Foreword: Reintroduction of fish and wildlife populations

REINTRODUCTION of FISH and WILDLIFE POPULATIONS

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[Subvention text TK by revised pages—carry over this reminder.]

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REINTRODUCTION of FISH and WILDLIFE POPULATIONS Edited by

David S. Jachowski, Joshua J. Millspaugh, Paul L. Angermeier, and Rob Slotow

UNIVER SIT Y OF C ALIFORNIA PRE SS

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University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu.

University of California Press Oakland, California © 2016 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Surname, Firstname, birthdate–.

Title : subtitle / Author. p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-520-number(alk. paper).—ISBN 0-520-number (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Subject—Subsubject. 2. Subject—Subsubject. 3. Subject— Subsubject. 4. Subject—Subsubject. I. Title.

ClassifNumber PubDate DeweyNumber—dc23 CatalogNumber Manufactured in the united States of America 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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contents

Contributors / vii Foreword / xi Joel Berger 1 • ANIMAL REINTRODUCTION IN THE ANTHROPOCENE / 1

David S. Jachowski, Joshua J. Millspaugh, Paul Angermeier, and Rob Slotow

Part 1 • What Are Reintroductions and When Are They Appropriate? / 5 2 • REINTRODUCTION AND OTHER CONSERVATION TRANSLOCATIONS: HISTORY AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS / 7

Philip J. Seddon and Doug P. Armstrong 3 • A CONSERVATION PALEOBIOLOGY PERSPECTIVE ON REINTRODUCTION: CONCEPTS, VARIABLES, AND DISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION / 29

R. Lee Lyman

Part 2 • Setting Goals / 53 4 • HUMAN DIMENSIONS INSIGHTS FOR REINTRODUCTIONS OF FISH AND WILDLIFE POPULATIONS / 55

Shaun J. Riley and Camilla Sandström

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5 • THE REINTRODUCTION LANDSCAPE: FINDING SUCCESS AT THE INTERSECTION OF ECOLOGICAL, SOCIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS / 79

Jason B. Dunham, Rollie White, Chris S. Allen, Bruce G. Marcot, and Dan Shively 6 • SETTING OBJECTIVES AND DEFINING THE SUCCESS OF REINTRODUCTIONS / 105

Alienor L. M. Chauvenet, Stefano Canessa, and John G. Ewen 7 • DEMOGRAPHIC MODELING FOR REINTRODUCTION DECISION-MAKING / 123

Sarah J. Converse and Doug P. Armstrong

Part 3 • Obstacles to Successful Reintroductions / 147 8 • GENETIC ISSUES IN REINTRODUCTION / 149

Iris Biebach, Deborah M. Leigh, Kasia Sluzek, and Lukas F. Keller 9 • ACCOUNTING FOR POTENTIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND COMMUNITY-LEVEL RESPONSES TO REINTRODUCTION / 185

David S. Jachowski, Samantha BremnerHarrison, David A. Steen, and Kim Aarestrup

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10 • WHY YOU CANNOT IGNORE DISEASE WHEN YOU REINTRODUCE ANIMALS / 217

A. Steen, David S. Jachowski, James C. Godwin, and Joshua J. Millspaugh

Erin Muths and Hamish McCallum 11 • RELEASE CONSIDERATIONS AND TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE CONSERVATION TRANSLOCATION SUCCESS / 245

Axel Moehrenschlager and Natasha A. Lloyd

Part 4 • Managing Reintroduced Populations / 281 12 • EFFECTIVE AND PURPOSEFUL MONITORING OF SPECIES REINTRODUCTIONS / 283

Robert A. Gitzen, Barbara J. Keller, Melissa A. Miller, Scott M. Goetz, David

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13 • MANAGEMENT OF REINTRODUCED WILDLIFE POPULATIONS / 319

Matt W. Hayward and Rob Slotow 14 • OUTREACH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION FOR REINTRODUCTION PROGRAMS / 341

Anna L. George and Estelle A. Sandhaus 15 • THE FUTURE OF ANIMAL REINTRODUCTION / 367

David S. Jachowski, Joshua J. Millspaugh, Paul Angermeier, and Rob Slotow Index / 381

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contributors

[AQ: Changes have been made in the author names in the Contributors’ list, TOC, and chapters for consistency throughout the text/book.

Please check and confirm.]

kim aarestrup[AQ]

samantha bremner-harrison

National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark Silkeborg, Denmark

School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences Nottingham Trent University Southwell, Nottinghamshire, UK

chris s. allen

stefano canessa

US Fish and Wildlife Service Portland, OR, USA

Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London, UK

paul angermeier Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit US Geological Survey Blacksburg, VA, USA

alienor l.m. chauvenet Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science University of Queensland St. Lucia, QLD, Australia

doug p. armstrong Institute of Agriculture and Environment Massey University Palmerton North, New Zealand

sarah j. converse US Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Laurel, MD, USA

joel berger Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA

jason b. dunham US Geological Survey Corvallis, OR, USA

iris biebach

john g. ewen

Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University Zurich Zürich, Switzerland

Institute of Zoology Zoological Society of London London, UK

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anna l. george

natasha a. lloyd

Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute Chattanooga, TN, USA

Centre for Conservation Research Calgary Zoological Society Calgary, AB, Canada

robert a. gitzen School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA

james c. godwin Auburn University Museum of Natural History Auburn, AL, USA

scott m. goetz Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA

matt w. hayward Schools of Biological Sciences and Environment, Natural Resources and Geography Bangor University Bangor, UK

david s. jachowski Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University Clemson, SC, USA and College, Agriculture, Engineering & Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Scottsville, South Africa

barbara j. keller Missouri Department of Conservation Columbia, MO, USA

lukas f. keller Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University Zurich Zürich, Switzerland

deborah m. leigh Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University Zurich Zürich, Switzerland and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Quartier Sorge - Batiment Genopode Lausanne, Switzerland

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r. lee lyman Department of Anthropology University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA

bruce g. marcot US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Portland, OR, USA

hamish mccallum Griffith School of Environment and Environmental Futures Research Institute Nathan, QLD, Australia

melissa a. miller Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA

joshua j. millspaugh Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA

axel moehrenschlager Centre for Conservation Research Calgary Zoological Society Calgary, AB, Canada

erin muths US Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center Fort Collins, CO, USA

shaun j. riley Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA

estelle a. sandhaus Santa Barbara Zoo Santa Barbara, CA, USA

camilla sandström Department of Political Science Umeå University Umeå, Sweden

contributors

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philip j. seddon

david a. steen

Department of Zoology University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand

Department of Biological Sciences Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA

dan shively

rollie white

US Forest Service Washington, DC, USA

US Fish and Wildlife Service Portland, OR, USA

rob slotow College, Agriculture, Engineering & Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Scottsville, South Africa

kasia sluzek Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University Zurich Zürich, Switzerland and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics Quartier Sorge - Batiment Genopode Lausanne, Switzerland

contributors

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foreword Joel Berger

Earth has unassailable beauty, from physical scapes 8,000 m below the ocean’s surface and 8,000 m above to species unimaginable. A single bowhead whale attains the size of a bison herd numbering 50. Some mammals lay eggs; some lizards are legless. Bats catch fish. Birds catch bats. Kingfishers fish. Wood frogs in Alaska have two-thirds of their body tissues turn to ice, but survive winter. Yet as sea and land temperatures warm, change is everywhere. Ice will continue to melt at high latitude and high elevation. Snow deepens in some places, and sublimates in others. The adaptations of many species will no longer offer them the protection it once did.

Across all the vastness of the planet, we humans have done a marvelous job to erase what has come before. It’s easy to be grim, and to understand why the impoverished turn a blind eye, a behavior that also is too common in wealthy countries. People summit peaks like K-2 or Denali for adventure; ultramarathons endeavored on different continents. We soar into space and spy on neighbors with drones.

Technology offers real visits to the North Pole and virtual ones to our past. This odd mix between individual achievement and modern technology offers opportunity to enrich human lives, yet erodes our curiosity about the biologi

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cal world. Most of us are detached from nature, but none immune from its recoil.

Fortunately, the challenges presented by our human needs coupled with our callousness are not the topic of this prescient volume. Instead, it is the achievable hope accompanied by action that counteracts some of our appalling past treatment of populations of wild vertebrates.

The beauty of our world is that there is hope.

People still love nature and love animals, and vast realms remain free of human meddle.

Optimism should flourish and, indeed, it does, showcased here in Reintroduction of Fish and Wildlife Populations where science is increasingly present to help guide our future. It brings us an improved understanding of ecological baselines. It divulges the lives of species, evinces fascination in the process of adaptation, and teaches us about the relevance of ecosystem function. Yet—and this is critical— Reintroduction of Fish and Wildlife Populations fuses science with conservation to net real gains for the species who co-share our planet.

Restoration is dictated by geography, history, and culture. As a consequence, it wears many hats—from reintroduction to removal, and introduction to augmentation to translocation. The tools are many: zoos, museums, parks, media, books, and education. But the

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bottom lines, which typically are considered ecological, demographic, and genetic, are not where this volume stops. It deals with the human milieu, for without it conservation cannot truly happen.

Less than 30 years ago, few might have imagined large carnivores expanding in a country with 300+ million people where wolves and grizzly bears had been under assault for two centuries. Now Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho have more than 1,500 wolves and 2,000 grizzlies. Black-footed ferrets, once extinct in the wild, are back on the ground spanning terrain from Mexico to Canada. Condors fly over Arizona and California. Bolson tortoises are back in the Chihuahua Desert. Lions are in Rwanda, and leopards into the forests above Sochi in Russia. Fences have been removed from parts of Kruger; alien predators are gone from more than 800 islands around the world, actions which offer petrels and boobies and kiwis

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chances to do better. Europe has re-wilded; brown bears and wolves are in parts of Italy and France, Spain, and Germany. Tigers and rhinos move through fields and forests of India’s once degraded lands but now with some rebound.

The reasons: restoration, education, kindness, and governance.

The faces of success come in many forms.

Science is a fundamental one that has bettered our world. Among others is an important reminder, a communique which rings as loudly now as it did nearly half a century ago. During his 1968 speech in New Delhi, Nigerian Ambassador Baba Dioum suggested what is required to keep us on track: “We will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will understand only what we are taught.” Reintroduction of Fish and Wildlife Populations is a groundbreaking effort that will do much to help us understand, teach, and put more into practice.

foreword

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