Our origins discovering physical anthropology 3rd edition larsen test bank

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CHAPTER 7: Primate Sociality, Social Behavior, and Culture MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Diversity in primate societies means that: a. primates express themselves socially through a wide range of behaviors. b. primates encompass a variety of species with similar behaviors. c. primates can be classified into particular species exhibiting one type of behavior. d. primates are just as diverse in their behavior as are humans.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain what it means when primatologists say that primate societies are diverse TOP: Primate societies: diverse, complex, long-lasting MSC: Remembering 2. Primate societies are diverse in several ways, including that: a. several species of primates coexist socially. b. many primate societies are complexly organized. c. some primate societies are male only. d. some primate societies are female only.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain what it means when primatologists say that primate societies are diverse TOP: Primate societies: diverse, complex, long-lasting MSC: Remembering 3. Many primate societies are complexly organized, enabling their members to form alliances including by: a. rank. c. kinship. b. age. d. all of the above ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain what it means when primatologists say that primate societies are diverse TOP: Primate societies: diverse, complex, long-lasting MSC: Remembering 4. Natural selection favors behaviors that enhance: a. body size. c. population size. b. brain size. d. survival and reproduction.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain how primate social behavior is related to fitness and natural selection TOP: Primate societies: diverse, complex, long-lasting MSC: Remembering 5. Primatologists: a. explore the relationships between specific social behaviors and reproductive fitness. b. study just one aspect of primates. c. study cultural anthropology. d. know nothing of primate bones.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain how primate social behavior is related to fitness and natural selection TOP: Primates’ social behavior: enhancing survival and reproduction MSC: Understanding

6. Sexual dimorphism: a. relates to the mating rites of primates. b. concerns differences in body size and canine size. c. determines male and female social hierarchy. d. is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Describe the differences between males and females in terms of reproductive strategy, social behavior, and body shape TOP: Primates’ social behavior: enhancing survival and reproduction MSC: Remembering 7. Sexual dimorphism: a. relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates. b. is the study of sexual intercourse between primates. c. tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males. d. determines male and female social hierarchy.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Describe the differences between males and females in terms of reproductive strategy, social behavior, and body shape TOP: Primates’ social behavior: enhancing survival and reproduction MSC: Remembering 8. Polygynous: a. means “many marriages.” b. means “many offspring.” c. refers to a social group that includes one female and several males. d. refers to a social group that includes one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.

ANS: D DIF: Easy TOP: Primate Residence Patterns

OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns MSC: Remembering

9. Polyandrous: a. refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring. b. refers to a social group that includes one female and several males. c. means “many offspring.” d. refers to a social group that includes one adult male and several adult females and their offspring.

ANS: A DIF: Easy TOP: Primate Residence Patterns

OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns MSC: Remembering

10. Monogamous: a. refers to a social group that is dominated by a single sex. b. refers to a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring. c. refers to primates that live exclusively as a nuclear family. d. refers to a primate social group that includes an adult male and several adult females with their offspring.

ANS: B

DIF: Easy

OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns

TOP: Primate Residence Patterns

MSC: Remembering

11. Sexual selection: a. is the physical competition for access to females. b. is the competition for resources to access females. c. is the frequency of a trait’s attractiveness to members of the opposite sex. d. is the selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Describe the differences between males and females in terms of reproductive strategy, social behavior, and body shape TOP: Primate reproductive strategies MSC: Understanding 12. Grooming involves: a. the development of alliances between females only. b. the development of alliances between males only. c. bonding between individuals of the same rank only, picking through the skin and hair of another individual. d. bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain why primates cooperate and provide at least one specific example of this behavior TOP: The other side of competition: cooperation in primates MSC: Remembering 13. Altruistic behavior: a. is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual. b. occurs only between primates that are not relatives. c. is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation. d. is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain how primate social behavior is related to fitness and natural selection TOP: The other side of competition: cooperation in primates MSC: Remembering 14. Kin selection refers to: a. nonaltruistic behavior toward other members of the kin group. b. altruistic behavior that increases the donor’s inclusive fitness and that of the donor’s relatives. c. altruistic behavior that promotes kin-like bonding among nonkin. d. altruistic behavior that increases only the donor’s inclusive fitness.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain how primate social behavior is related to fitness and natural selection TOP: The other side of competition: cooperation in primates MSC: Remembering 15. Three key factors that contribute to a female primate’s success at feeding are: a. speed, agility, and strength. b. source, quantity, and safety. c. quality, distribution, and availability of food. d. cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Define the key factors that affect a primate female’s success at obtaining food TOP: Getting food: everybody needs it, but the burden is on mom MSC: Remembering 16. Quality in feeding strategy refers to: a. the location of food sources. b. the acquisition of food. c. the food that can be stored for future consumption. d. a food’s providing energy and protein that are readily digestible.

ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: Define the key factors that affect a primate female’s success at obtaining food TOP: Getting food: everybody needs it, but the burden is on mom MSC: Remembering 17. Distribution refers to: a. the location of food across the landscape. b. the dispersal of a primate group, particularly regarding food scavenging. c. the equitable distribution of food among relatives. d. the adjustment in size of a feeding group.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Define the key factors that affect a primate female’s success at obtaining food TOP: Getting food: everybody needs it, but the burden is on mom MSC: Remembering 18. Availability of food: a. is dependent upon kin selection. b. can be highly variable, depending on season and rainfall. c. is determined by the alpha male only. d. is restricted to individuals in the dominant hierarchy.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Define the key factors that affect a primate female’s success at obtaining food TOP: Getting food: everybody needs it, but the burden is on mom MSC: Remembering 19. The study of primate vocal communication: a. has been used to understand the language evolution of all primates. b. has resulted in chimps and gorillas demonstrating an ability to speak. c. can give us insights into the selective pressures that may have shaped the evolution of language. d. demonstrates that gossip is not exclusively human.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Describe how primatologists have studied and translated primates’ calls TOP: Vocal communication is fundamental behavior in primate societies MSC: Understanding 20. Variation in predator-specific vocalizations in the monkeys of the Tai Forest: a. includes stress calls between kin only.

b. includes mating calls between dominant primates only. c. includes two different alarm calls indicating another group of chimpanzees or humans. d. includes two different loud alarm calls in response to predators, aerial and terrestrial.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Explain the situations in which primates make audible calls TOP: Vocal competition is fundamental behavior in Primates MSC: Remembering 21. Predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary based on: a. the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy. b. lessons taught by primatologists. c. emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily. d. individual factors, as in humans.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Explain the situations in which primates make audible calls TOP: Vocal communication is fundamental behavior in primate societies MSC: Remembering 22. Chimpanzee communication involves different combinations of sounds, such as: a. screams, gnashing, and hissing. b. grunts, pants, and hoots. c. howling, hoots, and high-pitched screams. d. pants, coos, and gurgles.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain the situations in which primates make audible calls TOP: Vocal communication is fundamental behavior in primate societies MSC: Remembering 23. Vocalizations enable primates to: a. communicate as humans do. b. solve distressing situations among primate groups. c. name resources and monitor the social group. d. communicate, but only between members of the same hierarchy.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Explain the situations in which primates make audible calls TOP: Vocal communication is fundamental behavior in primate societies MSC: Remembering 24. Vocalization in chimp groups: a. occurs only to communicate a food source. b. exists only among the dominant hierarchies. c. sounds like howls and growls. d. is unique to specific groups or regions.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Explain the situations in which primates make audible calls TOP: Vocal communication is fundamental behavior in primate societies MSC: Remembering 25. Why are primates social in the long term?

a. b. c. d.

to reduce stress, promote longevity, and enhance reproductive success to increase relationships between kin for the improvement of the society to emphasize care of the young to develop support for females to increase fecundity

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Explain how primate social behavior is related to fitness and natural selection TOP: Primate social behavior: enhancing survival and reproduction MSC: Understanding 26. Why are primates social in the short term? a. to increase female fecundity in dominant females only b. to increase interaction between sexually mature males and females c. to establish social relationships to prevent attacks from predators d. to share food sources ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain how primate social behavior is related to fitness and natural selection TOP: Primate social behavior: enhancing survival and reproduction MSC: Understanding 27. What is special about primate societies and social behavior? a. They are not diverse. b. They welcome newcomers as humans do. c. They are highly diverse. d. They share and cooperate as humans do not.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Explain what it means when primatologists say that primate societies are diverse TOP: Primate societies: diverse, complex, long-lasting MSC: Remembering 28. Female reproductive strategies emphasize: a. bonding with the dominant male monogamously. b. having one birth per year. c. having twin births every year. d. caring for young and ensuring access to food.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe the differences between males and females in terms of reproductive strategy, social behavior, and body shape TOP: Primate reproductive strategies: males’ differ from females’ MSC: Remembering 29. Male reproductive strategies emphasize: a. competition between males for access to reproductive-age females. b. risk-taking behavior. c. violence against competitors for female access. d. care of young.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe the differences between males and females in terms of reproductive strategy, social behavior, and body shape TOP: Primate reproductive strategies: males’ differ from females’

MSC: Remembering 30. How do primates acquire food? a. through cooperation among kin groups, mostly by hunting b. through a wide variety of food-foraging strategies c. through a limited set of highly specialized foraging strategies d. through the use of highly developed material culture ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the key factors that affect a primate female’s success at obtaining food TOP: Getting food: everybody needs it, but the burden is on mom MSC: Remembering 31. How do primates communicate? a. through a system of adaptation that varies among social groups b. through the use of symbols c. through speech learned from primatologists d. through vocalizations that serve a range of functions and contexts ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain the situations in which primates make audible calls TOP: Vocal communication is fundamental behavior in primate societies MSC: Remembering 32. Monogamous behavior is characteristic of which species? a. baboon c. orangutan b. gibbon d. chimpanzee ANS: B DIF: Easy TOP: Primate Residence Patterns

OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns MSC: Remembering

33. A male and female gibbon that are similar in size are likely showing: a. the lack of sexual dimorphism due to the polygamous social structure in gibbons. b. the lack of sexual dimorphism as the result of unequal access to resources within their environment. c. the lack of sexual dimorphism due to decreased competition for mates in a monogamous social structure. d. the lack of sexual dimorphism, which is not related to social structure in gibbons.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe the differences between males and females in terms of reproductive strategy, social behavior, and body shape TOP: Primate reproductive strategies: males’ differ from females’ MSC: Understanding 34. Which of the following are NOT known primate residence patterns? a. one-male, multifemale; all-male; solitary b. one-female, multimale; one-male, multifemale; one-male, one-female c. one-male, multifemale; multimale, multifemale; solitary d. all-female; multimale, one female; solitary ANS: D DIF: Easy TOP: Primate Residence Patterns

OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns MSC: Remembering

35. All-male groups of nonhuman primates: a. are often polyandrous, before females join other existing groups. b. often exist together with multimale, multifemale groups. c. become permanent groups with rigid ranking systems. d. do not exist in the wild.

ANS: B DIF: Easy TOP: Primate Residence Patterns

OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns MSC: Remembering

36. Polyandrous residence patterns represent: a. a social grouping that includes multiple adult males and females. b. common observations in prosimians and Old World monkeys. c. a social grouping in which males cooperate in parenting activities. d. a social grouping that includes one male and multiple females.

ANS: C DIF: Easy TOP: Primate Residence Patterns

OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns MSC: Understanding

37. Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources, demonstrating that: a. reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in varying reproductive strategies. b. reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly. c. primates do not vary in their ability to respond to differing energy requirements. d. females acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring.

ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: Describe the differences between males and females in terms of reproductive strategy, social behavior, and body shape TOP: Primate reproductive strategies: males’ differ from females’ MSC: Understanding 38. The higher the social rank of a female primate the: a. lower her access to resources and the lower the survival rate of her offspring. b. lower her access to resources and the greater the survival rate of her offspring. c. greater her access to resources, which results in lower birth rates. d. greater her access to resources, which results in higher birth rates.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the key factors that affect a primate female’s success at obtaining food TOP: Primate reproductive strategies: males’ differ from females’ MSC: Remembering 39. Male primates compete for access to females and to maintain social groupings through all of the following social strategies EXCEPT: a. infanticide. b. vocalizing through loud territorial calls. c. fighting to maintain dominance of a one-male, multifemale group d. forming long-term cooperative relationships with multiple females.

ANS: D

DIF: Easy

OBJ: Describe the differences between males and females in terms of reproductive strategy, social behavior, and body shape TOP: Primate reproductive strategies: males’ differ from females’ MSC: Understanding 40. Altruistic behavior benefits others while being a disadvantage to the altruistic individual. Which of the following reasons does NOT explain why it exists in primate societies? a. Altruistic behavior is not directed randomly, but toward related individuals. b. Altruistic behavior is an example of kin selection. c. Altruistic behavior is likely to be observed in groups where there is high genetic relatedness among individuals. d. Altruistic behavior is random.

ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: Explain how primate social behavior is related to fitness and natural selection TOP: The other side of competition: cooperation in primates MSC: Understanding 41. Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures? a. predation c. adaptive radiation b. niche competition d. habitat ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Explain how primate social behavior is related to fitness and natural selection TOP: The other side of competition: cooperation in primates MSC: Remembering ESSAY 1. Compare and contrast male and female primates in terms of reproductive strategies and competition.

ANS: Males compete physically for access to females. This competition results in selection for both large body size and large canines, with selection for loud vocalization ability in some territorial primates.

Some male primates may practice infanticide as a form of reproductive competition, because it suppresses lactation and makes the female sexually receptive to a new male partner more quickly.

Female reproduction depends on the successful acquisition of resources for raising infants, usually in competition with other females. Higher-ranked females might gain more resources than lower-ranked females and thus, over their lifetimes, have more surviving offspring.

DIF: Difficult OBJ: Describe the differences between males and females in terms of reproductive strategy, social behavior, and body shape TOP: Primate reproductive strategies MSC: Analyzing 2. Describe the range of primate residence patterns. Relate social grouping to food and reproduction.

ANS:

Primate social groups are strongly influenced by food availability, environment, and competition. For example, groups break apart if food is scarce and reunite when food availability increases. There are six main types of primate residence patterns. One-male, multifemale groups include one reproductive-age male, several mature females, and their immature offspring. These groups are polygynous; one male has more than one partner. Examples include baboons. One-female, multimale groups include one reproductive female, several mature males, and the immature offspring. These groups are polyandrous; one female mates with multiple males. The males often cooperate in parenting. Only some New World monkeys practice this type of social organization. Multimale, multifemale groups consist of many adults (male and female) and their offspring. Both sexes mate promiscuously. Competition for mates is relatively low; many Old World monkeys, some New World monkeys, and chimpanzees fit into this category. All-male groups form in some species. One-male, one-female groups consist of an adult male, an adult female, and their immature offspring. Males generally invest heavily in the young, and mating is generally monogamous. Gibbons, some cebids, and some prosimians are characterized by this grouping pattern. Some primates are solitary with limited interaction between adult males and adult females. Orangutans and a few prosimians are solitary.

DIF: Difficult OBJ: Define the six main primate residence patterns TOP: Why Are Primates Social? | Getting Food MSC: Understanding 3. Why are primates social?

ANS: Generally primates that cooperate in social groups are better able to protect themselves from predators.

Larger groups have more eyes and ears on guard and can better defend themselves as compared to smaller groups.

Living in social groups provides access to mates and enhances reproductive success. Males and females living in the same group have access to mates. The young in social groups are taught behaviors that reduce stress, promote longevity, and enhance reproductive success.

DIF: Difficult OBJ: Explain how primate social behavior is related to fitness and natural selection TOP: Why Are Primates Social?

MSC: Understanding 4. What have scientists learned about the function of primate vocalizations and how they relate to the evolution of human language?

ANS: The use of playback experiments has increased our ability to understand the meaning of calls and what primates know about each other. Cheney and Seyfarth used playbacks to demonstrate that vervet monkeys recognize the voices of their own infants as well as the relationships between mothers and particular infants. Primates communicate with subtle, quiet calls in order to mediate social encounters and relationships. They use loud calls for territorial defense and encounters. These calls contain information for listeners. For example, howlers can assess the strength of opposing groups based on vocal cues. Loud calls of chacma baboons reliably indicated the caller’s physical condition.

Many primates have referential calls, particularly predator-specific antipredator calls. Listeners treat all sounds in the forest associated with one type of predator in the same way. For example, a leopard’s growl produces the same response as a leopard alarm-call of a male Diana monkey. Calls can also be used to label events and objects. For example, chimpanzee food grunts vary with type and desirability of food.

DIF: Difficult

OBJ: Describe how primatologists have studied and translated primates’ calls

TOP: Context and meaning of calls and relationship to language MSC: Understanding 5. Describe some examples of learned behavior and cultural traditions among primates.

ANS: Chimpanzee tool use, some forms of social grooming, and vocalizations are specific to groups and regions. For example, only chimpanzees in West Africa crack open nuts with stone and wood hammers. Some groups of chimpanzees in Tanzania have particular forms of social grooming, including the handclasp grooming method. Captive chimpanzees, bonobos, and other apes have some of the rudimentary cognitive abilities necessary to understand human speech. Some individuals like Kanzi have been able to learn symbolic communication systems and are argued to have a form of protogrammar.

DIF: Moderate OBJ: Illustrate examples of activities and objects that primatologists believe constitute culture TOP: Acquiring Resources and Transmitting Knowledge, Culture MSC: Remembering