，有呼吁称应该通过改 善公关，协调游说活动，提高透明度，加大教育力度和增 加推广活动，以更好的角度阐明离岸服务的好处。他们承 认主流媒体的报道一直都很贫乏，对这些也知之甚少。 令人欣慰的是，只有 42% 的受访者认为行业已经输掉了 这场公众形象之战。从更大的角度看，行业从业者在这个 问题上的乐观态度是合理的：首先，在紧缩时期，当许多 家庭在为可支配收入下降而挣扎时，其他人却能逍遥逃税， 没有尽到自己应尽的义务，这不可避免地会引起不满，其 次，为了获得选举胜利等短期目的，政客们往往会采取迎 合民众的措施。 绝大多数的司法管辖区的营商环境仍十分健康。由于监管

addressed.

It is important to note that the data leaks issue cannot be examined in isolation – the unfortunate incident forms part of the package of pressures on the industry, ranging from established phenomena like the OECDled transparency drive to the relatively new scrutiny of multinationals by the G20. So when more than one third of survey respondents said the data leaks will result in a drop in demand for offshore vehicles, while 46% expect no change in underlying demand but a rebalancing in jurisdiction preferences.

Banks have already responded by treating certain jurisdictions with increased scrutiny, as nearly one in 10 respondents attest. Given this is a public relations problem, the offshore centers that are suffering are those with the highest profiles – 38% of respondents said the British Virgin Islands (BVI) was attracting more attention from banks; 22% said the same of the Cayman Islands; only 7% noted this trend in the US. Anecdotal evidence suggests that several international banks have introduced additional procedures when opening bank accounts with offshore companies. Does this represent a temporary setback or an industry choke point?

Asked how these perception issues could be dealt with, there were calls for concerted lobbying efforts, better public relations, more transparency and education and outreach initiatives so as to better explain the benefits of offshore services. They acknowledge that mainstream press coverage has been both poor and poorly informed.

Reassuringly, only 42% believe the battle for public opinion has already been lost. Industry participants appear to be reasonably sanguine on the issue, seeing it a broader context: first, in times of austerity, when many households are struggling with lower disposable incomes, the notion that others are evading tax – not paying their share – inevitably generates public discontent; second, politicians adopt populist measures for particular short-term ends, such as election victories.

The vast majority of jurisdictions are still commercially healthy. There remains a fundamental demand for

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环境的不断变化，为跨国交易和客户提供支持的离岸解决 方案依然存在基本需求，人民对于如何利用这些工具的态 度也变得愈发成熟。 因此，离岸金融服务业本身并无向其终端使用者以及提供 咨询服务的业内人士和机构证明其价值的压力，很显然终 端使用者依然认可其优势。反观，行业面临的挑战在于如 何获得更广泛的舆论关注，从而帮助行业去影响政治和法 规议题的形成，改善行业实践和公众的参与度乃是关键所 在：行业不仅需要提高透明度，还要致力于确保公众认为 它是透明的。

offshore solutions to underpin cross-border transactions and clients, responding to changing regulatory circumstances, are becoming more sophisticated in terms of how they employ these solutions. As such, the offshore financial services industry is not under pressure to prove its worth to the ultimate end users, or to the professional intermediaries who advise them; they clearly still recognize its merits. Rather, the battle is one for wider public opinion, which in turn helps shape political and regulatory agendas.

Better practices and better engagement is the key: the industry must not just be transparent; it must ensure that it is seen as being transparent.

监管仍有不确定性和肯定性

Regulations Still Matter

自 2010 年 首 次 发 布 的《 离 岸 2020》（ 由 OIL 发 布）， 调查报告的样本量增长了近五倍，受访者所处国家和地区 也更为多元化。虽然我们有意深入了解亚洲增长市场的趋 势——60% 以上的受访者来自该地区，我们仍不清楚亚洲 受访者的资金在多大程度上受到欧美这两个传统财富来源 地的影响。确实，鉴于离岸网络越来越复杂，这或许会成 为一个永远的不解之谜。在此背景下，我们将调查重点定 为离岸企业的监管问题。当问及未来五年里开展业务所面 临的最重要新法规及现有法规条例时，最多的受访者选择 了美国的《海外账户纳税法案》（FATCA），其次是欧盟 具有里程碑意义的法规——《另类投资基金管理人指令》。

The sample size for the “Offshore 2020” survey (published by OIL) has grown nearly five-fold since 2010. Respondents also hail from a more diverse selection of geographies. Although there is a conscious effort to tap into trends in Asia’s growth markets – more than 60% of respondents are based in the region – it has never been clear how exposed these people are to the traditional sources of wealth, Europe and the US. Indeed, given the increasing complexity of offshore networks, we will probably never really know.

It is in this context that the survey addressed the regulatory issues facing the offshore community.

When asked to name the most pressing new and existing rules under which they must conduct business over the next five years, the US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) emerged as leader by a considerable margin. The EU’s own landmark piece of legislation – the Alternative Investment Fund Managers’ Directive (AIFMD) – came in second.

Customers Base: Still a China Story Asia remains, by some distance, the principal source of business growth for the offshore financial services industry. Looking at the survey results more closely, though, two other, more nuanced trends emerge: there appears to be robust demand across all major markets, which points to an industry that is more globalised; and the nature of China-related demand, the most significant driver within Asia, is shifting from inbound to outbound at a faster pace than anyone expected.

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更广泛的客户基础：中国仍最重要 亚洲仍是离岸金融服务业务增长量的主要来源地，地位遥 遥领先。但深入分析后，我们发现其中有两个更细微的趋 势：首先，所有主要市场的需求似乎都非常强劲，反映了 金融服务业的日趋全球化，其次，作为亚洲地区最大驱动 力的中国需求，正迅速从对华投资转向境外投资，其速度 超出了所有人的预期。 从 2013 年多宗备受瞩目的交易中可以看出中国企业涉足 领域之广：中国海洋石油公司斥资 151 亿美元收购加拿大 石油天然气公司尼克森，双汇国际宣布以 70 亿美元收购 美国领先的猪肉生产商史密斯菲尔德。收购尼克森的交易 显示自然资源类并购交易继续成为主流，但双汇并购案则 呈现了中国正追随其它新兴经济体的模式，中国企业海外 扩张正由资源主导型收购至制造业进而转变成服务业的收 购。 从离岸业务的角度来看，双汇国际是中国最大的肉类加工 企业。双汇在开曼群岛注册成立的公司股东主要是以多名 私募基金投资者组成的财团，这些投资者预期最终将通过 香港首次公开招股（IPO）模式退出合并和重组后的公司。 与此同时，中海油则与大多数石油巨擎一样，会根据自身 的实际需要通过离岸公司的网络开展业务。 1995 年，中国在全球范围内的海外投资仅涉及四个行业， 九年后，所涉及的行业数量增至 20 个，2012 年更是达到 了 26 个。一次性大规模收购案会对整体资料造成扭曲， 但近年来平均交易规模普遍有所下降，反映出民营部门的 并购活动不断增长。国企巨头的海外并购主要集中于传统 的能源和金融服务业，而民营企业则更倾向于收购高端制 造业、可再生能源和食品等领域的知识产权和专业。 在全球需求海外投资的民营企业越多，这些企业背后的企 业家对离岸财富管理解决方案的需求无疑就越大。 近三分之二的受访者预期，未来五年内中国市场的投资需 求将更进一步对外发展。中国内地和香港已成为排名前两 位的新客户来源地，紧随其后的是美国和英国。值得注意 的是，认为到 2018 年香港仍是最大的新客户来源地的受 访者只有 16 名，而支持中国内地的则跃升至 59 名，这表 明直接业务将超过通过中岸司法管辖区开展的业务。

The standout deals of 2013 reflect the breadth of Chinese interests: China National Offshore Oil Corp’s (CNOOC) $15.1 billion purchase of Nexen, a Canadian oil and gas company, and Shuanghui International announced $7 billion acquisition of Smithfield Foods, a leading US pork producer. Nexen is emblematic of the natural resources deals that continue to dominate but Shuanghui represents what is to come as China follows the pattern already seen in other emerging economies and the focus of M&A moves from resources through manufacturing to services.

From an offshore perspective, Shuanghui International is the Cayman Islands-incorporated arm of Chinabased Shuanghui, the country’s largest meat processor, which counts a consortium of private equity investors as its major shareholder. These investors are ultimately expected to exit the merged and restructured company via a Hong Kong IPO. Meanwhile, CNOOC, like most oil majors, conducts business through a network of offshore entities based on its particular needs.

In 1995, Chinese outbound investment spanned just four industries globally; nine years later it had grown to 20 and reached 26 in 2012. One-off large-scale acquisitions can skew the numbers but average deal size has generally fallen over the years, which reflects growing M&A activity in the private sector. While stateowned giants have traditionally focused on energy and financial services, private players are likely to target intellectual property and expertise in areas such as high-end manufacturing, renewable energy and food.

Needless to say, the more private enterprises seeking global exposure, the greater the demand for offshore

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百慕大：新公司成立 2008-2013

英属维尔京群岛 BVI：新公司成立 2008-2013

年份 Year

1-6 月 Jan-Jun

7-12 月 July-Dec

总数 Total

年份 Year

1-6 月 Jan-Jun

7-12 月 July-Dec

总数 Total

2008

628

617

1245

2008

36583

25133

61716

2009

400

409

809

2009

22178

25299

47477

2010

430

472

902

2010

29411

30213

59624

2011

481

502

983

2011

34699

30030

64729

2012

465

498

963

2012

33065

31034

64099

2013

538

-

-

2013

29144

-

-

开曼群岛：新公司成立 2008-2013

毛里求斯 / 塞舌尔：新公司成立 2009-2013

年份 Year

1-6 月 Jan-Jun

7-12 月 July-Dec

总数 Total

年份 Year

1-6 月 Jan-Jun

7-12 月 July-Dec

总数 Total

2008

6844

5017

11861

2009

1039

1066

2105

2009

3683

4180

7863

2010

1136

1212

2348

2010

4363

3794

8157

2011

1144

1188

2332

2011

4824

4242

9066

2012

1100

970

2070

2012

4794

4176

8970

2013

1058

-

-

2013

4504

-

-

耿西岛、泽西岛和马恩岛：新公司注册 2012-2013

马恩岛 2008-2013 年公司注册数季度表 年份 Year

第一季度 Q1

第二季度 Q2

第三季度 Q3

第四季度 Q4

时期 Period

耿西岛 Guernsey

泽西岛 Jersey

马恩岛 Isle of Man

2008

2273

678

698

804

2012H1

814

1204

1214

2009

1730

692

593

646

2012H2

770

1169

1073

2010

1876

559

762

490

2013H1

790

1215

1167

2011

1331

431

525

471

2012

1143

529

429

462

2013

1105

536

-

-

来源：Appleby Source: Appleby

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wealth management solutions from the entrepreneurs behind these businesses.

Nearly two thirds of respondents expect the balance of China demand to swing further towards outbound in the next five years. China and Hong Kong are already the top two locations for client origination, with the US and the UK sharing third place. Interestingly, by 2018, Hong Kong is expected to lose ground to mainland China – suggesting more direct business rather than routed through an intermediate jurisdiction.

如此预期与当前的现状并不吻合。目前，中国内地已采取 措施推进人民币的国际化，但资本账户开放则尚无正式的 时间表，退一步说，即使人民币能完全自由兑换，香港强 劲的配套体系和可靠的金融和法律网络也是难以仿效的。 结论 亚洲仍然是遥遥领先的行业业务增长的主要来源地。地区 的需求起伏往往反映宏观经济的走势——过去 12 个月欧 洲的需求逐渐下降，而北美则出现反弹，但上述两个市场 和其它主要市场的长期前景趋于乐观。今后五年，预期拉 丁美洲和非洲将成为增长最快的客户来源地。要特别之处 的是，中国的对外投资业务已经实现了令人惊叹的增长， 并有望变得更加蓬勃。 对离岸金融中心的批评主要集中在企业和个人利用这些离 岸金融中心逃税的问题。然而，税务规划作为业务增长动 力的重要性正变得越来越小。资产管理和财富保障是离岸 业务的首要来源，其次是基金管理。与此同时，高资产人 士成为目前增长最快的终端使用者群体，这些投资者所面 临的限制基本上没有改变：免双重征税协定、信息交换和 反洗钱措施等，只不过现今又加上了美国的 FATCA，更 为复杂的营商环境将促使离岸服务提供者之间出现整合， 这一预期仍然不变。

It is difficult to reconcile this expectation with the situation on the ground. Even factoring in full renminbi convertibility – China has taken steps to internationalize its currency but there is no formal timeline for opening up the capital account – the robust support systems and reliable financial and legal networks of Hong Kong will be difficult to replicate.

Conclusion Asia remains, by some distance, the principal source of business growth for the industry. Geographical fluctuations in demand tend to reflect broader macroeconomic movements – in the last 12 months Europe has seen a steady decline while the North America has rebounded, but the longer term prognosis for these and other major markets is positive. The sharpest growth in client origination over the next five years is expected to be in Latin America and Africa. In China specifically, the much touted jump in outbound business is already happening and it is likely to become even more pronounced.

Criticisms of offshore financial centers tend to focus on the notion that companies and individuals are using them to evade tax. However, tax planning is becoming less important as a driver of business growth. Asset management and wealth protection is the primary source of business, followed by funds management.

Meanwhile, the fastest growing end user segment is high net worth individuals. The constraints these investors face are largely unchanged: double tax treaties, information exchange and AML, although FATCA is now also cited. Expectations remain that this more complex operating environment will prompt consolidation in the offshore service providers’ community.

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离岸公司建立指南

A Know-how Guide to Forming an Offshore Company

By Courtesy of Global Incorporation Guide

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Company Formation Guide 2014

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代化通讯技术让地球变得越来越小，要在地球另 一端建立一家公司也变得易如反掌。最新的数据 表明，由于投资者信心倍增，离岸公司的业务活 动正从经济衰退中开始慢慢复苏。本刊将和读者讨论一下 建立一家离岸公司的要点，供您参考。

现

介绍 在公众眼里，“离岸”的提法在最近几年内几乎可以和避 税划上等号。但这大部分归因于那些拉拢选票的政客和世 界主流媒体的误解，或不愿意理解国际投资的复杂性。虽 然利用离岸公司的确能达到（合法）避税的目的，节税也 是成立离岸公司的主要目的之一，但这绝不是成立离岸公 司的唯一理由，本文会在以下详细说明。 为数众多的在离岸行政特区（offshore jurisdictions）成 立的公司是离岸作为全球投资潮流一部分的最有力说明。 例如，英属维尔京群岛（BVI）是超过 100 万家公司的大本营。 这个数字几乎是 2013 年 12 月在英国所有成立的活动公司 的三分之一——就两地的大小来看，这是一个非常惊人的 数字。无可避免的是，离岸行业也因为受全球金融危机的 影响而受到很大冲击。但数字表明，离岸公司的建立数量 正回到危机前的繁荣状况。2013 年 1 月到 6 月间，主要行 政特区内新成立的公司数量达到 38416 家，在这些地方的 本地注册公司的数量也从 2012 年底就开始迅速膨胀。 值得一提的是，某些行政特区的表现要明显好于其它地方。 拿香港举例，它有利的税收和监管环境正受到亚洲崛起的 影响而成为一支主要的经济力量，多年来新公司的注册量 一直保持持续的增长。而 2013 年在这里新注册的公司数 量达到了历史最高点的 174031 家，从 2012 年的 150165 家上升了 15.9%。 到 2013 年底，在香港“公司条例”范围内注册的公司达 到了 1162931 家，比 2012 年整年的 1044644 家上升了 118287 家。2013 年新注册的 780 家非香港公司在 2012 年 686 家的基础上增加了 13.7%。到 2013 年底为止，在 香港注册的非香港公司总数达到了 9258 家之多。 什么是离岸？ 这里没有一个硬性和快速的定义。但总的来说，大部分的 “离岸”行政特区有不同的法律制度，依据这一制度，非

s modern telecommunications continue to make the Earth feel smaller and smaller, forming a company in a foreign jurisdiction half way across the world is perhaps as easy as it’s ever been, and recent figures suggest that offshore incorporation activity is returning to pre-recession levels thanks to rising investor confidence. In this feature we look at the basics of incorporating a company offshore.

A

Introduction The word “offshore” has almost become synonymous with tax avoidance in the minds of the general public in the past few years. But this is largely due to voteseeking politicians and a mainstream global media which either misunderstands, or doesn’t want to understand, the complex world of international investment. While it is true that (legal) tax avoidance can be achieved by placing income and assets in an offshore company, and that tax minimization is a major reason for creating an offshore company, it is by no means the only reason why so many are formed, as described below.

The sheer numbers of companies registered offshore demonstrates how integral offshore jurisdictions have become to the world financial system and global investment flows. The British Virgin Islands for example is home to almost 1m companies. This is almost onethird of the number of active companies registered in the United Kingdom in December 2013 – a remarkable statistic when one considers the difference in size between these two economies.

Inevitably, the offshore world took a hit economically as a result of the global financial crisis. But figures suggest that offshore incorporations are heading back to their pre-crisis levels. From January to June of this year there were 38,416 new incorporations in the key jurisdictions, and the local registers of most of these territories have swelled since the end of 2012.

As is to be expected, some jurisdictions are doing better than others. Hong Kong for instance, with its favorable tax and regulatory regime, is clearly benefiting from Asia’s rise as a major economic player, having recorded successive increases in company registrations for a number of years. Indeed, the number

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驻留公司根据当地的法规和严苛的保密制度，只需纳少量 的税或完全不用纳税，前提是他们不在当地的经济体中有 贸易活动。 虽然如此，“离岸”这个词常用于描述拥有一个离岸行政 特区特征的国家或属地。香港就是一个很好的例子。虽然 我们在简介中也把它算入离岸行政特区之一，但香港不是 严格意义上的离岸行政特区，因为它不能区分“在岸”和 “离岸”公司的差别。当然，由于香港的税率相对比较低廉， 而且它不对在外国的收入征税，它通常被国际投资者以“离 岸”行政特区的功能来使用。这同样也适用于被投资者青 睐的低税率且“在岸”的其它特区和金融中心。 广义上，一家离岸公司简单来说就是在任何一个外国行政 特区建立的公司，甚至一些高税率的国家也有特别的法律 对外国公司提供优惠税率政策。举例来说，荷兰的控股公 司制度被数以千计的跨国公司用来节税，英国新的“专利 盒子”也正迅速被用于在知识产权收入上的合理节税手段 之一。 成立离岸公司的优势 对个人来说，希望成立一家有限公司的主要原因是因为， 这种公司通常和他的公司所有人处于不同的法律制度中。 把这一因素和它的税负优势结合起来，在一个免税或低税 率行政特区成立公司的优势就显而易见了。许多离岸行政 特区保留有允许成立国际商务公司（IBC）的公司法，这 种公司一般仅限于非居民申请且很多时候是完全免于公司 税和其它居民“在岸”公司需要缴纳的税收。虽然最近几

of local companies newly registered with the Hong Kong Companies Registry in 2013 hit a record high of 174,031, up from 150,165 in 2012, an increase of 15.9 percent.

By the end of 2013, the total number of live local companies registered under the Companies Ordinance reached 1,162,931, up 118,287 from 1,044,644 in 2012. The 780 non-Hong Kong companies establishing a new place of business in Hong Kong in 2013 represent an increase of 13.7 percent from the 686 companies established in 2012. The total number of registered non-Hong Kong companies had reached 9,258 by the end of 2013.

What Is Offshore?

There is no hard and fast definition. But generally, most “offshore” jurisdictions have separate legal regimes whereby non-resident companies pay little or no tax and benefit from lighter regulation and stronger privacy protections, as long as they do not trade in the local economy.

Nevertheless, the word “offshore” is often used to describe any country or territory sharing some of the characteristics of an offshore jurisdiction. Hong Kong is a good example. While we may have lumped it together with the world of offshore in our introduction, Hong Kong isn’t strictly speaking an offshore jurisdiction because it doesn’t distinguish between “onshore” and “offshore” companies as such. However, because Hong Kong’s taxes are comparatively low and it doesn’t charge tax on foreign income, it is often used by international investors in the same way as an “offshore” jurisdiction. The same applies to other low-tax but “onshore” territories and financial centers favored by investors.

Indeed, an offshore company in the widest sense of the word could simply mean a company incorporated in any foreign jurisdiction, and even some high-tax countries have special legislation in place conferring tax advantages on foreign companies. The holding company regime in the Netherlands for example is used by thousands of multinationals to save tax, while the UK’s new “patent box” is quickly becoming popular

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as a low-tax vehicle for intellectual property income.

The Advantages of Forming an Offshore Company A major reason why any individual would want to form a limited company is that such a corporation typically has a separate legal existence from its owners.

Combine this with the tax advantages of incorporating a company in a no- or low-tax jurisdiction and the benefits become obvious. Many offshore jurisdictions retain company laws allowing for the formation of International Business Companies (IBCs) which are usually for the exclusive use of non-residents and are for the most part completely exempt from corporate tax and other taxes that resident “onshore” companies may have to pay. While some offshore jurisdictions have abolished IBCs or similar sorts of company laws in recent years, it is often the case that the tax advantages have been extended to both resident and non-resident companies in order for that jurisdiction to remain attractive to foreign investors.

An example of a country which retains IBCs is Belize. A Belize IBC is formed under the International Business Company Act 1990, and is specifically exempted from any form of income tax, capital gains or transaction tax.

Any Belize IBC can conduct its business in any foreign currency it may choose, free of Belizean government regulation or restriction.

年一些离岸行政特区已经废除了 IBC 或相似公司类型的法 律，但税收优惠则在居民或非居民公司内得以保留，以保 持该地区对国际投资者足够的吸引力。

Belize IBCs are often used to establish securities trading accounts in the United States, Canada and Europe, either directly or through Belizean intermediaries. Other uses include the holding of title to real estate in jurisdictions other than Belize, and the collecting of commissions, royalties or dividends.

保留 IBC 公司形式的一个例子是伯利兹这个国家。伯利兹 的 IBC 公司在 1990 年颁布的国际公司法的规定下成立， 它特别能免于任何形式的所得税、资本利得税或交易税。 所有的伯利兹 IBC 公司都能选择任何一种货币进行商务活 动，不受伯利兹政府法规的限制或约束。伯利兹 IBC 经常 被用于在美国、加拿大和欧洲开设安全交易账户，不是直 接采用，就是通过伯利兹的中介来完成。其它的使用方法 包括在伯利兹以外的行政特区持有不动产，以及获取佣金、 版税或红利等。

There are restrictions on what a Belize IBC can do however, and they are prohibited from carrying on business with persons resident in Belize, owning an interest in real property situated in Belize, except lease property for office purposes, carrying on banking business, carrying on insurance or reinsurance business, and carrying on the business of providing registered agents/offices for companies. Such restrictions are fairly typical of IBC legislation across the world, although they do vary.

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Wealthy individuals also use offshore companies for asset protection because of the enhanced privacy that ensues from interposing an offshore corporate entity between the asset and its owner. An IBC can be used for the purposes of asset protection, but this is where the offshore trust comes into its own, sometimes used in conjunction with an IBC. The Nevis International Exempt Trust is particularly suited to the task of asset protection, because, as well as being exempt from all forms of Nevis taxation and exchange controls (provided the transactions take place with nonresidents only), there is no registration requirement other than for the trust’s name, the name of the trustee and the registered office address. 尽管如此，伯利兹 IBC 公司也有适用范围的限制，他们禁 止和伯利兹居民进行商务活动，或拥有位于伯利兹的房地 产产生的利息，或进行保险或再保险业务，或提供注册中 介 / 公司办公室。虽然具体形式不尽相同，这些限制却是 全世界 IBC 法规的通用做法。 由于资产和其所有人之间私密性要求的提高，富人们也利 用离岸公司来进行资产保护。IBC 能被用来资产保护，但 这就要提到离岸信托了，它有时候会和 IBC 结合起来一起 使用。“尼维斯国际信任免除”是特别适用于资产保护的 法规，因其不受任何尼维斯税务和外汇管制的约束（前提 是该交易仅和非居民进行），除了该信托的名称、受托人 的名称和注册办公室地址外，没有任何注册要求。 基金会是基本法信托的民事法同等形式，虽然这两种实体 在一些特定方面有所不同，他们经常被用来达成同样的结 果——主要是遗产和财富规划，以及资产保护。巴拿马是 一个典型的基金会为主的行政特区。建立一家离岸公司的 其它原因还有很多。比如，驻外公司高管或旅行艺人、 运动员和企业家会发现，在一个或几个离岸属地建立公司 来攫取在其它几个国家的收入是管理财富最方便有效的途 径。有些人则可能用离岸公司来持有资产和投资，或许也 可能作为他们退休后的退路之一。 不管怎样，许多在岸国家仍然提供有利的法律来允许个人 投资者以最少的阻碍和政府介入来成立公司，通常只要该 公司在该地区没有贸易活动，就不会被要求纳税。虽然美 国在国际上一直是致力于公司透明化运营的推动者，如果 考虑匿名的要求，美国的一些州则仍是世界上进行公司建

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The Foundation is the civil law equivalent of a common law trust, and while the two types of entity differ in certain key ways, they are often used to achieve the same outcomes, principally estate and wealth planning and asset protection. Panama is a good example of a Foundation jurisdiction.

There are several other reasons as to why someone might want to form an offshore company. For instance, career expats or globe-trotting entertainers, sportspersons and entrepreneurs often find that establishing a company in one or more offshore territory to receive income earned in several other countries is the most convenient and rewarding way to manage their financial affairs. Others may use an offshore company to hold assets and investments, perhaps as part of their retirement solution. However, many onshore countries still have favorable company laws allowing individuals to set up companies with minimum fuss and with little state interference, and it is often the case that if no trade is performed there then the company will not be liable for tax.

Although the United States government is at the forefront of the international push for more corporate transparency, some US states remain among the best places in the world to form a company if anonymity is a requirement, and Delaware is arguably the best of all.

And as regards tax, as long as a foreign corporation or trust does not produce income that is “effectively connected” to the US, generally it won’t have to pay US income tax.

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立的最佳选址之一，而其中特拉华州可能是他们中的最佳 选择。对于税负来说，只要公司或信托不产生和美国“有 效连接”的收入，总体上说它不必向美国政府缴纳所得税。 塞浦路斯是一个虽然不再是“离岸”行政区，但仍成为广 受欢迎的控股或贸易公司建立的基地之一，虽然他对居民 有全球性的征税系统，只要没有在当地产生收入，非居民 性公司一般来说不必支付所得税。塞浦路斯也有广泛的税 收协定网络，因此它是一个希望免缴双重税率公司的有效 基地。且作为欧盟的成员国，塞浦路斯公司能利用欧盟的 法律优势来把赋税降到最低，比如欧盟的“母子公司指令”。 其它行政特区则花大价钱投资通讯基础设施的建设，他们 的低税率和灵活多样的公司形式，让这些地方成为电子商 务和电子博彩业运营的极佳选址地。离岸公司架构也被保 险公司和专属保险业、航运业、互惠和对冲基金业广泛利 用，在过去的十到二十年间，许多行政特区都专注于其中 一个或多个产业的服务。 成立一家离岸公司 成立一家离岸公司的过程相对比较直接。虽然有时候公司 建立会耗费几天或数周的时间来完成，在一些地方，随着 过去几年里网上注册开始风行，一些公司能在 24 小时内就 注册成立成功。毫无疑问，自从经合组织（OECD）开始 着力于打击洗钱和避税行为来，对成立海外公司的背景调 查需求也开始增长，特别是在那些“避税天堂”的特区内 尤为如此。越来越多的“了解你的顾客”的要求意味着公

Cyprus is a good example of a jurisdiction which is no longer “offshore” but which has become a popular holding and trading company base because, even though it has a worldwide system of tax for residents, non-resident companies typically pay no income tax as long as no income is generated in the jurisdiction.

Cyprus also has a large network of tax treaties, so it is a useful base for investors looking to avoid double taxation. And as a member of the European Union companies can take advantage of certain EU legislation to minimize tax, such as the parentsubsidiary directive.

Other jurisdictions have invested heavily in telecommunications infrastructure, and combined with low taxes and flexible company formats these have become excellent bases for e-commerce and e-gaming operations. Offshore company structures are also commonly used by the insurance and captive insurance sectors, the shipping industry and mutual and hedge funds, with many jurisdictions having specialized in one or more of these areas over the past 10 to 20 years.

Forming an Offshore Company It is a relatively straightforward process to form an offshore company. Indeed, while in days gone by the incorporation process could take days or weeks to complete, in some places a company can be formed within 24 hours, with many corporate registries having gone online in the past few years.

Inevitably though, since the OECD stepped up its campaign against money laundering and tax avoidance, the due diligence requirements needed to establish a company overseas has increased, especially in the “tax haven” jurisdictions. The increasingly common presence of “know your customer” rules mean that corporate service providers need you to identify yourself when setting up an offshore company, usually by providing them with a notarized copy of your passport and other documents to show proof of address. Requirements as regards company officers, shareholders, minimum capital, meetings and the filing of accounts vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but in offshore territories they tend to be minimal. It almost

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司服务提供商需要你在成立离岸公司时提供更多信息，通 常需要向他们提供护照公证件和其它证明你地址的文件。 公司高管、股东、最低资本、会议和账户等要求根据不同 的行政特区各不相同，但在离岸行政特区这些要求往往是 比较低的。大多数情况下，需要向当地政府支付初始注册 费和年度续约费（通常被作为直接税的替代品），虽然一 般情况下起步费是 200 美元，这些费用也随着公司类型的 不同而在各个地方不尽相同。选择怎样的公司名称也非常 重要，因为它必须是独一无二的；一些行政特区禁止使用 特定的词语，比如“商会”、“政府”和“大学”等。 虽然“快速办理”的公司注册流程开始越来越普遍，没有 当地的公司服务提供商或咨询公司的帮助就设立一家离岸 公司还是比较鲜见的，通常要注册一家公司的最简便方法 就是获得 CSP 的服务，CSP 将代表你制作所有的注册申 请文件，提供额外的服务，如代理人提名等。政府费用通 常也被包含在整个公司建立 / 流程的服务套装中。 我们用以下伯利兹 IBC 的例子来列举 IBC 公司的主要特点： • 没有最低已缴资本要求，资本可以以任何外币的形式 展现； • IBC 能发行无记名股票和无面值股票；但无记名股票 必须由当地的一个注册中介来持有保管； • 认股人能包括个人、公司或信托； • 公司能使用当地认证注册的中介作为代理股东； • 最少需要有一名董事，他可以是个人也可以是公司； • 不需要秘书（虽然会很管用）； • 每家公司必须要用认证的个人或公司来保证有一个注 册中介和一个当地的注册办公室——这些资料是一家 IBC 公司需要向外界公布的唯一信息。 • 不要求 IBC 公司提供有关股东、董事或审计和会计报 告； • 董事会或公司成员不需要定期开会； • IBC 公司没有外汇管制； • 外国公司可以继续（重新注册）成为伯利兹 IBC，反 之亦然。 选择正确的行政特区 我们有差不多 200 个国家供选择，因此正确的选择并非易

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all cases, initial registration and annual renewal fees will have to be paid to the local government (which are usually levied instead of direct taxes), and these also differ from one place to another and depending on the type of company formed, although they tend to start at around USD200. It is also important to choose the company name carefully, as it must be unique; and some jurisdictions prohibit the use of certain words, for example “Chamber of Commerce”, “Government”, and “University”.

In spite of the advent of new “fast track” company registration procedures, rarely would an individual set up an offshore company without the help of an adviser or corporate service provider expert in the local legislation, and usually the most convenient way to register a company is to obtain the services of a CSP who will file all the necessary documentation on your behalf, and provide additional services such as acting as a nominee. Government fees are usually included in the overall incorporation/ongoing package.

By way of an example, the following are the main characteristics of a Belize IBC: • • • • • • •

• •

There is no minimum paid up capital requirement, and capital may be expressed in foreign currency; An IBC may issue bearer shares and shares of no par value; but bearer shares must be held in the custody of a local registered agent; Subscribers may include an individual, a corporation or a Trust; A company may have nominee shareholders using local licensed registered agents; There is a minimum of one director, who can be an individual or a corporation; A secretary is not required (but can be useful); Each company must maintain a Registered Agent and a Local Registered Office using licensed individuals or companies - these are the only details about an IBC that are available on the public file; There are no requirements for an IBC to file details related to shareholders or directors or for the filing of audits or accounting reports; No meetings are required of directors or members;

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事！此外，表面上看，各个离岸行政特区的公司和税法都 差不多。这在普通法系的行政特区中尤为明显，它们中许 多都根据英国普通法来制定公司和信托法规，也在一定程 度上互相拷贝。因此你最终选择的这个行政特区很大程度 上取决你打算怎么利用它，能节约多少税负以及现有的规 则和法律是否能让你达成目标。 你必须考虑你自己国家的法律是否允许你利用你的离岸公 司来达成期望的目的，由于有不少国家都开始施行反避税 法，要用这个办法来达到降低税负的目标也变得困难了。 在做前期调研的时候也要谨记一些事情，比如说，你选择 的专业架构是否够好，你和这个外国的行政特区顾问沟通 有多简便（或多困难）？设立和维持一家离岸公司的费用 是多少？这个行政特区在政治和经济上是否足够稳定？ 最终，你作的选择需要得到行业专家的彻底和公平的评估。 结论 因此，综合税收、隐私和进入外国市场的便捷度等考虑因 素后，拥有一家离岸公司的好处是显而易见的。但对于那 些没有做好完整的背景调查，或没有获得专家意见来优化 公司架构和满足特定需求的人来说，匆忙设立一家离岸公 司也是充满风险的。

• •

There are no exchange controls for an IBC; Foreign companies may continue (re-domicile) as Belizean IBCs, and vice versa.

Choosing the Right Jurisdiction With almost 200 countries to choose from, this is not an easy one! In addition, superficially company and tax legislation in one offshore jurisdiction can seem not so very different from a handful of others.

This is especially so with common law jurisdictions, many of which have modeled their company and trust legislation on English law, and have to a degree copied each other. So the jurisdiction in which you ultimately choose to form a company will depend heavily on how you plan to use it, how much tax you will save and whether the rules and laws in place on the ground will let you achieve your goals.

You must also consider whether the laws in your own country will allow you to use your offshore company for its intended purpose, as an increasing number of countries are putting in place anti-avoidance laws designed to make it difficult to achieve tax minimization in such a way.

There are a few other things to bear in mind however when doing your research. For example, will the professional infrastructure be good enough, and how easy (or difficult) will it be to communicate with advisers in the foreign jurisdiction? How much will it cost to set up and maintain the company? And is the jurisdiction a stable one politically and economically?

Ultimately though, this is a choice that should only be made with sound and impartial advice from an expert.

Conclusion So there are clearly benefits to be had from owning a company in a foreign jurisdiction from the point of view of taxation, privacy and access to foreign markets.

Plenty of pitfalls await those who don’t do their own due diligence and do not seek out the best advice when considering how to form the optimum corporate structure to suit their needs.

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怎样在上海自贸区设立公司 Establishing a Company in the Shanghai FTZ

By Yao Lu/China Briefing

从 2013 年 9 月首次亮相后，投资者和商务人士 对上海新开放的自由贸易区无不趋之若鹜，纷至 沓来。根据当地的媒体报道，到 2014 年 1 月 14 日为止，超过 4600 家的新公司，其中包括 280 家外国投 资公司（FIEs），都已经在自贸区内申请成立。这一井喷 现象要归功于自贸区内相对宽松的政策环境和公司注册方 面高效便捷的审批流程，本文将会在如下详述。

自

宽松的注册要求 上海自贸区取消了之前有限责任公司三万元人民币的最低 注册资本要求，以及股份公司最低 500 万元的资本要求。 此外，上海自贸区出台了一个新的资本注册系统，该系统 要求外国投资者不再需要外国投资公司在三个月内出示 15% 的注册资本证明，和两年内全额资本到位的证明。 在上海自贸区内注册的公司股东可以自愿对贡献资本的数 额、形式和贡献资本的周期达成一致。尽管如此，股东们

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ince first opening in September 2013, investors and businesses have flocked to the Shanghai FTZ. According to local media reports, more than 4,600 new companies, including 280 foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs), were established in the Zone as of January 14, 2014. This surge can be attributed to the Zone’s relaxed requirements and streamlined approval procedures for company establishment, which we will further describe below.

S

Relaxed Incorporation Requirements The Zone cancels out the minimum registration capital of RMB30,000 for limited liability companies, the RMB100,000 minimum for single shareholder companies, and the RMB5 million minimum for joint stock companies. Moreover, the Shanghai FTZ has implemented a new capital registration system under which foreign investors are no longer required to contribute 15-percent capital within three months and

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仍需要对这些资本贡献的真实性和合法性负责，并且对公 司在其注册范围之内的资本或股份的负责。新实行的系统 被证明是可行的，自贸区在过去三个月内获得了大量的资 本注入，在 2014 年 3 月 1 日起宣布在全国范围内正式推出。 负面清单 上海自贸区采用国际通用的负面清单来应对境外投资的管 理，该清单对特定种类的外国投资采取限制或完全禁止的 政策。在这一政策下，名列负面清单中的外国投资项目需 要经历预先批准的过程，希望在负面清单所列名单以外的 领域成立外商投资企业（FIE）的外国投资者，只需在政 府部门进行档案注册。该清单覆盖了 18 个产业中 89 个领 域的 1069 商务项目，包括农业、林业、畜牧业、渔业、 矿业、制造业，电力、天然气和水利方面的制造和供应， 以及建筑业和批发零售业。这对于现有的，在自贸区以外 地区实行的外国投资产业指南目录（Foreign Investment

full capital within two years of the FIE’s establishment.

Shareholders of companies established in the Zone may agree upon the contribution amount, forms, and period of contribution at their own discretion. However, shareholders are still liable for the authenticity and legality of capital contributions and will be held accountable to the company within the limits of their respective subscribed capital or shares. The new system has been proven feasible, with the Zone receiving substantial actual capital contribution in the past three months, and was rolled out nationwide on March 1, 2014.

Negative List The Shanghai FTZ adopts a Negative List approach towards foreign investment management, which specifies restrictions or bans on certain types of foreign investment. Under this approach, foreign

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Industrial Guidance Catalogue）（正面清单）来说是 一个巨大的跨越，该正面清单中所规定的外商投资企业注 册成立的流程相对复杂和耗时，需要牵涉到核查、批准以 及分别在国家发改委、商务部、国家工商行政管理局或其 下属机构注册的过程。 一站式申请流程 和在中国其它地方设立公司的流程相似，在上海自贸区投 资的投资者必须首先进行注册来获得经营执照。为了把投 资者从冗长繁琐的审批流程中解放出来，上海自贸区施行

investment projects on the Negative List are subject to pre-approval procedures, while foreign investors wishing to set up an FIE in a field not listed need only undergo record-filing procedures with the authorities.

The list covers 1,069 businesses in 89 divisions under18 industries, including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery; mining; manufacturing; production and supply industries for power, gas and water; construction; and wholesale and retail industries.

This is a big step forward compared to the current Foreign Investment Industrial Guidance Catalogue (positive list) implemented outside of the Zone, under which the procedures for setting up an FIE are complicated and time consuming, involving verification, approval, and registration with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or their local branches, respectively.

One-stop Application Processing Similar to procedures for setting up a company elsewhere in China, investors in the Shanghai FTZ must first carry out a company registration in order to obtain a business license. To unburden investors from long and tedious administrative approval procedures, the Shanghai FTZ has established unique to the Zone a “one-stop application processing platform” for company establishment. Under this platform, all application materials will be submitted and handled through the industry and commerce authority (AIC) in the Zone. The approval and filing procedures will be conducted via inter-departmental circulation, after which the various licenses and certificates (including the business license, enterprise code certificate, and tax registration certificate) will be issued to the applicant(s) altogether by the AIC. This means applicants may obtain all necessary documents for company establishment in one place, contrasting with outside the zone where applicants must run around between different authorities for the issuance of various certificates. This effectively reduces the time taken to establish a company in the zone.

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独特的“一站式申请流程平台”来处理公司建立的申请。 在该平台下，所有提交的申请材料都由自贸区中的工商管 理局（AIC）统一处理。 批准和存档流程将在各部门间流转处理，在此过程后，各 类执照和证书材料将由工商管理局统一发放给申请者（们）。 这意味着申请者可在一个地点获得公司注册建立的所有文 件，这和在自贸区外的情形形成鲜明对比——在自贸区外， 申请人必须在各个职能部门之间来回奔波申请不同的许可 证书。新的措施有效地缩短了在自贸区建立公司所需要的 时间。

The one-stop acceptance platform generally works in the same way for both domestic and foreign investors. The only difference is that foreign investors are required to check their business scope against the negative list to see which procedure they have to go through. According to the local government, the business license, enterprise code certificate, and tax registration certificate can be issued in four working days once an application is accepted. However, due to the large number of company establishment applications in the zone, the actual process may take more than a month.

这个“一站式申请审批平台”总体上对国内和国外的投资 者都适用。唯一的区别在于外国投资者需要在负面清单中 检查其经营范围来决定需要经历那些申请流程。当地政府 宣布，营业执照、企业编码证书和税务登记证书能在接受 申请后的四个工作日内签发。然而，由于自贸区收到的申 请数量急剧上升，实际所花费的时间有可能会超过一个月。

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离岸公司建立的全球趋势分析 Offshore Incorporation Trends

By Courtesy of lowtax.net

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全

球金融危机的复苏速度缓慢，其影响继续在世界 很多地方肆虐，影响到全球经济活力，也无疑让 2012 年下半年的离岸公司建立趋势不甚明朗。 虽然如此，正如最近的一些研究分析所报道的，一些特 定的行政特区在吸引新的投资者方面比其它地方表现好得 多，分析认为，确有其它因素对这些行政特区的成功与否 产生一些影响。 根据法律服务咨询公司 Appleby 集团的数据，和上半年 度相比，大部分的离岸行政特区在 2012 年下半年度都经 历了公司建立方面在数量上的萎缩。该公司的“注册之中” 报道表明，经济的持续衰退继续在这个阶段影响整个市场， 该报告覆盖了 37881 家新成立的离岸公司，这个数字比 2011 年下半年减少了 3.6%，在上述的 2012 年则继续下 降了 11%。 从整年来看，大部分的行政特区在 2012 年新公司成立方 面的数量基本持平，是自 2009 和 2011 年的公司成立大 幅度增长后的调整巩固时期。这一现象和所有活动公司的 总数量也很相似，大部分行政特区的数据从上一年开始就 没有多少变化，新成立的公司的数量抵消了新注销的公司 的总数。 “市场上一些持续的不确定性因素和行政特区从中国 / 亚 洲的重点向非洲的转移，如毛里求斯和塞舌尔等，都让公 司成立的数量很难从危机前的状况中很快恢复，”Ballands 表示，“从 2012 年下半年开始的几个世界重大事件，包 括美国总统竞选，欧元区经济状况的持续不明朗和中国十 年一次的领导班子大换血，都让我们有理由认为，离岸公 司成立数量的持续下跌不是一件奇怪的事情，”她补充道， “但是我们仍在一些市场上看到增长。” Appleby 的报告表明，从忙碌的上半年走来，包括马恩岛、 毛里求斯、开曼群岛和不列颠维尔京群岛（BVI）等行政 特区的新公司注册数量都在去年上半年下降了 10% 左右， BVI 继续在数量上保持新公司成立方面的领先地位，比排 名第二的开曼群岛多六倍左右。另一方面，报告显示开曼 群岛的新公司注册相比衰退前的时期开始稳定回暖，这也 和毛里求斯保持一致。 尽管如此，和 Ballands 观察的一样，最近的统计表明， 投资者的兴趣正在转向东方。香港，虽然不是严格意义上

T

he lingering effects of the financial crisis, which continue to suppress economic dynamism in many parts of the world, have undoubtedly contributed to a dip in offshore company formations in the second half of 2012. However, as some recent studies and statistical reports show, certain jurisdictions are doing much better than others in attracting new investors, suggesting that certain other forces are at play here.

According to legal services consultancy the Appleby Group, the majority of offshore jurisdictions experienced a decline in company incorporation activity in the second half of 2012 compared with the first half. The firm’s “On the Register” report shows that on-going weakened economic conditions continued to impact the overall market during this period, when there were 37,881 new offshore company formations in the jurisdictions covered by the report, a decrease of 3.6 percent from the second half of 2011, and a deeper decrease of 11 percent on the preceding six months in 2012. Taking the entire year into account, the overall number of new company incorporations for the majority of jurisdictions stayed flat in 2012, which proved to be a year of consolidation following large increases in annual new incorporations between 2009 and 2011. The story is similar for the total number of active companies, with most jurisdictions showing little movement from the previous year as new company formations cancelled out the numbers leaving the registries.

"Continued uncertainty in some markets and the shift in focus from China/Asia to Africa for jurisdictions such as Mauritius and the Seychelles are preventing a speedy return to the numbers of company formations recorded prior to the global economic crisis," Ballands said. "Add to this several major international events during the second half of 2012 including the US Presidential Elections, continued economic uncertainty in the eurozone and the once-in-a-decade change in leadership in China, and it's hard to be surprised at the company registrations barometer struggling to quickly improve," she added, "but we are seeing growth in some markets."

Appleby’s report shows that after a busy first half

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的“离岸”特区，却具有离岸的一些相似特征和较低的税率， 在 2012 年下半年新活动公司注册数量上增加了 9%，史上 首次跨过 100 万的大关。这显然并非昙花一现，香港的公 司注册统计表明在这一中国的行政特区里，公司注册的数 量呈稳定增长的势头且保持了多年，因为它被认为是对中 国大陆和东南亚各国投资的最佳低税率金融属地。 这一趋势可由更多的最新数据来支撑，这些数据都显示差 不多有 85000 家本地公司新近在 2013 年上半年度在香港 的公司注册处登记，在上年的下半年度的 77700 家公司的 登记数量基础上增加了 9.3%。到 2013 年 6 月底，本地公 司的总注册量达到了 1100778 家，比 2012 年底的数量增 加了 56134 家之多。“今年的本地新公司注册量在上半年 继续增长，线上的电子注册为 16187 家，”公司注册处的 Ada Chung 表示。与此同时，到 2013 年 6 月底，非香 港公司的注册总数达到了 9014 家，和上一年年底的 8848 家相比有大幅增加。 在新加坡，这个国家的其它主要低税率金融中心也在去年 （2013 年）经历了公司成立数量的大幅增长。根据由“Janus 公 司 解 决 方 案 ”（Janus Corporate Solutions） 出 具 的新加坡商务成立统计季度报告（Singapore Business Formation Statistics Report） 数 据 显 示，2013 年 第 二 季度的公司成立数量比第一季度上升了 13.2%，和 2012 年第二季度相比上升了几乎 10.7 个百分点。报告还发现 2013 年第二季度在新加坡新成立的公司有 16027 家，和 当年第一季度的 14156 家和上一年第二季度的 14481 家 相比，上升势头非常明显。 在前几个季度中，新加坡最常见的公司建立类型为私人有 限公司，从 2013 年的 4 月到 6 月有 9145 家新公司成立。

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of the year, jurisdictions including the Isle of Man, Mauritius, the Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands (BVI) were approximately 10 percent down in the latter half, although the BVI continues to dominate offshore new company registration activity by volume, maintain a consistent six-fold lead over the Cayman Islands, its nearest rival. On the other hand, the report suggests that the Cayman registry is steadily returning to its pre-recession peak in terms of active companies registered, as is Mauritius.

However, as Ballands observed, recent statistics point to an eastward shift in investor sentiment. Hong Kong, although not technically ‘offshore’, but sharing some similar characteristics with offshore and low tax jurisdictions, saw a 9 percent increase in the total number of active registered companies in the last half of 2012, with the local register there breaking through the one million mark for the first time. And this is certainly no flash in the pan either. Hong Kong registry statistics show that the number of registered companies in this Special Administrative Region of China has grown consistently for a number of years as the jurisdiction is seen as a low-tax platform for investment into China and elsewhere in South East Asia. This trend is supported by more recent statistics, which show that almost 85,000 local companies were newly registered with the Hong Kong Companies Registry in the first half of 2013, an increase of 9.3 percent from the 77,700 in the second half of 2012.

As at the end of June 2013, the total number of live local companies registered was 1,100,778, up 56,134 from the figure at end-2012. "The number of newly-

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registered local companies continued to rise in the first six months of this year, with 16,187 companies incorporated online at our e-Registry," said the Registrar of Companies, Ada Chung. Meanwhile, the total number of non-Hong Kong companies registered reached 9,014 by the end of June 2013, compared to 8,848 at the end of last year.

第二大的为独资公司，数量为 5433 家，是私人有限公司 数量的 85% 以上，也差不多占据 2013 年第二季度中所有 新成立的公司的一半左右，大多作为免除私人有限公司成 立，每家公司都有 20 名或以下的个人股东（其中至少有 一名持有 10% 的股份），同时也有更为简单的规范要求。 纳闽岛作为一匹黑马，是马来西亚辖区内，成立于 1990 年的另一个新的离岸特区，在最近几年里也越来越吸引投 资者的目光。在 2013 年 10 月，纳闽岛国际商务和金融中 心（IBFC）在当年第三季度以第 10000 家新成立的公司宣 布达成里程碑式的进步。到 2013 年 8 月 31 日为止，总共 有 10003 家新公司成立于纳闽岛 IBFC，其中包括 641 个 许可证实体和 9362 家普通纳闽岛公司，其中有 4660 家 处于运营状态之中。有趣的是，纳闽岛公司中有超过 70% 的公司都来自亚洲地区——纳闽岛已成为进出韩国投资的 离岸平台首选地之一。尽管如此，根据纳闽岛金融服务局 （FSA）的数据，这个司法管辖区也吸引来自欧美和中东 地区的投资者的关注。 在迪拜，为数众多的自由贸易区内的新公司注册数目并未 因为全球经济的不景气而受到很大影响。迪拜国际金融中 心（DIFC）最近报道称，它的活动公司注册数量在 2012 年上半年增长了 7%。到 2013 年 6 月底，总数为 979 家 雇佣人数为 15000 人的新公司在 DIFC 的金融生态系统内 运作，距 2004 年刚开始启动时仅仅过了十年而已。“来 自北美和欧洲的投资者由于西方跨国公司希望把业务的多 元化运作和东向扩张的需求而越来越多，”一份 DIFC 的 新闻报道称，“DIFC 也吸引了那些期望在崛起的非洲和 西方市场上寻找机会的中东和亚洲公司的目光。”

Singapore, the region’s other major low-tax financial centre, has also seen a remarkable rise in company incorporations this year. According to the Singapore Business Formation Statistics Report, compiled quarterly by Janus Corporate Solutions, there was a 13.2 percent increase in business formations in the second quarter of 2013 compared to the first quarter, and a rise of almost 10.7 percent when compared to the second quarter of 2012. It was found that there were 16,027 businesses established in Singapore in the second quarter of 2013, registering a significant increase compared to the 14,156 businesses set up in the first quarter of the year, and the 14,481 recorded in the second quarter of last year. As in previous quarters, the private limited company continued to be the most common business entity type set up in Singapore with 9,145 formations in the three months from April to June this year. This is followed by sole proprietorships with 5,433. Just over 85 percent of the private limited companies, and nearly one-half of all new businesses formed in the second quarter of 2013, were incorporated as exempt private limited companies, each of which has 20 or fewer individual shareholders (of which at least one holds at least 10 percent of its shares) and have simplified compliance requirements.

Sneaking under the radar almost is Labuan, an offshore territory within Malaysia created in 1990, which has also seen keen interest from investors in recent years. In October 2013, the Labuan International Business and Financial Centre (IBFC) reported the achievement of a major milestone with the formation of the 10,000th company during the third quarter of this year. As of August 31, 2013, a total of 10,003 companies had a presence in Labuan IBFC comprising 641 licensed entities and 9,362 normal Labuan companies, of which 4,660 are operating. Interestingly, more than 70 percent of the Labuan companies originated from the Asian region - Labuan has become

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今天，在该中心注册的合法公司的多元化性质让 DIFC 正 成长为一个全球的金融中心来服务该地区。大约有 36% 的 合规公司来自欧洲，有 27% 的来自中东，来自美国的占 16%，11% 来自亚洲，10% 来自世界其它地区。“出于对 自身的充分自信，DIFC 在 2013 年 10 月发表声明，表示 计划追加价值 AED150 亿元（41 亿美元）的新建筑投资 项目来满足高入驻率的需求。“最新的项目和 DIFC 的长 期发展策略相同，无论是潜在的还是现有的客户，对空间 的需求都日益增长，大家都希望在本中心拓展业务。” 虽然这些数字指向亚洲的低税率离岸金融中心，一些人相 信，最近的公司成立趋势反应了一个“质量为尊”的理念， 来应对经合组织（OECD）和其它跨国集团和政府对避税 行为的持续打击，让小型的离岸金融属地跟随主要的离岸 行政特区来抢占市场。 根据最近在“皇家地理学会国际会议”（Royal Geographic Society's international conference）的研究，由于被认 为声誉不够好，小型的离岸属地首当其冲，成为政府追讨 失去税收的目的地，因此也被认为在离岸公司建立方面的 风险较高。Daniel Haberly 博士在该会议上发言称，跨国 公司已经在应对多变的环境时“把钱移走”。他的观察认为， 商务公司更多地开始青睐诸如瑞士、卢森堡和爱尔兰这些 地方，而放弃圣文森特岛、格林纳丁斯群岛、瑙鲁，以及 和 Appleby 的研究结果相反的地区，塞舌尔。 纳闽岛 FSA 当然相信加强法制和法律框架的建设，让该岛 更多地符合国际标准有助于经济增长。FSA 希望继续加强 把 IBFC 作为“具有强健的法律框架和一个国际金融中心 所特有的灵活性和竞争力”的近岸行政特区的架构和地位。 当局也将继续和其它监管者共同追求跨境监管合作。“经 合组织中心对纳闽岛 IBFC 的重要性和它成为亚太国际金 融和商务中心的野心进行持续的支持，”纳闽岛 FSA 副总 裁 Danial Mah Abdullah 在最近举行的经合组织税务政 策中心会议上表示。 此外，马恩岛也是最易于合作和声誉颇佳的离岸和在岸行 政特区之一。虽然 Appleby 的报告指出在 2012 年下半 年度该岛的下滑非常明显。相反，百慕大虽然被法国列入 不合作行政特区黑名单，且一直被美国议会攻击为吸取美 国公司税收收入的不合作避税天堂。相反，我们反而在去 年看到了公司成立数量上的迅速上升。在这个令人费解的

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the offshore platform of choice for investing into and out of South Korea. Nonetheless, the jurisdiction has also witnessed sustainable interest from investors in Europe and America, as well as the Middle Eastern region, according to the Labuan Financial Services Authority (FSA).

New company registrations in Dubai’s growing list of free zones have also risen consistently despite the gloomy economic backdrop globally. The Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) reported recently that its active registered companies grew 7 percent in the first half of 2013. By the end of June 2013, a net total of 979 registered companies with a combined workforce of 15,000 were operating within DIFC's financial ecosystem, little more than a decade since its launch in 2004. "Interest from North America and Europe continues to increase as Western multinationals look to diversify their operations and expand towards the East," a DIFC press release said.

"DIFC has also witnessed sustained interest from Middle Eastern and Asian firms looking to increase their exposure to opportunities arising in Africa and the West.

Today, the geographical diversity of the Center's total number of regulated companies reaffirms DIFC's growing status as a global financial center catering to the region. Approximately 36 percent of regulated companies come from Europe, 27 percent from the Middle East, 16 percent from North America, 11 percent from Asia, and 10 percent from the rest of the world." With confidence in itself high, the DIFC announced plans in October 2013 to add AED15bn (USD4.1bn) worth of new buildings to accommodate high occupancy demand. "The latest plan is in line with DIFC's long-term growth strategy and reflects the growing demand for space, from both existing and potential clients, who wish to expand their operations in the Center,” the DIFC stated.

While these figures point to the rise of Asian lowtax and offshore financial centers, some believe that recent incorporation trends reflect a ‘flight to quality’ in response to the renewed crackdown by the OECD and other multilateral groups and governments against tax avoidance, which has left the smaller offshore

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territories trailing in the major jurisdictions’ wake.

According to recent research presented at the Royal Geographic Society's international conference, smaller offshore territories have borne the brunt of proposals designed to help governments recover the tax they are owed because they are perceived as less reputable, and are therefore seen as riskier places to incorporate a company. Dr. Daniel Haberly told the conference that multinationals have "shifted money around" in response to the changing situation. Businesses, he observed are increasingly favoring jurisdictions such as Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Ireland, at the expense of those like St Vincent and the Grenadines, Nauru, and, in an assertion that contradicts Appleby’s findings, the Seychelles.

情况下，Appleby 认为 2013 年是一个离岸公司建立的“分 水岭”，且已成定局，Ballands 更把它称为“全球离岸行 政特区界全面回到 2009 前的时代”。 因此，要把影响在离岸和低税率金融属地的因素独立出来 是非常困难的。经济发展状况是影响力之一，一些行政特 区要花更多的时间从经济危机中复苏。亚洲和中东新兴的 经济体正在吸引西方投资者来到香港、新加坡、迪拜和其 它地方把他们作为在上述地区发展的起跑线。而对离岸 金融属地透明度和信息交换的不懈追求，又无疑影响着 跨国公司对成立控股和贸易公司时的选择。我们也很关心 OECD 的 BEPS 项目对此的影响是多少。尽管如此，就如 Appleby 报告所表明的，现在，离岸公司建立的大趋势 是非常正面的。

The Labuan FSA certainly believes that strengthening its legislative and regulatory framework to bring the jurisdiction more into line with international standards is helping to fuel growth there. And FSA intends to continue to enhance this framework as it positions Labuan IBFC "as a mid-shore jurisdiction with a robust regulatory framework and the flexibility and competitiveness of an international financial centre."

The Authority will also continue to pursue greater cross-border supervision cooperation network with other regulators. "The OECD Center's continued endorsement is important for Labuan IBFC in its ambition to be the International Financial and Business Center for the Asia Pacific,” said Danial Mah Abdullah, Deputy Director General of Labuan FSA, following a recent meeting with the OECD Center for Tax Policy.

Again, the Isle of Man is seen as one of the most cooperative and reputable jurisdictions out there, onshore and offshore, yet Appleby’s report points to quite a sharp fall in incorporations in the last half of 2012. So, it is difficult to isolate any one factor as having the most impact on the overall picture of incorporations in offshore and low-tax jurisdictions.

Economics is clearly having an influence, with some territories taking longer to fully recover from the crisis than others. The lure of emerging economies in Asia and the Middle East is also drawing Western investors towards Hong Kong, Singapore, Dubai and other taxefficient launch pads for investment in these regions.

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颇具争议的美国海外 账户法案——中国的反应 China’s Relationship with the Contentious U.S. FATCA

By Shawn Greene

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年以来，美国一直致力于针对海外账户纳税法案 （FATCA）制定相应的法律依据——FATCA 是 一个比较复杂的报告和扣税制度，目的是让美国 政府更好地监管没有严格汇报其离岸账户，海外投资和收 入的美国公民。尽管已有不少国家接受了 FATCA 制度， 中国仍继续推迟和美国财政部之间的谈判，对是否允许中 国的金融机构向美国政府报告美国纳税人或美国公司的财 务信息三缄其口。

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在 FATCA 的监管要求下，参与监管的外国金融机构需要 向美国国税局（IRS）报告美国纳税人，或美国纳税人进行 实际控制下的公司相关账户信息。 此外，美国将会向外国人在“可扣缴付款”上征收一个最 高水平为 30% 的预提税，除非其能指认美国的利益持有人 或企业主，并向美国政府公开所需要的纳税信息。FATCA 需要这些“可扣缴付款”以每年一次的频率向国税局（IRS） 汇报，不管其付款的扣缴是否被要求或已经完成与否。 到 目 前 为 止， 虽 然 世 界 上 大 多 数 主 要 的 经 济 体 都 在 就 FATCA 怎样在其国境线内实施而展开协商，中国一直反 复拒绝就 FATCA 事宜和美国进行直接谈判，并且很有可 能至少在最近的几年内一直持否定或暧昧态度。一份去年 九月的新闻报道称，北京和华盛顿已就 FATCA 达成“政 府间的共识”（IGA），但直到一月份仍毫无实质性进展， 除美国财政部去年七月希望能和中国政府达成一致，而宣 布了一个为期六个月的 FATCA 实施时间的延期外，此后 并没有任何相关的谈判或协议被提上议事日程。 迄今为止，中国只在两个值得注意的场合提到了 FATCA。 第一次，美国财政部和中国外交部（MOFA）之间于去年 七月联合发布的一个情况说明书，就双方承诺“在 2014 年 1 月 FATCA 法制化的最后期限到达之前，以最大的努 力来达成政府间的一致（IGA）”和第二次，中国外交部 在其官方文件中的一句话中有提到 FATCA。 虽然中国一直拒绝跟随日本和其它国家来官方认可 FATCA 的法制化，这项法案将继续适用于那些和美国有千丝万缕 联系的公司。这意味着在中国有子公司的美国公司和在美 国有子公司的中国公司应该未雨绸缪，认识到 FATCA 对 他们所造成的影响，以及中国未来如果和美国财政部签署 IGA 后会对他们产生的一系列影响。

or several years now, the United States has been preparing legislation under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), a complex reporting and withholding regime intended to enable the U.S. to better access offshore accounts, investments and income of U.S. citizens who have failed to rigorously report these holdings. Despite several nations’ embrace of the FATCA, China has continued to delay negotiations with the U.S. Treasury over whether or not to allow Chinese financial institutions to report U.S. taxpayer or U.S. firm information to the United States Government.

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Under the FATCA, participating foreign financial institutions would be required to report to the IRS with information related to U.S. taxpayers or foreign firms in which U.S. taxpayers hold substantial ownership.

Additionally, the U.S. would be able to impose a 30% withholding tax on “withholdable payments” to foreign persons at the highest levels unless it identifies U.S. interest holders or owners and disclose the required tax information to the United States. The FATCA will require those withholdable payments to be reported annually to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) regardless of whether withholding from the payment has been required or completed.

To date, while most major economies are currently engaged in negotiations concerning how the FATCA will be applied to businesses within their borders, China has repeatedly refused to discuss the FATCA directly,

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and will likely continue to do so for the time being.

Reports last September that Beijing and Washington had agreed to reach an intergovernmental agreement (IGA) on the FATCA before January have proven unfounded, with no such negotiations or agreement in sight despite the U.S. Treasury announcing a sixmonth extension on FATCA implementation last July in anticipation of an IGA with China.

当中国对中国公民在离岸地区累积大量财富的行为表示关 切的同时，中国领导人也会因海外财富的曝光而有可能面 临尴尬的境地。英国《卫报》最近的一份关于中国政府和 军方高官在海外持有大量财产的报告，也正是最近几年来 比较热门的话题之一的最好诠释。 现在，美国已就 FATCA 和包括英国、德国、日本、瑞士、 挪威、爱尔兰和西班牙等国家政府签订了 IGA，还有很多 国家正在积极响应。虽然有些国家政府一度认为这是美国 对他们国家主权的干涉，仍有很多国家利用这个机会从美 国获得其公民在海外财产的详细信息。如今，香港特别行 政区也正和美国财政部进行积极谈判，相信不久以后就能 签订 FATCA 的 IGA。如果北京最终和美国签订 IGA，中 国大陆的所有金融机构和大量的相关公司，比如信托公司 和养老金基金经理等都需要遵从 FATCA 协议，尽职配合， 符合进行信息的公开化要求。 如果一家非美国的金融机构拒绝遵守 FATCA 协议，它将 面对其公司投资收益中的预提税高达 30% 的上限税收—— 不论其资产是由美国纳税人或其它第三方，比如中国公民 所持有。如果此事发生，不遵守规定的中国大陆银行将不 仅违背 FATCA 的规定，更将违反当地的法律——FATCA IGA 将需要美国以外的行政属地通过法律的形式来确保 FATCA 是作为当地法律的一部分而得以严格实施。

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So far, the Chinese have referenced the FATCA in only two notable instances. First, in a joint fact sheet released by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) in July that discussed both sides’ commitment to “make best efforts to reach an intergovernmental agreement on the implementation of the FATCA in advance of the January 2014 deadline in the legislation” and second in a press release from the MOFA that mentioned the FATCA discussions in one clause.

Despite China’s refusal to follow Japan and other nations’ embrace of the FATCA, the legislation will continue to apply to companies with a U.S. nexus. This means U.S. companies with subsidiaries in China and Chinese companies with subsidiaries in the U.S. should be cognizant of the FATCA’s current implications and potential future implications if the China were to sign an IGA with the U.S. Treasury.

While China does stand to gain considerable insight into Chinese citizens’ offshore holdings if it signs an IGA, China’s leadership would also face potentially embarrassing disclosures about wealth stashed overseas. A recent report by the Guardian about the substantial offshore holdings of China’s top political and military leaders is one of several in recent years on the topic.

At the present time, the U.S. has several IGAs regarding the FATCA with Britain, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, Norway, Ireland and Spain (among others) with several more set to follow. While some foreign governments initially viewed FATCA legislation as U.S. encroachment on their sovereignty, others have embraced the opportunity to receive more tax information on their citizens’ offshore holdings from

离岸聚焦 Offshore Reports

虽然大多数国家都不会冒险拒绝遵守 FATCA 的规定（因 为这么做即表示他们不能在美国进行投资），中国在这一 点上却对美国有很大的讨价还价余地，因为美国一直寄希 望于来自中国的投资。因此，中国如果公开反对 FATCA 的实施，事实上将会有可能让整个努力都付之东流。如果 中国期望和美国就 FATCA 达成一致，他也许会要求美国 做出一定程度上的让步，比如中国的小型银行等能免于 FATCA 的监管。

the United States. Currently, the Hong Kong SAR is engaged in negotiations with the U.S. Treasury regarding an FATCA IGA. Should Beijing ultimately sign an IGA with the United States, all mainland financial institutions and many other firms there such as trust companies and pension fund managers will need to comply with the FATCA’s due diligence and disclosure requirements.

If a non-U.S. financial institution refuses to comply with the FATCA, it faces a 30 percent withholding tax on gains on the U.S. investments in its portfolio – regardless of whether the assets are held for U.S. taxpayers or other parties such as Chinese nationals.

If this happens, non-compliant mainland banks will be violating not just the FATCA, but also domestic laws as an FATCA IGA would require non-U.S. jurisdictions to pass legislation making the FATCA a part of local law.

While most countries will not risk refusing to comply with FATCA (because not doing so means they would not be able to invest in the United States) China has significant bargaining power in this respect as the United States vies for Chinese investment. As such, a Chinese statement proclaiming China’s opposition to the FATCA would have the potential to derail the entire endeavor. If and when China seeks to negotiation an IGA deal with the United States, it will for this reason also likely seek to extract other concessions such as exemptions for smaller Chinese banks from the FATCA.

Shawn Greene Shawn Greene 在 Asia Briefing 担任出版物编辑一职。对全球政治经济和冲突方面颇有研 究。他之前在美国军方的明尼苏达州州长 Mark Dayton 办公室任职，并获得明尼苏达州 圣保罗的麦卡里斯特学院政治学学士学位。 Shawn Greene is Publications Editor at Asia Briefing Ltd., and specializes in global political economy and conflict analysis. He has previously worked with the U.S. Military and in the Office of Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton, and holds a bachelor’s degree in political science from Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

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2014上半年热点 Halfyear highlights

亚洲 ASIA 中国 China

欧洲 europe 德国 Germany

APPLEBY率先在中国大陆提供离岸法律咨询服务

法兰克福成欧元区首个人民币离岸交易中心

（上海，2014年 4月28日）Appleby成为首家获准在中国大陆提供离岸法律

德国金融资本重镇法兰克福将成为欧元区内第一家人民币离岸交易中心。3

咨询服务的离岸律师事务所。该事务所于2012年在上海设立了代表处。迄

月28日，中国国家主席习近平访问柏林期间，中国人民银行和德意志联邦

今为止，这家领先的离岸信托和法律咨询事务所仅通过其上海代表处提供

银行就此签署谅解备忘录。

信托服务。法律执业证书的正式公告，将使Appleby获得在中国大陆大幅拓 展业务的机会。

英国央行新闻官Sebastian Walsh 3月26日证实，31日中英双方将签订有关 人民币清算与结算的备忘录，届时人民币交易将可直接在伦敦结算。但他

Appleby主席胡麟斯（Frances Woo）指出：“获发执业许可证，从而通过

不愿透露谁将成为指定的清算行，仅称清算行由中国央行决定。

我们的上海代表处向中国大陆客户提供离岸法律咨询服务，这是我们战略 规划的一个关键里程碑。毋庸置疑，中国市场欣欣向荣，商机处处。我们

中国银行和中国工商银行曾就伦敦人民币清算行角色展开激烈争夺，但据

深刻了解中国市场，因本所已立足香港为客户在中国的对内及对外投资致

报道，中标者或出乎外界预料。

力服务将近25载。我们获得中国大陆的执业许可证之后，将以此为跳板面 向中国和亚洲实施我们的战略，我们对这一前景感到十分兴奋。”

Appleby First to Offer Offshore Legal Advice in China Shanghai, Monday 28 April 2014 – Appleby has become the first offshore law firm licensed to provide offshore legal advice in Mainland China where it has had a Shanghai base since 2012. To date, the leading offshore fiduciary and legal advisory firm has been delivering fiduciary services only from Shanghai. The formal announcement of a legal practice certificate opens up the opportunity in China for Appleby significantly.

Appleby Chairman, Frances Woo, said: “Being awarded a licence to offer clients based in China offshore legal advice from our Shanghai office is a key milestone in our strategic plan. China is of course a thriving market and one that we understand deeply since we have been advising clients on their Chinese inbound and outbound transactions from HK for almost 25 years. Being able to practice from within China will catapult our strategy for Asia and China forward, and we are very excited about this prospect.”

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Company Formation Guide 2014

Frankfurt Beats London to Become First RMB Clearing Hub outside Asia Germany’s Deutsche Bundesbank and the People’s Bank of China signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on Saturday that will establish an RMB settling and clearing service in Frankfurt.

Coinciding with Chinese President Xi Jinping’s visit to Berlin, the new MoU will make Frankfurt the first hub for clearing RMB trades outside Asia – narrowly beating London’s Bank of England, which will sign a similar MoU today.

Clearing and settling are essential for international finance and entail converting a promise of payment into the actual movement of money from one bank to another. While the Frankfurt-based clearing bank has yet to be named, the Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Ltd., Bank of Communications Co., Agricultural Bank of China Ltd., Bank of China Ltd. and China Construction Bank Corp. are the top Chinese contenders with existing branches in Frankfurt.

2014上半年热点 Halfyear highlights

欧洲 europe 列支敦士登 Liechtenstein

亚洲 ASIA 中国 China

中国与列支敦士登签订税收交换协议

中国加入反避税多国公约

列支敦士登外交部主任Martin Frick和中国驻苏黎世总领事梁建全最近在瓦

近年来，在外资不断进入中国的同时，中国对外投资快速增长。签署该公

杜兹签订了两国税收交换协议（TIEA）。

约，将有利于中国进一步扩大国际税收征收网络，拓展国际税收合作的广 度和深度，有利于提高中国对跨境纳税人的税收征管和服务水平。出席了

根据列支敦士登政府的报告，该协议根据经合组织（OECD）制定的国际

签署仪式的OECD秘书长安赫尔古里亚表示，中国今天兑现承诺，签署了

标准签订，在得到质询的情况下可以提供信息交换。该协议据称和列支敦

《多边税收征管互助公约》，二十国集团成员至此已全部加入这一公约。

士登和其它缔约国签订的协议“非常相似”，其中大部分都已经在实施之

他高度中国在国际税收合作领域发挥了重要作用，他认为，中国未来还将

中。

与经合组织保持密切合作，进一步推动这一领域的合作与发展。

根据协议条款，两国税务部门之间交换的税收信息将继续保密。此外，和

《多边税收征管互助公约》是一项旨在通过国际税收征管协作，应对和防

中国和列支敦士登大公国之间的TIEA在协议生效时在得到信息质询时方可

范跨境逃、避税行为、维护公平税收秩序的多边条约，由OECD和欧洲委

交换，且应用于协议生效后的可征税年份起算。

员会于1988年1月共同发起，1995年4月1日生效。

Liechtenstein, China Ink TIEA

China Joins Global Combat Tax Evasion Efforts by Signing Multilateral Tax Convention

Liechtenstein’s Foreign Affairs Office Director, Martin Frick, and China’s Consular General in Zurich, Liang Jianquan, have recently signed in Vaduz a Tax Information Exchange Agreement (TIEA) between the two countries.

According to the Liechtenstein Government, the accord is in accordance with the OECD’s international standard and provides for information exchange upon request. The treaty is “very similar” to other TIEAs that Liechtenstein has negotiated, most of which are now in force.

Under the terms of the deal, the information exchanged between the tax authorities is to remain confidential. Furthermore, the TIEA between the Principality and China is to apply to requests submitted following the entry into force of the agreement, and with respect to taxable years commencing after the effective entry into force date.

By signing the Convention, China became the 56th signatory to the multilateral agreement designed to facilitate international cooperation among tax authorities to improve their ability to tackle tax evasion and avoidance and ensure full implementation of their national tax laws, while respecting the fundamental rights of taxpayers.

Developed by the OECD and the Council of Europe in 1988, the convention on mutual administrative assistance in tax matters is the most comprehensive multilateral instrument available for tax cooperation and exchange of information.

The convention has now taken on increasing importance with the G20’s recent call for automatic exchange of information to become the new international tax standard of exchange of information.

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

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行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

新公司注册数量及对前一阶段的变化率，2013 年 1 月至 6 月

Isle of Man

9% 1.167

Guernsey

Cayman Islands

8%

8% 538

Bermuda

4.504

3% 790

BVI

-6% 29.144

Appleby Location Location

%: Change Number of New Companies

60

Company Formation Guide 2014

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

Volume of New Companies Registered and % Change on Previous Period, January-June 2013

UK

11% 262,840 Jersey

4% 1,215

Hong Kong

9% Seychelles

85,348

N/A 10,096

Mauritius

9% 1,058

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

61

非洲 AFRICA

62

Company Formation Guide 2014

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

63

概况

毛里求斯

General

Mauritius

实体类型

第一类全球商业执照

法律类型

混合

Type of entity

GBC I

现成公司可用率

无

建立新公司所需时间

4 星期

Shelf company availability

No

Type of law

Our time to establish a new company 4 weeks

1,750 美元缴至金融服务委 Minimum government fees 最低政府费用（不包括税金） 员会，250 美元缴至公司 (excluding taxation) 注册处 海外收入税率

0% 到 3% 之间浮动，最 高 3%

是否签订避免双重征税条约

有

股本或等值股本 股本通用货币

美元

其他允许使用的资本货币

除卢比之外均可 .

最低付清股本

1 美元

法定股本要求

1,000,000 美元

管理人员人数要求

1

当地管理人员人数要求

有，要求有 2 名能够签署 租税协定

管理人员公开记录获取权限

无

管理人员会议地点

任意地点，但在毛里求斯 有谈判权

股东 董事会人数最低要求

1

董事会员工公开记录获取权限 无 董事会成员会议地点

毛里求斯 - 通过代理

公司秘书 是否需要公司秘书

有

是否需要当地或者合格公司秘 当地的合格人选 书

US$1,750 to FSC and US$250 to ROC

Varies from 0% to 3% (maximum)

Double taxation treaty access Share capital or equivalent

Yes

Standard currency of share capital

US$

Minimum paid up share capital

US$1

Other permitted currencies of capital Any except Rs. Usual authorised share capital

Minimum number of directors / managers

Local directors / managers required

US$1,000,000 1

Yes, but 2 required for tax treaty access

Publicly accessible record of directors No / managers Location of directors / managers meetings Shareholders

Anywhere, but in Mauritius for treaty access

Minimum number of members

1

Location of members meetings Company Secretary

Mauritius - by proxy

Company secretary required

Yes

Publicly accessible record of members No

Local or qualified company secretary Local and qualified required Accounts

账户 审计决算要求

有

申报账户要求

有

公开访问的账户要求

无

年收入申报要求 64 Company Formation Guide

Taxation on foreign income

Directors

董事

Hybrid

2014无

Requirement for audited accounts

Yes

Publicly accessible accounts

No

Requirement to file accounts

Requirement to file annual return

Yes No

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：毛里求斯 地区：印度洋，非洲 货币：毛里求斯卢比 语言：英语、法语 时区：UTC+4 区号：+230 通讯设施：极佳 公司建立成本：2300-3900 美元 公司建立时间：12-20 天 维护费用：1100-1900 美元

Country: Mauritius Region: Indian Ocean, Africa Currency: Mauritian rupee (MUR) (Rs) Languages: English, French Time Zone: UTC +4 Phone Code: +230 Communications: Very Good Formation Cost: 2300 - 3900 USD$ Formation Time: 12 - 20 days Maintenance cost: 1100 - 1900 USD$

简介

Introduction

蔗糖（当然这个肯定是来自于某个地方）一直保持着毛里 求斯最主要的农作物和占据其三分之二的出口。出口外向 型的当地制造业和服务业提供商们从中获利匪浅。政府以 许多投资刺激政策、自由贸易区和一个自由港的方式来打 造更佳的制造业。服装生产是一个非常成功的例子，其次 是它的金融服务业，包括一个股票交易所也被发展起来。 毛里求斯政府对电子商务兴趣浓厚，并已建成一个“网络 城市”。该国几乎所有行业都能享受 15% 的平税政策。毛 里求斯签订了超过 40 个税务协定，且作为外国投资通路， 特别是对印度的通路而存在，充分利用其税务优惠的政策。

Sugar (well it has to come from somewhere) remains the dominant crop and accounts for one third of exports. Exportoriented domestic manufacturers and service providers get favored treatment. The government has tried hard to create a manufacturing sector with a range of investment incentives, free trade zones and a Freeport. Garment manufacture has been a particular success, and a financial services sector including a stock exchange has also developed. The government is enthusiastic about e-commerce and has built a 'Cyber City'.

There is a flat tax rate of 15% in almost all areas. Mauritius has signed more than 40 tax treaties, and acts as a conduit for FDI, particularly to India, which would like to trim back its tax advantages.

毛里求斯从 1968 年开始就是英联邦的独立成员国，在 1992 年成为共和国。这个多火山的国家人口数为 130 万 （2013 年 7 月预估数），其中有 15 万人生活在这个国家 的首都，路易斯港。该国气候属于亚热带气候类型；日平 均气温从 17 到 30 摄氏度；毛里求斯会比较潮湿，相对格 林威治时间早 4 小时。 毛里求斯官方语言为英语；占大多数的种族是印度——毛 里求斯人，印度教是最受欢迎的宗教。毛里求斯政府实行 总统制，有一个选举出来的国民大会和一个首相领导的内 阁会议。该国的法律体系体现了法国和英国的渊源，管理 模式则偏向于法式政治。

Mauritius has been an independent member of the Commonwealth since 1968, and became a republic in 1992. The mostly volcanic island has a population of just over 1.3 million (July 2013 est.), with around 150,000 living in the capital, Port Louis.

The climate is sub-tropical; average daily temperature ranges from 17 to 30 Celsius; it can be wet. The time zone is 4 hours ahead of GMT. The official language is English; the dominant ethnic group is Indo-Mauritian and the most popular religion

旅游业已成为该国经济的主要贡献来源。机场和世界各个 主要国家通航。人均 GDP 是 15800 美元（2012 年数据）， 处于欧洲中端水平，经济增长率在 2012 年约为 3.3%（2011 年约为 3.8%）；失业率为 8.1%（2011 年数据），属于比 较高的。 直到 1998 年，离岸公司和国际公司（和 IBC 相同）允许

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

65

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

对一系列的离岸行为，包括银行业、航运、保险和基金管理， 以及在该国的自贸区内都施行零关税。在 2001 年一系列 新法规出台后，这两种类型的公司被称为全球商务公司类 别 1 和 2（GBC1 和 GBC2）。毛里求斯决定成为一个“值 得尊敬”的国际境外金融中心（IOFC）且现在在几乎所 有领域都有比较平抑的为 15% 的税率。一些外国税收抵 免积分从 2003 年开始。但是，毛里求斯和超过 40 个国家 签订了税务条约，它们能和离岸法制一起起到很好的效果， 特别是对印度的贸易和投资方面。毛里求斯是 2000 年 5 月向经合组织提交“义务承担书”的六个行政特区之一， 为了避免被经合组织列入提供“不公正”税务竞争的名单。 2009 年，毛里求斯向经合组织承诺了其新的税务标准（12 TIEA）。 适合于： 资产管理、银行业、保险业、基金管理、航运、游艇、金 融贸易、知识产权管理 / 许可证、控股公司、电子商务 离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司、信托、独资公司、分公司、通 用合伙公司和有限合伙公司 主要资本商务地区： 路易斯港 良好关系： 中国、南非、美国 关系不佳： 缅甸、古巴、北韩、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利亚 税赋负担——商务： 轻 税赋负担——个人： 轻 总体税率： CIT 15% (offshore trading company 3%), PIT 15%, VAT 15%

66

Company Formation Guide 2014

Hindu. The Government is presidential, with a single elected National Assembly and a Council of Ministers headed by a Prime Minister. The legal system reflects mixed French and British ancestry, and administration can be bureaucratic in the French style.

Tourism has become a major contributor to the economy. The airport has good connections with a wide range of countries. GDP per head of USD15,800 (2012 est.) is in a middle range while growth was estimated at 3.3% in 2012 (3.8% in 2011 est.); and unemployment at 8.1% (2011 est.) is on the high side.

Mauritius has quite good land so that sugar became and remains the dominant crop; it still accounts for one third of exports.

Apart from encouraging tourism, the Government has tried hard to create a manufacturing sector with a range of investment incentives, free trade zones and a freeport, although these are being phased out as part tax reforms aimed at simplifying the system for all users. Garment manufacture has been a particular success. More recently, a financial services sector has developed, including a stock exchange, to take advantage of Mauritius' location offshore India and Africa. The Government is enthusiastic about e-commerce and has built a 'Cyber City'.

Until 1998, the Offshore Company and the International Company (equivalent to an IBC) allowed zero taxation across a range of offshore activities including banking, shipping, insurance and fund management, as well as in the free trade zones. Since a raft of new legislation in 2001 these two types of company are known as Global Business Companies Categories 1 and 2 (GBC1 and GBC2). Mauritius has decided to be a 'respectable' IOFC and there is now a flat tax rate of 15% in almost all areas. Some dilution of the foreign tax credit applied from 2003. However,

Leading Corporate and Trust Services Provider 领先的基金服务供应商 Providing Mauritius companies, Trusts Foundations and Fund administration 提供毛里求斯公司的基金管理服务 Powered by a team of enthusiastic and dynamic service-oriented specialist with excellent credentials in legal, financial and accounting.

由充满激情和活力的以服务为己任的专家团队组成，提供 优越的法律、金融和会计服务。

Backed with our experience, our deep network and our membership of INAA Group.

由丰富的经验、广泛的网络和 INAA 集团的会员资格做后 盾。

We are committed to provide effective tailor-made solutions for all business needs or challenges.

我们致力于为所有商务人士提供高效定制的解决方案。

Licensed by the Financial Services Commission of Mauritius, Premier has the necessary experience and expertise in providing customized and cost effective solutions to clients with varying profiles to meet wide range of objectives.

由毛里求斯金融服务委员会认证，拥有足够的专业经验为 客户达成各类目标提供全方位的解决方案。 业务范围：

We do :

·

基金会服务

· Foundation Services · Trusts including: 》 Discretionary Trusts 》 Employee Benefit Trusts/Pension Schemes 》 Charitable / Purpose Tusts · Tax Planning and Double Taxation Treaty Advice · Wealth Management and Asset Protection · Cross border Investment Holding and Financing Solutions · International Trade Structures and Services · Residence Permit Applications · Investment Funds Administration, NAV Calculations, Compliance and Accounting · Limited Partnership (LP) Structuring · Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Structuring

·

信托包括： 》 全权信托 》 雇员受益信托 / 退休金方案 》 慈善 / 目标信托

·

税务规划和双重增税协议顾问

·

财富管理和资产保护

·

跨境投资控股和金融解决方案

·

国际贸易架构和服务

·

居留许可申请

·

投资基金管理、资产净值计算、合规和会计服务

·

有限合伙架构

·

有限责任合伙（LLP）架构

To find out how we can help you, please do contact 欲获知详细信息，请联系： Vimal Damry TEP Managing Director 执行总裁 vimal@premier.mu T: +230 2456703 M: +230 57111639

Sanjeev Lutchumun TEP Director 总裁 sanjeev@premier.mu T: +230 2456703 M: +230 54986703

With Premier, no need for you to ask for it, clients get the best services! 在 Premier，不需提出要求，客户即可到最棒的服务！

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Mauritius | London | Singapore | Hong Kong | Seychelles 毛里求斯 伦敦 新加坡 香港 塞舌尔

PRACTICE AWARDS

Company Formations Accountancy Firm of the Year in Mauritius for 2013

Company Formation, Advisory Firm of the Year in Mauritius

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

毛里求斯 Mauritius 毛里求斯有何独特之处，为什么中国投资者应在此成立 公司？ 毛里求斯拥有一切有利条件，使其成为出色的国际金融中 心。无论在毛里求斯投资或通过毛里求斯投资，中国投资 者都能从该国具备的经济、政治、法律和财政优势中获益 良多。 - 具有战略意义的时区（仅比亚洲时间晚 4 小时） - 发达的交通基础设施（包括定期往返中国的直达航班） - 无外汇管制（资本可自由流动） - 无资本利得税和预提税 - 发达的 DTA 和 IPPA 网络 - 统一 15% 的公司税（跨国企业享有的税负可低至 3%） • 对中国投资者而言，毛里求斯同其他竞争国家相比有何 不同？ 上述比较优势使毛里求斯比其他竞争国家享有更大的优 势。此外，毛里求斯同亚非国家都保持了紧密的经济和文 化联系。在“世界银行 2013 年营商环境报告”中，毛里

求斯独占鳌头。它也是为数不多几个同时成为南部非洲发 展共同体（SADC）、东南非共同市场（COMESA）以及 其他特惠贸易协定成员国的国家之一。 毛里求斯成立公司的一般税率是多少？ 统一 15% 的公司税，但对于不在毛里求斯经营的跨国公司， 可以享受推定的 80% 税收抵免，因此其实际税负可低至 3%。 监管部门可要求毛里求斯提供有关公司、管理人员或账 户方面的信息吗？ 一般而言，所有该等申请都将呈递至毛里求斯最高法院， 仅当存在充分证据时，法院才会签署披露命令。我们不接 受非法调查。 公司成立时会发生哪些相关费用，通常需要多长时间？ 公司组建程序简便，各环节无缝连接，用时不超过 2 周。 不同服务提供商的收费不同。毛里求斯是建立公司和信托 结构最具竞争力的国家之一。 来源：AfrAsia Bank

What is unique in your jurisdiction and why Chinese investors should form companies there?

What is the general taxation rate for incorporating companies in your jurisdiction?

Mauritius has all the right ingredients to make it the International Financial Centre par excellence. Chinese investors investing either into or via Mauritius, can benefit from the economic, political/ legal and fiscal advantages that the Country has to offer. These advantages can be summarized as follows: • Strategic time zone (only 4 hours behind Asia) • Well-developed communications infrastructure (including regular direct flights from/ to China) • No exchange control (free movement of capital) • No Capital Gains Taxes and no Withholding Taxes • Extensive Network of DTAs and IPPAs • Flat Corporate Tax rate of 15% (reduced to up to 3% for Global Business)

A flat corporate tax rate of 15% but Global Business companies doing business outside of Mauritius can benefit from a deemed foreign tax credit of 80% thus, reducing the tax liability to a net effective rate of 3%.

What makes your jurisdiction different from other competitors for Chinese investors?

The comparative advantages above give Mauritius the edge over other competitor countries. On top of that, Mauritius enjoys close economic and cultural ties with both Asia and Africa. Mauritius is ranked first in Africa in terms of the World Bank Ease of Doing Business 2013. It is also one of the few countries which is both a member of SADC and COMESA and also of other preferential trade agreements.

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Can the regulatory authority’s request information about the company and officers or account details from your jurisdictions?

Generally, any request has to be routed to the Supreme Court in Mauritius, which will only issue an order for disclosure provided there is sufficient evidence. No fishing expedition is entertained.

Does your jurisdiction have any DTAs with China or HK? Mauritius and the PRC has had a DTA since 1994.

What is the new incorporation volume during the year of 2013?

There are approximately 28,000 Global Business Companies set up in Mauritius and more than 600 funds. On average, 75 new Global Business companies are set up on a monthly basis. The 2013 are not yet available.

Source: AfrAsia Bank

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行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

签订条约行政特区： 澳大利亚、孟加拉国、巴巴多斯、比利时、博茨瓦纳、中国、 克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、法国、德国、印度、意大利、科威 特、莱索托、卢森堡、马达加斯加、马来西亚、摩纳哥、 莫桑比克、纳米比亚、泥泊尔、阿曼、巴基斯坦、卡塔尔、 卢旺达、塞内加尔、塞舌尔、新加坡、南非、斯里兰卡、 斯威士兰、瑞典、泰国、突尼斯、乌干达、阿联酋、英国、 赞比亚、津巴布韦 税务信息交换协议签订国： 澳大利亚、丹麦、法罗群岛、芬兰、格陵兰、耿西岛、冰岛、 挪威、美国

Mauritius has signed tax treaties with more than 40 countries, and they can be combined with the offshore regime to give a good result, especially for trade and investment in India. Mauritius was one of six offshore jurisdictions which wrote 'commitment letters' to the OECD in May 2000 in order to avoid being included on the OECD's list of jurisdictions offering 'unfair' tax competition. In 2009, Mauritius committed to the OECD's new tax standard (12 TIEAs).

Suitable for: Treasury Management, Banking, Insurance, Fund Management, Shipping, Yachting, Trading Financial, Intellectual Property/ Licensing, Holding Companies, E-commerce Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, trusts, sole proprietorships, branches, general partnerships and limited partnerships Capital primary business districts: Port Louis Good Relationships: China, South Africa, United States Bad Relationships: Burma, Cuba, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria Tax Burden - Business: Light Tax Burden - Individual: Light Headline Tax Rates: CIT 15% (offshore trading company 3%), PIT 15%, VAT 15% Treaty Jurisdictions: Australia, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Botswana, China, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Germany, India, Italy, Kuwait, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Monaco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Sweden, Thailand, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Zambia, Zimbabwe TIEA Jurisdictions: Australia, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Guernsey, Iceland, Norway, United States

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毛里求斯 – 进入非洲的跳板 MAURITIUS – Your Platform into Africa

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据世界银行发布的“营商环境报告” 和其他知名出版刊物，包括《华尔 街日报》和“福布斯最佳经商国家排 行”，毛里求斯是非洲最适合做生意的国家。 而且自非洲治理易卜拉欣指数发布以来，毛里 求斯始终排名第一。毛里求斯能脱颖而出成为 最佳经商国家，其原因是多方面的。进入毛里 求斯就等于进入非洲。毛里求斯是一些主要非 洲地区组织的成员国，包括东南非共同市场 （COMESA）、南部非洲发展共同体（SADC） 和环印度洋地区合作联盟（IOR-ARC）等。它 提供了便利通道，帮助投资者进入拥有 5 亿多 消费者的地区市场，还为（加工）产自毛里求 斯而进入非洲的产品提供优惠的关税和配额。 毛里求斯同 39 个国家签订了“避免双重征税协 定” （DTA），其中 14 个为非洲国家，广阔的网 络使毛里求斯处于非常有利的位置，成为进军 非洲的理想投资平台。一家毛里求斯成立的控 股公司，作为毛里求斯纳税人，根据避免双重 征税协定，其从非洲投资所取得的收入利息和 特许权使用费等）将享受优惠的税收政策。毛 里求斯同 20 个非洲国家签订了“投资促进保 护协议”，保证自由汇出投资资金和投资回报， 保证不被政府征收，而在发生战争或骚乱时， 还将为投资者提供赔偿。 GlobaLex Chambers 服务于各类国际国内客 户，包括大型金融机构、律师事务所、会计师 事务所、基金和基金管理人、跨国公司、家族 理财和高净值个人投资者等。本所业务覆盖毛 里求斯法律的各个方面，尤其致力于跨境投资 持股和项目、基金和金融服务、银行理财、融 资和资本市场、公司、商业、航空和知识产权 等领域。根据客户的业务需求和需求变化，我 们将提供量身打造的法语、英语、中文和马来 语专业服务。我们将致力于提供最高标准的服 务，并有效控制服务成本。

M

auritius is the number 1 place to do business in Africa according to the World Bank Doing Business Report and other reputable publications including The Wall Street Journal and Forbes Best Countries for Business. Mauritius also ranked 1st in the Ibrahim Index of African Governance ever since its inception.

The reasons behind the prominence of Mauritius as the place to do business are many-fold. Being in Mauritius is being in Africa! Mauritius is a member of major African regional organizations such as the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), and therefore offers access to a regional market of over 500 million consumers with preferential tariff and quota for products originated (processed) in Mauritius into Africa.

The extensive network of DTA entered into by Mauritius with 39 countries of which 14 are African countries, positions Mauritius as the ideal investment platform into Africa. A Mauritian holding company, being a tax resident in Mauritius, could benefit from preferential tax regime over its incomes (capital gain, dividend, interest and royalty) derived from investments in Africa under the DTA. The Investment Promotion Protection Agreements signed by Mauritius with over 20 African countries, ensure the free repatriation of investment, guarantee against expropriation, provide compensation for losses in case of war, or riot, and facilitate settlement of disputes between investors and the contracting states.

GlobaLex Chambers has a wide variety of international and local clients, including leading financial institutions, law firms, accountants, funds and fund managers, multinationals, family offices and high net worth individuals. The firm covers all aspects of Mauritian law with a particular emphasis on cross border investment holding and projects, funds and financial services, banking, finance and capital markets, corporate, commercial, aviation and intellectual property. We endeavour to provide bespoke assistance in French, English, Chinese and Malay according to the client’s business needs as and when they evolve. We are committed to provide the highest standards of service and conduct of assignment on a cost-effective basis. 联系信息 Please contact us at： Soo Fon IP Min Wan / 合伙人 Partner / soo@globalexchambers.com Vincent Chong Leung / 合伙人 Partner / vincent@globalexchambers.com 网址 W: www.globalexchambers.com 电话 T: (230)212 2288 2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

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塞舌尔

The Seychelles

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概况

塞舌尔

General

Seychelles

实体类型

国际公司

法律类型

混合

Type of Company

IBC

现成公司可用率

有

Shelf company availability

Yes

建立新公司所需时间

2天

公司税

无

双重征税协定

无

股本或等值股本 标准货币

美元

允许使用货币

任意

最低付清股本

1 美元

法定股本要求

10 万美元

董事 董事最低人数

1

本地董事

无

公开记录权限

无

董事会议地点

任意地点

Type of Law

Our time to establish a new company Corporate Taxation

Hybrid 2 days Nil

Double Taxation Treaty Access Share capital or equivalent

No

Standard currency

US$

Minimum paid up

US$1

Permitted currencies Usual authorised

Any

Directors

US$100,000

Minimum number

One

Publicly accessible records

No

Local required Shareholders

Anywhere

Minimum number

One

Location of meetings Company Secretary

Anywhere

是否为注册地或有资质人员 无

Required

No

账户

Accounts

No

Requirements to prepare

Yes

Requirements to file accounts

No

股东 最少人数

1

公开记录权限

无

股东会议地点

任意地点

公司秘书 是否需要

无

账户准备要求

有

审计账户

无

账户登记记录

无

公开账户记录

无

其他 年收入申报要求

无

允许变更公司注册登记地

是

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Company Formation Guide 2014

Location of meetings

No

Publicly accessible records

Local or qualified Audit requirements

Publicly accessible accounts

No

No

Other

No

Requirement to file annual return

No

Change in domicile permitted

Yes

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：塞舌尔 地区：印度洋，非洲 货币：塞舌尔卢比 语言：英语、法语 时区：UTC+4 区号：+248 通讯设施：优秀 公司建立成本：600-2000 美元 公司建立时间：1-3 天

Country: Seychelles Region: Indian Ocean, Africa Currency: Seychellois rupee (SCR) (SR) Languages: English, French Time Zone: UTC +4 Phone Code: +248 Communications: Good Formation Cost: 600-2000 USD$ Formation Time: 1 - 3 days Maintenance cost: 400 - 800 USD$

维护成本：400-800 美元

简介

Introduction

塞舌尔是热带天堂的代名词。115 个靠近赤道的岛屿和旋 风带以外的地理位置，让它成为令人艳羡的度假天堂。塞 舌尔的主岛，马希，有一个且非常优良的港口，维多利亚港。 塞舌尔 89000 名居民中的大部分居住在马希，混居着法国 和非洲人种，说克里奥尔语，但也说英语和法语，特别是 在商务环境中更是如此。英国允许塞舌尔在 1976 年独立； 塞舌尔是一个独立的共和制民主国家，有总统制的政府。

The Seychelles are a byword for tropical beauty. The 115 islands, near the equator and outside the cyclone belt, are indeed unspoiled. The main island, Mahe, has an airport and a very good port, Victoria. Most of the 89,000 inhabitants live on Mahe, and are a blended mixture of French and African, speaking Creole, but also English and French, especially in business.

The British granted independence only in 1976; the Seychelles are an independent democratic republic with a presidential

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塞舌尔总统 Albert Renee 从 1977 年掌权至 2004 年，经 历了这个国家从一个“渔业和香蕉”型的经济转型为现代 化的旅游胜地，并成为一个发展完备的离岸金融中心，具 有较强的竞争力。塞舌尔的服务业为该国经济贡献了 70% 的产值，其中包括旅游业、海产品加工和商业。塞舌尔的 国际自由贸易区非常成功，且正快步成为印度洋上的贸 易集散中心，这也是塞舌尔政府公开宣布的目标。塞舌 尔政府由家长式管理作风（非常法国化）和经济自由主 义（非常英国化）的风格一分为二，但两者哪个占据上风 却不好说。

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style of government. The President from 1977 until 2004, Albert Renee oversaw the conversion of a 'fishing and bananas' type of economy into a modern tourist mecca, alongside a carefully created offshore financial centre which has taken good notice of its competition.

The service sector contributes 70% of the Seychelles's economy, which is based on tourism, fish processing and commerce. The International Trade Zone is successful, and the Seychelles are on the way towards becoming an Indian Ocean trading entrepot, which is their avowed goal. The Government is torn between

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

Colbertian paternalism (very French) and economic liberalism (very English) and it is hard to say which is winning. Until late 2004, when the tsunami did substantial damage, there was growth but also unemployment and a deficit. The local population is not always willing to be cast in the role of economic superstars, to the despair of the Government, which privately would like the Seychelles to be a new Singapore. A macro-economic programme under the acronym MERP, launched in 2004, aimed to correct fiscal and economic imbalances with increased taxation and government retrenchment. The commodity price spike, a shortage of currency reserves and high inflation has prompted a further round of fiscal tightening after the country defaulted on much of its debt in mid-2008, when the government turned to the IMF for financial assistance. By the end of 2009, an Extended Fund Facility (EFF) of USD31m was approved by the IMF. Following a visit by an IMF mission in June, 2011 the Government of the Seychelles was praised for its' fiscal policies and the progress achieved in structural reforms. 直到 2004 年底，在海啸造成了相当大的损失后，经济开 始有所复苏，但失业率和财政赤字仍旧居高不下。当地的 居民对经济奇迹并不十分感冒，和政府希望把塞舌尔打造 成印度洋上的新加坡的意愿相驳。2004 年塞舌尔发布了 一个新的宏观经济调控缩写为 MERP 的计划，旨在纠正财 政和经济发展的不平衡现象，进行加税和政府的缩编。 塞舌尔的物价飙升，货币储备短缺和高通胀率都让这个国 家在 2008 年年中入不敷出，因此进行了进一步的财政紧 缩，政府转而求助于国际货币基金组织要求获得金融支援。 2009 年底，国际货币基金组织同意向该国注资 3100 万美 元。在该组织 2011 年 6 月组团访问塞舌尔进行调查时， 塞舌尔政府因为其“结构革新和财政制度取得的进步”而 受到该组织的赞扬。 离岸工具类型： 有限公司、公众有限公司、信托、独资公司、通用合伙公 司和有限合伙公司

Suitable for: Wealth Management, Banking, Fund Management, Shipping, Yachting, Trading Goods, Trading Financial, Holding Companies Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, trusts, sole proprietorships, general partnerships and limited partnerships Capital primary business districts: Victoria Good Relationships: China, Indonesia, Switzerland, United Kingdom Bad Relationships: Burma, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria Tax Burden - Business: Very Light

主要资本商务区域： 维多利亚港

Tax Burden - Individual: Very Light

良好关系： 中国、印度尼西亚、瑞士、英国

Headline tax rates: CIT 25-33% (sole traders and partnerships 18.75%-33%), PIT 0%,

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塞舌尔 The Seychelles 对中国投资者来说，塞舌尔有什么优势？

注册成立公司一般的税率为多少？

该司法管辖区的一般优势包括： 传统的企业注册和成立文件证明，注册速度非常快，通常在 1 天 内完成。塞舌尔国际商业公司、基金会和信托基金在塞舌尔免于 征税，没有准备、审计或者提交会计报表的要求。各种法例明确 规定隐私受到保护。成本低。建立塞舌尔国际商业公司所有费用 的总和要低于英属维尔京群岛公司需要支付的政府费用。

国际商业公司：零。 CSL：全球收入的 1.5％。国内公司：0％ 至 33％，对仅来自塞舌尔的收入为 15-33％，对国际来源的收 入为 0％。PCC：零（基金和离岸保险业务），除非它同样也是 一个 CSL 公司，在这种情况下，税赋为其全球收入的 1.5％。

可以建立什么类型的公司？ 国际商业公司，国内公司，CLS ，PCC

建立公司的要求有哪些？ 资本要求，组成和结构要求，年会、审计和报告要求

建立公司的费用为多少？ 国际商业公司：政府费用为 100 美元。国内企业：对股本较小的 企业来说，政府费用约为 10 美元。 CSL：政府费用为 1200 美元。

What are the advantages of the jurisdiction for Chinese investors?

The general advantages of the jurisdiction include: Traditionally signed certificate of incorporation and formation documents, registered very quickly, usually within 1 day.

Seychelles IBCs, Foundations and trusts are not taxed in Seychelles and there are no requirements to prepare, audit or file accounting statements. Privacy guarantees are clearly provided for in the various legislations.Low cost. A Seychelles IBC can be formed, all fees included, for the less than the government fee of a BVI company.

What types of companies can be opened?

IBC, Domestic companies, CSL, PCC

What are the requirements for company formation?

Capital requirements, compositional and structural requirements, annual meeting, auditing and reporting requirements

What length of time is necessary to open a company?

IBC 1 day. CSL 2-3 weeks. Domestic company 2-3 weeks. PCC 2-3 weeks.

What are the fees associated with company incorporation?

IBC: government fee USD 100. Domestic company: government fee approximately USD 10 for lower tier share capital. PCC: government fee is USD 1200.

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监管当局能够要求获得关于企业管理人员的背景或者身 份信息、或者企业的会计信息？ 根据税收信息交换协定或者免双重征税协定的规定（不包括钓鱼 行动或者一般要求），只有在打击清洗黑钱的调查中才被允许。 仅仅与丹麦、芬兰、格陵兰、冰岛、荷兰、挪威和瑞典签署了税 收信息交换协定。在全球几乎所有的免双重征税协定中，塞舌尔 的免双重征税协定包括了标准的经合组织条文。当然，法院可以 就有关事项要求获得信息。

建立一家公司需要多长的时间？ 国际商业公司：1 日。CSL：2-3 周。国内企业：2-3 周。PCC：2-3 周。

What length of time is necessary to open a company?

IBC 1 day. CSL 2-3 weeks. Domestic company 2-3 weeks. PCC 2-3 weeks.

What are the fees associated with company incorporation?

IBC: government fee USD 100, our typical all inclusive fee is USD 350. Domestic company: government fee approximately USD 10 for lower tier share capital, our typical all inclusive fee is USD 650. CSL: government fees USD 1200, our typical all inclusive fee is USD 3500.

PCC: government fee is USD 1200, our all inclusive fees is USD 3500.

What is the general taxation rate for incorporated companies?

IBC: zero. CSL: 1.5% on worldwide income. Domestic company: 0 to 33%, 15-33% on Seychelles sourced income only, 0% on internationally sourced income. PCC: zero (fund and offshore insurance businesses) unless it is also a CSL in which case it would be taxed at 1.5% on its worldwide income.

Can the regulatory authorities request information about the background and identity of company officers, or company accounting information?

Only in an anti-money laundering investigation, under a TIEA or DTA (not fishing expeditions or general requests). TIEAs only exist with Denmark, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden.

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行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

不良关系： 缅甸、伊朗、北韩、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利亚 税赋负担——商务： 非常轻微 税赋负担——个人： 非常轻微 总体税率： CIT 25-33% ( 独资公司和合伙公司 18.75%-33%), PIT 0%, VAT 15% 协定签约国家： 巴林、巴巴多斯、博茨瓦纳、中国、塞浦路斯、印度尼西 亚、马恩岛、卢森堡、马来西亚、毛里求斯、阿曼、卡塔尔、 圣马力诺、南非、泰国、阿联酋、越南、赞比亚 税务信息交换协议签订地区： 丹麦、法罗群岛、芬兰、格陵兰、耿西岛、冰岛、荷兰、挪威、 瑞典

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Company Formation Guide 2014

VAT 15% Treaty Jurisdictions: Bahrain, Barbados, Botswana, China, Cyprus, Indonesia, Isle of Man, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mauritius, Oman, Qatar, San Marino, South Africa, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Zambia TIEA Jurisdictions: Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Guernsey, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden

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邮箱 Email : law@lapoudrierelaw.sc

81

网站 Website: http://www.arc-royal.net/

亚洲 ASIA

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Company Formation Guide 2014

香港

Hong Kong

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

83

概况

香港

General

Hong Kong

实体类型

私人有限公司

法律类型

普通法

Type of entity

Private limited

现成公司可用率

有

建立新公司所需时间

10 天

Shelf company availability

Yes

最低政府费用（不包括税金）

450 美元

海外收入税率

海外利润不征税

避免双重征税条约

有

股本或等值股本 股本通用货币

港币

其他允许使用的资本货币

任意均可

最低付清股本

1 港币

法定股本要求

1,000 港币

Our time to establish a new company

Minimum government fees (excluding taxation) Taxation on foreign income

Double taxation treaty access

管理人员人数要求

1

当地管理人员人数要求

无

管理人员公开记录获取权限

有

管理人员会议地点

任意地点

股东 董事会人数最低要求

1

董事会员工公开记录获取权限

有

董事会成员会议地点

任意地点

公司秘书 是否需要公司秘书

有

是否需要当地或者合格公司秘书

当地

账户 账户准备要求

有

审计账户

无

账户登记记录

无

公开账户记录

无

其他 是否允许变更公司注册登记地 Company Formation Guide 2014

无

Common 10 days

US$450

Nil on Foreign Profits

Share capital or equivalent

Yes

Standard currency of share capital

HK$

Minimum paid up share capital

HK$1

Other permitted currencies of capital Usual authorised share capital Directors

董事

84

Type of law

Minimum number of directors / managers

Local directors / managers required

Publicly accessible record of directors / managers Location of directors / managers meetings

Any

HK$1,000 1

No

Yes

Shareholders

Anywhere

Minimum number of members

1

Location of members meetings Company Secretary

Anywhere

Company secretary required

Yes

Publicly accessible record of members Yes

Local or qualified company secretary required Accounts

Local

Requirement for audited accounts

Yes

Publicly accessible accounts

No

Requirement to file accounts

Requirement to file annual return

Yes

Other

Yes

Change in domicile permitted

No

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：香港 地区：亚洲 货币：港元 语言：粤语、英语 时区：UTC+8 区号：+852 通讯设施：极佳 公司建立成本：2000-2800 美元 公司建立时间：12-20 天 维护成本：600-1200 美元

Country: Hong Kong Region: Asia Currency: Hong Kong Dollar (HKD) (HK$) Languages: Cantonese, English Time Zone: UTC +8 Phone Code: +852 Communications: Very Good Formation Cost: 2000 - 2800 USD$ Formation Time: 12 - 20 days Maintenance cost: 600 - 1200 USD$

简介

Introduction

香港作为亚太地区诸多国家贸易中转站和集散地的角色， 以及作为低成本制造业中心，一直以来都让它成为一个繁 荣的行政特区，现在它业已成为服务业，特别是金融服务 业的首选地。香港的经济成功很大程度上是基于纯粹的免 税和自由贸易区，其价值体现在基于英国普通法的法律体 系和自由制度，政府对经济的干涉降低到最小程度。外国 投资的障碍也非常少。香港政府一直以来都遵循对外国商 业行为友善的政策，并继续保持。它并不是一个“离岸” 的行政特区，但税率也非常低廉，且只针对在香港获得的

Hong Kong has thrived historically as a trading entrepot serving many Asia Pacific countries and also as a low-cost manufacturing centre, and has turned towards the provision of services, particularly financial services. Its economic success is largely based on a whole-hearted adherence to free and open trade, the values encompassed in a British common law legal system and a laissez-faire, non-interventionist attitude on the part of government. There are few if any significant barriers to investment by foreigners. The government has consistently followed business friendly policies and continues to do so. It is not an 'offshore'

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行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

收入征收。这里没有资本利得税，没有预提税，没有销售税， 没有增值税，没有年度资产净值税和公司保持收入而非分 配收入时获得的资本累积税。 香港并不是传统意义上的离岸中心，相反它更是一个由“领 地概念”提供无差别待遇的低税率中心，在这一概念下只 有在香港产生的收入才是可征税的，让这个行政特区成为 控股公司的理想之选。因此它的吸引力并非建立在高度的 保密性和最少的公司曝光率，或者和某些普通法岛屿行政 特区一样的管理需求，而是建立在低税率、慷慨的可抵扣 税率、仅针对在该特区内产生的收入征税的政策以及完全 没有资本利得税、预提税、利息税、销售税和增值税的基 础上。 如果不在香港当地产生利润，在香港建立一个办公室并不 意味着需要提交利润税。因此香港无疑是地区总部设立的 最佳选择。 根据一份由香港投资部和统计局在 2010 年 10 月出具的 年度调查报告显示，在香港运作的海外和中国大陆的公 司在过去一年内上升了 2.6%，达到 6561 家的总数。香 港投资部是香港政府负责外国直接投资提供海外、中国 大陆和台湾在香港建立公司或在香港扩张的部门。该“香

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jurisdiction as such, but has low tax rates which are levied only on Hong Kong-source income. There is no capital gains tax, no withholding tax, no sales taxes, no VAT, no annual net worth taxes and no accumulated earnings taxes on companies which retain earnings rather than distribute them.

Suitable for: Banking, Insurance, Fund Management, Shipping, Trading Goods, Trading Financial, Intellectual Property/Licensing, Holding Companies, E-commerce, Property Ownership Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, trusts, branches, general partnerships, limited partnerships and sole proprietorships Capital primary business districts: Victoria, Kowloon Good Relationships: China, Singapore, United States Bad Relationships: Burma, Cuba, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria Tax Burden - Business: Light

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

港以外母公司在香港设立公司年度调查”旨在充分理解这 些公司和他们对香港的商务环境看法。 适合于： 银行业、保险、基金管理、航运、货物贸易、金融贸易、 知识产权 / 许可证、控股公司、电子商务、不动产所有权 离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司、信托、分公司、通用合伙公司、 有限合伙公司和独资公司 主要资本商务区域： 维多利亚、九龙 良好关系： 中国、新加坡、美国 不佳关系： 缅甸、古巴、伊朗、北韩、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利 亚 税赋负担——商务： 轻 税赋负担——个人 轻 总体税率： CIT 16.5%, PIT 15%, VAT 0% 合约签订地区： 澳大利亚、比利时、文莱、加拿大、中国、捷克共和国、 法国、耿西岛、匈牙利、印度尼西亚、爱尔兰、日本、泽西、 科威特、列支敦士登、卢森堡、马来西亚、马耳他、墨西 哥、荷兰、新西兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、西班牙、瑞士、泰国、 英国、越南 税务信息交换协定国： 美国

Tax Burden - Individual: Light Headline tax rates: CIT 16.5%, PIT 15%, VAT 0% Treaty Jurisdictions: Austria, Belgium, Brunei, Canada, China, Czech Republic, France, Guernsey, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Japan, Jersery, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Qatar, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom, Vietnam TIEA Jurisdictions: United States

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

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行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

香港 Hong Kong 对中国投资者来说，该司法管辖区的优势是什么？ - 香港是中国大陆与国际公司打交道的一个窗口。很多国际公司 在香港设有办事处，以便与中国内地开展贸易往来，因此在香 港更容易与他们进行沟通。 - 香港在世界上有良好的声誉，外国人更愿意与香港公司进行交 易，香港已经建立了良好的国际形象。 - 香港是国际金融中心，拥有广泛的融资渠道、宽松的信贷和融 资环境。 - 资金停泊在香港可以提高其利用的灵活性。 - 定的银行体系。 - 不实行外汇管制，对申请建立企业没有任何限制和要求。 - 对经营活动没有限制，除非是特殊行业，如银行，金融业。 - 简单的税制结构，仅有公司所得税，无资本利得税和营业税等。

What are the advantages of the jurisdiction for Chinese investors?

- Hong Kong (HK) as a window to work with international companies.

A lot of international firms like to set up office in HK in order to trade with Mainland China, therefore is easier to communicate with them in HK. - HK has good reputation in the world; foreigners are more willing to trade with HK Company and build up good image for it.

- HK is an international finance centre with a wide range of financing channels, easy borrowing and financing.

- Funds parking in HK can increase the flexibility of its utilizing.

- Stable banking system.

- No foreign exchange control, no restriction and no need for application.

- No restriction on operating activities, unless on specialize industries like bank, finance industry.

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Company Formation Guide 2014

银行利息收入和股息是免税的。香港公司可以被用来投资投资 中国或其他地方。 - 如果公司在香港境内没有业务活动并没有来自香港的收入来源， 将获得免税的待遇。 - 成立公司的程序非常简单且快速。使用电子申请渠道需要的时 间不到 24 小时。 - 香港与中国签署了免双重征税协议。 - 共享同一种语言，容易沟通。 - 香港拥有良好的物流服务。 - 投资于香港的公司，获得香港的工作签证。居住超过 7 年，可 以得到香港居住证。 - 香港靠近中国，很容易前往。

- Simple tax structure, only profits tax for company, no capital gain tax, business tax and etc. Bank interest income and dividends are not taxable. HK companies can be used to invest in China or elsewhere.

- If the company had no activity on the territory of HK and did not receive income from the sources located in HK, they are not the subject of taxation.

- Company formation procedure is very simple and fast. Less than 24 hours using electronic method.

- HK has DTAA with China.

- Share same language, easy to communicate.

- Good logistic service in HK. - Invest in HK company and getting working visa in HK. Living more than 7 years can get residence in HK. - HK is close to China, it's easy to travel.

纳闽岛 Labuan

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

89

概况

纳闽岛

General

Labuan

实体类型

OC 交易

法律类型

普通法

Type of entity

OC Trading

现成公司可用率

无

建立新公司所需时间

8天

Shelf company availability

No

最低政府费用（不包括税金）

2,600 马币

海外收入税率

3% 或 2 万马币

是否签订避免双重征税条约

有

股本或等值股本 股本通用货币

美元

其他允许使用的资本货币

除马币之外均可

最低付清股本

1 美元

法定股本要求

10,000 美元

Type of law

Our time to establish a new company

管理人员人数要求

1

当地管理人员人数要求

无

管理人员公开记录获取权限

无

管理人员会议地点

任意地点

8 days

Minimum government fees (excluding RM2,600 taxation) Taxation on foreign income

Double taxation treaty access

3% or RM20,000

Share capital or equivalent

Yes

Standard currency of share capital

US$

Other permitted currencies of capital

Any except RM

Usual authorised share capital

US$10,000

Minimum number of directors / managers

1

Minimum paid up share capital Directors

董事

Common

Local directors / managers required

US$1

No

Publicly accessible record of directors No / managers Location of directors / managers meetings Shareholders

Anywhere

Minimum number of members

1

Location of members meetings Company Secretary

Anywhere

是否需要当地或者合格公司秘书 当地

Company secretary required

Yes

账户

Accounts

Local

Requirement for audited accounts

Yes

Publicly accessible accounts

No

股东 董事会人数最低要求

1

董事会员工公开记录获取权限

无

董事会成员会议地点

任意地点

公司秘书 是否需要公司秘书

有

审计决算要求

有

申报账户要求

有

公开访问的账户要求

无

年收入申报要求

有

90

Company Formation Guide 2014

Publicly accessible record of members No

Local or qualified company secretary required Requirement to file accounts

Requirement to file annual return

Yes Yes

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：纳闽岛 地区：亚太 货币：美元、马来西亚林吉特 语言：英语、马来语、汉语、 泰米尔语 时区：UTC+8 区号：+608 通讯设施：极佳 公司建立成本：3200-4600 美元 公司建立时间：1-2 天 维护成本：2200-2800 美元

Country: Labuan Region: Asia-Pacific Currency: US dollar (USD) (US$), Malaysian Ringgit (MYR) (RM) Languages: English, Malay, Chinese, Tamil Time Zone: UTC +8 Phone Code: +608 Communications: Very Good Formation Cost: 3200 - 4600 USD$ Formation Time: 1 - 2 days Maintenance cost: 2200 - 2800 USD$

简介

Introduction

马来西亚政府把纳闽岛的未来押宝于金融业，并于 1990 年创办了纳闽岛离岸金融服务局（虽然之后“离岸”被从 这一抬头中删除了）和一系列的“离岸”法律。纳闽岛公 司可以利用马来西亚广大的双重税务协议网络，因此该岛 业已成为向东盟作直接投资的上佳之选。纳闽岛股票交易 所创建于 2000 年，目标为伊斯兰金融债券的发行和上市， 并已获得了相当的成功。

The Government sees Labuan's future in terms of its financial sector, and in 1990 created the Labuan Offshore Financial Services Agency (although 'Offshore' has since been dropped from the title) alongside a batch of 'offshore' laws. Labuan companies can make use of Malaysia's extensive double tax treaty network, and as a result the island has become a preferred conduit for FDI to a number of ASEAN countries. A stock exchange was established in 2000, aiming particularly at the listing of Islamic financial debt issues, and has had considerable successes.

就一个行政特区的模式来看，马来西亚的税负相对比较高，

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行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

但是从事贸易的纳闽岛离岸公司只需交纳 3% 的税赋或选择 支付总数为 20000 林吉特（约 6500 美元）；所有其它的 离岸公司都可获得免税。这里大量的激励和豁免政策让大 部分的马来西亚本岛获得的利润通过纳闽岛来遣返，而且 免税。许多外国工人可以在此地从个人税务激励政策获益。 纳闽岛境外金融服务局（LOFSA）认为纳闽岛应该成为一 个成功的电子商务集散地，且已针对进入该岛的电子商务 公司和新的金融市场建设了电子商务的基础设施。 适合于： 财富管理、银行业、保险业、基金管理、航运、航空、货 物贸易、金融贸易、知识产权 / 许可证、控股公司 离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司、分公司、信托、基金会、通用 合伙公司、有限合伙公司和受保护的单元公司

Malaysian taxes are moderately high, although on a territorial basis, but Labuan offshore companies engaged in trade pay 3% tax or can elect to pay a fix sum of RM20,000 (approx.

US$6,500); all other offshore companies are exempt. There are many incentives and exemptions which make it possible for most mainland Malaysian profits to be repatriated through Labuan without tax. Many expatriate workers can take advantage of personal tax incentives.

LOFSA is determined that Labuan should become a successful e-commerce hub, and has built e-commerce infrastructure which can be used by incoming e-commerce operations, as well as by the island's new financial markets.

Suitable for: Wealth Management, Banking, Insurance, Fund Management, Shipping, Aviation, Trading Goods, Trading Financial, Intellectual Property/Licensing, Holding Companies

主要资本商务区域： 纳闽岛城、吉隆坡

Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, branches, trusts, foundations, general partnerships, limited partnerships and protected cell companies

良好关系： 中国、印度、印度尼西亚、日本、马来西亚、新加坡、美国

Capital Primary Business Dstricts: Labuan Town, Kuala Lumpur

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Company Formation Guide 2014

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

不良关系： 古巴、伊朗、北韩、利比亚、索马里 税赋负担——商务： 极轻微 税赋负担——个人： 轻 总体税率： CIT 25% (offshore trading company 3%; non-trading 0%), PIT 26%, VAT 0% 条约签订国： 阿尔巴尼亚、澳大利亚、奥地利、巴林、孟加拉国、比利时、 文莱、加拿大、中国、克罗地亚、捷克共和国、丹麦、埃及、 斐济、芬兰、法国、香港、匈牙利、印度、伊朗、爱尔兰、 意大利、约旦、哈萨克斯坦、韩国、科威特、吉尔吉斯斯坦、 老挝、黎巴嫩、马耳他、毛里求斯、蒙古、摩洛哥、缅甸、 纳米比亚、新西兰、挪威、巴基斯坦、巴布亚新几内亚、 菲律宾、波兰、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、圣马力诺、 沙特阿拉伯、新加坡、斯里兰卡、苏丹、瑞士、叙利亚、 台湾、泰国、土耳其、土库曼斯坦、阿联酋、乌兹别克斯坦、 委内瑞拉、越南、津巴布韦 税务交换协议签订国： 百慕大

Good Relationships: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, United States Bad Relationships: Cuba, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia Tax Burden - Business: Very Light Tax Burden - Individual: Light Headline Tax Rates: CIT 25% (offshore trading company 3%; non-trading 0%), PIT 26%, VAT 0% Treaty Jurisdictions: Albania, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brunei, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Fiji, Finland, France, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Republic of, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Malta, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zimbabwe TIEA Jurisdictions: Bermuda

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纳闽岛 Labuan 对中国投资者来说，该司法管辖区的优势是什么？对中 国投资者来说，是什么让纳闽不同于其他司法管辖区？

享受免税的政策。从事其他商业活动的“贸易公司”有两种选择：

纳闽是马来西亚的一部分，因此它比许多其他司法管辖区更接近 中国。它与中国在同一个时区，拥有许多中国人，并且是马来西 亚经济体的一部分。它同样与中国大陆、香港和台湾签订了税收 协议。

种是就经审计财务报告上的净利润支付 3％的税款。除非公司选

可以建立什么类型的公司？

监管当局需要了解注册股东及董事的身份。可以使用代理人。除

首选的公司类型是股份有限公司：纳闽公司。其他选择还包括受

一种是每年缴纳 20000 马币（约合 6500 美元）的定额税，另一 择支付 3％的税款，否则不用进行财务审计。

监管部门能够要求获得公司人员的背景和身份信息，或 者公司的明细帐目？ 了经历审计，否则不必向监管当局提交财务报表。

保护单元公司、有限合伙企业，基金会和信托基金。

在该司法管辖区建立公司有什么样的要求？ 公司必须至少有一名股东和至少一名董事。他们必须居住在马来

建立公司有什么样的相关费用？建立一家企业需要多长 的时间？ 如果资本额等值不超过 50000 马币（约合 16000 美元），企业

西亚和纳闽的境外，他们都可以是企业实体。这里没有最低资本

建立的基本政府费用为 1150 马币（约合 370 美元）。每年的存

要求，股份也无面值要求。

续费用为 2600 马币（约合 850 美元）。企业注册的总费用大约 为 1500 美元，每年的总费用约为 2000 美元。

注册公司的一般税率为多少？

企业查名需要一天的时间。一旦所有的文件都已提交，完成注册

那些拥有被动投资、接受股息、利息和资本利得的“非贸易公司”

通常需要大约一天的时间。

What are the advantages of the jurisdiction for Chinese investors? What makes Labuan different from other jurisdictions for Chinese investors?

a lump-sum tax of MYR20’000 (around USD6’500) per year or 3% on the net profit as shown in the audited financial statements. No audit is required, unless the company opts to pay the 3% tax.

Labuan is part of Malaysia and therefore closer than many other jurisdictions. It is in the same time zone, has many native Chinese speakers and is part of a larger economy. It also has tax treaties with China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.

What types of companies can be opened?

The preferred company type is a company limited by shares, the Labuan Company. Protected Cell Companies, Limited Partnerships, Foundations and Trusts are also provided for.

What are the requirements for company formation in the jurisdiction?

A company must have at least one shareholder and at least one director.

Both of these may be resident outside of Labuan and Malaysia, and both may be corporate entities. There is no minimum capital requirement and shares have no par value.

What is the general taxation rate for incorporated companies?

“Non-trading companies”, those holding passive investments, receiving dividends, interest and capital gains are exempt from taxes. “Trading Companies”, which covers all the other activities, are subject to either

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Can the regulatory authorities request information about the background and identity of company officers, or company accounting details?

The authorities are aware of the registered shareholders and the directors. Nominee arrangements are possible. The Financial Statements don’t have to be filed with the authorities, unless they are audited.

What are the fees associated with company incorporation and what length of time is required to open a company?

The government fees for a basic incorporation are MYR1’150 (about USD370) if the capital is not more than the equivalent of MYR50’000 (about USD16’000). The annual fees are MYR2’600 (about USD850).

Total costs for incorporation are around USD1’500, total annual costs around USD2’000.

It takes one day to check the availability of the name and once all the documents have been completed it takes about one more day to incorporate the company.

卡塔尔 Qatar

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概况

卡塔尔

General

Qatar

实体类型

有限责任公司

法律类型

民法

Type of Company

Limited Liability Companies

卡塔尔居民最低持股率 （除非获得商贸部部长 51% 的豁免） 公司税

10%

双重征税协定

有

股本或等值股本 标准货币

里亚尔

允许使用货币

任意

最低资金要求

足以支持公司运 作，并不少于 20 万里亚尔

董事 董事最低人数

1

本地董事

无

公开记录权限

无

董事会议地点

任意地点

股东 成立公司合伙人或成员 2-50 人 数量 注册成员

需要

注册管理人员和秘书

任意地点

股份转让注册

需要

股份分配注册

需要

注册地办公室

需要

法定及已发行股本

需要

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Type of Law

Civil

Minimum ownership % for Qatari nationals, unless given exemption by 51% the Minister of Business and trade Corporate Taxation

Double Taxation Treaty Access

10%

Share capital or equivalent

Yes

Standard currency

QAR

Minimum capital requirement Directors

Sufficient to accomplish the company’s objectives, and not less than QAR 200,000

Minimum number

One

Publicly accessible records

No

Permitted currencies

Local required

Location of meetings

Any

No

Shareholders

Anywhere

No. of Founding Members/Partners

2-50

Register of directors and secretary

Yes

Register of Members

Register of transfers of Shares

Register of allotments of Shares Registered office

Authorised and issued share capital

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：卡塔尔 地区：中东 货币：里亚尔 语言：阿拉伯语 时区：UTC+3 区号：+974 通讯设施：OK 公司建立成本：3700-6100 美元 公司建立时间：7-12 天

Country: Qatar Region: Middle East Currency: Riyal (QAR) Languages: Arabic Time Zone: UTC +3 Phone Code: +974 Communications: OK Formation Cost: 3700 - 6100 USD$ Formation Time: 7 - 12 days Maintenance cost: 1600 - 2400 USD$

维护费用：1600-2400 美元

简介

Introduction

卡塔尔是一个位于中东半岛的国家，北接波斯湾和西北面 的巴林，东南面和阿联酋接壤。卡塔尔人口刚刚过 190 万， 其中包括了大量的外来人口。卡塔尔的经济大部分依赖于 它充足的天然气和石油储备，石油产品占政府收入的三分 之二左右。虽然如此，卡塔尔和其它中东海湾国家一样， 希望对经济进行改革，不再过度依赖于石油产品。

Qatar is a Middle Eastern peninsula jutting north into the Persian Gulf between Bahrain to the northwest and the United Arab Emirates to the southeast. It has a population of just over 1.9m, which includes a substantial number of expats. Qatar’s economy is largely centered on is vast gas and oil reserves, with oil production accounting for around two-thirds of total government revenues. However, as with most Gulf States, Qatar is looking to reform and liberalize its economy to avoid over-reliance on hydrocarbons.

卡塔尔金融中心成立于 2005 年，旨在吸引国际金融服务 业和跨国公司的进驻，以及发展它自己的金融服务业。卡 塔尔有 15 家银行，其中包括七家国有银行，七家中的两 家按照伊斯兰法则进行运作。 这个国家有非常先进的通讯设施。这商业公司需要就在该 国进内获取的收入缴纳所得税，但不需要缴纳个人所得税。 外国投资者在和当地的公司合资后能享受投资激励政策。 虽然这样，外国贸易组织不被允许在卡塔尔境内自主运作。

The Qatar Financial Centre was established in 2005 with the aim of attracting international financial services and multinational corporations and developing the financial services industry. There are 15 banks operating in Qatar, including seven national banks, two of which operate in accordance with Islamic principles. The country benefits from excellent telecommunications.

Businesses are subject to tax on income arising from activities in

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卡塔尔 Qatar 卡塔尔有何独特之处，为什么中国投资者应在此成立公 司？ 卡塔尔是目前发展最迅速的国家之一，有约价值 16.7 万亿美元 未开发油气资源。此外，卡塔尔在全球最佳营商国家排行 13，为 中东地区最佳。（世界经济论坛全球竞争力报告 2013-2014） 卡塔尔的一流的经济是投资的重点。从 2007 年至 2012 年，卡 塔尔的国内生产总值达到了年平均 17% 的速率。国际货币基金 组织预测海合会国家 2012 年至 2017 年的增长约为 3.5%，然而 卡塔尔则达到了 5.2%。亚洲投资者一般在基础建设、房产、科 学技术、教育和健康方面等方面展现了投资兴趣。卡塔尔金融中 心与浦东新区金融服务管理局签订了谅解备忘录，使得两国之间 的关系更进一步。

对中国投资者而言，卡塔尔同其他竞争国家有何不同？ 卡塔尔政府于 2005 年成立了卡塔尔金融中心（QFC）作为卡塔 尔经济快速增长的在岸中心，为卡塔尔国内、区域和国际等交易 提供平台。QFC 里的公司可以在卡塔尔内任意地点运营。 获得 QFC 营业许可的公司，可以在国际化标准的环境下进行运营， 同时遵循英国普通法，也能享受以风险和原则为基础的有竞争力

的税收体制。公司业务可以在 QFC 内，也可不在，可以使用当 地货币，也可使用外汇，这使得公司可以同时兼顾本地和跨境业 务。此外，QFC 允许 100% 所有权的境外公司，且所有境外的利 润可被免除。

在卡塔尔成立公司的一般税率是多少？ 卡塔尔的公司税率在全球范围内也是颇有竞争力的，只对卡塔尔 境内的利润征收 10% 的税率，这在其他离岸属地争相提高商业 税率的情况下实属不易。QFC 牌照的公司可以讲所有利润遣返。 卡塔尔无个人税、社会税和资本税。

近期卡塔尔推出了哪些新的产品，如何运用这些产品来 应对未来的变化？ 卡塔尔金融中心近期进行部分法律和结构性的调整，并进行了一 次流程改进，通过更加流线化的审批过程鼓励更多的未受监管的 公司申请牌照。这也是为了吸引更多可受监管的活动进入卡塔尔， 包括特殊目的公司，控股公司，单一家族办公室和破产保护机制。

来源 : Qatar IFC

Why should Chinese investors form companies in Qatar?

Qatar is one of the world’s most dynamic and fast-growing economies in a fast-growing region, underpinned by an estimated US$16.7 trillion of magnetisable oil and gas reserves. Moreover, Qatar is also ranked the 13th most business-friendly country in the world and highest in the Middle East (World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014). At the heart of the investment case is the stellar performance of Qatar’s economy. Between 2007 and 2012, nominal GDP grew at a compound average annual rate of 17%. The International Monetary Fund forecasts that the GCC economy will grow at an average 3.5% a year between 2012 and 2017, while Qatar’s economy is forecast to grow at an average 5.2% a year over the same period.Asian investors generally are showing interest in sectors such as infrastructure, real estate, science, technology, education and health. This growing relationship is reflected in, among other things, the Memorandum of Understanding between the QFC Authority and the Pudong New Area Financial Services Bureau (PSFB).

What makes your jurisdiction different from other competitors for Chinese investors?

Established by the Government of Qatar in 2005, the Qatar Financial Centre (“QFC”) is an on-shore centre which has become an integral part of Qatar’s economy and rapid growth story, providing a platform for domestic, regional and international growth. QFC firms can operate from anywhere in Qatar.

QFC-licensed firms benefit from an environment which operates to international standards, with a legal system based on English Common

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Law, regulation which is risk and principles-based and a competitive tax regime. Business can be carried out in or from the QFC, in local or foreign currency. Uniquely, this allows businesses to operate both locally and cross-border. Furthermore, the QFC allows up to 100% ownership by foreign companies and all profits can be remitted outside of Qatar.

What is the general taxation rate for incorporating companies in your jurisdiction?

At a time when many international jurisdictions are examining ways of increasing business taxation, the QFC’s tax regime is amongst the most favourable in the world, with a tax rate of just 10% on profits that are sourced locally. QFC-licensed firms can repatriate all their profits.

There are no personal, social or capital taxes.

What new products has your jurisdiction introduced recently and how do you expect this product mix to change in the upcoming years?

The QFC has recently undertaken several legal and structural enhancements, together with process improvements, to encourage a broader range of non-regulated firms and structures to be licensed, facilitated by a more streamlined process. This is in addition to continuing to attract regulated activities. These amendments included Special Purpose Companies, Holding Companies, Single Family Offices and the insolvency regimes in the QFC. Source: Qatar IFC

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行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

非卡塔尔公民不允许参与银行业、保险业、商务公司或房 地产贸易活动。 适合于： 保险业、航运、航空、控股公司、不动产所有权

Qatar and there is no personal income tax as such. Investment incentives are available to foreign investors participating in joint ventures with local participation. However, foreign trading organizations are not permitted to operate on their own behalf Non-Qataris are not permitted to participate in banking, insurance, commercial agency, or real estate trading activities.

离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司、分公司、通用合伙公司、有限 合伙公司和合资公司

Suitable for: Insurance, Shipping, Aviation, Holding Companies, Property Ownership

主要资本商务地区： 多哈

Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, branches, general partnerships, limited partnerships and joint ventures

良好关系： 阿尔巴尼亚、土耳其

Capital primary business districts: Doha

关系不佳： 埃及、以色列、科威特

Good Relationships: Albania, Turkey

赋税负担——商务： 轻 税赋负担——个人： 非常轻 总体税率： CIT 10%/35%, PIT 0%, VAT 0% 条约签订国家： 阿尔及利亚、亚美尼亚、奥地利、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、 保加利亚、中国、克罗地亚、古巴、塞浦路斯、法国、格 鲁吉亚、希腊、香港、匈牙利、印度、印度尼西亚、伊朗、 爱尔兰、马恩岛、意大利、泽西岛、约旦、韩国、黎巴嫩、 卢森堡、马其顿、马来西亚、马耳他、毛里求斯、墨西哥、 摩纳哥、摩洛哥、尼泊尔、荷兰、挪威、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、 菲律宾、波兰、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、塞内加尔、塞尔维亚、 塞舌尔、新加坡、斯洛文尼亚、斯里兰卡、瑞士、叙利亚、 突尼斯、土耳其、英国、委内瑞拉、越南、也门 税务信息交换协议签订国： 开曼群岛、丹麦、法罗群岛、芬兰、格陵兰、冰岛、瑞典

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Bad Relationships: Egypt, Israel, Kuwait Tax Burden - Business: Light Tax Burden - Individual: Very Light Headline Tax Rates: CIT 10%/35%, PIT 0%, VAT 0% Treaty Jurisdictions: Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, France, Georgia, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Jordan, Korea, Republic of, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovenia, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen TIEA Jurisdictions: Cayman Islands, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Sweden

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概况

阿联酋哈伊马角

General

UAE Ras Al Khaimah

实体类型

有限股权责任

政治稳定性

优秀

Type of Company

Limited by shares

法律类型

任意

受益人披露

有

Common or Civil Law

Any

注册地变更

允许

公司税

无

姓名语言要求

英语或阿拉伯语

Political Stability

Disclosure of Beneficial Owner

Migration of Domicile Permitted Corporate Taxation Language of Name

Corporate Requirements

成立条件

是否允许公司董事

是

法定股本要求

最少为 1000 迪拉姆 Usual Authorised Capital

需要

当地合伙人

不需要

当地管理人员

无

当地会议

无

政府注册管理人员

需要

政府注册股东

需要

年审要求 是否需要

无

注册地或有资质人员

任意

最低年税 / 证书费用

2000 迪拉姆

年收入申报费用

无

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Minimum Number of Directors / Managers

Company Formation Guide 2014

One Dhs 1,000 (minimum)

Minimum paid up

Local Requirements

Fully paid

Registered Office/Agent

Yes

Local Directors

No

Local Partner

Local Meetings

Government Register of Directors / Managers

Government Register of Shareholders / Members

No No

Yes

Annual Requirements

Yes

Required

No

Local or qualified

Recurring Government Costs

政府费用

English or Arabic

Yes

1

注册办公室

Nil

Corporate Directors / Managers Permitted

管理人员最低人数

本地要求

Yes

One

1

全额

Yes

Minimum Number of Shareholders / Members

股东最低人数

最低付清股本

Excellent

Minimum Annual Tax / Licence Fee Annual Return Filing Fee

Any DHS 2,000 NA

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：阿联酋 地区：中东 货币：迪拉姆 语言：阿拉伯语、英语 时区：UTC-4 区号：+9714 通讯设施：优秀 公司建立成本：8000-14000 美元 公司建立时间：13-21 天

Country: UAE Region: UAE - Middle East (EMEA) Currency: Dirham (AED) (DH) Languages: Arabic, English Time Zone: UTC +4 Phone Code: +9714 Communications: Good Formation Cost: 8000 - 14000 USD$ Formation Time: 13 - 21 days Maintenance cost: 3000 - 5000 USD$

维护成本：3000-5000 美元

简介

Introduction

迪拜，作为阿联酋的一部分，是阿里港——一个巨型的人 造港口的所在地，也是该地区最大的自贸区，超过 5500 家公司在此地安家。这里新建的机场也将成为世界最大之 一。迪拜先进的航空运输村让世界最快的海空运输缩减到 四小时之内。这里没有外汇管制，配额或贸易壁垒。进口 税非常之低，许多产品都免税。

Dubai, part of the UAE, is home to Jebel Ali, a huge man-made port with the largest free-trade zone in the region and 5,500 resident companies. A new airport will be the world's largest.

Dubai's state-of-the-art air cargo village helps ensure the world’s fastest sea-air transport in as little as 4 hours. There are no foreign exchange controls, quotas or trade barriers. Import duties are extremely low, and many products are exempt.

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行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

阿联酋迪拉姆能够自由兑换且和美元紧密相关。其它免税 的区域包括迪拜的迪拜国际金融中心（DIFC），一个有着 1000 家国际金融机构的金融中心，还有迪拜互联网城， 已有 1400 家公司进驻。除了石油工业和国内银行业，这 里没有所得税或资本税，也没有预提税。迪拜和一些高税 率国家签订了一些免双重征税协议，在国际税务规划中被 许多大型公司使用。 石油曾是迪拜的支柱产业。阿联酋曾经是一个发展水平很 低的地区，但是到 1985 年，迪拜已成为世界人均收入最 高的地区。大量的财富被投入七个酋长国的资本改进市场 和社会服务行业。石油生产位于阿布扎比和迪拜，工业发 展基本上都和石油有关，但由于缺乏训练有素的员工和原 材料而发展程度受限。

The UAE dirham is freely convertible and is linked to the US dollar. Other tax-free zones in Dubai include the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC), a financial centre with nearly 1,000 international financial institutions, and Dubai Internet City, which already hosts 1,400 resident companies. Apart from the oil industry and domestic banking, there are no income or capital taxes in Dubai, and no withholding tax. Dubai has a number of double tax treaties with high-tax countries and is often used in international tax planning by major corporations.

Petroleum has traditionally dominated the economy of the UAE. At one time an underdeveloped area, by 1985 the region had the highest per capita income in the world. This immense wealth has been invested in capital improvements and social services in all seven of the emirates. Petroleum production is centred in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Industrial development is essentially petroleum related but is limited by a lack of trained personnel and raw materials.

Helped along by the Jebel Ali Free Trade Zone, which is home to 5,500 companies from over 120 countries, the emirate's non-oil imports expanded by 200% between 1986 and 1994. Total non-oil trade reached a record US$297bn in 2012.

During 2002, Dubai began to develop plans for the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC), intended to be a major financial entrepot; a proposed regulatory structure for the DIFC was published in June, 2003. In July of that year, the Federal Cabinet of the (UAE) approved a Federal Decree allowing the DIFC a large degree of sovereignty. The DIFC was launched in 2003 and began operations in late 2004. It had been hoped that the Centre would double - to 20% - the financial sector's contribution to the GDP of the United Arab Emirates by 2010.

Although this goal was not achieved, DIFC is registering continued growth with a 7% rise in active registered companies recorded in 2012. This brings the total of active companies in the centre to 912.

Dubai belongs to the unified customs area of the Gulf Cooperation Council which came into effect on January 1, 2003 and covers Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates (including Dubai).

In 2000, the Government began to construct Dubai Investment Park, also known as Dubai Internet City (DIC), which has a highly developed technical infrastructure. The first phase of the project was completed in 2002. By early 2012, more than 1,400

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得利于阿里自由贸易区，来自 120 个国家的 5500 家公司 在这里营商，阿联酋的非石油进口在 1986 年和 1994 年 之间增长了 200%。非石油贸易总额在 2012 年达到 2970 亿美元。

2002 年间，迪拜开始进行迪拜国际金融中心的项目规划， 期望成为一个主要的金融中心，2003 年出台了迪拜金融 中心的法规框架，当年七月，阿联酋联邦内阁允许了迪拜 金融中心拥有更大程度的自主权。DIFC 在 2003 年正式启 动，并于 2004 年底开始运营。迪拜政府期望到 2010 年， 该中心的金融产业将为阿联酋的 GDP 贡献 20% 的产值。 虽然这一目标没有实现，但 DIFC 的发展依然稳定，2012 年的公司注册率以 7% 的速度上升。这把迪拜的活动公司 总数刷新到 912 家。

迪拜属于海湾地区的海关联盟地区，该联盟于 2003 年 1 月 1 日开始运作，参与国家包括科威特、卡塔尔、阿曼、 沙特阿拉伯、巴林和阿联酋（包括迪拜）

companies had established themselves in the DIC, including almost all the big names in IT. The DIC occupies 3,200 hectares in the South of Dubai, near the Jebel Ali Free Zone, offering state of the art facilities and sites for manufacturing, offices, housing, and academic, research, distributions and logistics institutions.

Within a short span of time, a dynamic international community of ICT companies established itself in Dubai Internet City. The global ICT giants are all represented: Microsoft, Oracle, HP, IBM, Compaq, Dell, Siemens, Canon, Logica, Sony Ericsson and Cisco, to name just a few. These companies represent a community of over 12,000 knowledge workers.

Suitable for: Wealth Management, Treasury Management, Banking, Insurance, Fund Management, Yachting, Trading Goods, Trading Financial, Holding Companies, Property Ownership Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, shareholding

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阿联酋哈伊马角 UAE Ras AI Khaimah 阿联酋的特点是什么？中国公司为什么要选择贵地？

3) 在阿联酋开设公司的主要税率是什么？

国际商业公司注册处使得海外投资者能够在 RAK Offshore 进行 离岸公司注册，这是属于哈伊马角投资署的一个分支机构，并且 不需要在阿联酋拥有实体公司。24 小时内完成注册，任何非阿联 酋公民的个人或公司实体均可注册。 - 现代化和灵活的法律框架 - 湾区和全球市场均能涉及 - 简便的注册和归档要求 - 低成本 - 避免双重征税网络 - 无需向政府机构上缴年审报告 - 高度发达的银行体系 - 尖端的通信设备 - 资产和信息的绝对隐私和保护 - 全国实行免税政策

阿联酋的七个酋长国均实行免税政策，同时在阿联酋注册离岸公 司也享受免税待遇。

对中国投资者来说，阿联酋和其它竞争者有什么不同？ 目前的全球经济环境下，哈伊马角正成为注册离岸公司更高效的 属地。阿联酋长久以来在国际银行和公司成立方面以其安全、免 税等特性享有盛誉。通过与欧洲的发展，哈伊马角的公司注册已 经变得更受国际商务和高净值人士的欢迎。有很多行政特区被认 作“税收天堂”，但是阿联酋是一个有着实际经济体的国家，在 国际贸易、金融和商务方面有着悠久的历史。如今，阿联酋是有 着高生活标准、并且经济快速增长的国家之一。

4) 监管机构是否可以向贵行政特区的公司要求公开公司、 高管或账户信息？ 无公开审查，除非有公司成员或管理人员要求。所有的信息均 100% 保密。 5) 公司建立方面的费用是多少？一般需要多少时间？ 费用为 4000D 迪拉姆，通常所需时间为 24 小时。

6) 阿联酋与中国或香港签订有避免双重征税协定（DTA） 吗？ 是的，阿联酋与中国和香港以及其他国家地区均签订了 DTA。

来源：RAK Investment Authority

What is unique in your jurisdiction and why Chinese investors should form companies there?

The International Business Companies (IBC) Registry allows foreign investors to register offshore companies at RAK Offshore, a division of RAK Investment Authority (RAKIA) without the need to establish a physical presence in the UAE. Incorporation within 24 hours. Any nonresident individual or corporate entity can register a company.

• The availability of a modern and flexible legislative framework • Simple incorporation and filing requirements • The availability of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA) • State of the art banking system • State of the art telecommunication facilities • Proximity to entire Gulf and global markets • Low start-up costs • Absolute privacy, confidentiality and protection of assets and information • Annual Audit Report not required to be submitted to the Authority • Tax Free Country, 0% tax

What makes your jurisdiction different from other competitors for Chinese investors?

In the current worldwide economic situation, RAK is becoming very efficient place to incorporate your offshore company.

UAE has long enjoyed a reputation as a secure, tax-free jurisdiction for international banking and company incorporation. With this latest development from Europe, RAK company registration and corporate and personal banking options are becoming more popular with international businesses and high net worth individuals.

Many jurisdictions are considered only as tax havens. The United Arab

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Emirates is a 'real' country with a 'real economy'. It has an established history of international trade, finance and business, and today it is one of the fastest growing countries in the world with one of the highest standards of living.

What is the general taxation rate for incorporating companies in your jurisdiction?

There are no taxes levied by the seven emirates of UAE, therefore there’s no taxation rate for incorporating offshore companies in our jurisdiction.

Can the regulatory authority’s request information about the company and officers or account details from your jurisdictions?

These are not available for public inspection, other than by members or directors. All information are kept 100% confidentially.

What are the fees associated with company incorporation and how long does it normally take?

4000 AED is the company formation cost.

24 h is the time required for the company formation.

Does your jurisdiction have any DTAs with China or HK? YES, our jurisdiction has DTAs with China (HK), and many other countries.

Source: RAK Investment Authority

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

2000 年，政府开始建设迪拜投资园区——也被称为迪拜 互联网城（DIC），这里有高度发达的科技基础设施。该 项目的第一步在 2002 年完成。到 2012 年年初，超过 140 家公司在这里建立，包括 IT 界的所有世界著名品牌。

companies, general partnerships, limited partnerships, branches and sole proprietorships

DIC 在迪拜南部占地 3200 亩，靠近阿里自由贸易区，提 供极为先进的设施和场地来服务制造业、办公室、住宅和 学校、研究中心、分销中心和物流企业。

Good Relationships: China

在很短的时间内，迪拜互联网城里就成立了很多国际化的 科技公司。全球科技巨擎们都进驻此地：微软、甲骨文、 惠普、IBM、康柏、戴尔、西门子、佳能、Logica、索尼 爱立信、西科等等都包含在内。这些公司雇佣的高知识员 工队伍人数超过 12000 人。 适合于： 财富管理、资产管理、银行业、保险业、基金管理、游艇业、 货物贸易、金融贸易、控股公司、房地产所有权

Capital primary business districts: Dubai

Bad Relationships: Burma, Cuba, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia Tax Burden - Business: Very Light Tax Burden - Individual: Very Light Headline Tax Rates:

离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司、股权公司、通用合伙公司、有 限合伙公司、分公司和独资公司 主要资本商务区域： 迪拜 良好关系： 中国 关系不佳： 缅甸、古巴、伊朗、北韩、利比亚、索马里 税赋负担——商务： 极轻 税赋负担——个人： 极轻 总体税率： CIT 0%, PIT 0%, VAT 0% 条约签订地区： 阿尔及利亚、亚美尼亚、奥地利、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、

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比利时、波黑共和国、保加利亚、加拿大、中国、捷克共 和国、埃及、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、格鲁吉亚、德国、 希腊、印度、印度尼西亚、爱尔兰、意大利、哈萨克斯坦、 韩国、拉托维亚、黎巴嫩、卢森堡、马来西亚、马耳他、 毛里求斯、蒙古、摩洛哥、莫桑比克、荷兰、新西兰、巴 基斯坦、巴拿马、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、塞 尔维亚、塞舌尔、新加坡、西班牙、斯里兰卡、苏丹、瑞士、 叙利亚、塔吉克斯坦、泰国、突尼斯、土耳其、土库曼斯坦、 乌克兰、乌兹别克斯坦、委内瑞拉、越南、也门 税务信息交换协议签订地区： 无

CIT 0%, PIT 0%, VAT 0% Treaty Jurisdictions: Algeria, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Korea, Republic of, Latvia, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Seychelles, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen TIEA Jurisdictions: None

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加勒比 CARIBBEAN

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概况

巴哈马群岛

General

Bahamas

公司类型

国际商业

适用法律

普通法

Type of company

IBC

现成公司

有

新公司注册时间

24 - 48 小时

最低政府费用（不含税）

350 美元

公司税

无

双重征税协定

无

股本或等值股本 标准货币

美元

允许使用货币

任意

最低付清股本

任意

法定股本要求

5000 - 50000

董事 董事最低人数

1

本地董事

无

公开记录权限

有

董事会议地点

任意地点

股东 最少人数

1

公开记录权限

无

股东会议地点

任意

公司秘书 是否需要

无

是否为注册地或有资质人员

任意

账户 账户准备要求

有

审计账户

无

账户登记记录

无

公开账户记录

无

重复政府费用 最低年税 / 证件费用

350 美元

年度登记费

无

来源：LENO Corporate Services Limited Source: LENO Corporate Services Limited

Type of law

Shelf company availability

Common

Yes

Our time to establish a new company 24 - 48 Hours Minimum government fees (excl. tax) $350.00 Corporate taxation

Double Taxation Treaty Access

None

Share capital or equivalent

None

Standard currency

USD

Permitted currencies

Any

Minimum paid up

Any

Usual authorised

Directors

5000 - 50000

Minimum number

1

Local required

Publicly accessible records

No

Yes

Location of meetings

Shareholders

Anywhere

Minimum number

1

Publicly accessible records

No

Location of meetings

Company Secretary

Anywhere

Required

No

Local or qualified

Accounts

Any

Requirements to prepare

Yes

Audit requirements

Requirements to file accounts Publicly accessible accounts

None

No

Recurring Government Costs

No

Minimum annual tax / licence fee

$350

Annual return filing fee

Nil

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行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

行政特区：巴哈马 地区：加勒比 货币：巴哈马元 语言：英语 时区：UTC-5 区号：+1242 通讯设施：良好 公司建立成本：1300-2900 美元 公司建立时间：9-15 天 维护成本：1000-2000 美元

Country: Bahamas Region: Caribbean Currency: Bahamian Dollar (BSD) (B$) Languages: English Time Zone: UTC -5

Phone Code: +1242 Communications: Good Formation Cost: 1300 - 2900 USD$ Formation Time: 9 - 15 days Maintenance cost: 1000 - 2000 USD$

简介

Introduction

巴哈马在 1973 年正式从英国独立出来，当然英国女王仍 然是该国的首脑。坐落于距离美国佛罗里达州 50 英里外 的加勒比海上，巴哈马有 700 个岛屿，人口仅为 35 万人 左右。巴哈马的官方语言是英语，首都是拿骚。巴哈马有 数个国际机场连接世界各地，并有非常精良的港口设施。 巴哈马属于亚热带气候。威斯敏斯特型的政府架构对营商 非常有利。2012 年 5 月，选民弹劾了 Hubert Ingraham 首相的自由国家运动党政府，38 个议会席位中有 29 个把 票投给了由 Perry Christie 领导的进步自由党。Christie 先 生从 2012 年 5 月 8 日起宣誓就职巴哈马首相。

The Bahamas became independent from the UK in 1973, although the Queen remains Head of State. Beginning 50 miles off Florida, in the Caribbean, the Bahamas has 700 islands and a population of just over 350,000. The official language is English.

The capital is Nassau, there are a number of international airports with good connections, and there are excellent port facilities.

The climate is sub-tropical. The Westminster-style government is business-friendly. In May 2012, voters ousted Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham's Free National Movement Party, with 29 of the 38 House of Assembly seats going to the Progressive Liberal Party led by Perry Christie. Mr. Christie was sworn in as Prime Minister on May 8, 2012.

经济依赖于金融服务业和旅游业

Economy Based on Financial Services and Tourism

巴哈马早在 20 世纪早期曾是一个信托和旅游业的离岸金 融辖区，但发展成为金融中心则比较晚。该国经济主要依 赖旅游业（每年 400 万游客），但是金融服务业也正成为 重要产业之一。GDP 在 2012 年是 112.4 亿美元（估计）。 2012 年人均 GDP 约为 31900 美元，这在当地是高于平 均值的，但是也是远远落后于那些最成功（和更小型）的 行政特区，比如开曼群岛和英属维尔京群岛。全球金融危 机对该国影响颇大，GDP 缩水不少，财政赤字也在增加。 当然随着旅游业的增长，特别是来自美国的投资已经扭转 了颓势。旅游业的投资提升的游客数量对未来的增长至关 重要。巴哈马经济很大程度上以来旅游业，但是金融服务 业也越来越变得重要。这里有一家证交所（BISX）但它在 私有化承诺缺席的情况下很难发展成为一个安全的金融基 地。领先的行业包括银行业（2011 年底为止有 278 家银行） 和互惠基金（2011 年底又 713 只）。信托管理也前景广阔。 离岸运作通过国际商务公司或其它税务豁免的形式进行。

The Bahamas was a trust and tourist jurisdiction very early in the 20th century, but was relatively late in developing as a financial centre. The economy is heavily dependent on tourism (4m visitors a year), but financial services are growing in importance. GDP was USD11.24bn in 2012 (est) at purchasing power parity, and GDP per head was about USD31,900 in 2012 (est) at PPP. This is above average for the region, but well behind the most successful (and smaller) jurisdictions such as the Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands. The global financial crisis left its mark on the country's economy with GDP contracting and the budget deficit increasing. However increased tourism, particularly from the US and new investments, have reversed the decline. Investment in the tourism sector and increased visitor numbers are vital for further growth. The economy is heavily dependent on tourism, but financial services are growing in importance. There is a stock exchange (BISX) but it has struggled to develop a secure financial base in the absence of promised privatizations. Leading sectors are banking (278 banks at the end of 2011) and mutual funds

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保险业有 13 亿美元的资产。专业服务非常优良。船舶注 册方面对大型船只来说是很成功的。这里没有所得税、资 本利得税、增值税、销售或使用税或财富税。年度政府预 算主要来自于商业、国家保险、印花税和物业税。巴哈马 和别国签订了 28 个税务信息交换协议。 适合于： 财富管理、银行业、航运业、航空、游艇、知识产权 / 许可证、 控股公司

离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司、信托、外商公司、有限合伙、 豁免有限合伙公司和分离账户公司 主要的资本营商区域： 拿骚 关系良好行政特区： 巴巴多斯、伯利兹、百慕大、英属维尔京群岛、开曼群岛、 多米尼加、牙买加、蒙特色拉特岛、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣 卢西亚岛、圣文森特岛、格林纳丁斯群岛、苏里南、特立 尼达和多巴哥、特克斯和凯科斯群岛、英国、美国 关系不佳的行政特区： 缅甸、古巴、伊朗、北韩、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利 亚

(713 at the end of 2011). Trust management is also prominent.

Offshore operations take place through International Business Companies or other tax-exempt forms. The insurance sector has assets of USD1.3bn. Professional services are excellent. The shipping registry has been very successful for larger vessels.

There is no income tax, capital gains tax, VAT, sales or use tax or wealth tax. Annual government fees are imposed on businesses and there are national insurance, stamp duties and property taxes. The Bahamas has signed 28 Tax Information Exchange Agreements.

Suitable for: Wealth Management, Banking, Shipping, Aviation, Yachting, Intellectual Property/Licensing, Holding Companies Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, trusts, foreign companies, limited partnerships, exempted limited partnerships and segregated account companies Capital primary business districts: Nassau Good Relationships: Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United Kingdom, United States Bad Relationships: Burma, Cuba, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria

税赋负担——商业： 非常轻

Tax Burden - Business: Very Light

税赋负担——个人： 非常轻

Tax Burden - Individual: Very Light

总体税率： CIT 0%, PIT 0%, VAT 0% 签订税务信息交换协议的特区： 阿根廷、阿鲁巴岛、澳大利亚、比利时、加拿大、中国、 捷克共和国、丹麦、法罗群岛、芬兰、法国、德国、格陵 兰岛、耿西岛、冰岛、印度、日本、韩国、马耳他、墨西哥、 摩纳哥、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、波兰、圣马力诺、南非、 西班牙、瑞典、英国、美国

Headline tax rates: CIT 0%, PIT 0%, VAT 0% TIEA Jurisdictions: Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greenland, Guernsey, Iceland, India, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States

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巴哈马 Bahamas 巴哈马有何独特之处，中国投资者为什么应在此成立公 司？

监管部门可以要求巴哈马提供有关公司、管理人员或账 户方面的信息吗？

巴哈马政治经济稳定，有专门立法保护外国客户资产，鼓励境外 投资者投资。而国外客户的收入、盈利和资产分配都不征税，正 体现了这一优势。此外，中国投资者享受的好处还包括公司成立 迅速，不受外汇管制法规约束。

不可以

同其他竞争地区相比，它给中国投资者带来的不同之处 是什么？ 巴哈马享有有利的战略位置，距离美国东海岸仅 65 英里，从全 球 21 个国际机场都可轻松抵达。巴哈马政治经济稳定，金融服 务业丰富多样，遵守国际通行法律准则，拥有 270 多家持牌银行 和信托公司，包括世界八大顶级私人银行中的 7 家和全球 100 强 银行中的 35 家。巴哈马仍然坚持税收中立政策，境外人员可同 巴拿巴居民一样享有税收优惠。巴哈马和中国已经搭建了桥梁关 系，为更大发展做好了准备。

公司成立一般有哪些相关费用，一般需要多长时间？ 在巴哈马成立公司的费用根据向政府缴纳的成立费和年费为基础 确定（根据注册资本不同而有变化）。一般需要 24-48 小时成立 一家公司，但是应将所有要求的尽职调查文件提供给注册代理。

在巴哈马建立离岸公司需要什么文件？存在税收信息交 换协议吗？ 建立离岸公司要求的文件遵照“了解你的客户政策”（KYC）规 定。该政策要求，离岸公司成立前要提供经过认证的身份证（护 照、国籍身份证）、常住地址证明、资金来源说明、证明人（作 为 IBC 董事的品行和财力）和完整的联系信息。巴哈马和中国之 间签订了“税收信息交换协议”（TIEA）。

在巴哈马成立公司的一般税率是多少？ 在巴哈马成立公司不征税 来源：LENO Corporate Services Limited

What is unique in your jurisdiction and why Chinese investors should form companies there?

The Bahamas is a politically and economically stable country that has legislation enacted specifically to protect the assets of international clients and encourage foreign investors. This is reflected in the fact that there are no taxes on income, profits and distributions of the assets of foreign clients. In addition, Chinese investors will benefit from a swift incorporation rate and will be exempt from exchange control regulation.

What makes your jurisdiction different from other competitors for Chinese investors?

The Bahamas is strategically located 65 miles off the east coast of America making it very easy to access with some 21 international airports making direct flights available from all major U.S. cities, Canada, the UK and Europe. The Bahamas is an economically and politically stable country with a comprehensive financial services industry that adheres to internationally accepted regulatory principles and is home to over 270 licensed banks and trust companies including 7 of the world’s top 8 private banks and 35 of the top 100 global banks. This robust industry is complimented by experienced financial professionals and the Bahamas remaining committed to a tax neutral platform which international persons receive the same tax benefits as Bahamians.

What is the general taxation rate for incorporating companies in your jurisdiction?

There are no taxes on companies incorporated in the Bahamas.

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Can the regulatory authority’s request information about the company and officers or account details from your jurisdictions?

No.

What are the fees associated with company incorporation and how long does it normally take?

The fees associated with company incorporation in the Bahamas are based on the Incorporation Fee to the Government and an Annual Fee to the Government (which vary based on capital. It can normally take 24 – 48 hours to incorporate a company provided that all required Due Diligence documents have been supplied to the registered agent.

Does your jurisdiction have any DTAs with China or HK? No.

What documents are required to establish an offshore company at your jurisdiction? And what about TIEAs? The documents that are required to establish an offshore company fall under the guidelines of the Know-Your-Clients Policy (KYC). This policy requires an Approved Identification (Passport, Country ID), Permanent Address Verification, declaration of source of wealth, References (Character & Financial for Directors of the IBC’s) and complete contact information to be provided before the offshore company is established.

There is a TIEA between the Bahamas and the People’s Republic of China.

Source: LENO Corporate Services Limited

英属维尔京群岛

British Virgin Islands

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概况

英属维尔京群岛 General

实体类型

国际公司

法律类型

普通法

现成公司可用率

有

建立新公司所需时间

2天

公司税

无

双重征税协定

无

Type of Company

BC

Shelf company availability

Yes

Type of Law

Our time to establish a new company Corporate Taxation

Common 2 days Nil

Double Taxation Treaty Access No Share capital or equivalent

股本或等值股本 标准货币

美元

允许使用货币

任意

最低付清股本

1 美元

法定股本要求

5 万股

Standard currency

US$

Minimum paid up

US$1

Permitted currencies

Any

Usual number of shares issued 50, 000 Directors

董事 董事最低人数

1

本地董事

无

公开记录权限

无

董事会议地点

任意地点

股东 最少人数

1

公开记录权限

无

股东会议地点

任意

公司秘书 是否需要

可选择

注册地或有资质人员

无

账户 账户准备要求

有

审计账户

无

账户登记记录

无

公开账户记录

无

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Minimum number

One

Publicly accessible records

No

Local required

No

Location of meetings Shareholders

Anywhere

Minimum number

One

Location of meetings Company Secretary

Anywhere

Required

Optional

Publicly accessible records

Local or qualified

No

Accounts

No

Requirements to prepare

Yes

Requirements to file accounts

No

Audit requirements

Publicly accessible accounts

No No

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：英属维尔京群岛 地区：加勒比 货币：美元 语言：英语 时区：UTC-4 区号：+1284 通讯设施：优良 公司建立成本：900-1700 美元 公司建立时间：2-4 天 维护成本：400-800 美元

Country: British Virgin Islands Region: Caribbean Currency: US dollar (USD) (US$) Languages: English Time Zone: UTC -4

Phone Code: +1284 Communications: Good Formation Cost: 900 - 1700 USD$ Formation Time: 2 - 4 days Maintenance cost: 400 - 800 USD$

简介

Introduction

英属维尔京群岛（BVI）高度依赖于旅游业和金融服务业。 BVI 有强大的互惠基金和专属保险行业。 “金融服务委员会” 确保对金融机构进行独立和高效的监管。相对其它加勒比 国家，BVI 的价格相对低廉，并能提供相对强大的专业服务。 政府对该国的商务需求响应迅速，它的法律体系大多灵活 机动和比较直截了当。免税离岸工具（IBC）可以得到利用， 本国的税率在任何情况下都不太高。BVI 是新兴市场公司 金融方面的新领导者。

Executive Summary: The economy is highly dependent on tourism and financial services. The BVI has significant mutual fund and captive insurance sectors. The Financial Services Commission ensures independent and effective supervision of financial institutions. The BVI is a reasonably cheap jurisdiction compared to competing Caribbean countries, and has relatively strong professional services. The government is responsive to the country’s business needs, and its legislation is mostly flexible and straightforward. No-tax offshore vehicles (IBCs) are available, and

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BVI 的货币从 1962 年开始就已经是美元，当然银行业保 留英镑的账户。这里没有外汇管制，经济方面的最主要依 靠是旅游业和离岸金融运作。其它小型的行业包括渔业、 朗姆酒酿酒业和建筑业。出口产品包括鱼类、朗姆酒、砂 卵石、水果和蔬菜。 旅游业占 GDP 的比重约为 45%。BVI 也游艇租赁业的中心。 农业占比重最小，因为这里的可耕地并不多；除了阿内加 达岛平坦的土地外，BVI 主要的地形都是山地和沙滩。 BVI 的金融服务业可被简单描述为逃亡者的成功，特别是 在最近几年。到 2011 年第三季度末为止，在这里成立的 活动公司总数尾 457331 家，其中包括 545 家有限合伙公 司。2011 年第三季度新注册的公司有 17056 家。毫无疑 问的是，BVI 是一个具有吸引力的离岸终点站，提供高度 稳定性、高度保密性、良好的声誉、灵活多变的法律体系， 以及英语语言环境等好处。其它的离岸中心也有这些优点， 但是 BVI 似乎占尽优势。离岸活动中最重要的就是信托管 理、互惠基金和专属保险。银行业作为反洗钱的成功手段， 并不是这个中心被推荐的服务。 BVI 有优良的商业框架和良好的通讯条件；这和它英语作 为通用语言和基于英国普通法的法制系统有关，这两点都 让它成为一个非常便利和高效的营商基地。该岛上数量众 多的离岸公司、信托、保险公司和互惠基金都一个高度发 达和多元化的专业服务行业来支撑。 要在 BVI 营商（与建立一个离岸信托或公司不同），需要 从贸易和投资促进部获得一张贸易牌照。在提交申请时还 需要提交财务报表、犯罪记录、两个商务参考（根据个人 或公司申请而不同）和一个希望建立的生意的财务明细表。

domestic taxes are not high in any event. The BVI has emerged as a leader in emerging market corporate finance.

外商投资 根据“先锋服务和企业条例”，向那些在当地有“特殊需求” 的企业享有资本设备的进口税十年期免税的政策。 根据“酒店业援助条例”，建筑材料和设备的进口税能得 到十年或二十年的免税期。政府通常对进入包括食品加工、 旅游制造业、电影制作、饮料制作、游艇服务和最近新兴 的电子商务等活动提供支持。

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Suitable for: Wealth Management, Banking, Insurance, Fund Management, Shipping, Aviation, Yachting, Trading Financial, Intellectual Property/Licensing, Holding Companies, E-commerce, Property Ownership Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, trusts, general partnerships, limited partnerships and international business companies

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

适合于： 财富管理、银行业、保险业、基金管理、航运业、航空、 游艇、贸易金融、知识产权 / 执照、控股公司、电子商务、 不动产所有权。 离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司、信托、通用合伙公司、有限合 伙公司和国际商务公司 主要资本商务区域： 罗德城 良好关系： 英国、美国 关系不佳： 缅甸、古巴、伊朗、北韩、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利 亚

Capital primary business districts: Road Town Good Relationships: United Kingdom, United States Bad Relationships: Burma, Cuba, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria Tax Burden - Business: Very Light Tax Burden - Individual: Very Light Headline tax rates: CIT 0%, PIT 0%, VAT 0% Treaty Jurisdictions: Switzerland TIEA Jurisdictions: Aruba, Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Curacao, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greenland, Guernsey, Iceland, India, Ireland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Sint Maarten, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States

税赋负担——商务 非常轻 税赋负担——个人 非常轻 总体税率： CIT 0%, PIT 0%, VAT 0% 条约签订国： 瑞士 税务信息交换协议签订行政特区： 阿鲁巴岛、澳大利亚、奥地利、加拿大、中国、古拉索岛、 捷克共和国、丹麦、法罗群岛、芬兰、法国、德国、格陵兰、 耿西岛、冰岛、印度、爱尔兰、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、波兰、 葡萄牙、圣马丁、瑞典、英国、美国

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Sponsored Article

岛国游

到

了考虑成立一家新公司的时候了，您会选择世界 哪个国家呢？如打算投资中国或赴港上市，可能 会成立一家 BVI（英属维尔京群岛）公司或开曼 群岛公司。即使根据香港新近修订的法律，我们的核心地 区仍能为亚洲投资者提供灵活的公司运作空间，就像体验 精品店服务一样，而这是其他地方不具备的。 同多数亚洲国家相比，维尔京群岛和开曼群岛的税负低， 法律义务少，隐私能得到更好保护。股东和董事的身份是 不公开的。我们没有审计或报告要求，也没有外汇管制。 公司可给予财务资助（尽管已经简化，在香港仍然是禁止 的），可同国内外其他公司合并（比一般偿债协议安排简 单得多），国家间容许自由移民，股票转让免印花税，可 持有库藏股，回购股票无需股东或法院参与，可使用来自 任何来源的资金分红（而不仅仅是盈利）。无需法院介入 就可执行担保权，目前还没有诸如第 11 章或类似行政命 令做出债权中止的规定。

Contact Information 联系方式： 网站 Website:www.harneys.com 电话 Tel: +852 3195 7200 邮箱 Email: hongkong@harneys.com • BVI 很早以前就废除了对说明、维持和授权股本的要求， 也使面值、股份溢价账户、折扣股票和股本变更等概念过 时。开曼群岛仍然遵守这一原则。（香港现在采用了 BVI 的做法，但发行股票仍然要求股东批准，BVI 并不需要）。 • 两个地区都要求在盈利分配前完成偿债能力测试。BVI 要求（i）公司的资产价值超过其负债，而且（ii）公司能 偿付到期债务，资产负债表和现金流满足偿债要求。在开 曼群岛，唯一要求就是公司必须能在正常营业中偿付到期 债务。这一要求更容易达到（也避免了 Eurosailcase 的 适用）。

BVI 和开曼岛同属普通法系，享有向英国枢密院的终审上 诉权，享有强有力的法治环境。它们都属于繁荣稳定的微 型国家，人口少而富裕。因为不属于任何大规模政治或经 济集团，一定程度上避免了全球经济或政治动荡造成的影 响，尤其是它们在政治和经济方面都远离亚洲。鉴于其对 离岸业务的依赖性，几乎不可能对税务和法律做出重大不 利改变。两个地区都很稳定，根本不需考虑在最后一刻改 变计划。

• 两个地区都允许采用外国单词或名称，这在亚洲地区具 有明显的吸引力。在 BVI，如果文件中不使用外国名称， 将依法罚款 1000 美元。在开曼群岛，可自由选择。

那么，如何取舍呢？如果希望价格实惠的短期游，BVI 政 府收取的公司成立费、年费和服务供应商费用比开曼群岛 低很多。对于竞争激烈的亚洲市场而言，这是一个决定性 的因素。还有什么呢？

• 开曼群岛公司过去常宣传的优势之一就是能够在香港股 票交易所上市，但该交易所自 2009 年起也已开始受 BVI 公司的上市。

• 在开曼群岛，唯一需公开记录的事项是公司名称、性质 和注册办公地址。在 BVI，公司成立文件和 M&A（以及 其他可选资料）都可公开获得，而附属于股票的权利根据 法律要求应记录在 M&A 中，当涉及到保密的敏感股东安 排时，都会选择开曼群岛。 • BVI 的公共担保登记机制拥有明显优势，它赋予了法定 优先权，这种机制因其简便、迅速和费用低廉而广受赞誉， 为贷款人所喜爱。在开曼群岛，普通法仍然适用于担保权 益的优先权，使其更难于建立优先权。

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• 根据某些限制要求，修改公司 M&A 可由 BVI 公司董事 进行，而在开曼群岛，只有股东才能修改。两个地区都要 求向登记机构备案，尽管在开曼群岛修改内容即刻生效， 而不是像 BVI 一样在稍后的登记日期才生效。

请当心廉价的效仿者。BVI 和开曼群岛拥有坚实的本地服 务商提供基础，确保业务顺利运作，而且在亚洲能得到全 方位服务律所和公司服务机构的支持。很多新出现的地区 在这方面并未得到来客的好评。BVI 和开曼群岛还积极响 应国际审查，呼吁联合打击犯罪和恐怖主义。两个地区都 实施综合的反洗钱机制。如果不加鉴别地选择一个离岸地 区成立公司，生意伙伴可能根本不会跟你走。 还难以抉择吗？如果实地旅行吸引你（从不需要），我们 建议帆船爱好者和背包客去 BVI，而开曼群岛适合潜水爱 好者和美食家前往。

Island Hopping

T

ime to incorporate a company… where in the world to go? If you are investing into China or intending to list in Hong Kong then you will likelychoose a BVI or Cayman company. Even with Hong Kong’s recent modernisation of the law, our core jurisdictions offerinvestors certain corporate flexibility – the boutique experience - that is unrivalled elsewhere.

We offer significantly lower taxes, less onerous regulation and greater privacy than most Asian jurisdictions; the identity of shareholders and directors is not public. We impose no auditing or reporting requirements or foreign exchange restrictions. Companies may give financial assistance without a costly and time-consuming whitewash procedure, merge with local or foreign companies (far simpler than the scheme of arrangement route), migrate between jurisdictions,transfer shares free of stamp duty, hold treasury shares , buyback shares without shareholder or court involvement and declare dividends from almost any source of funds (not just profits). Security may be enforced without court involvement and there is no Chapter 11 or administration equivalent currently in force imposing moratoriums on creditors’ rights.

registration of security that confers statutory priority which is attractive to lenders for its simplicity, speed and cost efficiency. In Cayman, the common law still applies to priority of security interests, making it more difficult to establish priorities.

• The requirement to state and maintain and authorised share capital has long been abolished in BVI, rendering absolute the concepts of par value, share premium, discounted shares and alteration of share capital. Cayman still observes the principle.(Hong Kong has now followed the BVI approach, but still requires shareholder approval to issue shares, which BVI does not).

• The solvency test for distributions in BVI requires (i) the value of the company’s assets to exceed its liabilities and (ii) the company to be able to pay its debts as they fall due.

Cayman simply requires that the company must be able to repay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business – an easier threshold to meet (and no need to decipher the applicability of the Eurosailcase).

• Both jurisdictions allow a foreign character or foreign name to be adopted, which has obvious appeal in Asia. In BVI, failure to use the foreign name on documentation attracts statutory fines of US$1,000; in Cayman use is optional.

BVI and Cayman share a common law foundation, right of final appeal to the Privy Council and a strong rule of law.

They are prosperous and stable microstates with small affluent populations isolated to some extent from global economic and political turmoil by not being part of any major political or economic grouping; in particular they are economically and politically remote from Asia. Their dependence on offshore business makes material adverse change in tax and law unthinkable. Stable destinations never necessitate any last minute change of plan.

• Subject to certain limitations, amendments to a company’s M&A may be made by BVI directors , whereas in Cayman only the members can do so. Both jurisdictions require a registry filing, although in Cayman amendments are effective immediately rather than upon the later registration date in BVI.

But which one? If you are looking for a cheaper getaway then BVI has lower government incorporation costs, annual fees and service providers’ fees for companies than Cayman.

This has proved to be a decisive factor in the competitive Asian market particularly.What else?

Do beware cheap imitations. Both BVI and Cayman have a solid base of local service providers,supplemented in Asia by full-service law firms and corporate service providers providing real-time support. Many newer jurisdictions are not scoring high visitor reviews in this area. BVI and Cayman have also responded proactively to international scrutiny and calls for co-operationtocombat crime and terrorism.

Both have comprehensive anti-money laundering regimes.

Choose an offshore jurisdiction indiscriminately and your business partners may not want to go there with you.

• The only matters of public record in Cayman are a company’s name, status and registered office address. In BVI, the incorporation documents and M&A-which contain the rights attaching to shares - are publicly available; this tends to make Cayman the preferred jurisdiction for sensitive shareholder arrangements.

• BVI boasts the advantage of a public regime for the

• The ability to list on the Hong Kong stock exchange used to be a well-touted advantage of Cayman companies, but the exchange has accepted BVI listingssince 2009.

Still can’t decide? If physical travel appeals (it is never required), we recommend BVI for sailors and hikers, Cayman for divers and foodies.

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英属维尔京群岛 British Virgin Islands 对中国投资者来说，英属维尔京群岛的优势有哪些？对 中国投资者来说，它与其他司法管辖区有什么区别？ 英属维尔京群岛 (BVI) 已经是著名的全球领先金融中心之一，能 够满足国际企业和高净值人士的需求。

的注册后续服务；为客户度身定制的证书和文件认证，旨在满足 每个国际公司的独特商业需求；没有披露或者最低资本的要求； 非常具有竞争力的费用和成本；

注册公司的一般税率如何？ 对中国投资者来说，使用 BVI 结构和服务的好处包括 : 资产的安全性 - 能够转移注册地；保护资产不受外国政府的征用 和没收； 将资产转移给其他公司、信托、基金会、协会或者合伙 企业；在给予批准的司法管辖区，与其他 BVI 或者外资公司进行 合并或者整合；免除所有当地税收和印花税；最大程度的私密性 和匿名性 ；不要求向企业事务注册处提交组织或者会计信息； 在申报股东或者成员信息方面拥有法定的灵活度，可以根据他们 的意愿进行申报，也可以在任何时候删除这些信息；在合适的情 况下，允许旧公司名被再次使用；允许 BVI 国际公司使用外国文 字作为公司名称进行注册；在运营、维护和控制的便利性方面，

BVI 注册的公司享受免税的待遇，所得税为 0％。

BVI 国际公司能够提供 : 对举行年度股东大会没有法定要求；在 注册处收到申请材料后，在一个工作日内完成注册；卓越和灵活

英属维尔京群岛与中国或者香港没有签署过免双重征税协议，但 是与中国签署过税收信息交换协议。

What are the advantages of the BVI as an offshore jurisdiction for Chinese investors? What makes it different from other jurisdictions for Chinese investors?

disclosure or minimum capital requirements; Highly competitive fees and costs;

The British Virgin Islands (BVI) has built a reputation as one of the world’s leading finance centres meeting the needs of international businesses and high net worth individuals.

Advantages for Chinese investors using BVI structures and services include: Asset security- the ability to transfer domicile; protect assets from expropriation or confiscation orders from foreign governments; Transfer assets to another company, trust, foundation, association or partnership; Merge or consolidate with any other BVI or foreign company in accommodating jurisdictions;Exemption from all local taxes and stamp duty; Maximum confidentiality and anonymity – no requirements to file organizational or accounting information with the Registrar of Corporate Affairs. Statuary flexibility in filing Registers of Directors or Members at their own option and in de-registering at any time. Provision for the re-use of old company names in appropriate circumstances; Allowance for the BVI BC to be registered with foreign character names; Ease of operation, maintenance and control

– BVI BC’s can: No statutory requirement to hold annual general meetings; Incorporation within one working day of the application being received by the Registry; Excellent and flexible post-incorporation follow-up services; Customized certificate and document verification geared to meet the unique business needs of individual BC’s; No

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监管当局是否可以要求获得公司官员的背景和身份信息、 以及公司的会计明细？ 在 BVI 注册的所有公司或者有限合伙企业被要求记帐并且保留相 关的文件。记帐和保留相关文件的最短时限为 5 年。

该司法管辖区与中国或者香港是否签订过任何免双重征 税协议？有没有其他免双重征税协议？有没有税收信息 交换协议？

What is the general taxation rate for incorporated companies?

Companies incorporated in the BVI are not taxed, as income tax is zerorated.

Can the regulatory authorities request information about the background and identity of company officers, or company accounting details?

All companies and limited partnerships registered in the BVI are required to maintain records and underlying documentation and to keep such records and underlying documentation for a minimum of five years.

Does the jurisdiction have any DTAs with China or Hong Kong? What other major DTAs are in place? What about TIEAS? The BVI does not have a DTA with China or Hong Kong, but has a TIEA with China.

开曼群岛

Cayman Islands

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概况

开曼群岛

General

Cayman Islands

实体类型

豁免公司

法律类型

普通法

Type of Company

Exempt

现成公司可用率

有

建立新公司所需时间

2天

公司税

无

双重征税协定

无

股本或等值股本 标准货币

美元

允许使用货币

任意

最低付清股本

1 美元

法定股本要求

5 万美元

董事 董事最低人数

1

本地董事

无

公开记录权限

无

董事会议地点

任意地点

股东 最少人数

1

公开记录权限

无

股东会议地点

任意地点

公司秘书 是否需要

否

是否为注册地或有资质人员

无

账户 账户准备要求

有

审计账户

无

账户登记记录

无

公开账户记录

无

其他 年收入申报要求

无

允许变更公司注册登记地

有

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Type of Law

Common

Shelf company availability

Yes

Corporate Taxation

Nil

Our time to establish a new company 2 days

Double Taxation Treaty Access

Share capital or equivalent

No

Standard currency

US$

Permitted currencies

Minimum paid up

Any

US$1

Usual number of shares issued

Directors

US$50,000

Minimum number

One

Local required

Publicly accessible records

No

No

Location of meetings

Shareholders

Anywhere

Minimum number

One

Publicly accessible records

No

Location of meetings

Company Secretary

Anywhere

Required

No

Local or qualified

Accounts

No

Requirements to prepare

Yes

Audit requirements

Requirements to file accounts

No

No

Publicly accessible accounts

Other

No

Requirement to file annual return

Yes

Change in domicile permitted

Yes

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：开曼群岛 地区：加勒比 货币：开曼群岛元 区号：+1345 时区：UTC-5 通讯设施：良好 公司建立成本：2900-4500 美元 公司建立时间：2-3 天 维护费用：1400-2200 美元

Country: Cayman Islands Region: Caribbean Currency: Cayman Islands dollar (KYD) Languages: English Time Zone: UTC -5

Phone Code: +1345 Communications: Good Formation Cost: 2900 - 4500 USD$ Formation Time: 2 - 3 days Maintenance cost: 1400 - 2200 USD$

简介

Introduction

开曼群岛是世界上最大的离岸银行业中心，也是排名在百 慕大之后，世界第二大离岸专属保险基地。这里没有直接 或间接税；政府收入来自于关税、印花税和向公司征收的 年费。最近试图征收的一项工资税因为工作签证费的不断 增加而搁浅。因此在这里雇佣外国人很困难，也很昂贵。 开曼群岛的经济高度依赖旅游业和金融服务业。从 1997 年开曼群岛股票交易市场开市以来，互惠基金已成为一个 主要的增长行业，整个群岛已成为世界上最主要的对冲基 金、债务抵押债券（CDO）和其它证券形式的注册基地。 虽然开曼群岛有成熟的营商基础设施和灵活多变的法规制 度，它仍是一个比较昂贵的行政特区。开曼群岛是一个以 英语为官方语言的英国附属地，位于加勒比海地区的古巴 和中美洲之间。这里有两个国际机场，一个在乔治城，大 开曼群岛，另一个位于开曼湾。几条主要的航线都经停开 曼群岛，每天都有航班飞往迈阿密，每周都有航班飞往北 美和欧洲的主要城市。

Executive Summary: Cayman is the largest offshore banking centre in the world, and the second largest offshore captive insurance base after Bermuda. There are no direct or indirect taxes; government revenue comes from customs duties, stamp duty and annual fees levied on corporations. A recent attempt by the administration to impose a payroll tax was withdrawn in

开曼元对美元的比值是固定的，比率定为 1 开曼元比 1.2 美元。这里并没有外汇管制。开曼是一个比较昂贵的行政 特区，商业基础设施比较完善，法律灵活多变，对个人隐 私保持足够的尊重。开曼群岛在西半球有良好的声誉，但 是在欧洲被视为“避税天堂”，很大程度上是因为媒体宣 传而并没有事实依据。事实上开曼群岛努力立法来和国际 标准保持一致，使自己成为“干净”的离岸中心，甚至在 2001 年接受了针对财政不道德行为的调查，至少当犯罪 在国际上和开曼群岛上已成为公认事实的时候更是如此。 通常的看法是开曼群岛仍然在没有犯罪事实的前提下最大 限度地保护个人隐私。虽然开曼群岛被 FATF（金融行动特 别组）列为没有力量对抗洗钱活动的名单之一，2001 年 开曼群岛收到 FATF 的表扬，认为它在针对洗钱的斗争中 表现出色，包括出台反洗钱法规，修改货币财政法律和刑

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事犯罪法。银行和信托公司法和公司管理法等也得到了修 订，2002 年底还出台了金融公司强制许可证制度。 适合于： 财富管理、资产管理、银行业、基金管理、航运、航空、游艇、 贸易金融、知识产权 / 许可证、控股公司 离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司、豁免公司、外国公司、信托、 有限合伙公司和豁免有限合伙制公司 主要资本商务区域： 乔治城 良好关系： 巴哈马、巴巴多斯、百慕大、伯利兹、加拿大、多米尼加、 印度、牙买加、蒙特色拉特岛、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、 圣文森特岛和格林纳丁斯群岛、特立尼达和多巴哥、特克 斯和凯斯特群岛、美国

favour of a substantial increase in work permit fees. It is thus difficult and expensive to employ expats. The economy is highly dependent on tourism and financial services. Since the opening of the Cayman Islands Stock Exchange in 1997, mutual funds have become a growing sector, and the islands have emerged as a predominant registration base for hedge funds, CDOs and other securitization instruments. Although Cayman has an established commercial infrastructure and a flexible approach to regulation, it is an expensive jurisdiction.

Suitable for: Wealth Management, Treasury Management, Banking, Fund Management, Shipping, Aviation, Yachting, Trading Financial, Intellectual Property/Licensing, Holding Companies Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, exempt companies, foreign companies, trusts, limited partnerships and exempted limited partnerships Capital primary business districts: George Town

不良关系： 缅甸、古巴、北韩、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利亚

Good Relationships: Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Belize, Canada, Dominica, India, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States

税赋负担——商务 非常轻

Bad Relationships: Burma, Cuba, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria

税赋负担——个人 非常轻

Tax Burden - Business: Very Light Tax Burden - Individual: Very Light

总体税率： CIT 0%, PIT 0%, VAT 0%

Headline Tax Rates: CIT 0%, PIT 0%, VAT 0%

条约签订国： 英国

Treaty Jurisdictions: United Kingdom

纳税信息交换协定地区： 阿根廷、阿鲁巴岛、澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大、中国、古 拉索岛、捷克共和国、丹麦、法罗岛、芬兰、法国、德国、 格陵兰、耿西岛、冰岛、印度、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、 马耳他、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、 卡塔尔、塞舌尔、圣马丁、南非、瑞典、英国、美国

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TIEA Jurisdictions: Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Curacao, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greenland, Guernsey, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Seychelles, Sint Maarten, South Africa, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States

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开曼群岛 Cayman Islands 开曼群岛行政特区的特点是什么？中国公司为什么要选 择贵地？ 灵活性 开曼群岛豁免公司架构的灵活性是它的特点之一。举例说明，一 家豁免公司不需要任何公司主管或董事在开曼群岛居住。持股人 和公司记簿不必要在开曼群岛持有，而可以在另一个行政特区持 有。公司不需要举行年度股东大会。 税务 豁免公司的股东不需要就该公司在开曼群岛获得的利益纳税（其 中包括红利、以及其它由公司清算而产生的配股），或就销售， 股东在出售、股权交易的赎回中获得的利润。在上述情况下也不 必缴纳公司预提税。 商业机密 开曼群岛法律制度保证了高度的商业机密性。豁免公司的注册股 东、注册董事和主管不必接受公众的监察。

对中国投资者来说，贵行政特区和其它竞争者有什么不 同？

开曼群岛是具有高度成熟营商环境的领先国际金融中心之一，提 供全方位的服务提供商，包括银行、信托公司、律师、会计师、 保险经理人、互惠基金经理人和监管者，以及所有所需要的支持 服务。

在贵行政特区开设公司的主要税率是什么？ 在开曼群岛建立公司是免税的。

监管机构是否可以向贵行政特区的公司要求公开公司、 高管或账户信息？ 是的，开曼群岛在和外国机构交换信息方面已有现成的机制，但 这要以一系列的保险机制来确保公司信息的机密性为前提。

公司建立方面的费用是多少？一般需要多少时间？ 在开曼群岛设立豁免公司的费用 1000 美元起，外加大约 900 美 元的垫付款来支付政府的注册费用。按普通的标准建立公司要 2~3 天。按加急标准的公司建立需要 24 小时，但需要额外支付 487.80 美元的加急费。 来源：Loeb Smith & Brady

What is unique in your jurisdiction and why Chinese investors should form companies there?

Flexibility The flexibility of the structure of the Cayman Islands exempted company is one of its principal appeals. For example, an exempted company does not require any directors or officers of the company to be resident in the Cayman Islands. The register of shareholders and minute books are not required to be held in the Cayman Islands and can be held in another jurisdiction. The company is not required to hold an annual general meeting of shareholders.

Taxes A shareholder of an exempted company is not subject to Cayman Islands taxes with respect to any distribution received from the company (including dividend and other distributions upon liquidation of the company) or with respect to any gain realized upon the sale, redemption or exchange of shares. There is no withholding of taxes with respect to any dividend or other distribution made to a shareholder on the sale, exchange or redemption of shares.

Commercial Confidentiality The Cayman Islands legal regime provides a high degree of commercial confidentiality. The Register of Directors and Officers and the Register of Shareholders of exempted companies are not available for inspection by members of the public. There is no requirement in the Cayman Islands for the accounts or financial statements of the company to be publicly filed.

What makes your jurisdiction different from other competitors for Chinese investors?

The Cayman Islands is the leading offshore international financial

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center with a sophisticated business environment with a full range of service providers including banks, trust companies, attorneys, accountants, insurance managers, mutual fund managers and administrators, and all the expected support services. The high quality and sophistication of the service providers in Cayman facilitates the structuring and completion of complex investment and finance transactions.

What is the general taxation rate for incorporating companies in your jurisdiction?

There are no taxes for incorporating companies in the Cayman Islands.

Can the regulatory authority’s request information about the company and officers or account details from your jurisdictions?

Yes, there are mechanisms available and in place for information exchange from the Cayman Islands to foreign requesting agencies, subject to a number of safeguards regarding, among other things, protecting client confidentiality.

What are the fees associated with company incorporation and how long does it normally take?

The fees for incorporating an exempted company begin from about US$1,000 plus disbursements of approximately US$900 to cover Government registration fees. Incorporation on a standard basis takes 2-3 days. Incorporation on an express basis takes 24 hours but there is an additional fee of US$487.80 for such express service.

Source: Loeb Smith & Brady

巴拿马 Panama

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概况

巴拿马

General

Panama

实体类型

非驻港公司

法律类型

民法

Type of entity

Non resident

架上公司可用率

有

建立新公司所需时间

2天

最低政府费用（不包括税金）

300 美元

海外收入税率

无

是否签订避免双重征税条约

无

股本或等值股本 股本通用货币

美元

其他允许使用的资本货币

任意均可

最低付清股本

1 美元

法定股本要求

10,000 美元

管理人员人数要求

3

当地管理人员人数要求

无

管理人员公开记录获取权限

有

管理人员会议地点

任意地点

股东 董事会人数最低要求

1

董事会员工公开记录获取权限

可选

董事会成员会议地点

任意地点

公司秘书 是否需要公司秘书

有

是否需要当地或者合格公司秘 书

无

账户 审计决算要求

无

申报账户要求

无

公开访问的账户要求

无

Company Formation Guide 2014

Civil

Shelf company availability

Yes

Minimum government fees (excluding taxation)

US$300

Our time to establish a new company Taxation on foreign income

2 days

Nil

Double taxation treaty access

Share Capital or Equivalent

No

Standard currency of share capital

US$

Other permitted currencies of capital

Any

Usual authorised share capital

US$10,000

Minimum number of directors / managers

3

Minimum paid up share capital Directors

董事

132

Type of law

Local directors / managers required

US$1

No

Publicly accessible record of directors / Yes managers

Location of directors / managers meetings

Shareholders

Anywhere

Minimum number of members

1

Location of members meetings Company Secretary

Anywhere

Company secretary required

Yes

Publicly accessible record of members

Optional

Local or qualified company secretary required

Accounts

No

Requirement for audited accounts

No

Publicly accessible accounts

No

Requirement to file accounts

No

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：巴拿马 地区：美洲 货币：美元 语言：西班牙语 / 英语 时区：UTC-5 区号：+507 通讯设施：良好 公司建立成本：1000-2400 美元 公司建立时间：4-6 天

Country: Panama Region: Americas Currency: US dollar (USD) (US$) Languages: Spanish, English Time Zone: UTC -5 Phone Code: +507 Communications: Good Formation Cost: 1000 - 2400 USD$ Formation Time: 4 - 6 days Maintenance cost: 800 - 1000 USD$

维护成本：800-1000 美元

简介

Introduction

巴拿马从 1990 年代一路走来经历了很多，但它仍然是 一个相对税务友好的地方。服务行业对经济的贡献超过 75%，大部分基于银行业、旅游、矿业和商业，以及著名 的运河，也经历了许多次的扩大。政府致力于充分利用运 河设施来服务出口加工和许多其它投资激励措施。科隆自 由贸易区相当成功，大约占据该国 10% 的国民净产值。当 然只有在当地产生的收入才会被征税。在这里建立公司运 作相对容易，私密性得到充分尊重。这里并没有签订任何 的税务条约，虽然有一些正在洽谈之中。巴拿马参与了 12 个 TIEA。这里预提税只针对当地产生的收入有效。这里没 有针对房地产收入的资本利得税。

Panama has come a long way since the free-wheeling days of the 1990s, but it is still relatively tax-friendly. The service sector contributes more than 75% of the economy, which is based on banking, tourism, mining and commerce, alongside of course the famous canal, currently being enlarged for the nth time.

The government is trying to make productive use of the canal's facilities with export processing zones and many investment incentives. The Colon Free Zone is very successful, accounting for more than 10% of GNP. Only locally-sourced income is taxed.

It is reasonably easy to form corporations, and privacy is assured.

There are no tax treaties, although a number are close to ratification, and Panama has entered twelve TIEAs. Withholding

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巴拿马在 Torrijos 统治下巴拿马经历了经济的高速发展： 经济增长率在 2008 年达到了 8.3%。无可避免的是，世界 金融和经济危机在 2009 年让该国经济下滑，达到 3.9%， 而在 2010 年上升到 7.6%，2011 年达到 10.6%，2012 年 则达到 10%。巴拿马的人均 GDP 在 2012 年时达到 15266 美元的购买力平价，失业率在当年为 4.6%。到 2011 年， 巴拿马的 GDP 总值达到 551.24 亿美元。 2000 年 6 月，巴拿马由金融行动特别组（FATF）指认为 全球对抗洗钱行动中的不合作避税天堂。这一结果导致巴 拿马成为 FATF 黑名单上的 15 个行政特区之一。该名单所 列每一个避税天堂都得到一年的时间来改正它的法律和规 则。FATF 在 2001 年发布了它的年度报告，该组织在报告 中修改了那些被认为不合作的国家和金融属地名单。只有 四个地方从名单上消除，其中就包括巴拿马（其它三个地 方包括开曼群岛、列支敦士登和巴哈马）。巴拿马因为它 反对洗钱的努力而受到 FATF 的称赞。 在同意遵守欧盟 2003 年的储蓄税指令之后，虽然和其它 多个离岸行政特区在 2001 年一起向经合组织提交了“承 诺书”，巴拿马告诉经合组织它认为现在没有“公平竞争 的环境”因此它不受自己的承诺书约束。在 2009 年 4 月， 在当月的伦敦 G20 峰会之后，巴拿马被经合组织列入其“灰 名单”地区之一，表示它承诺过，但并没有持续执行其承 诺遵守国际税务透明度和信息交换的地区。巴拿马在 2011 年着手商议税务协议，并在当年签订了第十二个信息交换 协议。经合组织秘书长 Angel Gurria 表示，该国“努力” 地退出不合作灰名单，“在很短的时间内向遵守国际标准 迈出了很大一步。”他警告称，虽然如此，该组织的全球 论坛将就当地房率是否真实地允许信息交换而进行评估。 适合于： 银行业、基金管理、航运、航空、游艇、货物贸易、金融贸易、 知识产权 / 许可证、控股公司、不动产所有权 离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司、信托、分公司、通用合伙制公 司和有限合伙公司 主要资本商务地区： 巴拿马城

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taxes apply only to locally sourced income. There is no capital gains tax but gains on real estate count as income.

Under Torrijos Panama enjoyed something of a boom; growth was 8.3% in 2008. Inevitably, the world financial and economic crisis dampened growth in 2009, falling to 3.9% (est), rising to an estimated 7.6% in 2010, 10.6% in 2011 and is estimated to be 10% in 2012. GDP per head was US$15,266 (2012 est) at Purchasing Power Parity and unemployment levels are at 4.6% (2012 est). As of 2011, Panama's GDP at Purchasing Power Parity was valued at US$55.124bn.

In June 2000, Panama was identified by the FATF as a noncooperative tax haven in the global fight against moneylaundering. The result of this was that Panama was one of fifteen tax jurisdictions placed on an FATF blacklist. Each offending tax haven had a year in which to correct its regulations and legislation.

The FATF released its annual report in June 2001, in which the organization revised its list of countries and territories deemed non-cooperative. Only four were removed from the list, including Panama (the other three being the Cayman Islands, Liechtenstein and the Bahamas). Panama was praised by the FATF for its substantial efforts to conform to forty recommendations set out in a code of good practice governing money laundering.

Although along with many other offshore jurisdictions Panama issued a 'commitment' letter to the OECD in 2001, following agreement on the EU's Savings Tax Directive in 2003, Panama told the OECD that it considered there was no longer a 'level playing field' and that it did not consider itself bound by its commitments.

In April 2009, following that month's landmark G20 summit in London, Panama was placed on the OECD's 'grey list' of territories which have committed to, but not yet substantially implemented, the internationally agreed standard in tax transparency and information exchange. Panama has set about negotiating tax agreements in response and signed its' twelfth

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

关系良好： 加拿大、中国、印度、美国 关系不佳： 缅甸、古巴、伊朗、北韩、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利亚 税赋负担——商务： 温和 税赋负担——个人 轻 总体税率： CIT 25% ( 能源、通讯、保险、金融、矿业和银行业公司 27.5%) ( 离岸收入 0%), PIT 15%-25%, VAT 7% 签订条约行政特区： 巴巴多斯、捷克共和国、法国、爱尔兰、韩国、卢森堡、 墨西哥、荷兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、新加坡、西班牙、阿联酋、 英国 税务信息交换行政特区： 加拿大、丹麦、法罗群岛、芬兰、格陵兰、冰岛、挪威、瑞典、 美国

information exchange agreement in June 2011.

The secretary-general of the OECD, Angel Gurria, said that the country had "worked hard" to exit the non-cooperative grey list, making "remarkable strides toward complying with the international standards in a very short time." He warned, however, that the body's Global Forum would have to assess whether domestic legislation practically allows for information exchange.

Suitable for: Banking, Fund Management, Shipping, Aviation, Yachting, Trading Goods, Trading Financial, Intellectual Property/Licensing, Holding Companies, Property Ownership Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, trusts, branches, general partnerships and limited partnerships Capital primary business districts: Panama City Good Relationships: Canada, China, India, United States Bad Relationships: Burma, Cuba, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria Tax Burden - Business: Moderate Tax Burden - Individual: Light Headline tax rates: CIT 25% (energy, telecommunications, insurance, financial, mining and banking companies 27.5%) (offshore income 0%), PIT 15%-25%, VAT 7% Treaty Jurisdictions: Barbados, Czech Republic, France, Ireland, Korea, Republic of, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Portugal, Qatar, Singapore, Spain, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom TIEA Jurisdictions: Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, United States

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巴拿马 Panama 巴拿马有何独特之处，中国投资者为什么应在此成立公

公司成立一般有哪些相关费用，一般需要多长时间？

司？

注册费用为 3880 美元，大约耗时 2-3 天。

巴拿马在巴拿马运河地区设立了免税区。有超过 300 家银行在那 里运作进出口贸易。中国银行在巴拿马设有分行。人民币可作为 合同币种。

巴拿马同中国或香港签订了避免双重征税协定（DTA） 吗？

同其他竞争地区相比，它给中国投资者带来的不同之处 是什么？ 巴拿马运河是巴拿马得天独厚的优势，几乎人人都想在巴拿马设 立代表或办公室。

没有

在巴拿马建立离岸公司需要什么文件？ 股东的具体信息：护照复印件，地址

在巴拿马成立公司的一般税率是多少？

2013 年有多少家新成立的公司？

零税率

34,468 家新公司注册

监管部门可以要求巴拿马提供有关公司、管理人员或账 户方面的信息吗？

近期巴拿马推出了哪些新的产品，如何运用这些产品来 应对未来的变化？

可以

在巴拿马城附近新设立了免税区“Panama Pacifico” 。 来源 : Professional Trust

What is unique in your jurisdiction and why Chinese investors should form companies there?

Panama has a Free Zone in the Panama Canal Zone. There are more than 300 banks dealing with import, export of goods. Bank of China is in Panama. We can use CNY (Renminbi) as contract-currency.

What makes your jurisdiction different from other competitors for Chinese investors?

Panama Canal is unique. Panama Canal is a magnet. Everybody has a representative office in Panama

What is the general taxation rate for incorporating companies in your jurisdiction?

Zero.

Can the regulatory authority’s request information about the company and officers or account details from your jurisdictions?

Yes.

What are the fees associated with company incorporation and how long does it normally take?

The incorporation fee is USD 3,880.- and the registration takes 2-3 days.

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Does your jurisdiction have any DTAs with China or HK? No.

What documents are required to establish an offshore company at your jurisdiction? And what about TIEAs? Details of the Shareholder(s): Passport copy, Address.

What is the new incorporation volume during the year of 2013?

34,468 new companies registered

What new products has your jurisdiction introduced recently and how do you expect this product mix to change in the upcoming years?

New Free Zone “Panama Pacifico” was created near Panama City.

What have been the developments in your jurisdiction in regards to the recent crackdown on transparency by the OECD? Panama is not black listed. Panama considers itself NOT as offshore place, but as commercial place in connection with the Panama Canal.

Tax free. Customs free. With excellent Banking system and Banking facilities.

Source: Professional Trust

Professional Trust

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欧洲 EUROPE

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概况

奥地利

General

Austria

实体类型

有限责任公司

政治稳定性

优秀

Type of Company

GmbH

法律类型

民法

现成公司可用率

有，但不多

Common or Civil Law

Civil

受益人披露

无

注册地变更

不允许

建立新公司所需时间

6 周至 2 个月

双重征税协定

超过 40 个国家和地区 Double Taxation Treaty Access

姓名语言要求

拉丁语系

Shelf company availability

Disclosure of beneficial owner

Migration of domicile permitted

Our time to establish a new company

Language of Name

Corporate Requirements

成立条件 股东最低人数

1

管理人员最低人数

1

是否允许公司董事

是

法定股本要求

35000 欧元

本地要求 注册办公室

需要

公司秘书

不需要

当地管理人员

无

当地会议

需要

政府注册管理人员

需要

是否允许无记名股票

不允许

政府注册股东

需要

Excellent Yes, but not used very widely.

No

No

Six weeks to two months

Over 40

Latin Alphabet

Minimum Number of Shareholders / One Members Minimum Number of Directors / Managers

One

Usual Authorised Capital Local Requirements

Euro 35,000

Registered Office/Agent

Yes

Local Directors

No

Government Register of Directors / Managers

Yes

Corporate Directors / Managers Permitted

Company secretary required Local Meetings

Bearer shares allowed

Yes

No

Yes No

Government register of shareholders Yes Recurring Government Costs

重复政府费用 最低年税 / 证书费用

25000 奥地利希林

年收入申报费用

2000 奥地利希林

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Minimum Annual Tax / Licence Fee Annual Return Filing Fee

ATS 25,000

ATS 2,000

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

行政特区：奥地利 地区：欧洲 货币：欧元 语言：德语 时区：UTC+1 电话区号：+43 通讯状况：良好 公司建立成本：5000-11000 美元 公司建立时间：11-18 天

Country: Austria Region: Europe Currency: Euro (EUR) (€) Languages: German Time Zone: UTC +1 Phone Code: +43 Communications: Good Formation Cost: 5000 - 11000 USD$ Formation Time: 11 - 18 days Maintenance cost: 1000 - 4000 USD$

维护成本：1000-4000 美元

简介

Introduction

奥地利和东欧的关系一直以来都很密切，自苏联解体后， 吸引着东欧大量公司来到奥地利。奥地利有大约 67% 的劳 动力队伍在这个国家的服务行业任职，有 27% 的工人仍 在工业领域，剩余的在农业领域工作。对这么一个服务业 高度发达的国家来说，我们可以预见的是，行业标准非常 之高，劳动力队伍大部分都有很高的教育程度。维也纳证 券交易所在经历了两年的惨淡之后，在 2012 年开始回暖， 领先的指数包括维也纳证券交易所的 ARC 指数，上升了 28%。

Austria has traditionally had close links with Eastern Europe, and has attracted significant numbers of companies from the region since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Approximately 67% of the Austrian workforce is employed in the country's service sector, although industry accounts for around 27% of the workforce, and agriculture the remainder. As might be expected from a country with such a developed service sector, the standard is high, and the workforce generally well educated. The Vienna Stock Exchange showed a return to form in 2012 after a poor performance in the two years preceding, with the leading index, the ARC of the Vienna Stock Exchange, rising by around 28%.

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奥地利和德国经济的密切关系意味着它的信贷紧缩政策对 它的影响非常严重，在 2011 年，该国的经济增长率为 3%。 政府补贴形式来减少工作时间的方式，让该国的公司能够 在经济下滑期间留住员工，和其它欧洲国家相比，使得该 国的失业率上升速度放缓，仅为 4% 左右。

Austria’s close economic ties with Germany meant that the credit crunch had serious effects on the country and the economy grew by 3% in 2011. A subsidized reduced working hour scheme, enabling companies to retain employees during the economic downturn, resulted in a slower rise in unemployment compared to most other European countries and is at just over 4%.

联邦政府宣布他们将反对一项本地的意在创造更多政府收 入的所得税，但非常赞同征收金融交易中的一项全球税种。

The Federal States have declared themselves to be against a local income tax to generate more funds, but are strongly in favor of a worldwide tax on financial transactions.

最常见的公司形式是有限责任公司，当然仍有其它公司形 式存在，其中包括独资公司、协会、商业合作公司和欧洲 联合股份公司。公司所得税按照 25% 的税率征收（和资本 利得税的税率一样）。增值税的税率标准为 20%。在撰写 本文时奥地利已和他国签订了 83 个税务协定。 适合领域： 财富管理、资产管理、银行业、基金管理、航运、游艇、 电子商务、不动产所有权 财富管理工具类型： 有限公司、独资公司、分公司、普通合伙公司、有限合伙 公司和民事法合伙公司 资本主要商业区域： 维也纳 关系良好国家： 比利时、保加利亚、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、 爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、爱尔兰、 意大利、拉托维亚、立陶宛、卢森堡、马耳他、墨西哥、 荷兰、巴基斯坦、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克、 斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞典、英国 关系不佳国家： 缅甸、埃及、伊朗、朝鲜（朝鲜民主主义共和国）、利比亚、 索马里、苏丹、叙利亚

The most commonly used business form is the Limited Liability Company, although a number of other structures exist, including the Sole Proprietorship, the Association, the Commercial Cooperative, and the European Joint Stock Company. Corporate income tax is imposed at a rate of 25% (and capital gains tax at the same rate). The standard rate of VAT is 20%. Austria has 83 tax treaties in place at the time of writing.

Suitable for: Wealth Management, Treasury Management, Banking, Fund Management, Shipping, Yachting, E-commerce, Property Ownership Vehicle Types: Limited companies, sole proprietorships, branches, general partnerships, limited partnerships and civil law partnerships Capital primary business districts: Vienna Good Relationships: Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom Bad Relationships: Burma, Egypt, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria

税赋负担——商业： 一般

Tax Burden - Business: Moderate

税赋负担——个人： 重度

Tax Burden - Individual: Heavy

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行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

总体税率： CIT 25%, PIT 20.44%-50%, VAT 20%

Headline tax rates: CIT 25%, PIT 20.44%-50%, VAT 20%

签订条约的行政特区： 阿尔巴尼亚、阿尔及利亚、亚美尼亚、澳大利亚、阿塞拜疆、 巴林、巴巴多斯、白俄罗斯、比利时、伯利兹、波黑共和国、 巴西、保加利亚、加拿大、中国、克罗地亚、古巴、塞浦 路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、埃及、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、 格鲁吉亚、德国、希腊、香港、匈牙利、印度、印度尼西亚、 伊朗、爱尔兰、以色列、意大利、日本、哈萨克斯坦、韩 国、科威特、吉尔吉斯斯坦、拉托维亚、列支敦士登、立 陶宛、卢森堡、马其顿王国、马来西亚、马耳他、墨西哥、 摩尔多瓦、蒙古、摩洛哥、泥泊尔、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、 巴基斯坦、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、 俄罗斯、圣马力诺、沙特阿拉伯、塞尔维亚、新加坡、斯 洛伐克共和国、斯洛文尼亚、南非、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、 塔吉克斯坦、泰国、突尼斯、土耳其、土库曼斯坦、乌克兰、 阿联酋、英国、美国、乌兹别克斯坦、委内瑞拉、越南

Treaty Jurisdictions: Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Republic of, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam

税收信息交换协议（TIEA）签订国： 安道尔共和国、直布罗陀、泽西岛、摩纳哥、圣文森特岛 和格林纳丁斯群岛

TIEA Jurisdictions: Andorra, Gibraltar, Jersey, Monaco, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

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奥地利的控股体系

奥地利

在奥地利是免税 的 作为东西方世界之间的桥梁，奥地利是

控股公司

境外附属公司

一个完美的枢纽，能够帮助投资者在境 外投资中获得税收效率。如果要获得奥

无受控外国公司（CFC）立法

地利控股税收体系带来的好处，投资者 无需一个特殊目的公司，任何奥地利企

奥地利的法律没有 CFC 或类似的法规。

业实体（比如有限责任公司或股份公司）

尽管如此，我们需要知道境外附属公司

以及欧洲企业实体在奥地利的常设机构

取得的收入会如何影响奥地利母公司的

都可以从奥地利控股体系中获益。

纳税情况。

奥地利控股制度的主要特点是什么？

如果奥地利公司持有股份的境外实体 能够获得被动收入，那么出售此类股份

国内控股：

英属维尔京群岛 有限公司

租金收入

本地税负 :0

或者从该公司获得股息时，奥地利公司

瓦努阿图 有限公司

咨询收入 本地税负 :0

经营酒店 本地税负 :0

份不会触发任何税费。

支付，作为接受方的奥地利公司享受免 税的待遇。一家奥地利公司出售其持有

巴拿马 有限公司

非洲工厂

需要支付税款。仅仅持有此类公司的股 就奥地利两家公司之间的母子公司股息

开曼群岛 有限公司

主动收入 本地税负 :0

哪些应当被视为被动收入？

的另一家奥地利公司的股份所获得的资 本利得需要支付所得税，标准的固定税

如果以下收入由境外子公司获得，并且

率为 25％。与股份收购有效相关的融

同时这家子公司的总体税收负担不超

资成本可以享受全额抵扣的待遇。

过 15％，那么奥地利税务当局将会把 此类收入归类为被动收入：

境外控股：

间接控股

亚，南非，瑞典，瑞士，塔吉克斯坦， 根据奥地利的法律，如下图所示，奥地 利控股公司通过合伙制进行间接控股 同样能够获得收入免税的待遇：

·利息收入 如果一家奥地利公司持有境外法人实体

·版税收入

（相对于奥地利有限责任公司）至少

· 通 过 出 售 其 他 公 司 中 少 于 10 ％

10％的股份至少一年，奥地利公司获得

的股份获得的资本利得

的任何股息以及出售境外公司股份获得 的资本利得都可以在奥地利享受免税的

如果股息来自租金收入（被认为是主动

待遇。

收入），那么它将是免税的。 即便境外子公司无需缴税，股息也是免

无论奥地利是否与外国签署税收条约

税的。

如果奥地利公司的境外子公司位于一

我们需要知道，如果境外子公司通过购

个免税条约国或者一个离岸司法管辖

买和出售证券、国债或者股权获得收益，

区，那么也可以享受免税的待遇。

那么这些将被认为是主动收入，因此向 奥地利时公司支付的任何股息以及奥地

无负债权益比率或资本弱化规则

利公司获得的资本利得将是免税的。

奥地利不适用资本弱化规则或负债权益

举例 :

比率，这两者会限制利息支付的抵税额

股息和资本利得 （见附图）

外资股权或任何其它投资。利息可以获

考虑到奥地利拥有广泛的条约网络（目 前有 90 个条约），包括巴巴多斯、伯 利兹、爱沙尼亚、香港、列支敦士登、 卢森堡、马耳他、圣马力诺、瑞士、新 加坡、阿联酋和塞浦路斯等国（这些国 度），因此这些非常具有吸引力的税务

无论位于何处，任何法人实体都能够利 司的管理运作在奥地利进行。比如，一 家英属维尔京群岛公司持有一家俄罗斯

基于新的集团税收体系，海外附属公司

通过奥地利公司获得版税收入

国内税基中扣除，前提是奥地利公司持

提税，且无论它们位于何处。因此即便

有境外附属公司 50％以上的股份。

是支付给离岸公司的利息也不需要在税

如果境外实体使用这些损失来抵扣自己

源地奥地利支付任何预提税。

的税收负担，那么奥地利公司就无法针 对这些境外损失进行税收抵扣。

对其他缔约国而言，预提税得到了显著 的降低，仅为 3％至 10％，只有在某些 情况下为 15％。 根据奥地利税法的相关规定，通过奥地 利公司作为中介的版税所得仅需承担 4％至 8％的所得税税率。 奥地利贸易公司 奥地利公司可以作为离岸本金的完美

双重居民身份的企业

京群岛的执行董事居住在奥地利。

奥地利对支付给境外银行的利息没有预

国，英国，美国

条约提供了大量的税收筹划机会。

或者乌克兰公司的股份，但是英属维尔

所遭受的损失可以从奥地利控股公司的

土库曼斯坦，乌克兰，阿拉伯联合酋长

家和地区同样拥有非常吸引人的税收制

境外附属公司录得亏损

得完全的税收抵扣，并且可以冲抵奥地 利公司获得的任何其他收入。

税收协定网络

用奥地利的控股体系，前提是境外母公

度。因此，奥地利的企业可以利用收购

圣马力诺，斯洛伐克共和国，斯洛文尼

代理，从货物贸易中获得的利润所需承 担的有效税率仅为 2％至 5％。 总结 大型的条约网络、完美的控股体系以及 能够获得奥地利税务当局有约束力的 裁决让奥地利成为了控股公司和未来 税务规划活动的完美场所。

奥地利公司经常被用于获得来自国外的 版税收入。奥地利与其他国家签署了大 量的税务条约（超过 89 个），这些条 约中的大部分针对与奥地利公司相关的 版税支付采取零预提税的政策。

奥地利的“勾选”体系 虽然境外附属公司的亏损能够从奥地利 如果奥地利公司希望让资本利得应税，

母公司的税基中扣除，该境外实体支付

那它可以选择那么做。这家奥地利公司

的股息是免税的。

只需要在税收申报时进行“勾选”，可 以选择哪些由于出售股份而获得的资本

即便境外实体无需纳税，境外实体支付

利得应当缴税。获得的股息仍然享受免 的股息也能够享受免税的待遇。 Company Formation Guide 2014 税的待遇。

144

奥地利与以下国家或地区签署了条约： 比利时，伯利兹，保加利亚，加拿大， 克罗地亚，塞浦路斯，捷克共和国，丹 麦，埃及，法罗群岛，法国，格鲁吉亚， 德国，希腊，匈牙利，爱尔兰，意大利， 卢森堡，马耳他，荷兰，挪威，俄国，

Erich Baier, MBA, LL.M. (Int’l Tax Law) TEP

Certified Tax Advisor

工商管理硕士、法学硕士（国际税法）、 信托和财产从业者、注册税务师 电话 tel: (+43 1) 516 12 x 0 传真 fax: (+43 1) 516 12 x 14 电子邮件 email: baier@austrian-taxes.com

Sponsored Article

The Austrian Holding Regime Austria, at the gateway between East and West, is a perfect hub for making investments into foreign countries tax efficiently. For being able to obtain the benefits of the Austrian Holding Tax Regime there is no need for a special purpose company but any Austrian corporate entity like a GmbH (company with limited liability) or AG (stock corporation) as well as Austrian permanent establishments of European corporate entities can benefit from the Austrian Holding Privilege.

What are the key features of that Austrian holding regime ?

The foreign subsidiary NO CFC legislation Austrian law does not know CFC-legislation or similar regulations. Nevertheless it is important to know how income achieved by a foreign subsidiary has impact on the tax situation of the Austrian parent company.

British Virgin Islands Ltd.

Foreign holdings: Provided that the Austrian company holds at least 10 % of the shares of a foreign corporate entity, comparable to an Austrian GmbH, for at least one year, any dividends received by the Austrian company and any capital gains resulting from the sale of the shares of the foreign corporation are tax exempt in Austria.

Regardless whether Austria has a treaty with that foreign country or not.

This tax exemption is also valid if the foreign subsidiary of the Austrian company is located in a non-tax treaty country or in an off-shore jurisdiction.

No debt-equity ratios or thin cap rules Austria does not apply thin capitalization rules or debt-equity-ratios which would limit the deductibility of interest payments.

So Austrian corporations can leverage the acquisition of foreign shareholdings or any other investments. Interest is fully tax deductible and can compensate any other income which is achieved by the Austrian corporation.

There is no withholding tax on interest paid to foreign lenders, regardless where they are located. So even interest payments to off-shore companies are not exposed to any withholding tax at source in Austria.

The Austrian “check-the-box”-system An Austrian corporation can make capital

Holding

Provided that the Austrian corporation holds shares in a foreign entity which achieves passive income the sale of such a participation and the dividends when, paid to the Austrian company, will be taxable. The mere holding of such corporations does not trigger any taxes.

What is seen as passive income ?

The Austrian tax authorities categorize income as passive if the following income is achieved by the foreign subsidiary and, at the same time, the overall tax burden of this subsidiary is not more than 15 %. ·Interest income ·Royalty income ·Capital gains achieved by selling shareholdings of less than 10 % in other corporations Dividends are tax exempt if resulting from rental income (considered to be active income) Dividends are tax exempt even if the foreign subsidiary is not subject to taxes It is important to know, that if the foreign subsidiary achieves profits from buying and selling securities, treasury bonds or stocks this is considered to be active income and therefore any dividends paid to the Austrian company and any capital gains achieved by the Austrian company are tax exempt.

Example: Dividends and capital gains are $$$$

The foreign subsidiary is making losses Due to the new group taxation system, losses, suffered by foreign subsidiaries, can be set off from the domestic tax base of the Austrian company holding shares in such a subsidiary, provided that the Austrian company holds more than 50 % of the shares of the foreign subsidiary. These foreign losses have to be exposed to taxes in the hands of the Austrian corporation when the foreign entity is using these losses as a

Cayman Islands Ltd.

rental income local tax: 0

Panama Ltd.

Vanuatu Ltd.

consulting income runs a hotel local tax: 0 local tax: 0 African factory

Domestic holding: Intercompany dividends paid between two Austrian companies are tax exempt in the hands of the receiving Austrian company.

Capital gains arising from the sale of shares in an Austrian corporation held by another Austrian corporation are taxable and are due to the standard flat corporate tax of 25 %.

Financing costs effectively connected with the acquisition of the shares held are fully tax deductible.

Austrian

TAX EXEMPT IN AUSTRIA

gains taxable if it wishes to do so. The Austrian company just has to “check-thebox” in its tax return and can select for which participation any capital gains resulting from a sale should be taxable.

Nevertheless dividends received stay taxexempt.

active income

local tax: 0

loss carry forward to compensate its own tax burden.

Although losses from the foreign subsidiary can be set off from the tax base of the Austrian parent dividends paid by such a foreign entity are tax exempt.

obtain royalty income from foreign sources.

Austria has a large number of tax treaties (more than 89) with other countries and a large number of these treaties provide for a zero withholding tax rate levied upon royalty payments to or from Austrian companies.

These are the treaties with:

Such dividends from foreign entities are tax exempt even if the foreign entity is not due to taxes.

Indirect holdings According to Austrian law also indirect participations via partnerships lead to tax exempt income for the Austrian holding company as the following graphic shows: Tax treaty network Taking into consideration that Austria has a far reaching treaty network (currently 90 treaties) including countries like Barbados, Belize, Estonia, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, San Marino, Switzerland, Singapore, UAE and Cyprus just to name a few of those, which also have very interesting tax regimes, it is of course a fact, that these very interesting tax treaties open a bundle of tax planning opportunities.

Dual resident companies Any corporate entity, regardless where domiciled, has access to the Austrian holding system, provided that the management of the foreign parent company is located in Austria. This would be the case when a BVI company is holding shares in a Russian or Ukrainian company but the managing director of the BVI company is resident in Austria.

Obtaining royalty income via Austrian companies

Belgium, Belize, Bulgaria, Canada,Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Faroer Islands, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, San Marino, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States.

In case of other treaty countries the withholding tax rate is significantly reduced ranging between 3 % and 10 %, only in some cases 15 %.

Using regulations laid down in Austrian tax law such royalty income routed via an Austrian company can lead to a profit exposed to a tax bracket of only 4 % to 8 %.

Austrian Trading Company An Austrian Company can serve perfectly as an agent for an off-shore principal and profits resulting from the trade of goods are then exposed to an effective tax bracket of only 2 % to 5 %.

Summary The large treaty network in combination with a perfect holding regime together with the possibility to obtain binding rulings from the Austrian tax administration make Austria

145

a perfect place for holding companies and 2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore Austrian companies are quite often used to further tax planning activities.

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

奥地利 Austria 对中国投资者来说，该司法管辖区的优势有哪些？ 作为欧盟的成员国，奥地利能够为进入欧洲市场提供完美的接入 点，并且能够直接利用所有的欧盟指令。1992 年，奥地利与中 国签署了一项税收协议。2011 年，奥地利与香港签署了相关的 协议。 拥有奥地利公司的股份不会在中国触发 CFC（受控外国公司）法 规。奥地利的公司能够享受该国与其他国家签署的 90 项税收协定， 以及 59 项投资保护协定。 此外，奥地利国内的税收立法将会给国外来源收入带来大量的税 收减免，并且能够提供额外的税收优惠。

能够建立何种类型的公司？ 最流行的企业类型是有限责任公司（GmbH）。但是，在奥地利 也能够方便地建立有限和无限合伙企业以及奥地利私人基金会。

建立公司有什么要求？ 资本要求 奥地利有限责任公司法规定的法定股本为 35000 欧元，其中至少

What are the advantages of the jurisdiction for Chinese investors?

Austria, a Member State of the European Union, offers perfect access to the European Market and gives direct access to all EU Directives.

Austria has a tax treaty with China since 1992 and with Hong Kong since 2011.

Holding shares in an Austrian company does not trigger CFC-legislation in China and Austrian based companies have access to currently 90 tax treaties Austria has signed with other countries and have access to 59 Investment Protection Treaties signed with other countries.

Furthermore, domestic Austrian tax legislation foresees significant tax exemptions for foreign source income and offers additional tax benefits.

What types of companies can be opened?

Company with limited liability (GmbH). Limited and unlimited partnerships can be established easily as well as Austrian Private Foundation.

What are the requirements for company formation?

Capital requirements The Austrian GmbH Act foresees a statutory share capital of € 35.000, of which at least € 17.500 – has to be paid in. After the registration of the company the share capital can be used as working capital.

The Austrian Private Foundation Act foresees a minimum capital to be paid in amounting to € 70.000, again after the registration of the private foundation these funds can be used for making investments.

Partnerships do not have any capital requirements.

Structure of an Austrian company

146

Company Formation Guide 2014

17500 欧元必须为实收资本。在公司进行注册登记后，股本可以 被用作营运资金。 奥地利私人基金会法规定的最低实收资本为 70000 欧元。同样， 在私人基金会注册登记后，这些资金可用于进行投资。 合伙制企业没有任何资本要求。 奥地利公司的结构 每家有限责任公司必须至少有一名董事和一名股东。奥地利私人 基金会由一个三名成员组成的董事会进行管理。奥地利私人基金 会没有任何股东。 年度股东大会、审计和报告 奥地利公司必须有会计账簿，必须提交年度财务报表和纳税申报 表，必须向有管辖权的登记法院进行报告。 就有限责任公司而言，只要员工人数、资产净值及营业额均超过 了一定的阈值，就没有强制审计的要求。奥地利私人基金会必须 每年进行帐目审计。

建立公司有哪些相关的费用？ 费用通常是在 4000 欧元至 6000 欧元之间，其中包括起草公司 章程、公证书、银行合规和获得纳税人身份识别号码以及增值税。

Each GmbH must have at least one director and one shareholder. The Austrian private foundation is managed by a board of three members; an Austrian private foundation does not have any shareholders.

Annual meeting, auditing and reporting Austrian companies are obliged to have books of accounts and have to file annual accounts and tax returns as well as report to the competent court of registration.

In case of a GmbH no compulsory audit is necessary, only if certain thresholds regarding the number of employees, the assets value and the turnover are exceeded. The Austrian private foundation is obliged to have an audit of its books annually.

What are the fees associated with the company incorporation?

The fees usually are in a range between €4.000 and €6.000, whereby this includes the cost for drafting the articles of association, the notarial deed, the bank compliance and obtaining a taxpayer’s identification number and a VAT identification number. Furthermore 1% capital transfer duty has to be paid for the effectively paid in share capital as well as court duties in a range between €400 and €600.

What is the general taxation rate for incorporated companies?

Austrian corporations have to pay a flat 25% corporate income tax on their worldwide income whereby material tax exemptions are granted for foreign source dividends and foreign source capital gains, even if there is no tax treaty existing with the other country.

Austrian companies can also obtain tax-free dividends and tax-free capital gains from off-shore companies under certain circumstances.

塞浦路斯 Cyprus

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

147

概况

塞浦路斯

General

Cyprus

实体类型

私人

法律类型

普通法

Type of entity

Private

现成公司可用率

有

建立新公司所需时间

5天

Shelf company availability

Yes

最低政府费用（不包括税金）350 欧元 公司税

12.5%

是否签订避免双重征税条约 有 股本或等值股本 股本通用货币

欧元

其他允许使用的资本货币

任意均可

最低付清股本

1000 欧元

法定股本要求

5000 欧元

当地管理人员人数要求

1

Minimum government fees (excluding Euro 350 taxation) Corporate Taxation

股东

12.5%

Double taxation treaty access

Share Capital or Equivalent

Yes

Standard currency of share capital

Euro

Minimum paid up share capital

Euro 1,000

Other permitted currencies of capital Any

Usual authorised share capital

Euro 5,000

Minimum number of directors / managers

1

无，但最好有税 Local directors / managers required 务居地身份

No, but advisable for purposes of tax residency

Publicly accessible record of directors Yes / managers Anywhere, but Cyprus advisable 任意地方，但建 Location of directors / managers meetings for purposes of tax 议在塞浦路斯 residency

管理人员公开记录获取权限 有

管理人员会议地点

Common

Our time to establish a new company 5 days

Directors

董事 管理人员人数要求

Type of law

Shareholders

董事会人数最低要求

1

公开记录获取权限

有

董事会成员会议地点

任意地点

账户 审计决算要求

有

申报账户要求

有

公开访问的账户要求

无

年收入申报要求 有 148 Company Formation Guide 2014

Minimum number of members Publicly accessible record

1

Yes

Location of members meetings Accounts

Anywhere

Requirement for audited accounts

Yes

Publicly accessible accounts

No

Requirement to file accounts

Requirement to file annual return

Yes Yes

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：塞浦路斯 地区：欧洲 货币：欧元 语言：希腊语、英语 时区：UTC+2 区号：+357 通讯设施：良好 公司建立成本：2800-4600 美元 公司建立时间：5-9 天

Country: Cyprus Region: Europe Currency: Euro (EUR) (€) Languages: Greek, English Time Zone: UTC +2 Phone Code: +357 Communications: Good Formation Cost: 2800 - 4600 USD$ Formation Time: 5 - 9 days Maintenance cost: 1600 - 2200 USD$

维护成本：1600-2200 美元

简介

Introduction

塞浦路斯是一个独立的民主共和国，也是英联邦成员国。 它的国民生产总值相当不错，人均约为 21000 美元（2010 年）。该国经济主要以来服务业，旅游业非常重要。而失 业率也不高。

Cyprus is an independent democratic republic, and a member of the Commonwealth. It is prosperous: GDP US$21,00 (2010) per head. The economy is dominated by services, with tourism particularly important. Unemployment is low.

塞浦路斯政府努力创造有利的离岸税务政策环境，同时 也维持本国经济的持续增长，就国际标准衡量该国的税 率属于偏低。这一成功主要归因于从 1975 年起就在塞浦 路斯注册的成千上万的离岸公司。虽然如此，塞浦路斯 在 2004 年加入欧盟则意味着对税制的重组，重组在 2003 年 1 月 1 日施行。本国和离岸公司现在需要缴纳的税率是 10%。塞浦路斯和超过 40 个国家签订了免双重征税协议， 其中包括几个主要的西方“高税率“国家，以及大多数的 中欧和东欧国家。这对一个国际离岸金融中心来说并不常 见，但塞浦路斯是一个面向新兴市场的控股公司和投资公 司非常有效的选址地。 适合于： 财富管理、资产管理、航运、游艇、知识产权 / 许可证、 控股公司、不动产所有权

The Cyprus Government worked hard to create a favorable offshore tax regime while at the same time maintaining a normallooking domestic economy, albeit with rates of taxation that are low by international standards. The success of this programme is attested by the tens of thousands of offshore companies registered in Cyprus since 1975. However, the island's entry to the EU in 2004 meant a restructuring of the tax regime, which took place on 1st January 2003. Domestic and offshore companies alike now pay 10% tax.

Cyprus has double-tax treaties with more than 40 other countries, including most major Western 'high-tax' countries, and most Central and Eastern European states. This is unusual for an international offshore financial centre and the effect is that Cyprus is a very effective location for holding and investment companies aimed at emerging markets.

2014 Company Formation Guide China Offshore

149

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司、分公司、通用合伙制公司、有 限合伙公司、独资公司和信托

Suitable for: Wealth Management, Treasury Management, Shipping, Yachting, Intellectual Property/Licensing, Holding Companies, Property Ownership

主要资本商业区域： 尼科西亚、利马索尔、拉纳卡

Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, branches, general partnerships, limited partnerships, sole proprietorships and trusts

良好关系： 奥地利、比利时、保加利亚、克罗地亚、捷克共和国、丹 麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、爱尔兰、 意大利、拉托维亚、立陶宛、卢森堡、马耳他、荷兰、波 兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、 西班牙、瑞典、英国 不良关系： 缅甸、埃及、伊朗、北韩、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利亚、 土耳其 税赋负担——商务： 轻 税赋负担——个人： 一般 总体税率： CIT 10%, PIT 20-35%, VAT 18% 签订条约行政特区： 亚美尼亚、奥地利、阿塞拜疆、白俄罗斯、比利时、保加 利亚、加拿大、中国、捷克共和国、丹麦、埃及、爱沙尼 亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、爱尔兰、意大利、 科威特、吉尔吉斯斯坦、黎巴嫩、马耳他、毛里求斯、摩 尔多瓦、黑山共和国、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、罗 马尼亚、俄罗斯、圣马力诺、塞尔维亚、赛舌尔、新加坡、 斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、南非、瑞典、叙利亚、塔吉克斯坦、 泰国、乌克兰、英国、美国、乌兹别克斯坦 税务信息交换协议签订国： 无

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Company Formation Guide 2014

Capital primary business districts: Nicosia, Limassol, Larnaca Good Relationships: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom Bad Relationships: Burma, Egypt, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey Tax Burden - Business: Light Tax Burden - Individual: Moderate Headline tax rates: CIT 10%, PIT 20-35%, VAT 18% Treaty Jurisdictions: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Malta, Mauritius, Moldova, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan TIEA Jurisdictions: None

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行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

塞浦路斯 Cyprus 塞浦路斯有何独特之处，为什么中国投资者应在此成立 公司？ 塞浦路斯是欧盟国家，也是一直是久经考验的金融中心。特别是 塞浦路斯控股公司在国际税务规划中应用广泛。中国投资者可以 利用塞浦路斯的税收体系成立一家塞浦路斯公司，在如下方面获 利：金融，无形资产所属权，贸易，投资基金以及国际信托。

对中国投资者而言，塞浦路斯同其他竞争国家相比有何 不同？ 作为一个历史悠久的商业中心，塞浦路斯有着优异且成熟的基础 建设，为国际商务提供保证。并且，塞浦路斯的法律系统较为灵活， 有以英语为主要语言的专业从业人员，方便到塞浦路斯定居的家 庭。在安全性方面，塞浦路斯比其他欧盟国家有着更低的犯罪率。

资本利得税、在某些条件下在塞浦路斯以外的公司建立不征税等。 特例如 IP 公司，其税率可低至 2.5%。尤其需要注意的，塞浦路 斯的 IP 地址被认为是最安全的的 IP 结构。

监管部门可要求塞浦路斯提供有关公司、管理人员或账 户方面的信息吗？ 公司主管和注册股东的信息都交予塞浦路斯的公司注册部门，并 且向公众开放查证。 塞浦路斯公司所有人的信息或银行账户是保密的，只在有法院传 令时开放调查。

公司成立时会发生哪些相关费用，通常需要多长时间？ 注册公司所需的费用十分低廉，通常取决于发行多少股本。注册 公司所需时间大约为 5 个工作日。

塞浦路斯成立公司的一般税率是多少？ 塞浦路斯的公司税率为 12.5%。但是实际实行税率会低于此，比 如：公司税中，可以免去分红、可以使用税收抵免、游戏销售的 利润不征手公司税、若向塞浦路斯意外的不动产进行转账不征收

塞浦路斯同中国或香港签订有避免双重征税协定（DTA） 吗？ 1991 年 10 月 5 日，塞浦路斯与中国之间的 DTA 开始生效。 来源：Kinanis LLC

What is unique in your jurisdiction and why Chinese investors should form companies there?

Cyprus is an EU country and is a long standing tried and tested financial center. Specifically the Cyprus holding company is widely used in international tax planning. Chinese investors may choose to take advantage of the beneficial tax system of Cyprus and form a Cyprus company as part of various other corporate structures such as financing, intangible asset ownership, trading, investment fund and international trust structures.

What makes your jurisdiction different from other competitors for Chinese investors?

Cyprus has excellent and ripe infrastructure to accommodate international business and is a well - established business center. Further, Cyprus has a flexible legal system, highly skilled professionals, English language is widely spoken and high level English schooling facilities allow families to relocate to Cyprus. From safety perspective, compared with other European countries, Cyprus has a low crime rate.

Can the regulatory authority’s request information about the company and officers or account details from your jurisdictions?

The details of any persons acting as directors and as registered shareholders are submitted to the registrar of companies in Cyprus. The records of the registrar of companies are open for public inspection and for this reason nominees are often used for confidentiality.

What are the fees associated with company incorporation and how long does it normally take?

The fees payable to the registrar of companies are very low and also depend on the amount of the share capital of the Cyprus Company to be incorporated. It takes approximately 5 working days for a company to be incorporated.

Does your jurisdiction have any DTAs with China or HK? A double tax treaty exists between Cyprus and china which came into force on the 5th of October 1991.

What is the general taxation rate for incorporating companies in your jurisdiction?

What is the new incorporation volume during the year of 2013?

The corporate tax rate in Cyprus is 12,5%. Nevertheless, the effective tax rate applicable can be lower due to various exceptions applicable.

According to the statistics records of the registrar of companies in Cyprus there have been 10.847 new registrations in 2013.

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Source: Kinanis LLC

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Asia Offshore Summit Bangkok, June 3rd & 4th, 2015

AOA Delegate Registration Fees: · Prebooking - USD 1,800 · After August 30th - USD 2,000

Program Overview

Who Should Sponsor & Attend

The Asia Offshore Association is back! We are pleased to announce our return with the highly anticipated Asia Offshore Summit in Bangkok in June 2015. Through reprsentations, workshops, and panel discussions, the topics to be addressed include the most pressing issues in Asia’s outbound offshore investments.

Senior Level Managers of the Following:

The two-day summit will gather Asia's leading financial intermediaries with the international trust companies, bankers, lawyers, and corporate service providers for an exclusive and in-depth conference examining the full spectrum of investment, trade, and wealth management coming out of Asia.

· Wealth Management Professionals

The Asia Offshore Summit has been designed to explain to Asia’s top financial intermediaries on how they can benefit from the unique asset management and Offshore Professionals product offerings available in the world’s international offshore financial centers.

· Tax Advisory & Consultants

· Investment Promotion Agencies · International and Offshore Law Firms · Trust & Fiduciary Service Providers · Corporate Service Providers · Other Offshore Professionals and Entrepreneurs · International Accountants · Immigration Consultants

For more information, please contact Spencer H. Hall via Email at spencer.hall@asiaoffshore.org

www.asiaoffshore.org

马恩岛

Isle of Man

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General

Isle of Man

概况

马恩岛

Type of Company

Hybrid

实体类型

混合

法律类型

普通法

Shelf company availability

No

现成公司可用率

无

Our time to establish a new company 1 - 5 days

建立新公司所需时间

1-5 天

公司税

0%-10%

Double Taxation Treaty Access

0% - 10%

双重征税协定

仅与英国签订

Share capital or equivalent

Only UK

Standard currency

GBP

标准货币

英镑

允许使用货币

任意

Minimum paid up

Any £1

最低付清股本

1 英镑

£2,000

法定股本要求

2000 英镑

Minimum number

Two

董事最低人数

2

本地董事

无

公司董事

允许

Publicly accessible records

Anywhere

公开记录权限

任意地点

One

最少人数

1

Type of Law

Corporate Taxation

Permitted currencies Usual authorised Directors

Local required

Corporate Directors Permitted Registered Members Minimum number

Publicly accessible records

Common

No

Yes

Yes

股本或等值股本

董事

注册股东 公开记录权限

有

Anywhere

股东会议地点

任意地点

Required

Yes

是否需要

Requirements to prepare

Yes Yes, but exceptions available No

账户准备要求

有

审计账户

需要，但有例外

账户登记记录

无

No

公开账户记录

无

Yes

年收入申报要求

无

是否允许变更公司登记地

有

Location of meetings Company Secretary Accounts

Audit requirements

Requirements to file accounts Publicly accessible accounts

Recurring Government Costs Requirement to file annual return Change in domicile permitted

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Yes

公司秘书 需要

账户

重复政府费用

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：马恩岛 地区：欧洲 货币：英镑 语言：英语 时区：UTC-0 区号：+441624 通讯设施：极佳 公司建立成本：3200-4000 美元 公司成立时间：2-4 天 维护成本：2000-2600 美元

Country: Isle of Man Region: Europe Currency: Pound Sterling (GBP) (£) Languages: English Time Zone: UTC 0

Phone Code: +441624 Communications: Very Good Formation Cost: 3200 - 4000 USD$ Formation Time: 2 - 4 days Maintenance cost: 2000 - 2600 USD$

简介

Introduction

马恩岛是欧盟单一市场和增值税地区的一部分，但并不属 于欧盟财政领域。马恩岛有较为成熟的法律和其他专业框 架，以及在监管敏感领域方面有非常丰富经验的金融监管 局。公司所得税只针对金融机构收取。这里没有资本转移 税、附加税、公司税、财富税、死亡税、资本利得税或赠 与税。增值税按照英国的税率征收。马恩岛有强大的银行 业、投资基金和专属保险业，更有相当完备的咨询和金融 架构。这里还有一个蓬勃的信托领域，电子博彩也是产业 之一。

The Isle of Man forms part of the EU single market and VAT area but is otherwise not part of the EU fiscal area. There is an infrastructure of sophisticated legal and other professional services together with a Financial Supervision Commission that has a great deal of experience in overseeing and regulating sensitive financial areas. Corporate income tax only applies to financial institutions. There is no capital transfer tax, surtax, corporation tax, wealth tax, death duty, capital gains tax or gift tax. VAT is collected at the UK rates. The Isle of Man has strong banking, investment fund and captive insurance sectors, with a well-developed advisory and financial infrastructure. There is an active trusts sector, and online gambling licenses are available.

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马恩岛的经济在过去的 28 年间一直保持着平均 6% 的增 长率。由财政和经济部发布的 2010/2011 年国家收入数据 报告显示，当年的电子博彩业有显著增长，在 ICT 领域的 增长率几乎达到了 19%，其更为完善的保险业让它的金融 产业占据了整个国民收入的 35%。马恩岛当年的货物和服 务业产值（或称之为国内生产值）上升到 35 亿英镑，比 前一年上升了 2.1%。扣除通货膨胀因素，真正的增长率 在 1.8%。银行业在经历了全球经融危机后开始保持稳定 增长。 马恩岛的人均收入在 2010/2011 报告中显示为 41761 英 镑。 在过去的几年时间里，政府在逐渐放弃对公司所得税的征 收，从 2006 年开始，它当时仅针对金融机构征收。 马恩岛没有资本转移税、附加税和公司税、没有财富税、

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The Isle of Man economy has enjoyed an average of over 6% growth in real terms over the past 28 years. The 2010/11 national income figures produced by the Treasury’s Economic Affairs Division, show there to be have been real growth that year in e-gaming, an increase of nearly 19% in the ICT sector, a much improved insurance sector has led to the financial sector accounting for 35% of national income. The value of goods and services produced (or gross domestic product) in the Isle of Man economy over the year rose to over GBP3.5bn, a 2.1% increase over the previous year. With price inflation stripped out, real growth stood at 1.8%. The banking sector remained steady following contractions in the previous years brought about by the global financial crisis.

The Island’s per capita national income was GBP41,761 according to the 2010/11 report.

Over a period of some years, the government has been gradually

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

死亡税、资本利得税和赠与税。增值税由马恩岛海关和货 物局以和英国同样的税率征收。

abolishing corporate income tax altogether, and as from 2006 it applies only to financial institutions.

适合于： 财富管理、银行业、保险业、基金管理、航运、航空、游 艇、贸易金融、知识产权 / 许可证、控股公司、电子商务、 电子博彩、不动产所有权

There is no capital transfer tax, no surtax and no corporation tax, no wealth tax, no death duty, no capital gains tax and no gift tax.

Value added tax is collected by the Isle of Man Customs & Excise at the same rates which apply in the United Kingdom.

Suitable for: Wealth Management, Banking, Insurance, Fund Management, Shipping, Aviation, Yachting, Trading Financial, Intellectual Property/Licensing, Holding Companies, E-commerce, E-gaming, Property Ownership

离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司、信托、独资公司、通用合伙公 司和有限合伙公司 主要资本商务区域： 道格拉斯

Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, trusts, sole proprietorships, general partnerships and limited partnerships

良好关系： 英国

Capital primary business districts: Douglas

关系不佳： 缅甸、埃及、北韩、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利亚

Good Relationships: United Kingdom

税赋负担——商务： 极轻微

Bad Relationships: Burma, Egypt, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria

税赋负担——个人： 轻

Tax Burden - Business: Very Light

总体税率： CIT 0% (banks 10%), PIT 20%, VAT 20%

条约签订行政特区： 巴林、爱沙尼亚、耿西岛、泽西、马耳他、卡塔尔、塞舌尔、 新加坡、英国 税务信息交换协议签订地区： 阿根廷、澳大利亚、博茨瓦纳、加拿大、中国、捷克共和国、 丹麦、法罗岛、芬兰、法国、德国、格陵兰、冰岛、印度、 印度尼西亚、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、莱索托、墨西哥、 荷兰、新西兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、斯洛文尼亚、瑞典、 瑞士、土耳其、英国、美国

Tax Burden - Individual: Light Headline tax rates: CIT 0% (banks 10%), PIT 20%, VAT 20% Treaty Jurisdictions: Bahrain, Estonia, Guernsey, Jersey, Malta, Qatar, Seychelles, Singapore, United Kingdom TIEA Jurisdictions: Argentina, Australia, Botswana, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greenland, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Lesotho, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States

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马恩岛 Isle of Man 对中国投资者来说，马恩岛作为司法管辖区的优势有哪 些？ 马恩岛拥有信誉一流和监管良好的国际金融业，特别适合前往伦 敦、英国其它地方和欧盟的中国投资者。 马恩岛的公司被大量地用于在伦敦证券交易所的主板和创业板进 行首次公开募股，可以在香港联交所上市。公司可以拥有任何币 种的帐户。

能够建立何种类型的公司？ 私人或者公众公司、股份有限公司或担保有限公司、混合型公司、 无限公司、受保护单元公司和基金会。

建立公司有什么要求？ 资本：没有法定资本要求、没有资本维护要求。 组织和结构：最少拥有一名董事和一名股东，均不需要是当地人。 可以使用企业 / 代理股东和董事。 年度股东大会、审计和报告：不需要召开年度股东大会，对审计 和帐目申报一般没有要求

建立一家公司需要多长的时间？ 一天

建立公司有哪些相关的费用？ 195 英镑的政府注册费用 注册成立的公司一般需要承担多高的税率？ 0%

监管部门能否要求获得公司管理人员的背景信息和身份 以及公司的会计信息？ 可以，但需要严格遵守税收信息交换协议和免双重征税协议以及 海外帐户纳税法案的要求，或者在接受刑事调查的情况下。 这些信息是否可以与其他司法管辖区进行共享？ 是的，不过仅限于上述司法管辖区。

建立公司需要参照哪些法律？ 1931 年公司法以及 2006 年马恩岛公司法 ( 均修订 )

What are the advantages of the jurisdiction for Chinese investors?

What length of time does it take to incorporate a company?

IOM has a first-class reputation as a well regulated international finance sector, particularly suited for investments into London and elsewhere in the UK or the EU from China.

IOM Companies have had considerable use as vehicles for IPOs, listing on the FTSE main market and AIM, and can also be listed on the HKSE. Companies can hold accounts in any currency.

The IOM Government has a rep office in Shanghai.

1 day

What Types of companies can be incorporated?

Private or Public Companies, Companies limited by share or guarantee, Hybrid Companies, Unlimited Companies, Protected Cell Companies and Foundations.

What are the fees associated with company incorporation? £195 Government Incorporation Fee

What is the general taxation rate for incorporated companies?

0%

What are the requirements for company incorporation?

Can the regulatory authorities request information about the background and identity of company officers, or company accounting information?

Capital: No authorised capital requirements. No capital maintenance requirements.

Yes, but only in strict accordance with TIEA and DTA agreements & FATCA, or in cases of criminal investigation.

Compositional and Structural: Minimum of one Director and one Shareholder, neither of which must be local. Corporate / Nominee shareholders and directors can be used.Annual meeting, auditing and reporting: No requirement to hold an AGM, no general requirement to audit or report accounts.

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Can this information be shared with other jurisdictions?

Yes, but only as above.

What Laws apply to company formation?

Companies Act, 1931 and Isle of Man Companies Act, 2006 (both amended).

列支敦士登 Liechtenstein

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概况

列支敦士登

General

Liechtenstein

实体类型

股份公司

政治稳定性

优秀

Type of Company

AG

法律类型

民法

受益人披露

无

Common or Civil Law

Civel

注册地变更

允许

公司税

12.5%，年税最低数额 为 1200 瑞士法郎

Political Stability

Disclosure of Beneficial Owner

Migration of Domicile Permitted Corporate Taxation

股本或等值股本

拉丁语或其他字母系统 Language of Name

股东最低人数

1

管理人员最低人数

1

是否允许公司董事

是

公司秘书

需要

法定股本要求

5 万瑞士法郎

最低付清股本

有

姓名语言要求 本地要求

拉丁语或其他字母系统 Language of Name

注册办公室

需要

公司秘书

无

当地会议

无

政府注册管理人员

需要

政府注册股东

无

姓名语言要求

Share capital or equivalent

年审要求 年收入申报要求

需要

上交账户信息

需要

最低年税 / 证书费用

1200 瑞士法郎

年收入申报费用

无

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No

Yes

12.5% with min annual tax of CHF 1,200 Latin Alphabet

Minimum Number of Shareholders / Members

One

Corporate Directors / Managers Permitted

Yes

Minimum Number of Directors / Managers Company Secretary Required Usual Authorised Capital Minimum paid up

One No

CHF 50,000 Yes

Local Requirements

Latin Alphabet

Registered Office/Agent

Yes

Local Meetings

No

Company Secretary

No

Government Register of Directors / Yes Managers Government Register of Shareholders / Members Annual Requirements

No

Annual Return

Yes

Submit Accounts

Recurring Government Costs

重复政府费用

Excellent

Yes

Minimum Annual Tax / Licence Fee CHF 1,200 Annual Return Filing Fee

N/A

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：列支敦士登 地区：欧洲 货币：瑞士法郎 语言：德语 时区：UTC+1 区号：+423 通讯设施：优秀 公司建立成本：12000-22000 美元 公司建立时间：4-6 天 维护成本：5000-13000 美元

Country: Liechtenstein Region: Europe Currency: Swiss franc (CHF) (CHF) Languages: German Time Zone: UTC +1

Phone Code: +423 Communications: Good Formation Cost: 12000 - 22000 USD$ Formation Time: 4 - 6 days Maintenance cost: 5000 - 13000 USD$

简介

Introduction

列支敦士登是君主立宪制国家，有土地 160 平方公里，人 口为 37009 人（2013 年 7 月的预估数），位于瑞士和奥 地利之间。它和瑞士有关税联盟和货币联盟。列支敦士登 属于欧洲自由贸易联盟国家，从 1995 年加入欧洲经济区， 它并非联合国的成员国。列支敦士登的官方语言是德语； 英语和法语也得到广泛的应用，并在日常生活中使用一 种方言。在 2003 年进行的全民公决中，当权王子 HansAdam 二世获得了新的彻底统治权，其中包括他有权否决 议会提案，解散整个政府和全国进入紧急状态等。

Liechtenstein is a constitutional monarchy, has a land area of about 160 sq km (60 sq m), a population of 37,009 (July 2013 est), and is sandwiched between Switzerland and Austria. It has a customs union and a monetary union with Switzerland.

Liechtenstein belongs to EFTA, and since 1995 to the EEA; it is not a member of the UN. The official language is German; English and French are also spoken, with a local dialect used in everyday life.

列支敦士登在和瑞士进行经济联合之前（1922 年开始， 并于 1980 年加强）还是一个农业国，在经济联合后让它 工业和金融业得以起飞。王子家族致力于领导全国取得经 济上的成功。人均国民总产值高达 181780 美元（2010 年）。 列支敦士登的人均 GDP 并不反应该国的财富总量，因为 在该国工作的许多人都在列支敦士登和邻国之间通勤。通 货膨胀很低且失业率低于 2.4% 左右。货币是瑞士法郎， 没有外汇管制。欧洲经济区的会员身份让列支敦士登有机 会大多数情况下进入欧盟的单一市场。

A referendum held in March 2003, gave the ruling Prince HansAdam II sweeping new powers, including the right to veto parliamentary bills, sack the entire government and introduce emergency rule.

Liechtenstein was primarily an agrarian country until its economic union with Switzerland (1922 and reinforced in 1980) propelled it into rapid industrial and financial development. The princely family is highly active in leading the country economically. GDP per capita is just over USD181,780 (2010). GDP per capita for Liechtenstein does not reflect the general wealth of the nation, as many individuals working in the country commute from neighbouring nations. Inflation is low and unemployment is low at

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2003 年 10 月，在遭遇戏剧性的变化后，列支敦士登拒绝 签订让欧洲经济区吸收十个国家在 2004 年加入欧盟。显 然是为了报复捷克共和国和斯洛伐克 1940 年的所谓“贝 纳斯”法令，该法令旨在驱逐列支敦士登国民以及征用他 们的房屋。但在当年 11 月，列支敦士登最终屈服并签署 了条约。 适合于： 银行业、基金管理、游艇、金融贸易、知识产权 / 许可证、 控股公司 离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司和信托 主要资本商务区域： 瓦杜兹、沙安 关系良好： 瑞士、英国 关系不良： 缅甸、埃及、伊朗、北韩、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利 亚 税赋负担——商务： 轻 税赋负担——个人： 温和

around 2.4%. The currency is the Swiss Franc, and there are no exchange controls. Membership of the EEA gives Liechtenstein access to the single market of the EU in most respects.

In October, 2003, in a dramatic development, Liechtenstein refused to sign an agreement to expand the EEA to incorporate the ten nations due to accede to the EU in 2004, apparently in order to get back at the Czech Republic and Slovakia for the 'Benes' decree in the 1940s which resulted in the expulsion of Liechtenstein nationals and the expropriation of their property.

But at the end of November Liechtenstein gave in and signed up.

Suitable for: Banking, Fund Management, Yachting, Trading Financial, Intellectual Property/Licensing, Holding Companies Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies and trusts Capital primary business districts: Vaduz, Schaan Good Relationships: Switzerland, United Kingdom Bad Relationships: Burma, Egypt, Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria Tax Burden - Business: Light Tax Burden - Individual: Moderate

总体税率： CIT 12.5%, PIT 21%, VAT 8%

Headline tax rates: CIT 12.5%, PIT 21%, VAT 8%

条约签订国：奥地利，德国，香港，卢森堡，圣马力诺，英国， 乌拉圭

Treaty Jurisdictions: Austria, Germany, Hong Kong, Luxembourg, San Marino, United Kindgom, Uruguay

税务信息交换协议签订国： 安道尔、安提瓜和巴布达、澳大利亚、比利时、加拿大、中国、 丹麦、法罗岛、芬兰、法国、德国、格陵兰、冰岛、印度、 爱尔兰、日本、墨西哥、摩纳哥、荷兰、挪威、圣基茨和 尼维斯、圣文森特岛和格林纳丁斯群岛、南非、瑞典、英国、 美国

TIEA Jurisdictions: Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greenland, Iceland, India, Ireland, Japan, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, South Africa, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States

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列支敦士登 Liechtenstein 对中国投资者来说，列支敦士登的优势有哪些？

列支敦士登公司建立的费用是什么？

列支敦士登位于瑞士和奥地利之间，土地类型为多山地，莱茵河 谷地是该国人口最为众多的地区。 列支敦士登属于欧洲自贸联盟成员国之一，从 1995 年开始加入 欧洲经济区；它并不是联合国的成员国。列支敦士登的官方语言 为德语，英语和法语也很流行，且还有当地的方言被广泛使用。

一般能够得到授权的资本为 30000 瑞士法郎

列支敦士登的公司建立类型有哪些？ 有限公司、公众有限公司和信托

注册公司的一般税率如何？ 列支敦士登有着比较温和的国内税收制度，但还非常特殊和灵活 性很高的“控股”和“居住”公司、机构和基金会，直到 2010 年 12 月前都是免税的。他们通常不能在该国国内进行贸易。从 2011 年 1 月开始，所有之前的免税实体都需要缴纳至少 1200 瑞 士法郎的年税。

列支敦士登的公司建立要求是什么？ 列支敦士登的实体公司或信托不能参与银行业、保险业、再保险 业、基金管理、集体投资计划或任何其它需要和银行业或金融业 联合的业务，除非得到当地政府的特殊许可证。

What are the advantages of the jurisdiction for Chinese investors?

What are the fees associated with the company incorporation?

The Principality of Liechtenstein lies in the region of the Upper Rhine between the Swiss Canton of St. Gall and the Austrian Federal State of Vorarlberg. The topography is mainly mountainous, other than the Rhine Valley, which is the most populated area.

Usual Authorised Capital is CHF 30,000

Liechtenstein belongs to EFTA, and since 1995 to the EEA; it is not a member of the UN. The official language is German; English and French are also spoken, with a local dialect used in everyday life.

What types of companies can be opened?

Limited companies, public limited companies and trusts

What are the requirements for company formation?

A Liechtenstein body corporate or trust cannot undertake the business of banking, insurance, assurance, reinsurance, fund management, collective investment schemes or any other activity that would suggest an association with the Banking or Finance industries, unless a special licence is obtained.

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What is the general taxation rate for incorporated companies?

Liechtenstein has moderate domestic taxes, but has specialised and very flexible types of 'holding' and 'domiciliary' company as well as 'establishments' and 'foundations' which were tax-exempt until the end of December 2010. They cannot usually trade inside the country. Since January 1, 2011, all formerly tax-exempt entities are subject to the minimum annual tax currently set at CHF1,200.

英国

United Kingdom

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概况

英国

General

United Kingdom

实体类型

公众有限公司

法律类型

普通法

Type of Company

Public Limited

现成公司可用率

有

建立新公司所需时间

1天

Shelf company availability

Yes

公司税

20%-23%

双重征税协定

有

双重征税协定

无

股本或等值股本 标准货币

英镑

允许使用货币

任意

最低付清股本

5 万英镑

法定股本要求

5 万英镑

董事 董事最低人数

2

本地董事

无

公开记录权限

有

董事会议地点

任意地点

Type of Law

Our time to establish a new company Corporate Taxation

Double Taxation Treaty Access

Common 1 day

20% - 23% Yes

Double Taxation Treaty Access Share capital or equivalent

None

Standard currency

GBP

Permitted currencies

Any

Usual authorised Directors

£50,000

Minimum number

Two

Publicly accessible records

Yes

Minimum paid up

Local required

No

Shareholders

Anywhere

Minimum number

Two

Location of meetings Company Secretary

Anywhere

是否为注册地或有资质人员 有

Required

Yes

账户

Accounts

Yes, qualified

Requirements to prepare

Yes

Requirements to file accounts

Yes

股东 最少人数

2

公开记录权限

有

股东会议地点

任意地点

公司秘书 是否需要

需要

账户准备要求

有

审计账户

有

账户登记记录

有

公开账户记录

有

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Location of meetings

£50,000

Publicly accessible records

Local or qualified

Audit requirements

Publicly accessible accounts

Yes

Yes Yes

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：英国 地区：欧洲 货币：英镑 语言：英语 时区：UTC 0 区号：+44 通讯设施：极佳 公司建立成本：200-600 美元 公司建立时间：1 天

Country: United Kingdom Region: Europe Currency: Pound Sterling (GBP) (£) Languages: English Time Zone: UTC 0 Phone Code: +44 Communications: Very Good Formation Cost: 200 - 600 USD$ Formation Time: 1 day Maintenance cost: 100 - 300 USD$

维护费用：100-300 美元

简介

Introduction

虽然英国是一个适合营商的国家，它高度专业的金融服务 业、普通法的运用、直截了当的公司法都让它的吸引力经 久不衰。但是它也是一个税收相对较高的国家，即使有一 些机会可以适当节税。英国的“离岸”依靠泽西岛、耿西 岛和马恩岛，都提供低税率的可能性，对那些非英国居民 的公司也有有利的税收政策可用。英国的服务业由银行、 金融和保险业组成，位于伦敦的中心部位。英国有极佳的 通讯网络、铁路系统和公路系统，包括通过英吉利海峡隧 道连接欧洲的高铁和许多机场，伦敦的希思罗机场就旅客 数量上来看是世界上最繁忙的机场。英国的信托法非常成 熟，税务优势很大，特别在遗产税方面更有极大的优势。

Although the UK must be counted as business-friendly, with its superb professional services, a common law heritage, and straightforward company law, it is relatively highly taxed and there are few if any niches available by way of escape. The ‘offshore’ dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man (qv) do however provide low-tax possibilities, and there is a beneficial tax regime for ‘non-doms’ – those who do not have UK origins. The services sector is dominated by banking, finance and insurance, centred in the City of London. The UK has excellent telecommunications, extensive rail and road networks, including high-speed rail links to Europe via the Channel Tunnel, and a number of airports, with London Heathrow said to be the world’s busiest in terms of passenger numbers. The UK has welldeveloped trust law, with distinct tax advantages, especially in relation to inheritance tax.

英 国 的 公 司 税 税 率 自 2012 年 开 始 为 24%（2011 年 为 26%），其最低的 20% 的税率适用于的可征税收入达到 30 万英镑；这个低税率在 2011 年 4 月前为 21%。边缘税 率减免在可征所得税 20 万英镑和 150 万英镑之间得到运 用，这一政策能让公司的企业税负担降到极低。另一个得 到减免的是 2010 年 4 月实行的，运用于在英国专利所得 收入的 10% 的税率。

Corporation tax is charged at a rate of 24% from 2012 (26% in 2011), although a lower rate of 20% applies to taxable profits of up to GBP300,000; this lower rate was 21% prior to April 2011.

Marginal rate relief may apply where taxable profit falls between GBP300,000 and GBP1.5m, which can reduce the company’s

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2010 年 4 月 6 日起，个人所得税在收入达到 12 万英镑时 需要征税 50%。资本利得税为 18%，适用于 2011/2012 年年度免税额度为 10600 英镑（之前为 10100 英镑）。 适用于： 保险业、航运、游艇、金融贸易、电子商务 离岸工具种类： 有限公司、公众有限公司、有限合伙公司、有限责任合伙 公司、独资公司、分公司和专业公司 主要资本商务区域： 伦敦 良好关系： 澳大利亚、奥地利、比利时、保加利亚、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、 捷克共和国、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、 匈牙利、印度、爱尔兰、意大利、拉托维亚、立陶宛、卢 森堡、马耳他、荷兰、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克、 斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞典、美国

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corporation tax liability. Another reduced corporation tax rate of 10% applies from April 2010 to profits derived from UK patents.

From April 6, 2010, the top rate of personal income tax is 50% on income of over GBP150,000. Capital gains are taxed at 18%, subject to an annual exemption of GBP10,600 for the 2011/12 tax year (GBP10,100 previously).

Suitable for: Insurance, Shipping, Yachting, Trading Financial, E-commerce Vehicle Types: Limited companies, public limited companies, limited partnerships, limited liability partnerships, sole proprietorships, branches and specialist companies Capital primary business districts: London Good Relationships: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

关系不佳： 伊朗、北韩、索马里、叙利亚 赋税负担——商务： 重度

Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United States Bad Relationships: Iran, Korea (Democratic People's Republic of), Somalia, Syria

税赋负担——个人： 极重

Tax Burden - Business: Heavy

总体税率： CIT 20-25%, PIT 20-50%, VAT 20%

Tax Burden - Individual: Very Heavy

签订条约国： 安提瓜和巴布达、阿根廷、亚美尼亚、澳大利亚、奥地利、 阿塞拜疆、巴林、孟加拉国、巴巴多斯、白俄罗斯、比利时、 伯利兹、玻利维亚、波黑共和国、博茨瓦纳、文莱、英属 维尔京群岛、保加利亚、缅甸、加拿大、开曼群岛、智利、 中国、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、埃及、 爱沙尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、福克兰群岛、法罗群岛、斐济、 芬兰、法国、冈比亚、格鲁吉亚、德国、加纳、希腊、格 林纳达、圭亚那、香港、匈牙利、冰岛、印度、印度尼西 亚、爱尔兰、以色列、意大利、象牙海岸、牙买加、日本、 约旦哈萨克斯坦、肯尼亚、基里巴斯、韩国、科威特、拉 托维亚、莱索托、利比亚、列支敦士登、立陶宛、卢森堡、 马其顿、马拉维、马来西亚、马耳他、毛里求斯、墨西哥、 摩尔多瓦、蒙古、黑山共和国、蒙特色拉特岛、摩洛哥、 纳米比亚、荷兰、新西兰、尼日利亚、挪威、阿曼、巴基 斯坦、巴拿马、巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、 卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、圣基茨和尼维斯、沙特阿拉 伯、塞尔维亚、塞拉利昂、新加坡、斯洛伐克、所罗门群岛、 南非、西班牙、斯里兰卡、苏丹、斯威士兰、瑞典、瑞士、 台湾、塔吉克斯坦、泰国、特立尼达和多巴哥、突尼斯、 土耳其、土库曼斯坦、图瓦卢、乌干达、乌克兰、美国、 乌兹别克斯坦、委内瑞拉、越南、赞比亚、津巴布韦 税务信息交换协议签订地区： 安圭拉岛、安提瓜和巴布达、阿鲁巴岛、巴哈马、伯利兹、 百慕大、巴西、英属维尔京群岛、库拉索岛、多米尼加、 直布罗陀、格林纳达、耿西岛、马恩岛、泽西岛、利比亚、 列支敦士登、马绍尔群岛、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、 圣文森特岛和格林纳丁群岛、圣马力诺、圣马丁、特克斯 和凯科斯群岛、乌拉圭

Headline tax rates: CIT 20-25%, PIT 20-50%, VAT 20% Treaty Jurisdictions: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei, British Virgin Islands, Bulgaria, Burma (Myanmar), Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, China, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, Faroe Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guyana, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Korea, Republic of, Kuwait, Latvia, Lesotho, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Montserrat, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe TIEA Jurisdictions: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Belize, Bermuda, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Curacao, Dominica, Gibraltar, Grenada, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Marshall Islands, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sint Maarten, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay

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英国 United Kingdom 英国的特点是什么？中国公司为什么要选择贵地？ 伦敦是世界顶尖的金融中心和国际贸易中心，与超过 100 个国家 签订了避免双重征税协定。并且，英国是欧盟和全球各个集团设 立控股公司的绝佳选择。对于中国客户来说，英国有无可比拟的 高教育标准和生活质量，适合投资。

监管机构是否可以向贵国的公司要求公开公司、高管或 账户信息？ 在公司注册处会有管理人员和股东的具体信息，年度账户也在此 备案。在过去的 150 年里，透明度一直是英国保持公司管理体系 稳定性的关键成功因素，并且，英国在全球倡导透明化进程中起 到了带头作用。

对中国投资者来说，贵国和其它竞争者有什么不同？ 英国是欧盟集团内的国家，但实行普通法，同时也结合了欧盟成 员国的部分优惠政策，使其享有稳定而高效的法律体系。英国公 司在全世界享有盛誉。对于信托，英国也有特定的法律和先例。

在贵国开设公司的主要税率是什么？ 是欧盟集团公司税率最低的国家之一，为 21%，并将于 2015 年 降至 20%。海外分红无预提税，同时还有资本收益税免除条款。

公司建立方面的费用是多少？一般需要多少时间？ 成立英国公司，一般来说费用只是名义上的，如成立一家声誉较 好、符合规定的信托公司，通常仅需 150 英镑。不同于其他欧盟 国家，在英国成立公司无最低资金要求。 注册公司时间一般为一个工作日。

来源：Jordans Trust Company Limited

What is unique in your jurisdiction and why Chinese investors should form companies there?

London is one of the world's leading financial centers and a hub for international trade and finance. With over 100 double taxation agreements, the UK is also an excellent location to establish holding companies for EU and global groups. For Chinese clients seeking to relocate, the UK offers unparalleled standards of education and quality of life.

What makes your jurisdiction different from other competitors for Chinese investors?

As a common law country within the EU, the UK combines a reliable and efficient legal system with the benefits of EU membership such as the parent/subsidiary directive. UK companies are highly regarded around the world. The UK has exceptional law and precedent relating to trusts.

What is the general taxation rate for incorporating companies in your jurisdiction?

Can the regulatory authority’s request information about the company and officers or account details from your jurisdictions?

Details of directors and shareholders are filed at the Companies Registry together with the annual accounts. Transparency has, for over 150 years, been key to the success and stability of the UK corporate governance regime and the UK leads the way on global initiatives on transparency

What are the fees associated with company incorporation and how long does it normally take?

Costs to incorporate UK companies are nominal, typical fees from a reputable and regulated trust company will be in the region of £150.00. Unlike many other EU countries, there are no capitalization requirements.

Companies are typically incorporated within a day.

The main rate of corporation tax is one of the lowest rates within the European Union at 21%, dropping to 20% in 2015. There is no withholding tax on outbound foreign dividend payments and there is an exemption provision for capital gains tax.

Source: Jordans Trust Company Limited

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库克群岛

Cook Islands

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概况

库克群岛

General

Cook Islands

实体类型

国际公司

政治稳定性

好

Type of Company

International

法律类型

有

受益人披露

无

Type of Law

Common

注册地变更

允许

海外收入征税

无

姓名语言要求

拉丁语或其他字 母系统

Political Stability

Disclosure of Beneficial Owner

股东最低人数

1

管理人员最低人数

1

是否允许公司董事

是

公司秘书

需要

法定股本要求

5000 美元

本地要求 注册办公室

需要

公司秘书

需要

当地管理人员

无

当地会议

无

政府注册管理人员

需要

政府注册股东

无

Yes

Language of Name

Latin and other alphabets

Tax on Offshore Profits

Nil

Minimum Number of Shareholders / One Members Minimum Number of Directors / Managers

One

Company Secretary Required

Yes

Corporate Directors / Managers Permitted Usual Authorised Capital

Yes

Local Requirements

US$5,000

Registered Office/Agent

Yes

Local Directors

No

Company Secretary Local Meetings

Government Register of Directors / Managers

Yes No

Yes

Government Register of Shareholders No / Members Annual Requirements

年审要求

Annual Return

年收入申报要求

需要

上交账户信息 重复政府费用

无 （或依决议） Submit Accounts

最低年税 / 证书费用

300 美元

年收入申报费用

无

176

No

Migration of Domicile Permitted

Corporate Requirements

成立条件

Good

Company Formation Guide 2014

Yes

Recurring Government Costs

No (by resolution)

Minimum Annual Tax / Licence Fee

US$300

Annual Return Filing Fee

Nil

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS 行政特区：库克群岛 地区：太平洋 货币：新西兰元，库克群岛元 语言：英语、库克群岛毛利语 时区：UTC-10 区号：+682 通讯设施：不错 公司建立成本：1800-2400 美元 公司建立时间：3-8 天 维护费用：1500-1900 美元

Country: Cook Islands Region: Pacific Currency: New Zealand Dollar (NZD) (NZ$), Cook Islands Dollar (CI$) Languages: English, Cook Islands Maori Time Zone: UTC -10 Phone Code: +682 Communications: OK Formation Cost: 1800 - 2400 USD$ Formation Time: 3-8 days Maintenance cost: 1500 - 1900 USD$

简介

Introduction

坐落于南太平洋，大约位于新西兰和夏威夷的中间位置， 库克群岛的众多岛屿散布在大约 240 平凡公里的海面上。 作为传统上的英国保护国之一，该岛的法律体系是基于英 国普通法，官方语言也是英语。但是这个行政特区现在已 成为一个自治政府。库克群岛的地理位置比较孤立，自然 资源的缺乏导致经济发展停滞。离岸金融和信托服务现在 已成为该国第二大的政府收入来源，这里还有特别的针对 银行业、专属保险和信托管理政策，上述都是这里最大的

Located in the South Pacific Ocean approximately half-way between New Zealand and Hawaii, the Cook Islands are a widely scattered group of islands occupying a surface area of about 240 sq km. As a legacy of its status as a British protectorate, the legal system is based on English common law and the official language is English, but the jurisdiction is now a self-governing democracy. The Cook Islands’ geographic isolation and their lack of natural resources have hindered economic development.

Offshore financial and fiduciary services are now the second

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离岸领域。本地公司对全球范围内的收入需要支付 20% 的 税率。非居民公司需要对在岛上获得的收入缴纳 28% 的 税率。不过，离岸实体在库克群岛上是免税的。 库克群岛是一个自治议会的民主制国家，在宪法上和新西 兰有不少渊源。女王是国家的首脑而在新西兰有一个高级 总督。库克群岛有一名首相和一个由议会成员中选出的内 阁。该岛人口数为 10777 人，和新西兰的毛利人属于同族， 人口散布在南太平洋地区上的众多岛屿中。当地的时区为 格林威治时间减 10 小时。国家首都阿瓦鲁阿位于拉罗汤 加岛上，和洛杉矶、夏威夷和新西兰等地都有直飞航班。 库克群岛气候属于热带类型，夏季会遭遇台风。 库克群岛的经济主要依靠进口，其宽松的财政政策导致在 1996 年的“破产”。在政府预算缩减和得到新西兰的帮 助后，经济有所复苏。该岛出口包括椰子、珍珠和水果。 旅游业是支柱产业，离岸产业是政府收入的第二大来源。 货币为新西兰元，且没有外汇管制。这里的失业率和通胀 率都很低。对外商公司的投资也有非常多的投资优惠政策。 当地的税率中包括 20% 的公司税，个人所得税最高可达 30%。增值税为 12.5% 且有印花税。向非居民支付的预提 税是 15%，并且从 2011 年 9 月 1 日开始，利息支付时要 交纳税率为 15% 的预提税。库克群岛没有签订过免双重 征税条约，但从 2009 年开始已签订了 16 个税务信息交换 协议。

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largest contributor to Government finances, and there are special regimes for banks, captives and trust management, which is the biggest offshore sector. Domestic companies pay 20% tax on worldwide income. Non-resident companies pay 28% tax on profits derived from income sourced in the Islands. However, offshore entities are exempt from Cook Islands taxation.

Suitable for: Fund Management Vehicle Types: Limited companies, IBCs, trusts, foreign companies and limited partnerships Capital primary business districts: Avarua Good Relationships: Australia, Marshall Islands, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu Bad Relationships: Burma, Egypt, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria Tax Burden - Business: Moderate Tax Burden - Individual: Moderate Headline tax rates: CIT 20%, PIT 20%-30%, VAT 17% Treaty Jurisdictions: None TIEA Jurisdictions: Australia, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Republic of, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Sweden

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离岸产业早在 1981 年就已经开始，这里对银行、专属保 险和信托管理都有特殊政策。离岸公司和信托不需要缴纳 除印花税以外的任何税款。除了在受到除经济犯罪之外的 犯罪调查时，这里的保密性非常严谨。 适合于： 基金管理 离岸工具种类： 有限公司、国际商务公司、信托、外商投资公司和有限合 伙公司 主要资本领域： 阿瓦鲁阿 良好关系： 澳大利亚、马绍尔群岛、新西兰、纽埃岛、巴布亚新几内亚、 瓦努阿图 关系不佳： 缅甸、埃及、伊朗、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利亚 税赋负担——商务： 一般 税赋负担——个人： 一般 总体税率： CIT 20%, PIT 20%-30%, VAT 17% 条约签订行政特区： 无 税务信息交换协议签订地区： 澳大利亚、丹麦、法罗岛、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、格陵兰、 冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、韩国、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、南非、 瑞典

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瓦努阿图 Vanuatu

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概况

瓦努阿图

General

Vanuatu

实体类型

豁免公司

现成公司可用率

有

Type of Company

Exempt

建立新公司所需时间

2天

政治稳定性

好

Our time to Establish a New Company

2 days

法律类型

普通法

受益人披露

有

公司税

无

双重征税条约

无

姓名语言要求

拉丁语或其他 字母系统

股东最低人数

2

管理人员最低人数

1

是否允许公司董事

是

公司秘书

需要

法定股本要求

1 万美元

本地要求 注册办公室

需要

公司秘书

需要

当地合伙人

需要

当地会议

无

政府注册管理人员

需要

政府注册股东

需要

账户 年收入申报要求

需要

上交账户信息

无

年审要求

如果收入超过 20 万美元，需要

年度登记费

无

Company Formation Guide 2014

Yes

Political Stability

Good

Disclosure of Beneficial Owner

Yes

Type of Law

Corporate Taxation

Double Taxation Treaty Access Language of Name

Corporate Requirements

成立条件

182

Shelf Company Availability

Common Nil

None

Lating and other alphabets

Minimum Number of Shareholders / Members

Two

Corporate Directors / Managers Permitted

Yes

Minimum Number of Directors / Managers Company Secretary Required Usual Authorised Capital

One Yes

Local Requirements

US$ 10,000

Registered Office/Agent

Yes

Local Partner

Yes

Company Secretary Local Directors

Government Register of Directors / Managers Government Register of Shareholders / Members

Yes No No

Accounts

Yes

Annual Return

Yes

Annual Audit

Yes if turnover exceeds US$200,000

Submit Accounts Annual Return Filing Fee

No

Nil

行政特区 JURISDICTIONS

行政特区：瓦努阿图 地区：太平洋 货币：瓦努阿图瓦图 语言：比斯拉马语、英语、法语 区号：+678 通讯设施：OK 公司建立成本：1800-3000 美元 公司建立时间：1-4 天 维护成本：800-1400 美元

Country: Vanuatu Region: Pacific Currency: Vanuatu Vatu (VT) (VUV) Languages: Bislama, English French Time Zone: UTC +11 Phone Code: +678 Communications: OK Formation Cost: 1800 - 3000 USD$ Formation Time: 1-4 days Maintenance cost: 800 - 1400 USD$

简介

Introduction

瓦努阿图是澳大利亚东部，昆士兰州海岸外部海面上的一 个热带群岛国家，大部分人口为美拉尼西亚人，2012 年 的数据显示人口数量为 258334 人。这 80 个岛屿的多岛 国家多山地，其中一些是火山。两个主岛上有国际机场， 大部分航线飞澳大利亚。这一群岛国家在 1980 年前都由 英法两国统治，语言为英语、法语和比斯拉马语。时区为 GMT 加 11 小时。瓦努阿图采用议会制度并有威斯敏斯特 模式的首相政府和一个选举的总统。法律制度基于英国普 通法，民事法也受到一些英国的影响。

Vanuatu is a group of tropical islands on the eastern seaboard of Australia, off the coast of Queensland, with a mostly Melanesian population of 258,334 (2012). The 80 islands are mountainous, and some are volcanic. There are international airports on the two main islands; most connections are to Australia. The islands had British/French governance until independence in 1980; languages are English, French and Bislama (pidgin). The time zone is GMT plus 11 hours. There is a uni-cameral Parliament with a Westminster-model Prime Ministerial government and an elected President. The legal system is based on English common law with some civil law influence.

瓦努阿图的经济在历史上基于农业和渔业，现在则依赖于 旅游业和金融服务业。游轮经停两个深水港。人均 GDP 为 4900 美元，这个数字虽然很低但一直在快速增长。维 拉港的设施相对比较先进，雇佣的多为外国人，而其他的 当地瓦努阿图岛国人则相对比较拮据。大部分的货物都依 赖进口，出口税和增值税是政府收入的主要来源。货币是 瓦图（VT），对所有基于美元的货币都实行固定比率。最 近几年，1 美元的价值大约在 VT100 左右。 瓦努阿图没有直接税。政府的收入主要来源是进出口税、 注册费、商务许可证费、印花税、增值税和旅游业收入。

Vanuatu's economy, historically based on agriculture and fishing, is now dependent on tourism and financial services. Cruise liners call at the two deep-water ports. GDP of USD4,900 per head is low but has been growing strongly. There is a strong contrast between the relatively sophisticated capital Port Vila, with its expatriate workers, and the subsistence economy of most of the Ni-Vanuatu islanders. Most goods are imported, and import duties and value-added tax are the main sources of Government revenue. The currency is the Vatu (VT), fixed against a dollarbased currency basket. In recent years, USD1 has been worth approximately VT100.

There is no direct taxation in Vanuatu. Import and export duties, registration fees, business license fees, stamp duty, VAT and a tourist turnover tax generate Government revenue. The offshore sector is well-developed, with the IBC-style International Company being the entity of choice. Banking, insurance, trust management and electronic gaming are the most important activities.

Vanuatu has no tax treaties. Vanuatu has signed Tax Information Exchange Agreements with Australia, Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Greenland, Grenada, Iceland, Ireland, Korea (Republic of), New Zealand, Norway, San Marino and

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离岸行业发展完善，IBC 类型的国际公司是当地营商的实 体之选。银行业、保险业、信托管理和电子博彩业都是主 要的经营活动。 瓦努阿图没有签订税收协议。但和澳大利亚、丹麦、法罗 群岛、芬兰、法国、格陵兰、格林纳达、冰岛、爱尔兰、 南韩、新西兰、挪威、圣马力诺和瑞典签订了税务信息交 换协议；当地有反对洗钱的法律，要求和国际监察机构配 合调查。当然，这里的个人私密性还是受到法律的保护， 由于没有税收的关系，这里并没有避税的罪名。 适合于： 航运、航空、游艇、货物贸易、知识产权 / 许可证、控股公司、 电子商务、电子博彩业 离岸工具种类： 当地有限公司、豁免公司、国际公司、通用合伙公司、有 限合伙公司和信托 主要资本商务区域： 维拉港 良好关系： 澳大利亚、库克群岛、马绍尔群岛、新西兰、纽埃岛、巴 布亚新几内亚

Sweden. There is domestic legislation to counter moneylaundering and which enables international co-operation with investigators. However, privacy is good with statutory protection, and there is no crime of tax evasion since there are no taxes.

Suitable for: Shipping, Aviation, Yachting, Trading Goods, Intellectual Property/ Licensing, Holding Companies, E-commerce, E-gaming Vehicle Types: Local limited companies, exempt companies, international companies, general partnerships, limited partnerships and trusts Capital primary business districts: Port Vila Good Relationships: Australia, Cook Islands, Marshall Islands, New Zealand, Niue, Papua New Guinea

关系不佳： 缅甸、埃及、伊朗、利比亚、索马里、苏丹、叙利亚

Bad Relationships: Burma, Egypt, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria

赋税负担——商务： 极轻

Tax Burden - Business: Very Light

税赋负担——个人： 极轻 总体税率： CIT 0%, PIT 0%, VAT 12.5%

Tax Burden - Individual: Very Light Headline tax rates: CIT 0%, PIT 0%, VAT 12.5%

条约签订国：无

Treaty Jurisdictions: None

税务信息交换协议签订国： 澳大利亚、丹麦、法罗群岛、芬兰、法国、格陵兰、格林纳达、 冰岛、爱尔兰、韩国、新西兰、挪威、圣马力诺、瑞典

TIEA Jurisdictions: Australia, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Greenland, Grenada, Iceland, Ireland, Korea, Republic of, New Zealand, Norway, San Marino, Sweden

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瓦努阿图 Vanuatu 瓦努阿图有何独特之处，为什么中国投资者应在此成立 公司？ 瓦努阿图有针对中国公民特别设计的居民和公民项目。该项目要 求在瓦努阿图进行公司投资。瓦努阿图被视为成为香港公民的敲 门砖。瓦努阿图与中国有着密切的关系。中国投资者瓦努阿图广 受欢迎，并且目前已有中方投资在瓦努阿图。中国的直接投资可 以通过瓦努阿图离岸公司进行很好的规划。

对中国投资者而言，瓦努阿图同其他竞争国家相比有何 不同？ 瓦努阿图的独特性在于它能够结合现存的中国直接投资，将离岸 公司与信托，或者居民公民权结合起来。瓦努阿图与中国有着较 少的时差，但又有着热带气候，曾经两次或者世界最幸福国家称 号。瓦努阿图的两大主要城市均有中国全职工作者，覆盖整个医 疗体系，是由中国政府支援的。瓦努阿图政府和私人机构都有香 港办公室，来为中国投资者服务。

瓦努阿图成立公司的一般税率是多少？ 瓦努阿图对离岸和在岸公司均不征收所得税、资本收益税、无外 汇管制、无预提税和遗产税。离岸公司可享受法律规定的至少 20 年免税待遇，目前有提议将时限提高至 40 年。为享受免税政策， 离岸公司不能再瓦努阿图进行商业活动，但是可以通过与当地公 司合作，并且无所得税。

监管部门可要求瓦努阿图提供有关公司、管理人员或账 户方面的信息吗？ 监管部门可以要求查看信息，但无法定权力获取特定客户的信息。 然而，如果法院发出指令，公司必须配合。国际公司法禁止任何 人（包括公司所有人）泄露公司信息。

来源 : Pacific International Trust Company

What is unique in your jurisdiction and why Chinese investors should form companies there?

Vanuatu has an attractive residency and citizenship program especially designed for Chinese nationals. The program requires investing in Vanuatu and for that a company is normally needed. Vanuatu is a recognized stepping stone for investors seeking Hong Kong residency.

Vanuatu has close relations with China and there is a flourishing and growing Chinese community in the two largest cities, but there is no crowding. Opportunity yes.

The Chinese have been a welcomed nation of investors and already there are major Chinese investments in Vanuatu. Having an offshore company in Vanuatu fits in comfortably with Chinese direct investment in the country.

What makes your jurisdiction different from other competitors for Chinese investors?

Vanuatu is unique because of its combination of existing Chinese direct investment in the country, a thriving offshore company and trust sector, and residency/citizenship possibility – all in a close time zone to China with a lush tropical climate which has been voted twice the happiest country in the world.

Both major cities have Chinese full time resident medical teams of GPs, acupuncturists, midwives, dentists and operating theater doctors, supplied by the Chinese government under their aid scheme.

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Both the Vanuatu government and the private sector maintain offices in Hong Kong to serve the Chinese investor.

What is the general taxation rate for incorporating companies in your jurisdiction?

Uniquely, Vanuatu has no income taxes on either offshore or onshore companies. Nor does it have any capital gains taxes, exchange controls, withholdings taxes or death duties. Offshore companies, by law, have a guarantee of no taxes for not less than 20 years, with a current proposal to increase that to 40 years. In exchange for no taxation, an offshore company cannot do business in Vanuatu, but you can with a local company and still have no income taxes.

Can the regulatory authority’s request information about the company and officers or account details from your jurisdictions?

The regulatory authority can request information but has no statutory power to demand specific client information. However, if the court orders disclosure, it must be given. The International Companies Act bars anyone (including the beneficial owner) from disclosing information about the company.

Source: Pacific International Trust Company

Offshore Handbook | 离岸指南

中国和主要行政特区签订的免双重征税协议表

DTA Access of China with Major Jurisdictions

序号 Serial No

行政特区 Jurisdiction

签署日期 Signed on

生效日期 Effective from

执行日期 Applicable since

1

新加坡 Singapore

1986.4.18

1986.12.11

1987.1.1

2

新加坡 Singapore

2007.7.11

2007.9.18

2008.1.1

3

加拿大 Canada

1986.5.12

1986.12.29

1987.1.1

4

新西兰 New Zealand

1986.9.16

1986.12.17

1987.1.1

5

瑞士 Switzerland

1990.7.6

1991.9.27

1990.1.1

6

塞浦路斯 Cyprus

1990.10.25

1991.10.5

1992.1.1

7

奥地利 Austria

1991.4.10

1992.11.1

1993.1.1

8

马耳他 Malta

1993.2.2

1994.3.20

1995.1.1

9

马耳他 Malta

2010.10.18

2011.8.25

2012.1.1

10

阿联酋 United Arab Emirates

1993.7.1

1994.7.14

1995.1.1

11

卢森堡 Luxembourg

1994.3.12

1995.7.28

1996.1.1

12

毛里求斯 Mauritius

1994.8.1

1995.5.4

1996.1.1

13

冰岛 Iceland

1996.6.3

1997.2.5

1998.1.1

14

立陶宛 Lithuania

1996.6.3

1996.10.18

1997.1.1

15

拉托维亚 Latvia

1996.6.7

1997.1.27

1998.1.1

16

塞舌尔 Seychelles

1999.8.26

1999.12.17

2000.1.1

17

爱尔兰 Ireland

2000.4.19

2000.12.29

中（China）2011.1.1 爱（Ireland）2001.4.6

18

南非 South Africa

2000.4.25

2001.1.7

2002.1.1

19

巴巴多斯 Barbados

2000.5.15

2000.10.27

2001.1.1

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行政特区

巴哈马 Bahamas

开曼群岛 Cayman Islands

库克群岛 Cook Islands

马恩岛 Isle of Man

安道尔 Andorra

阿根廷 Argentina

阿根廷 Argentina

澳大利亚 Australia

阿根廷 Argentina

直布罗陀 Gibraltar

阿鲁巴岛 Aruba

阿鲁巴岛 Aruba

丹麦 Denmark

澳大利亚 Australia

泽西岛 Jersey

澳大利亚 Australia

澳大利亚 Australia

法罗群岛 Faroe Islands

博茨瓦 Botswana

摩纳哥 Monaco

比利时 Belgium

巴西 Brazil

芬兰 Finland

加拿大 Canada

圣文森特和格林纳丁斯 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

加拿大 Canada

加拿大 Canada

法国 France

中国 China

中国 China

中国 China

德国 Germany

捷克共和国 Czech Republic

丹麦 Denmark

库拉索岛 Curaçao

希腊 Greece

丹麦 Denmark

法罗群岛 Faroe Islands

捷克共和国 Czech Republic

格陵兰 Greenland

法罗群岛 Faroe Islands

芬兰 Finland

丹麦 Denmark

冰岛 Iceland

芬兰 Finland

法国 France

法罗群岛 Faroe Islands

爱尔兰 Ireland

法国 France

德国 Germany

芬兰 Finland

意大利 Italy

德国 Germany

格陵兰 Greenland

法国 France

韩国 Korea, Republic of

格陵兰 Greenland

耿西岛 Guernsey

德国 Germany

墨西哥 Mexico

冰岛 Iceland

冰岛 Iceland

格陵兰 Greenland

荷兰 Netherlands

印度 India

印度 India

耿西岛 Guernsey

新西兰 New Zealand

印度尼西亚 Indonesia

日本 Japan

冰岛 Iceland

挪威 Norway

爱尔兰 Ireland

韩国 Korea, Republic of

印度 India

南非 South Africa

意大利 Italy

马耳他 Malta

爱尔兰 Ireland

瑞典 Sweden

日本 Japan

墨西哥 Mexico

意大利 Italy

莱索托 Lesotho

摩纳哥 Monaco

日本 Japan

墨西哥 Mexico

荷兰 Netherlands

马耳他 Malta

荷兰 Netherlands

新西兰 New Zealand

墨西哥 Mexico

新西兰 New Zealand

挪威 Norway

荷兰 Netherlands

挪威 Norway

波兰 Poland

新西兰 New Zealand

波兰 Poland

圣马力诺 San Marino

挪威 Norway

南非 South Africa

波兰 Poland

西班牙 Spain

葡萄牙 Portugal

瑞典 Sweden

卡塔尔 Qatar

英国 United Kingdom

塞舌尔 Seychelles

葡萄牙 Portugal 斯洛文尼亚 Slovenia 瑞典 Sweden 瑞士 Switzerland 土耳其 Turkey

美国 United States

荷属圣马丁 Sint Maarten

英国 United Kingdom

南非 South Africa

美国 United States

税 - 收信息交换网络

奥地利 Austria

Jurisdictions - TIEA networks

瑞典 Sweden

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Offshore Handbook | 离岸指南 列支敦士登 Liechtenstein

毛里求斯 Mauritius

巴拿马 Panama

卡塔尔 Qatar

塞舌尔 Seychelles

英国 United Kingdom

瓦努阿图 Vanuatu

安道尔 Andorra

澳大利亚 Australia

加拿大 Canada

开曼群岛 Cayman Islands

开曼群岛 Cayman Islands

安圭拉 Anguilla

澳大利亚 Australia

安提瓜和巴布达 Antigua and Barbuda

丹麦 Denmark

丹麦 Denmark

丹麦 Denmark

丹麦 Denmark

安提瓜和巴布达 Antigua and Barbuda

丹麦 Denmark

澳大利亚 Australia

法罗群岛 Faroe Islands

法罗群岛 Faroe Islands

法罗群岛 Faroe Islands

法罗群岛 Faroe Islands

阿鲁巴岛 Aruba

法罗群岛 Faroe Islands

比利时 Belgium

芬兰 Finland

芬兰 Finland

芬兰 Finland

芬兰 Finland

巴哈马 Bahamas, The

芬兰 Finland

加拿大 Canada

格陵兰 Greenland

格陵兰 Greenland

格陵兰 Greenland

格陵兰 Greenland

伯利兹 Belize

法国 France

丹麦 Denmark

耿西岛 Guernsey

冰岛 Iceland

冰岛 Iceland

耿西岛 Guernsey

百慕大 Bermuda

格陵兰 Greenland

法罗群岛 Faroe Islands

冰岛 Iceland

挪威 Norway

瑞典 Sweden

冰岛 Iceland

巴西 Brazil

格林纳达 Grenada

芬兰 Finland

挪威 Norway

瑞典 Sweden

荷兰 Netherlands

库拉索岛 Curaçao

冰岛 Iceland

美国 United States

挪威 Norway

多米尼加 Dominica

爱尔兰 Ireland

瑞典 Sweden

法国 France 德国 Germany

直布罗陀 Gibraltar

韩国 Korea, Republic of

格陵兰 Greenland

格林纳达 Grenada

新西兰 New Zealand

冰岛 Iceland

耿西岛 Guernsey

挪威 Norway

印度 India

马恩岛 Isle of Man

圣马力诺 San Marino

爱尔兰 Ireland

泽西岛 Jersey

瑞典 Sweden

日本 Japan

利比里亚 Liberia

墨西哥 Mexico

列支敦士登 Liechtenstein

摩纳哥 Monaco

马绍尔群岛 Marshall Islands

荷兰 Netherlands

圣基茨和尼维斯 Saint Kitts and Nevis

挪威 Norway

圣卢西亚岛 Saint Lucia

圣基茨和尼维斯 Saint Kitts and Nevis

圣文森特和格林纳丁斯 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

圣文森特和格林纳丁斯 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

圣马力诺 San Marino

南非 South Africa

荷属圣马丁 Sint Maarten

瑞典 Sweden

特克斯和凯科斯群岛 Turks and Caicos Islands

英国 United Kingdom

乌拉圭 Uruguay

美国 United States

英属维尔京群岛 Virgin Islands, British

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离岸指南 | OFFSHORE HANDBOOK 企业服务提供商 Corporate Service Providers

Bahamas

Tel: +852 25238123 hkinfo@applebyglobal.com

Hong Kong

Bahamas

http://www.atu.li Tel: +423 2373434 info@atu.li

专业机构 Professional Organizations

Hong Kong

公共和私有机构 Leno Corporate Services Limited http://www.lenocorporate. com Tel: +242 3963225 info@lenocorporate.com

Hong Kong

Callenders Counsel and Attorneys http:// www.callenders-law. com Tel: +1 242 3222511 nassau@callenders-law.com Cayman Islands

InfoScreen Limited Tel: +852 28248938 HKSales@quorumcentral. com United Kingdom

Loeb Smith & Brady http://www.loebsmith.com/ Tel: +1 345 7497590 gary.smith@loebsmith.com Cyprus

Harneys Westwood & Reigels http://www.harneys.com Tel: +852 31957200 hongkong@harneys.com

委托和信托服务

Trust & Fiduciary Services

Austria

Public and Private Institutions

UAE

RAK Investment Authority http://www.rak-ia.com Tel : +971 72068666 info@ rakinvestmentauthority. com

Mauritius

Premier Financial Services http://www.premier.mu Tel: +230 2456703 contact@premier.mu

离岸律所

International Financial Centers

British Virgin Islands

Pacific International Trust Company Tel: +678 23410 security@vila.net

Mauritius

Panama

GlobaLex Chambers http://globalexchambers. com Tel: +230 2122288 vincent@globalexchambers. com

Professional Trust http://www.professionaltrust.com/ Tel: +507 3919199 dr.braxator@professionaltrust.com Liechtenstein

British Virgin Island International Financial Centre http://www.bviifc.gov.vg Tel: +1 284 4684335 info@bviifc.gov.vg

Board of Investment http://www.investmauritius. com Tel: +230 2033800 contact@investmauritius. com

国际银行

International Banks

Mauritius

Cook Islands

Cook Islands FSDA http://www. cookislandsfinance.com Tel: +682 21175 enquiry@fsda.gov.ck

AfrAsia Bank http://www.afrasiabank. com/default.aspx Tel : +230 2085500 afrasia@afrasiabank.com

离岸公司注册

Offshore Incorporation

Seychelles Qatar

La Poudrière Law and Consultancy Chambers

Offshore Law Firms

Hong Kong

Appleby http://www.applebyglobal. com

190

Kinanis LLC http://www.kinanis.com/ home.html Tel: + 357 22558888 KinanisLLC@kinanis.com

Seychelles

Mauritius

国际金融中心 Bilanz-Data http://www.austrian-taxes. com Tel: +431 516120 baier@austrian-taxes.com Vanuatu

Jordans Trust Company Limited http://www. jordanstrustcompany.com Tel:+1 284 494 6643 info@jordanstrustcompany. com

Asia Offshore Association http://www.aisaoffshore.org Tel: +852 30732008 info@asiaoffshore.org

La Poudrière Law and Consultancy Chambers http://www.arc-royal.net/ Tel : +248 2841181 law@lapoudrierelaw.sc

Company Formation Guide 2014

Allgemeines Treuunternehmen

Qatar Financial Center http://www.qfc.com.qa/ Tel: +974 44967777 info@qfc.com.qa

Clifford International Business Services http://www.cibs.sc Tel: +248 4611030 info-cibs@seychelles.net

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