Test bank for psychology 4th edition saundra k ciccarelli j noland white

Test Bank for Psychology, 4th Edition, Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

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6

Memory

Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level Type A=Applied C=Conceptual F=Factual Level (1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult LO=Learning Objective SG=Used in Study Guide p=page

MULTIPLE CHOICE Memory Learning Objective 6.1 - What are the three processes of memory and the different models of how memory works?

1. Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are __________. a) receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage Correct. Memory is defined as consisting of receiving, organizing and storing, and retrieving information. b) the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response Incorrect. These elements are all part of classical conditioning. c) bottom-up processing, selective attention, and top-down processing d) acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery ANS: a, p. 214, F, LO=6.1, (1) % correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 0 d= 6 r = .23 APA: LO 1.2 2. __________is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage. a) Classical conditioning b) Operant conditioning c) Learning Incorrect. Learning has to do with the acquisition of behaviors and not the storage of information. That is the role of memory. d) Memory Correct. Memory is defined as an active system that receives, stores, and retrieves information.

ANS: d, p. 214, F, LO=6.1, (1) SG % correct 98 a= 0 b= 0 c= 2 d= 98 r = .08 % correct 95 a= 0 b= 0 c= 5 d= 95 r = .15 % correct 96 a= 0 b= 0 c= 4 d= 96 r = .28 APA: LO 1.2

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3. Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper. Shaquin’s problem is the __________component of memory. a) encoding b) storage c) retrieval Correct. He cannot bring forth, or retrieve, information that he has in memory when he needs it. d) retention Incorrect. He does retain the information, or have it in memory, but he can’t retrieve it.

ANS: c, p. 215, A, LO=6.1, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 4. Trying to remember someone’s name whom you met long ago is an example of what type of process? a) Storage b) Retrieval Correct. Pulling previously stored information out of memory is retrieval. c) Encoding Incorrect. The process of putting information into memory storage is encoding. d) Decoding ANS: B, p. 215, A, LO=6.1, (1) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 5. When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called __________. a) encoding Correct. Encoding starts with sensory processing and sending the information to the brain. b) storage c) retrieval d) evaluation Incorrect. Evaluation is not the term used for this process even though it sounds appropriate.

ANS: a, p. 214, F, LO=6.1, (1) % correct 92 a= 92 b=0 c= 0 d= 8 r = .19 APA: LO 1.2 6. When someone looks at an image, the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them. This process is called __________. a) encoding Correct. Encoding is necessary for interpretation as the information must be sent to the brain. b) storage Incorrect. Storage cannot happen until after encoding. If the information is not processed, it can’t be stored. c) retrieval d) evaluation ANS: a, p. 214, C, LO=6.1, (2) % correct 88 a= 88 b= 2 c= 3 d= 8 r = .21 APA: LO 1.2 7. The first step in the memory process is __________information in a form that the memory system can use. a) encoding Correct. Encoding is the first step in memory. b) storing Incorrect. Storing the information cannot happen until after encoding it so the information can be transmitted from the senses to the brain. c) retrieving d) evaluating ANS: a, p. 214, F, LO=6.1, (1) % correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA: LO 1.2

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8. __________is retention of memory for some period of time. a) Encoding b) Storage Correct. Storage puts away material. c) Retrieval Incorrect: Retrieval is getting the information out of storage. d) Evaluation ANS: b, pp. 214-215, F, LO=6.1, (1) % correct 71 a= 26 b= 71 c= 3 d= 1 r = .44 % correct 79 a= 14 b= 79 c= 6 d= 1 r = .25 APA: LO 1.2 9. Which of the following statements is true about retrieval? a) It is a process that allows an extinguished CR to recover. b) It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness.

Correct. Retrieval gets information back into consciousness. c) It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain.

Incorrect. No, this answer describes the process known as encoding. d) It is the reason that conditioned taste aversions last so long.

ANS: b, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (1) % correct 83 a= 10 b= 83 c= 7 d= 1 r = .37 APA: LO 1.2 10. Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Janie had a problem with __________. a) encoding b) storage Incorrect. She did have the information so it was stored. However, she couldn’t retrieve it. c) retrieval Correct. Yes, she couldn’t find the information in her memory or retrieve it. d) evaluation ANS: c, p. 215, A, LO=6.1, (2) % correct 96 a= 0 b= 4 c= 96 d= 0 r = .19 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 Models of Memory 11. The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of the __________model of memory. a) information processing Correct. These are the correct stages. b) top-down storage Incorrect. Top-down processing is more a perceptual processing term. c) classical conditioning d) Tolman’s cognitive ANS: a, p. 215, F, LO=6.1, (1) % correct 97 a= 97 b=0 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19 % correct 94 a= 94 b= 2 c= 0 d= 2 r = .34 APA: LO 1.2 12. In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a __________level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a __________level (such as the visual characteristics of a word). a) deeper; shallower Correct. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory.

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b) shallower; deeper Incorrect. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory. c) higher; lower d) lower; higher ANS: a, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (2) % correct 89 a= 89 b= 3 c= 8 d= 0 r = .41 % correct 81 a= 81 b= 6 c= 14 d= 0 r = .31 APA: LO 1.2 13. According to Craik and Lockhart, we are most likely to remember information that we process at a __________level. a) deeper Correct. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory. b) medium c) shallower Incorrect. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory. d) any of these, depending on the information ANS: a, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (1) % correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA: LO 1.2 14. The levels-of-processing concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog? a) “Does it rhyme with blog?” b) “Is it in capital letters?”

Incorrect. This question requires a shallower level of processing and that leads to poorer memory. c) “Is it written in cursive?” d) “Would it be found in a pond?”

Correct. This question requires a deeper level of processing as it engages meaning. Meaning is seen as a deeper level of processing, which leads to better memory.

ANS: d, p. 215, A, LO=6.1, (3) SG APA: LO 1.2 15. Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by Craik and Lockhart? a) recalling an object’s function b) attending to the sound of a word Correct. Thinking about the appearance of a word is a shallower thought process than thinking about its meaning. c) thinking about the meaning of a word Incorrect. Thinking about meaning requires a deeper level of processing than does thinking about more superficial aspects of the word itself, such as its sound. d) recalling that an object was rectangular ANS: b, p. 215, A, LO=6.1, (3) APA: LO 1.2 16. Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be remembered? a) levels-of-processing model Correct. Levels of processing refer to the level of processing depth. b) parallel distributed processing model c) information-processing model Incorrect. Information processing isn’t necessarily concerned with the depth of a thought process. d) three stage

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ANS: a, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (1) APA: LO 1.2 17. Craik and Lockhart’s model of memory states that how long a memory will be remembered depends on __________. a) the type of memory it is stored in b) the place in the brain where the memory is stored c) the amount of extinction that the memory has suffered Incorrect. Craik and Lockhart did not use extinction as a process in their model. d) the depth of processing associated with learning the materials Correct. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory.

ANS: d, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (1) APA: LO 1.2 18. Believers in the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that __________. a) the brain has nothing in common with a computer Incorrect. Modern neuroscience considers the brain to be like a computer. b) studying computers can give you useful insights into human information processing Correct. Computers serve as a model for cognitive psychologists. c) auditory information is retained in the sensory register for up to 2 seconds d) information flows from one memory system to the next ANS: b, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (2) APA: LO 1.2 19. Which of the following examples represents deep processing as described by Craik and Lockhart? a) repeating a word aloud ten times b) attending to the sound of a word Incorrect. Attending to the sound of a word is not a deep level of processing, as it takes place at the perceptual level. c) thinking about the meaning of a word Correct. Thinking about a word’s meaning requires a deeper level of processing. d) looking at the shapes of the letters in a word ANS: c, p. 215, A, LO=6.1, (2) APA: LO 1.2 20. In the __________model, memory is seen as a simultaneous process, with the creation and storage of memories taking place across a series of networks “stretched” across the brain. a) levels-of-processing b) parallel distributed processing Correct. The parallel distributed processing model is seen as a simultaneous process involving a network. c) transfer-appropriate processing d) information-processing Incorrect: Information-processing models don’t involve a network.

ANS: b, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (2) APA: LO 1.2 21. In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, __________. a) information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain Correct. The parallel distributed processing model of memory model uses a network. b) information is stored simultaneously in unconnected regions of the brain Incorrect. The information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain. c) information is associated in sets of classically conditioned neurons across the neocortex d) None of these are correct.

ANS: a, p. 215, F, LO=6.1, (2) APA: LO 1.2 22. Information is simultaneously stored across a network that stretches across the brain in the __________. a) Craik and Lockhart model of memory Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

b) multistore model of memory c) information-processing theory of memory Incorrect. Information-processing models don’t involve a network. d) parallel distributed processing model of memory Correct. The parallel distributed processing model is seen as a simultaneous process involving a network.

ANS: d, p. 215, F, LO=6.1, (1) APA: LO 1.2 23. Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function? a) Craik and Lockhart’s model b) extinction c) information-processing model Correct. The information-processing model of memory uses the way a computer functions as its model for human thought. d) parallel distributed processing model Incorrect. Parallel distributed processing is not the dominant form of computer architecture.

ANS: c, p. 215, C, LO=6.1, (2) % correct 93 a= 2 b= 2 c= 93 d= 3 r = .2 APA: LO 1.2 24. The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are __________. a) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory Correct. These are the three parts of the information-processing model. b) CS, UCS, UR, and CR c) encoding, storage, and retrieval Incorrect. These are processes but not the parts of the information-processing model. d) shallow, medium, and deep processing ANS: a, p. 215, F, LO=6.1, (1) % correct 38 a= 38 b= 0 c= 62 d= 0 r = .22 % correct 68 a= 68 b= 0 c= 32 d= 0 r = .21 APA: LO 1.2 The Information-Processing Model: The Stages of Memory Learning Objective 6.2 – How does sensory memory work?

25. Why did research participants in Sperling’s experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory? a) They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.

Incorrect. Attention wasn’t relevant to sensory memory. b) Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall. c) The stress of participating in this research became excessive. d) The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.

Correct. The stimuli faded quickly before they could be read.

ANS: d, p. 217, C, LO=6.2, (3) APA: LO 1.2 26. Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment? a) primary memory b) sensory memory Correct. Sensory memory stores brief images. c) long-term memory d) short-term memory Incorrect. Sensory memory provides very brief sensory representation. Short-term memory is verbal in nature and limited in capacity.

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ANS: b, pp. 217-218, F, LO=6.2, (1) SG % correct 50 a= 6 b= 50 c= 4 d= 40 % correct 81 a= 2 b= 81 c= 3 d= 14 APA: LO 1.2

r = .41 r = .31

27. A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess? a) primary memory b) sensory memory Correct. This was one of the first sensory memory experiments ever done. c) long-term memory d) short-term memory Incorrect. Testing short-term memory was done with verbal items in a list form.

ANS: b, pp. 217-218, A, LO=6.2, (3) % correct 36 a= 0 b= 36 c= 2 d= 62 r = .27 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 28. You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in __________. a) echoic memory b) iconic memory Correct. Iconic memory is sensory and the first stage of the memory systems. c) long-term memory d) short-term memory Incorrect. This storage location is not first, as the sensory memory system of iconic memory comes before it.

ANS: b, p. 218, A, LO=6.2, (2) % correct 62 a= 7 b= 62 c= 2 d= 29 r = .47 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 29. The fleeting images we see as we look out the car window occur in ________. a) sensory memory Correct. Sensory memory is the first and briefest type of memory that information encounters on its way into storage. b) short-term memory Incorrect. Before information gets to short-term memory, it must first be encoded into sensory memory. c) semantic memory d) working memory ANS: A, p. 217-218, A, LO=6.2, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 30. Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon is most like __________. a) iconic memory Correct. Iconic memory is like a fading image. b) echoic memory Incorrect. Echoic memory is concerned with hearing and not vision. c) short-term memory d) long-term memory ANS: a, p. 218, A, LO=6.2, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 31. Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around __________. a) four or five items Incorrect. This was what the participants reported but it was not the true capacity of iconic storage. Using this estimate, Sperling then calculated the true capacity of iconic storage.

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b) nine or ten items c) all the letters present Correct. All the letters were available but for a limited amount of time. d) one to two items ANS: c, p. 218, F, LO=6.2, (2) % correct 60 a= 14 b= 10 c= 60 d= 16 r = .20 APA: LO 1.2 32. The key to the partial report method of Sperling’s study of sensory memory was to __________. a) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could b) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after presentation with a very bright light Incorrect. Masking was used by a later study. c) cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to report Correct. A cue was used by Sperling to allow the participants to retrieve the marked set of letters and let Sperling measure the duration of sensory memory. d) test the use of chunking ANS: c, p. 218, C, LO=6.2, (3) APA: LO 1.2 33. In the partial report method of Sperling’s study of sensory memory, the participants were to report __________. a) one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared Correct. The participants had to report the line of letters that was indicated by the tone. b) only one or two of the letters in the cued line c) the first letter of each line only Incorrect. They could usually get the whole line and that was used to measure sensory memory capacity. d) the middle letter of each line ANS: a, p. 218, F, LO=6.2, (2) % correct 68 a= 68 b= 4 c= 11 d= 17 r = .42 % correct 89 a= 89 b= 3 c= 5 d= 3 r = .35 APA: LO 1.2 34. Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________. a) implicit is to explicit b) auditory is to visual Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. c) visual is to auditory Correct. Iconic memory refers to the visual sensory memory, while echoic memory refers to auditory sensory memory. d) quick is to slow ANS: C, pp. 218-219, C, LO=6.2, (2) APA: LO 1.2 35. Which of the following distinguished sensory memory (SM) from short-term memory (STM)? a) STM holds only a small amount of separate pieces of information b) STM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information Incorrect. In fact the relative capacity of short term memory is a smaller than that of sensory memory. c) SM holds a large amount of separate pieces of information Correct. Sensory memory has a rather large capacity, while the capacity of short-term memory is only thought to be a handful of chunks of information. d) STM holds a small amount of uniform information ANS: C, pp. 217-219, C, LO=6.2 & 6.3, (3) APA: LO 1.2 36. Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

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a) a table b) a modem c) a rainbow Incorrect. Eidetic imagery is more like a photograph and is even called photographic memory. d) a photograph Correct. Yes, it’s like a picture and is sometimes called photographic memory.

ANS: d, p. 218, C, LO=6.2, (2) % correct 80 a= 2 b= 7 c= 10 d= 80 r = .44 APA: LO 1.2 37. A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud. During the interview, Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school. When you ask him how he made it through, he says, “I had eidetic imagery.” What does he mean by that? a) He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember. b) He had a photographic memory, which helped him remember the material he had to learn.

Correct. Eidetic imagery is sometimes called photographic memory. c) He was able to imagine how cells in a patient’s body were acting when he prescribed drugs and, thus, he could adjust dosages.

Incorrect. Although the word imagine is used, it’s not the same as remembering an image. d) In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter, he created drawings that helped him remember.

ANS: b, p. 218, A, LO=6.2, (3) APA: LO 1.2 38. One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that _________. a) you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating b) eidetic images fade in .25 second as Sperling has shown Incorrect. Eidetic images last a long time. The problem is that the material is not interpreted or understood. c) you may be able to recall the material but you don’t necessarily understand it Correct. Material in eidetic imagery hasn’t been understood; it is only like a picture of a page of text. d) it only helps you remember things from other cultures ANS: c, p. 218, C, LO=6.2, (3) % correct 67 a= 0 b= 33 c= 67 d= 0 r = .18 APA: LO 1.2 39. What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage? a) It is where photographic memories are kept.

Incorrect. Although it involves images, iconic storage is not the locus of photographic memory. b) It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from saccades.

Correct. It does help with disruption and serves as an input to later memory systems. c) It increases depth of processing. d) none of these ANS: b, p. 218, C, LO=6.2, (2) APA: LO 1.2 40. Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy’s ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ____________. a) iconic sensory memory b) echoic sensory memory Correct. Auditory information is first put into echoic memory. c) short-term memory Incorrect. Short-term memory is the stage that occurs after echoic sensory memory, which is being used here. d) tactile sensory memory ANS: b, p. 219, A, LO=6.2, (2) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

% correct 93 a= 3 b= 93 c= 3 d= 0 % correct 91 a= 0 b= 91 c= 7 d= 1 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4

r = .20 r = .25

41. Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations? a) iconic memory Incorrect. Iconic memory is visual memory, which is not as useful in conversation as echoic (auditory) memory. b) echoic memory Correct. The brief memory of what someone has just heard allows that person enough time to make sense of it and respond appropriately. c) distributed memory d) procedural memory ANS: b, p. 219, F, LO=6.2, (1) APA: LO 1.2 42. The duration of iconic memory is _______ than echoic memory, but iconic’s capacity is probably ________. a) shorter; larger Correct. Echoic memory lasts longer but stores less. b) longer; larger c) longer; about the same Incorrect. No, it stores more and is shorter. d) shorter; about the same ANS: a, p. 218-219, F LO=6.2 (2) % correct 56 a= 56 b= 7 c= 20 d= 17 r = .41 APA: LO 1.2 Learning Objective 6.3 - What is short-term memory and how does it differ from working memory?

43. Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of __________. a) elaborative rehearsal b) maintenance rehearsal Incorrect. Sensory memory doesn’t rely on rehearsal, which is a short-term memory process. c) automatic encoding d) selective attention Correct. Sensory information must be attended to or it is not sent on to short-term memory.

ANS: d, p. 219, F, LO=6.3, (1) % correct 30 a= 14 b= 54 c= 3 d= 30 r = .28 APA: LO 1.2 44. Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of __________. a) Broadbent’s forgetting theory Incorrect. Broadbent is better identified with selective attention and not memory. b) the homecoming queen party phenomenon c) selective attention Correct. This is an example of selection attention, as you are paying attention only to what interests you. d) intimacy ANS: c, p. 219, A, LO=6.3, (2) % correct 90 a= 3 b= 3 c= 90 d= 3 r = .19 % correct 96 a= 2 b= 2 c= 96 d= 0 r = .21 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 45. Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending. This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation. Her ability to hear her name is due to the mechanism of __________. a) Broadbent’s forgetting theory Incorrect. Broadbent did not have a forgetting theory.

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b) the homecoming queen party phenomenon c) selective attention Correct. Selective attention is the ability to focus on what interests you. d) intimacy ANS: c, p. 219, A, LO=6.3, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 46. Someone a short distance away, to whom you have been paying no attention, quietly speaks your name, and suddenly you attend to that person. This is an example of __________. a) Broadbent’s process of selective memory Incorrect. This is an example of the cocktail party effect. Selective memory is not a real term used by Broadbent. b) the phi phenomenon c) the cocktail party effect Correct. This is an example of the cocktail party effect, which refers to hearing your name stand out in a crowded situation such as a cocktail party. d) cue-controlled inhibition ANS: c, p. 220, A, LO=6.3, (1) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 47. The only time selective attention is not working at its peak is __________. a) during deep sleep, and it is still functioning even then Correct. The filter is not working at its peak during deep sleep. b) during REM sleep, as dreams block attention Incorrect. The filter is not working at its peak during stage 4 sleep. c) when your short-term memory contains more than nine items d) when you are storing items in eidetic imaginal memory ANS: a, p. 220, F, LO=6.3, (1) APA: LO 1.2 48. Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the processes of selective attention? a) Thorndike b) Atkinson c) Sperling Incorrect. Sperling measured the duration of sensory memory in a classic paper, but the theory belongs to Broadbent. d) Broadbent Correct. Broadbent is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of selective attention.

ANS: d, p. 219, F, LO=6.3, (1) APA: LO 1.2 49. Laboratory studies using the recall of letters and numbers indicate that short-term memory is probably coded __________. a) verbally Correct. Short-term memory is verbally coded. b) visually Incorrect. Short-term memory is not visual but rather auditory. c) semantically d) physically ANS: a, p. 219-220, F, LO=6.3, (1) % correct 39 a= 39 b= 36 c=25 d= 0 r = .36 APA: LO 1.2 50. Which memory system is the one that is a working, active system that processes the information within it? a) long-term memory b) short-term memory Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Correct. Short-term memory is the one that is active and working. c) secondary memory Incorrect. Secondary memory is an obsolete and little used term. d) cognitive dissonance ANS: b, p. 219-220, F, LO=6.3, (1) % correct 84 a= 9 b= 84 c= 4 d= 3 r = .32 APA: LO 1.2 51. Suppose you’re pitching in a baseball game facing a good hitter. You remember that you struck him out with a fastball the last time he was up. You also remember that your coach told you always to try to be unpredictable, so you decide to throw a curve ball this time. In making this decision, you are primarily using your ________. a) central executive Correct. The central executive is the part of our working memory that helps us with organization and decisionmaking. b) fight-or-flight response Incorrect. There is nothing in this question deals with the fight-or-flight response of the autonomic nervous system. c) modality-specific memory d) long-term potentiation ANS: A, p. 220-221, A, LO=6.3, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 52. Micah is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working memory is he accessing? a) the articulatory loop Incorrect. The articulatory loop is the part of working memory that deals with immediate auditory information. b) the visual sketchpad Correct. The visual sketchpad is part of the working memory that deals with immediate visual or graphical information c) the internal executive d) the control sequence ANS: B, p. 220-221, A, LO=6.3, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 53. According to Baddeley, which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive, visual sketchpad, and auditory recorder? a) sensory memory b) working memory Correct. Working memory is seen as three interconnected systems. c) long-term memory d) procedural memory Incorrect. Procedural memory is a form of long-term memory.

ANS: b, pp. 220-221, F, LO=6.3, (2) APA: LO 1.2 54. What “magic number” did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory? a) 11 b) 9 c) 7 Correct. Seven is Miller’s magic number, referring to the number of items human beings can hold in their shortterm memory. d) 5 Incorrect. Miller found the number of items human beings can hold in short-term memory to be seven.

ANS: c, p. 221, F, LO=6.3, (1) % correct 72 a= 4 b= 16 c= 72 d= 8 r = .29 APA: LO 1.2

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55. Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of ______. a) chunking Correct. The combination of information into meaningful units is called chunking. b) categorizing c) rote rehearsal d) cueing Incorrect. Cueing refers to a retrieval effect that does not involve combining units of information.

ANS: a, pp. 221-222, F, LO=6.3, (2) APA: LO 1.2 56. If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory, more items can be held through the process of __________. a) chunking Correct. More items can be held through chunking, a process whereby bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held. b) decoding c) rote rehearsal d) data compression Incorrect. Data compression is a term from computer usage.

ANS: a, pp. 221-222, F, LO=6.3, (1) % correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 0 d= 4 r = .30 % correct 97 a= 97 b= 0 c= 0 d= 3 r = .27 APA: LO 1.2 57. Chunking is a means of ______. a) immediately forgetting irrelevant details b) combining information into meaningful units Correct. Chunking is a means of combining information into meaningful units. c) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important Incorrect. Arranging details into a hierarchy might be a form of chunking but does not totally define the term. d) storing long-term memories ANS: b, pp. 221-222, F, LO=6.3, (1) % correct 96 a= 1 b= 96 c= 2 d= 1 r = .28 % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 0 d= 3 r = .21 APA: LO 1.2 58. Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called ______. a) cueing Incorrect. Cueing refers to a hint given at recall. b) shadowing c) rote rehearsal d) chunking Correct. The tactic of combining bits of information into meaningful chunks is called chunking.

ANS: d, pp. 221-222, A, LO=6.3, (2) % correct 95 a= 2 b= 2 c= 1 d= 95 r = .21 APA: LO 1.2 59. Maria finds that it is easier to remember her student ID number if she thinks of it in segments, such as the first three digits, then the next two, and then the final four. Each of these short segments of the number are called ________. a) codes Incorrect. A code refers to a particular system or process for remembering information. The best answer to this question is chunks. b) cues c) chunks Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Correct. Chunks refer to groups of individual bits of information that increase the efficiency of our short-term memories. d) stores ANS: C, pp. 221-222, A, LO=6.3, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 60. In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number __________. a) 5, plus or minus 4 b) 7, plus or minus 2 Correct. Miller found the capacity of short-term memory to be 7+2. c) 9, plus or minus 3 Incorrect. Miller found the capacity of short-term memory to be 7+2. d) 11, plus or minus 1 ANS: b, p. 221, F, LO=6.3, (1) % correct 89 a= 0 b= 89 c= 11 d= 0 r = .28 APA: LO 1.2 61. Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his credit card number.

However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line, he can’t remember all the numbers.

Jamal is coming up against __________. a) the decay of numerical memory Incorrect. Numerical memory is not a term in current usage. b) the extinction of auditory traces c) George Miller’s magic number 7, plus or minus 2 Correct. Credit card numbers are too long for short-term memory, according to Miller. d) the limits of procedural memory ANS: c, p. 221, A, LO=6.3, (2) % correct 35 a= 25 b= 18 c= 35 d= 22 r = .28 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 62. Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book. After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call again - but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of________ memory. a) sensory b) short-term Correct. Short-term memory has a duration of approximately 30 seconds if information is not rehearsed. c) echoic Incorrect. Echoic memory refers to auditory sensory memory, which only lasts a second or two. d) implicit ANS: B, p. 219-220, A, LO=6.3, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 63. Maintenance rehearsal is defined as ________________. a) processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered Incorrect. Maintenance rehearsal is the practice of repeating some bit of information over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory. b) analyzing new material in order to make it memorable c) associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory d) repeating some bit of information over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory Correct. Maintenance rehearsal is the practice of repeating some bit of information over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory. It is not the best way to get items into long-term memory.

ANS: d, p. 222, F, LO=6.3, (1) % correct 85 a= 1 b= 3 c= 11 d= 85 r = .33 APA: LO 1.2

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64. Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal. a) repetitive Incorrect. In maintenance rehearsal, items to be remembered are repeated over and over again inside a person’s head. b) imagery c) elaborative d) maintenance Correct. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating bits of information to aid memory. It is not the best strategy for getting information into long-term memory.

ANS: d, p. 222, F, LO=6.3, (1) % correct 18 a= 63 b= 0 c= 20 d= 18 r = .31 % correct 16 a= 56 b= 0 c= 19 d= 16 r = .33 APA: LO 1.2 65. You try to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself. What type of rehearsal are you using? a) condensed b) permanent c) elaborative Incorrect. In maintenance rehearsal, items to be remembered are repeated over and over again inside a person’s head. Elaborative rehearsal is a better strategy. d) maintenance Correct. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating bits of information to aid memory. In maintenance rehearsal, items to be remembered are repeated over and over again inside a person’s head, but it is not a good strategy.

ANS: d, p. 222, A, LO=6.3, (1) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 Learning Objective 6.4 - How is long-term memory different from other types of memory?

66. What are the two major types of rehearsal (for moving information from short-term to long-term memory)? a) condensed and expanded b) elaborative and permanent Incorrect. Elaborative and maintenance are the two major types of rehearsal. c) maintenance and permanent d) elaborative and maintenance Correct. Elaborative and maintenance are the two major types of rehearsal.

ANS: d, pp. 222-224, F, LO=6.3-6.4, (2) % correct 61 a= 6 b= 20 c= 12 d= 61 r = .49 APA: LO 1.2 67. _______ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to _______ rehearsal. a) Permanent; condensed b) Condensed; permanent c) Elaborative; maintenance Correct. Elaborative rehearsal leads to longer-lasting memories than does maintenance rehearsal, because the deeper the processing, the better the memory. d) Maintenance; elaborative Incorrect. Elaborative rehearsal leads to longer-lasting memories than does maintenance rehearsal. Repeating items over and over, as in maintenance rehearsal, has not been found to be very effective.

ANS: c, pp. 222-224, C, LO=6.3-6.4, (2) % correct 92 a= 6 b= 0 c= 92 d= 0 r = .30 APA: LO 1.2 68. When memories are stored in long-term memory, which of the following forms of information is used? a) sounds Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

b) visual images c) meanings of words and concepts Incorrect. Long-term memory is coded in terms of sounds and images as well as words. d) all of the above Correct. Long-term memory is coded in terms of sounds, images, and meanings of words and concepts.

ANS: d, p. 222-223, C, LO=6.4, (2) APA: LO 1.2 69. Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades? a) short-term memory Incorrect. Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity. Short-term memory lasts only about 30 seconds and can hold only seven or so items at one time. b) long-term memory Correct. Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity. c) sensory memory d) implicit memory ANS: b, pp. 222-223, F, LO=6.4, (1) % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA: LO 1.2 70. The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called ______. a) primary memory b) working memory Incorrect. Long-term memory is more or less permanent. Working memory is used to manipulate information retrieved from long-term memory. c) eidetic memory d) long-term memory Correct. Long-term memory is more or less permanent.

ANS: d, pp. 222-223, C, LO 6.4, (1) % correct 75 a= 15 b= 3 c= 7 d= 75 r = .18 APA: LO 1.2 71. If one wanted to use the best method to get storage in long-term memory, one would use ______________. a) maintenance rehearsal Incorrect. The best method is elaborative rehearsal, as maintenance rehearsal does not process the information at a deep enough level. b) rote rehearsal c) elaborative rehearsal Correct. The best method is elaborative rehearsal, as it makes you engage the material at a deeper level. d) sleep learning ANS: c, pp. 223-224, C, LO=6.4, (2) % correct 75 a= 12 b= 12 c= 75 d= 0 r = .37 APA: LO 1.2 72. The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be _________. a) a revolving door b) a filing cabinet Correct. Long-term memory can be thought of as a huge filing cabinet in which items are stored in an organized manner. c) a desktop d) a television Incorrect. The item most similar in concept to long-term memory is a filing cabinet, as memory stores items in an organized manner just like a good filing system.

ANS: b, p. 222-223, C, LO=6.4, (2) APA: LO 1.2

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73. You are learning a list of items for a test by relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory. Which type of rehearsal are you using? a) condensed b) permanent c) maintenance Incorrect. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating the items over and over in your head. Elaborative rehearsal, which involves relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory, is a much better strategy. d) elaborative Correct. Elaborative rehearsal involves relating the items to each other and to information that you already have stored in memory, and it is the best strategy for getting information into long-term memory.

ANS: d, pp. 223-224, A, LO=6.4, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 74. It is thought that long-term memory never can get filled up. The term used to describe the capacity of long-term memory is _______________. a) 7, plus or minus 2 b) about 10,000 items c) limited by the size of a person’s brain Incorrect. The capacity of long-term memory is unlimited; no one has ever found a brain-size limitation. d) unlimited Correct. The capacity of long-term memory is unlimited. Given the number of neurons and connections, it is unlikely that capacity would be limited.

ANS: d, pp. 222-223, F, LO=6.4, (2) % correct 82 a= 6 b= 1 c= 11 d= 82 r = .21 APA: LO 1.2 Learning Objective 6.5 - What are the various types of long-term memory, and how is information stored in longterm memory organized?

75. Which type of long-term memory is most resistant to loss with Alzheimer’s disease? a) procedural Correct. Procedural memory, which is unconscious, is most resistant to loss. It is a separate system from the others and usually regards skills. b) semantic c) episodic d) none of these Incorrect. Procedural memory is rarely lost. Episodic and semantic memories are more easily lost by people with Alzheimer’s.

ANS: a, pp. 224, F, LO=6.5, (2) % correct 40 a= 40 b= 7 c= 14 d= 39 r = .34 APA: LO 1.2 76. A police officer is shot in a gun battle with bank robbers. Although emergency brain surgery saves his life, it leaves him unable to store new information. The officer’s family is applying to the state for compensation for his injuries. When asked to provide a diagnosis of the difficulties he suffers, what will they write? a) proactive amnesia b) anterograde amnesia Correct. Anterograde amnesia occurs when new long-term memories cannot be formed. c) retrograde amnesia Incorrect. Retrograde amnesia deals with not being able to get old information out of storage. d) retroactive amnesia ANS: b, p. 224, A, LO=6.5, (3) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 77. Which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness?

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a) episodic memory b) procedural memories Correct. Procedural memory, such as how to tie shoes, is unconscious. c) declarative memories d) semantic memory Incorrect. It is difficult to bring procedural memory into conscious awareness. It is not difficult to consciously recall something that is part of semantic memory, like a word meaning or a math term.

ANS: b, p. 224, C, LO=6.5, (2) % correct 37 a= 16 b= 37 c= 2 d= 45 r = .47 % correct 43 a= 18 b= 43 c=15 d= 25 r =.46 APA: LO 1.2 78. Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________. a) episodic memory b) procedural memories c) declarative memories Correct. Memories for general facts and personal information are called declarative memories. d) factual memory Incorrect. Factual memory is not the term used; declarative memory stores general facts.

ANS: c, p. 225, F, LO=6.5, (1) APA: LO 1.2 79. Patients with anterograde amnesia were taught to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem. It was later found that they _______________. a) remembered solving the problem and could do so again Incorrect. It was later found that they didn’t remember solving the problem but could do it again. This is because anterograde amnesia involves an inability to store new information into long-term memory. b) didn’t remember the problem and couldn’t solve it c) remembered solving the problem but couldn’t do it again d) didn’t remember solving the problem but could do it again Correct. It was later found that they didn’t remember solving the problem but could do it again.

ANS: d, p. 224, F, LO=6.5, (2) APA: LO 1.2 80. Declarative memories are to ________ memories as procedural memories are to __________ memories. a) implicit; explicit Incorrect. Declarative memories are consciously accessible, so they are not implicit. Procedural memories are skill based, and you are not consciously aware of them. b) explicit; implicit Correct. Procedural memories are to implicit memories as declarative memories are to explicit memories. c) general knowledge; personal facts d) personal facts; general knowledge ANS: b, pp. 224-225, C, LO=6.5, (2) % correct 35 a= 30 b= 35 c= 30 d= 5 r = .44 APA: LO 1.2 81. General knowledge, language, and concepts are seen as parts of ___________. a) episodic memory b) procedural memories Incorrect. Procedural memory is used for skills and is usually nonverbal. c) declarative memories d) semantic memory Correct. Semantic memory includes general knowledge, language, and concepts, among other things.

ANS: d, p. 225, F, LO=6.5, (1) % correct 75 a= 3 b= 11 c= 10 d= 75 r = .32 APA: LO 1.2

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82. Personal facts and memories of one’s personal history are parts of ___________. a) episodic memory Correct. Episodic memory includes personal facts and memories. b) procedural memories c) declarative memories Incorrect. Declarative memory is concerned with general facts and not personal ones. d) semantic memory ANS: a, p. 225, F, LO=6.5, (1) % correct 81 a= 81 b= 2 c= 8 d= 8 r = .39 % correct 82 a= 82 b= 1 c= 9 d= 8 r = .34 APA: LO 1.2 83. Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of ________. a) episodic memory Incorrect. Episodic memory refers to memories of events that are associated with a particular time, place, and circumstance. b) semantic memory Correct. Semantic memory refers to the memory of the meanings of words, concepts, and general facts about the world. c) working memory d) implicit memory ANS: B, p. 225, A, LO=6.5, (1) APA: LO 1.2 84. In the game show Jeopardy! contestants are tested on general information. The type of memory used to answer these kinds of questions is _________. a) procedural b) semantic Correct. Semantic memory concerns common knowledge. c) episodic d) working Incorrect. The type of memory needed to access the answers to these kinds of questions is semantic and not a form of short-term memory. Working, or short-term, memory is not permanent.

ANS: b, p. 225, A, LO=6.5, (2) % correct 85 a= 4 b= 85 c= 5 d= 6 r = .40 % correct 62 a= 11 b= 62 c= 22 d= 6 r = .51 APA: LO 1.2 85. Remembering your first day of college classes is an example of ________ memories. a) episodic Correct. Episodic memory refers to memories of events that are associated with a particular time, place, and circumstance. b) semantic Incorrect. Semantic memory includes general knowledge, language, and concepts, among other things. c) working d) implicit ANS: A, p. 225-226, A, LO=6.5, (1) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 86. Jesse still has very vivid memories of his first romantic kiss. This example illustrates a specific form of ________ memory known as a(n) ________ memory. a) semantic; autobiographical b) episodic; autobiographical Correct. Autobiographical memories refer to memories of things that have occurred in our own lives. c) semantic; personal d) episodic; personal

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Incorrect. The form of episodic memory that is referred to in this question is called autobiographical, not personal memory.

ANS: B, p. 225, A, LO=6.5, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 87. Talya, a psychology major, just conducted a survey for class where she asked students about their opinions regarding evolution. When Talya thinks back on this experience, which of the following statements is accurate? a) Talya will be using her episodic memory only.

Incorrect. Talya would be using both episodic and semantic memory in this example. b) Talya will be using her semantic memory only. c) Talya’s ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates episodic memory, while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates semantic memory d) Talya’s ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates semantic memory, while her recollections of talking with the students illustrates episodic memory Correct. Correct. Episodic memory refers to memories of events that are associated with a particular time, place, and circumstance, while semantic memory includes general knowledge, language, and concepts, among other things.

ANS: D, p. 225, A, LO=6.5, (3) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 88. Which of the following statements is true about semantic and episodic memories? a) The former is always implicit, and the latter is always explicit.

Incorrect. Under the right circumstances, both memories can demonstrate implicit and explicit characteristics.

Neither one is locked into being just explicit or implicit. b) The former is always explicit, and the latter is always implicit. c) Both of them are always implicit. d) Under the right circumstances, both memories can demonstrate implicit and explicit characteristics.

Correct. Under the right circumstances, both memories can demonstrate implicit and explicit characteristics.

ANS: d, pp. 225-226, C, LO=6.5, (2) APA: LO 1.2 89. _____________ memory is constantly updated. a) Procedural b) Declarative Incorrect. Declarative memory deals with facts and is not updated every day. Episodic memory is revised and updated more or less constantly, as it is the record of your day-to-day life. c) Semantic d) Episodic Correct. Episodic memory is revised and updated more or less constantly to keep track of day-to-day life.

ANS: d, pp. 225-226, F, LO=6.5, (1) % correct 61 a= 4 b= 25 c= 11 d= 61 r = .49 % correct 62 a= 11 b= 11 c= 16 d= 62 r = .38 APA: LO 1.2 90. Declarative memories are to ________ memories as nondeclarative memories are to __________ memories. a) implicit; explicit Incorrect. Declarative memories are consciously accessible, so they are not implicit. Nondeclarative memories are skill based, and you are not consciously aware of them. b) explicit; implicit Correct. Nondeclarative memories are to implicit memories as declarative memories are to explicit memories. c) general knowledge; personal facts d) personal facts; general knowledge ANS: B, pp. 225, C, LO=6.5, (2) APA: LO 1.2 91. Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of ___________. a) semantic networks or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Correct. Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of semantic networks or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge. b) conditioned responses and associations c) alphabetical lists of semantic concepts, time-based lists of life events, body-part–specific motor skills Incorrect. Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of semantic networks or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge. Studies do not show a list arrangement, as items seem to be recalled in a related fashion and not serially. d) none of these ANS: a, pp. 226-227, C, LO=6.5, (2) APA: LO 1.2 92. According to the semantic network model, it would take less time to answer “true” to which sentence? a) “A salmon is an animal.” b) “A salmon is a fish.”

Correct. Salmon and fish are conceptually closer and, thus, comparing them would be faster than comparing something like salmon and animals that are conceptually further apart. c) “A canary is an animal.” d) All of these would take the same time.

Incorrect. Salmon and fish are conceptually closer and, thus, comparing them would be faster than comparing something like salmon and animal that are conceptually further apart.

ANS: b, pp. 227, A, LO=6.5, (3) % correct 68 a= 0 b= 68 c= 8 d= 25 r = .29 APA: LO 1.2 93. According to the semantic network model, it would take more time to answer “true” to which sentence? a) “A salmon is an animal.”

Correct. It would take more time to answer “true” to “A salmon is an animal.” b) “A salmon is a fish.” c) “A canary is a bird.” d) All of these would take the same time.

Incorrect. It would take more time to answer “true” to “A salmon is an animal.” The concept in the model is that salmon and fish are closer together and, thus, comparing them would be faster than comparing something like salmon and animal, which would be further away.

ANS: a, pp. 227, A, LO=6.5, (2) SG APA: LO 1.2 94. In the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning _________________. a) are not physically proximal b) are archaic c) are stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related Correct. This is an assumption of the Semantic Network Model. d) All of these are true Incorrect. Only answer c is correct.

ANS: c. pp. 227, F, LO=6.5, (2) APA: LO 1.2 95. The Internet, with its series of links from one site to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of ______________. a) short-term memory b) episodic memory c) long-term memory Correct. Long-term memory is organized with links that branch out to other links in a manner similar to the organization of the Internet. d) procedural memory Incorrect. Procedural memory is the memory that stores skills, whereas the Internet is more like the network models of long-term memory.

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ANS: c, p. 226-227, C, LO=6.5, (3) APA: LO 1.2 Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories Learning Objective 6.6 - What kinds of cues help people remember?

96. If memory were like the sea, we could say that ______ is long-term memory, ______ are the specific memories, and _______ are retrieval cues. a) the sea; fish; hooks Correct. The sea is long-term memory, fish are the memories, and hooks are retrieval cues. b) a boat; worms; fish c) a boat; hooks; worms d) an island; worms; fishing poles Incorrect. The sea is long-term memory, fish are the memories, and hooks are retrieval cues. The sea is a large container (long-term memory), it contains fish (specific memories), and you catch fish with hooks (cues).

ANS: a, p. 229, C, LO=6.6, (3) SG % correct 94 a= 94 b= 1 c= 2 d= 4 r = .29 APA: LO 1.2 97. How do retrieval cues help you to remember? a) They provide inferences. b) They help chunk information.

Incorrect. Chunking is a process that is used in short-term memory. Cues are related to long-term memory. c) They direct you to relevant information stored in long term memory.

Correct. Cues help prime your long-term memory to find a specific piece of information that is needed. d) They provide numbers for ideas.

ANS: C, p. 229, C, LO=6.6, (1) APA: LO 1.2 98. Someone asks you to name the twenty-second president of the United States, but you can’t remember. To aid your memory, the person then tells you that the president’s name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie.

Upon hearing the hint, you instantly realize that Grover Cleveland is the answer. In this situation, the hint acted as a(n) ______. a) elaborative rehearsal cue Incorrect. You are not rehearsing or repeating anything in this task as you would in an elaborative rehearsal process. b) cross code c) structural cue d) retrieval cue Correct. The hint that made you think of the city of Cleveland helped you retrieve the name of Grover Cleveland.

ANS: d, p. 229, A, LO=6.6, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 99. When asked to recall the date of John Kennedy’s assassination, Peter draws a blank; however, when asked whether it was October 24, 1962, November 22, 1963, or February 1, 1965, he correctly answers with the second of the choices. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of ______. a) state-dependent memory b) retrieval cues Correct. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of retrieval cues as Peter probably had the date stored in memory and then just had to take a set of dates and check which one he had stored. c) cross links in deep structure d) mnemonic devices Incorrect. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of retrieval cues. A mnemonic is a poem or acronym that aids memory through aiding retrieval.

ANS: b, p. 229, A, LO=6.6, (2)

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APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 100. Which of the following statements is true of retrieval cues? a) They are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory.

Correct. Retrieval cues are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory. Think of trying to find your keys and trying to remember where you last saw them. That’s how you would use retrieval cues. b) They are aids in rote rehearsal in short-term memory. c) They can be helpful in both long- and short-term memory. d) They have been recently shown to have little effect on the accessibility of information.

Incorrect. Retrieval cues are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory. In fact, lack of retrieval has been seen as a major cause of forgetting.

ANS: a, p. 229, C, LO=6.6, (1) % correct 69 a= 69 b= 7 c= 24 d= 0 r = .21 % correct 57 a= 57 b= 8 c= 36 d= 0 r = .19 APA: LO 1.2 101. The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in _____________. a) the biology classroom Correct. If you could take the test where you studied, that would be the best. b) an auditorium to prevent cheating c) the English classroom d) the special testing room used for all exams Incorrect. The special testing room won’t give you any retrieval cues; the best place is in the biology classroom.

ANS: a, p. 229, A, LO=6.6, (1) % correct 94 a= 94 b= 1 c= 0 d= 5 r = .21 APA: LO 1.2 102. “The effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of cues present when the memory was encoded to the cues present when the memory is retrieved.” What concept does this statement describe? a) memorability b) registered learning Incorrect. Encoding specificity is being described. Registered learning is not a real term. c) encoding specificity Correct. Encoding specificity is being described as it refers to the similarity of the learning and testing situation and how it aids performance. d) accessible decoding ANS: c, p. 229, C, LO=6.6, (3) APA: LO 1.2 103. Encoding specificity refers to _______________. a) using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific memories Correct. Encoding specificity refers to using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific memories. b) particular codes such as Morse code to transform information into bits c) the discrete and specific links that occur in a Collins and Quillan network Incorrect. Encoding specificity refers to using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific memories. Although such cues might lead to forming a network such as Collins and Quillan proposed, the process is not referred to in terms of their model. d) none of these ANS: a, p. 229, C, LO=6.6, (2) % correct 76 a= 76 b= 0 c= 22 d= 3 r = .36 APA: LO 1.2 104. Godden and Baddeley found that if you study on land, you do better when tested on land, and if you study underwater, you do better when tested underwater. This finding is an example of_______________. a) memorability Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

b) registered learning c) encoding specificity Correct. Godden and Baddeley’s 1975 finding is an example of encoding specificity. d) accessible decoding Incorrect. Godden and Baddeley’s 1975 finding is an example of encoding specificity. Accessible decoding is not a term in current use.

ANS: c, p. 229, C, LO=6.6, (2) APA: LO 1.2 105. The research of Eich and Metcalf would suggest that if you were really happy when you were learning math, you should be ______ when taking the math exam to do well. a) calm Incorrect. You should match your mood if you can and, thus, you should be happy. b) nervous c) happy Correct. You should be happy when taking the final exam for best retrieval because matching moods leads to best retrieval. d) depressed ANS: c, p. 230, C, LO=6.6, (2) APA: LO 1.2 106. Which of the following pairings would result in the best overall memory? a) sad during learning and happy at recall b) happy during learning and sad during recall Incorrect. This inconsistency between the encoding and retrieval states would probably interfere with memory. c) serious during learning and serious during recall Correct. State-dependent memories suggests that retrieval of information is easier when we are in the same psychological state during retrieval as we were during encoding. d) intoxicated during learning and intoxicated during recall ANS: C, p. 230, A, LO=6.6, (2) APA: LO 1.2 Learning Objective 6.7 – How do the retrieval processes of recall and recognition differ, and how reliable are our memories of events?

107. Which of the following is an example of a test using recall? a) short answer b) essay c) fill-in-the-blank Incorrect. All of these are examples that use recall. Fill-ins are just one type. d) All of these are examples that use recall.

Correct. All of these are examples that use recall.

ANS: d, p. 230, F, LO=6.7, (1) % correct 86 a= 0 b= 7 c= 8 d= 86 r = .20 APA: LO 1.2 108. Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information, ___________ is an easier task than __________. a) recognition; recall Correct. Recognition is an easier task than recall. b) recall; recognition Incorrect. Recognition is an easier task than recall. Recognition always entails a hint that enables you to check the given answers against memory. c) priming; the savings method d) the savings method; priming ANS: a, p. 230, C, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

109. Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War. Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth and can almost remember it; she knows that it is something like taxes. Janie is walking down the stairs, when all of a sudden, she remembers that the fifth point is taxes, but it is too late. Janie was suffering from ______________. a) encoding problems Incorrect. Janie was suffering from tip-of-the-tongue effects. She probably had encoded the information, but she couldn’t find it; thus, it was a retrieval problem. b) storage inversion c) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Correct. Janie was suffering from the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon as she felt the information was almost ready to be said or on the tip of her tongue. d) evaluation overload ANS: c, p. 230, A, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 110. When the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved, leaving only the feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it, this is known as _________. a) encoding failure Incorrect. This is known as the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) effect. The information had been encoded but when you couldn’t find it and only have a sense that it is in memory, you have TOT. b) extinction of acoustic storage c) auditory decay d) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Correct. This is known as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

ANS: d, p. 230, C, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2 111. Studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect is to _____________. a) try even harder to remember the items Incorrect. Studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect is to try to forget about it; the item might just come to you. Trying harder sometimes just locks in the item you are incorrectly recalling. b) take a nap c) forget about it and let the item just come to you Correct. Studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect is to forget about it because then the item might just come to you. d) None of these will work.

ANS: c, p. 230, F, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2 112. Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. This is an example of the _____________. a) encoding specificity effect b) serial position effect Correct. The finding is known as the serial position effect, as it refers to the ability to better remember things at the beginning and end of a list. c) TOT effect Incorrect. TOT is when you know the item but can’t retrieve it at a particular moment, which is not the case in this example. Moishe’s problem is with the serial position effect. d) reintegrative effect ANS: b, p. 231, A, LO=6.7, (2) % correct 93 a= 1 b= 93 c= 2 d= 3 r = .41 APA: LO 1.2; LO 4.4 113. The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the __________. a) phi phenomenon Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

b) implicit memory effect c) serial position effect Correct. The finding is known as the serial position effect, as it refers to the ability to better remember things at the beginning and end of a list. d) sequestering effect Incorrect. The finding is known as the serial position effect. The sequestering effect is not a term used in memory research.

ANS: c, p. 231, F, LO=6.7, (1) % correct 91 a= 1 b= 6 c= 91 d= 2 r = .34 % correct 84 a= 0 b= 7 c= 84 d= 9 r = .36 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 1.3 114. When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the __________. a) phi phenomenon b) recency effect Incorrect. This is known as the primacy effect. The recency effect refers to improved memory for items at the end of the list. c) chunking effect d) primacy effect Correct. This is known as the primacy effect or having a better memory for the beginning of the list as compared to the middle.

ANS: d, p. 231, F, LO=6.7, (1) % correct 82 a= 0 b= 11 c= 7 d= 82 r = .29 % correct 86 a= 0 b= 9 c= 5 d= 86 r = .32 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 1.3 115. Adrianna is trying to memorize the names of the bones in the hand. She had gone through a list of them when her phone rang. After she gets off the phone, she is MOST likely to remember the first few bone names because of the ________. a) elaboration effects b) recency effect Incorrect. The recency effect suggests that we have a strong memory of things that are presented to us at the end of a list of items. c) primacy effect Correct. The primacy effect suggests that we have a strong memory of things that are presented to us at the beginning of a list of items. d) maintenance effect ANS: C, p. 231, A, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 1.3; APA: LO 4.4 116. When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember _______. a) the items in the beginning better than those in the middle or at the end b) the items in the middle more than those at the beginning or at the end Incorrect. People are more likely to remember the items at the beginning and at the end of a list than those in the middle because of the recency effect in short-term memory and the primacy effect in long-term memory. c) the items at the end more than those in the middle or at the beginning of the list d) the items at the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle of the list Correct. When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember the items at the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle of the list.

ANS: d, p. 231, F, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 1.3 117. Which of the following statements is true about the serial position curve? a) It is used as evidence of separate long-term and short-term memory systems.

Incorrect. All of these answers are true. b) It is found when someone tries to recall items in long-term memory, such as the names of the presidents.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

c) It is due, in part, to the fact that the middle items of a serial list get less rehearsal than items at the beginning of the list. d) All of these are true.

Correct. All of these answers are true.

ANS: d, p. 231, C, LO=6.7, (2) % correct 51 a= 14 b= 0 c= 33 d= 51 r = .24 APA: LO 1.2 118. When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the last items on the list. This is known as the ______. a) phi phenomenon b) chunking effect c) recency effect Correct. The recency effect helps you recall the last thing your significant other said when you would rather watch TV and your significant other is going on and on. d) primacy effect Incorrect. This is known as the recency effect as the last items are remembered best. The primacy effect is having a better memory for the beginning of the list as compared to the middle.

ANS: c, p. 231, C, LO=6.7, (1) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 1.3 119. Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. His memory of things at the end of the list demonstrates the a) encoding specificity effect b) primacy effects Incorrect. The primacy effect refers to remembering things at the beginning of a list. c) recency effect Correct. The recency effect refers to remembering things at the end of a list. d) TOT effect.

ANS: C, p. 231, A, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 1.3; APA: LO 4.4

120. According to primacy and recency effects, when reading the chapters of the textbook, you are most likely to forget ________. a) the information you first read Incorrect. The primacy effect suggests that we would be least likely to forget this information. b) the information you most recently read c) the information in the middle of the chapter Correct. The primacy and recency effects suggest that we remember things that are presented to us at the beginning and end of the list. Therefore we would have the most difficulty remembering items in the middle of a list. d) the information from the summary ANS: C, p. 231, A, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 1.3 121. Examples of tests that use recognition are _____________. a) multiple choice b) matching c) none of these Incorrect. Both multiple-choice and matching tests use recognition. In both you are given the correct answer to test against memory, which involves recognition. d) both multiple choice and matching Correct. Both multiple-choice and matching tests use recognition. In both you are given the correct answer to test against memory, which involves recognition.

ANS: d, p. 230, F, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

122. In one study, over 2,500 photographs were shown to participants, one every 10 seconds. Participants were then shown pairs of photographs in which one member of each pair was one of the previously seen photographs.

Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was __________. a) 10 to 20 percent Incorrect. Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was 85 to 95 percent. b) 50 to 60 percent c) 70 to 80 percent d) 85 to 95 percent Correct. Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was 85 to 95 percent.

ANS: d, p. 232, F, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2 123. False positives occur when a person incorrectly “matches” a stimulus that is merely similar to a real memory to that memory. One major problem with eyewitness testimony is that _______________. a) extinction of auditory memories causes the witness to forget what was said b) witnesses are prone to habituate to the courtroom and forget what happened Incorrect. False positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate. Thus, an innocent person may be found guilty and sent to jail. c) false positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate Correct. False positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate and innocent people may to go to jail. d) None of these are true.

ANS: c, p. 232, C, LO=6.7, (3) SG % correct 92 a= 3 b= 6 c= 92 d= 0 r = .21 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 1.3; APA: LO 4.4 124. The case of Father Bernard Pagano, who was identified by seven eyewitnesses as a criminal, was an instance of a ____________. a) tip-of-the-tongue effect Incorrect. The Pagano case was an instance of a false positive. Tip-of-the-tongue effect occurs when people can’t readily recall an item totally It is not an instance of identifying someone who didn’t do a crime. b) retrieval failure c) primacy effect d) false positive Correct. The Pagano case was an instance of a false positive or identifying someone as committing a crime when that person didn’t do it.

ANS: d, p. 232, A, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 1.3; APA: LO 4.4 125. A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully? a) Yes, because seeing is believing.

Incorrect. Eyewitnesses have been shown to be incorrect, even when they sound very convincing. b) No, because eyewitnesses are not usually honest. c) Yes, because eyewitnesses are very confident about their testimony. d) No, because there is a great possibility of a “false positive” identification.

Correct. A great number of “false positive” identifications have been made. Witnesses sometimes construct memories after the fact and convince themselves of their validity.

ANS: d, p. 232, C, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 1.3; APA: LO 4.4 126. The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been ______. a) Broadbent Incorrect. The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been Loftus. Broadbent is best known for research on attention. b) Sperling Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

c) Loftus Correct. The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been Loftus. d) Treisman ANS: c, pp. 232, F, LO 6.7, (1) APA: LO 1.2 127. Many middle-aged adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated, although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was assassinated. This is an example of ______. a) an eidetic image Incorrect. This is an example of a flashbulb memory. Eidetic images are perfect images formed by a person with photographic memory; they are of anything the person sees, not just highly significant events. b) a flashbulb memory Correct. This is an example of a flashbulb memory, which is like a flash picture of a highly emotional event and is not always accurate. c) a semantic memory d) a procedural memory ANS: b, pp. 233-234, A, LO=6.7, (2) % correct 94 a= 4 b= 94 c= 4 d= 2 r = .23 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 128. Flashbulb memories ______. a) are not subject to periodic revision b) usually concern events that are emotionally charged Correct. Flashbulb memories usually concern events that are emotionally charged. c) are almost always highly accurate Incorrect. Flashbulb memories usually concern events that are emotionally charged but quite often they are incorrect if the details are checked. d) usually concern events from early childhood ANS: b, p. 233-234, F, LO=6.7, (2) SG APA: LO 1.2 129. Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ______. a) eidetic images Incorrect. Eidetic images are perfect images formed by a person with photographic memory; they are images of anything the person experiences, not just highly significant or emotional events. b) elaborative rehearsals c) flashbulb memories Correct. Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called flashbulb memories. d) eyewitness images ANS: c, p. 233-234, F, LO=6.7, (1) APA: LO 1.2 130. Which of the following is most likely to be memorable for most people? a) a photograph of a dead soldier Correct. Because this would elicit strong emotions, it would probably be encoded as a flashbulb memory. b) a photograph of a bird c) a photograph of the earth from space Incorrect. Although this might be an amazing photograph, the lack of emotions associated with it would not make it the best answer to this question. d) a random photograph ANS: A, p. 233-234, A, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 131. Your memory for the moment you heard about the planes crashing into New York’s Twin Towers would be most appropriately termed a(n) ________ memory.

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a) episodic b) autobiographical Incorrect. While this memory may be autobiographical in nature, the best answer to this question is a flashbulb memory. c) flashbulb Correct. This incredibly emotional memory would be an example of a flashbulb memory. d) repressed ANS: C, p. 233-234, A, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 132. Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is true? a) Flashbulb memories tend to be about as accurate as other types of memories.

Correct. Although researchers used to think of flashbulb memories were more accurate than other memories, recent research has debunked that belief. b) People feel unconfident about their recall of flashbulb memories.

Incorrect. In fact, while people’s confidence about the accuracy of flashbulb memories is very high, the actual accuracy of those memories is about equal to other types of memory. c) A major news event automatically causes a person to store a flashbulb memory. d) Your memory of how you felt at the onset of a flashbulb memory rarely changes over time.

ANS: A, p. 233-234, C, LO=6.7, (2) APA: LO 1.2 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories?

Learning Objective 6.8 - How are long-term memories formed, and how can this process lead to inaccuracies in memory?

133. As memories get older, they are most likely ____________________. a) to get lost b) to become stronger, more accurate, and more vivid c) to be regarded as unreliable by the person using them Incorrect. Studies show that people usually don’t realize how unreliable their memories actually are. As memories get older, they are most likely to be changed or altered in some fashion. d) to become changed or altered in some fashion Correct. As memories get older, they are most likely to become changed or altered in some fashion. More new items interfere with them.

ANS: d, p. 235, C, LO=6.8, (2) % correct 92 a= 5 b= 1 c= 2 d= 92 r = .43 % correct 95 a= 4 b= 1 c= 0 d= 95 r = .32 APA: LO 1.2 134. For which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem? a) Bartlett Correct. The researcher in question is Bartlett. b) Meyer c) Ebbinghaus Incorrect. The researcher in question is Bartlett. Ebbinghaus was concerned with the memory for nonsense syllables and not stories like Bartlett. d) Skinner ANS: a, p. 235, F, LO=6.8, (1) APA: LO 1.2 135. Retrieving information from long-term memory is done by assembling information from various brain locations in a process known as ______________. a) consolidation

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Incorrect. Bits and pieces of information are gathered from various areas and put back together in a process called constructive processing. Consolidation is the process of establishing memories. b) reintegration c) constructive processing Correct. Bits and pieces of information are gathered from various areas of the brain and put back together in a process called constructive processing. d) automatic processing ANS: c, p. 235, C, LO=6.8, (2) APA: LO 1.2 136. Rochelle remembered getting “B’s” in her English lit classes in college. But years later when she applied for a job and took out her transcript, she was shocked to find that she had actually gotten “C–” grades. She then started telling everyone she remembers being a pretty poor student. Her erratic memory of her mediocre performance is most likely due to ___________. a) her poor memory Incorrect. Although Rochelle may have a poor memory, which is why she received a C–, the most likely reason is hindsight bias. b) hindsight bias Correct. Her altered recall of her memories of the past is most likely due to hindsight bias as Rochelle wants to think the best of herself. c) consolidation d) eidetic imagery ANS: b, p. 235-236, A, LO=6.8, (3) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 137. In this view, memories are literally “built” from the pieces stored away at encoding. This view is called ______________. a) constructive processing Correct. Building memory is constructive processing. b) hindsight bias c) adaptation of memory traces d) flashbulb integration Incorrect. Flashbulb integration is a made-up term.

ANS: a, p. 235, C, LO=6.8, (2) SG APA: LO 1.2 138. It’s Thanksgiving and the whole family has gotten together. You start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother. Both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other. This is an example of __________. a) constructive processing Correct. You are constructing a memory to favor yourself. b) hindsight bias Incorrect. This is an example of constructive processing or altering the memory at recall. c) adaptation of memory traces d) flashbulb integration ANS: a p. 235, A, LO=6.8, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 139. Based on Loftus’s 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident, and some of the subjects were asked a question about a blue car when the actual slides contained pictures of a green car. When these same subjects were asked about the color of the car at the accident, they were found to be confused. This is an example of the ____________. a) instant replay effect b) constructive processing effect Incorrect. Although constructive processing is what caused them to reconstruct their memories, the effect in this example is known as the misinformation effect. New information interfered with old information.

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c) levels-of-processing effect d) misinformation effect Correct. This is an example of the misinformation effect where new information replaces older information. It has been a crucial addition to our knowledge of why court proceedings sometimes lead to the wrong conclusions about guilt or innocence.

ANS: d, p. 236, F, LO=6.8, (2) APA: LO 1.2 Learning Objective 6.9 - What is false-memory syndrome?

140. According to Elizabeth Bowman, ____________. a) hypnosis makes production of false memories easier Incorrect. All of these statements are true. b) hypnosis increases confidence in memories, even fake ones c) therapists have produced false memories through hypnosis d) all of these statements are true.

Correct. All of these statements are true. Despite TV portrayals and the opinions of nonscientific psychologists, hypnosis is not that reputable.

ANS: d, p. 236, F, LO=6.9, (1) % correct 99 a= 0 b= 0 c= 1 d= 99 r = .02 APA: LO 1.2 141. Which of the following statements about memory retrieval while under hypnosis is NOT TRUE? a) These memories are more accurate than other kinds of memories. b) Age regression through hypnosis can increase the accuracy of recall of early childhood memories.

Incorrect. Although this is not true, all of the statements are also not true. Hypnosis is not regarded as really an aid to the courts. c) Therapists have induced false memories through hypnosis. d) All of the statements are not true.

Correct. Hypnosis is no guarantee of accurate memories.

ANS: d, pp. 236-237, F, LO=6.9, (3) APA: LO 1.2 142. Which of these individuals is the most typical person involved in a case in which memories of past childhood abuse are recalled later in life? a) Thirty-year-old Charlotte who sought therapy for anxiety, depression, and recent weight gain with a therapist who uses hypnosis Correct. Hypnosis is not really that reputable a treatment among scientifically oriented therapists. Much research has shown it to be based on social conformity rather than inducing a real trance. b) Thirty-year-old Steve who sought therapy for symptoms that developed after serving in Desert Storm c) Ten-year-old Willard who was referred by a pediatrician for symptoms that appear to meet the diagnostic criteria for hyperactivity d) Fifty-year-old Agnes who fell, hit her head, and suddenly began remembering that her brother abused her sexually when she was eight years old Incorrect. Recovered memories of abuse have not been found to be related to injury.

ANS: a, p. 236, A, LO=6.9, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 143. Which technique is widely used by therapists to help clients recover lost childhood memories? a) hypnosis Correct. Hypnosis is widely used by therapists to help clients recover lost childhood memories. Remember that hypnosis is not well respected by scientifically trained therapists. b) “truth” serum c) Gestalt therapy Incorrect. Hypnosis is widely used by therapists to help clients recover lost childhood memories. Gestalt therapy doesn’t use hypnosis as a core technique.

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d) electroconvulsive therapy ANS: a, p. 236, F, LO=6.9, (1) APA: LO 1.2 144. Researchers using MRI scanning have found that _______________. a) false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed in different brain locations b) false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed in much the same way Correct. Researchers using MRI scanning have found that false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed in overlapping brain locations. c) they could not localize where false visual images were processed d) they could not localize where correct or real visual images were processed Incorrect. Researchers using MRI scanning have found that false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed in overlapping brain locations.

ANS: b, pp. 236-237, F, LO=6.9, (2) APA: LO 1.2 145. Pezdek and colleagues found that for a person to interpret thoughts and fantasies about false events as true memories ________________. a) the event must seem as vivid as possible b) the person must believe in hypnosis c) they must be plausible Correct. Pezdek found that plausible false events were more likely to be remembered as false memories than were implausible false events. d) they must hear about the event several times Incorrect. Repetition of the events was not found to be a factor.

ANS: c, p. 237, F, LO=6.9, (2) APA: LO 1.2 What Were We Talking About? Forgetting Learning Objective 6.10 - Why do we forget?

146. A. R. Luria studied an individual with phenomenal memory. This person was a ____________. a) gestaltiker Incorrect. This person was a mnemonist. There is no such thing as a gestaltiker. b) hypnotist c) child prodigy d) mnemonist Correct. This person was a mnemonist, or someone with exceptional memory. The term comes from the Greek god of memory.

ANS: d, p. 239, F, LO=6.10, (1) APA: LO 1.2 147. A. R. Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory. This person had several problems associated with the ability. Which was one was reported in your textbook? a) repressed memory syndrome Incorrect. He did not suffer from repressed memory syndrome. b) tip-of-the-tongue aphasia c) separating trivial from important memories.

Correct. Trivial memories interfered with important ones. d) cognitive penetrance ANS: c, p. 239, F, LO=6.10, (1) APA: LO 1.2 148. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten ____________. a) more rapidly as time goes by Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

b) gradually at first, then with increasing speed c) quickly at first, then tapers off gradually Correct. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten quickly at first, then tapers off gradually. d) most quickly one day after learning Incorrect. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten quickly at first, then tapers off gradually. After a day, the rate of forgetting becomes stable.

ANS: c, p. 239, F, LO=6.10, (2) SG % correct 56 a=21 b= 18 c= 56 d= 6 r = .39 APA: LO 1.2 149. In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs _____________. a) within the first hour after learning new material Correct. The greatest amount of forgetting occurs within the first hour after learning new material. b) within the first day after learning new material c) near the end of the retrieval period Incorrect. The greatest amount of forgetting occurs within the first hour after learning the material. The rate of forgetting was fairly stable after a long retrieval period. d) near the middle of the retrieval period ANS: a, p. 239, F, LO=6.10, (1) APA: LO 1.2 150. Your teacher has given each student the name of a key figure in the history of psychology. The assignment is to describe at least one significant contribution made by this person. If your historical figure is Hermann Ebbinghaus, what contribution might you describe to the class? a) He described the limits of sensory storage.

Incorrect. Ebbinghaus created nonsense syllables that were crucial to studying learning. Sperling was crucial in the study of sensory storage. b) He discovered the parts of the brain responsible for processing memories. c) He created nonsense syllables in order to study memory in a “pure” form.

Correct. Ebbinghaus created nonsense syllables that were crucial to studying learning. d) He developed a series of memory aids that is still used by students today.

ANS: c, p. 239, A, LO=6.10, (2) % correct 65 a= 10 b= 14 c=65 d= 11 r = .36 APA: LO 1.2 151. What type of stimuli did Hermann Ebbinghaus use in his memory experiments? a) words Incorrect. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables to avoid the associations that words would have. He wanted a stimulus that would seem similar to the neutral stimuli used in conditioning experiments. b) numbers c) pictures d) nonsense syllables Correct. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables because he wanted a stimulus that would seem similar to the neutral stimuli used in conditioning experiments.

ANS: d, p. 239, F, LO=6.10, (1) % correct 84 a= 4 b= 7 c= 5 d= 84 r = .36 APA: LO 1.2

152. You are invited to take part in a study by a researcher trying to replicate the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus.

What might this researcher ask you to do? a) “Write down all the words you can remember.” b) “Read this poem and then interpret its meaning.” c) “Listen to me: BEC, DAX, FER, KOJ; now repeat what I said.”

Correct. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables to avoid previous associative links. d) “Listen to these sounds and write down words that come to mind.”

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Incorrect. He would probably say, “BEC, DAX, FER, KOJ; now repeat what I said.” Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables because they had no previous associations.

ANS: c, p. 239, A, LO=6.10, (3) APA: LO 1.2 153. Most people have difficulty actually recognizing the correct image of the Lincoln penny. The most likely cause of this problem is _______________. a) interference b) memory trace decay Incorrect. The most likely cause of this problem is encoding failure. You probably never notice and stored this level of detail. c) encoding failure Correct. The most likely cause of these problems is encoding failure. Who notices those details unless you are a numismatist—look it up. Not noticing causes the information not to be processed or encoded. d) repression ANS: c, p. 240, C, LO=6.10, (2) APA: LO 1.2 154. A psychologist asks people to recall the name of their kindergarten teacher. Surprisingly, the majority of people correctly do this and comment, “Gee whiz, I haven’t thought about that old bat [or old coot] in years!” Their ability to do so is a severe problem for which theory of forgetting? a) interference theory b) decay or disuse Correct. Their ability to do so is a severe problem for the decay or disuse theory of forgetting because people are able to remember even when they haven’t used that particular memory trace for a very long time. If decay was a constant process, that memory and all those from that time should be gone. However, we do have clear memories from long ago. c) encoding failure Incorrect. Their ability to do so is a severe problem for the decay or disuse theory of forgetting. d) retroactive interference ANS: b, p. 240, A, LO=6.10, (3) APA: LO 1.2 155. Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in _____________. a) sensory memory only Incorrect. Decay has been proposed to explain forgetting in both sensory memory and short-term memory. b) short-term memory only c) long-term memory only d) sensory memory and short-term memory Correct. Decay has been proposed to explain forgetting in both sensory memory and short-term memory.

ANS: d, p. 240, C, LO=6.10, (1) APA: LO 1.2 156. Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when _____________. a) older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information Correct. Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information. b) newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information Incorrect. Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information. Retroactive interference is the reverse, as described in this choice. c) information is not attended to and fails to be encoded d) information that is not accessed decays from the storage system over time ANS: a, p. 241, C, LO=6.10, (2) % correct 61 a= 61 b= 37 c= 2 d= 0 r = .35 APA: LO 1.2

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157. You start out using Firefox, then change to Explorer because your company demands that browsers be Microsoft products. If you have trouble with Explorer, it is most likely due to ______________. a) proactive interference Correct. In proactive interference, older information interferes with newer information. b) retroactive interference Incorrect. In retroactive interference, newer information interferes with older information. In this example, the old interferes with the new, which is proactive interference. c) anterograde interference d) consolidation problems ANS: a, p. 241, A, LO=6.10, (3) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 158. Imagine that the first car you learned to drive was a manual transmission with a clutch, but the car you drive now is an automatic. Sometimes you find yourself reaching for the clutch that is no longer there. This example illustrates ________. a) retroactive interference Incorrect. Retroactive interference is the tendency for new or recently learned material to interfere with the retrieval of older material. b) proactive interference Correct. Proactive interference is the tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the retrieval of newer, more recently learned material. c) retrograde amnesia d) anterograde amnesia ANS: B, p. 241, A, LO=6.10, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 159. Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to _____________. a) interference from other information Correct. Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to interference from other information. b) decay or disuse Incorrect. Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to interference from other information. Decay or the fading of information has not been conclusively shown to occur and, in fact, there is evidence against it. c) encoding failure d) none of these ANS: a, p. 241, C, LO=6.10, (2) % correct 33 a= 33 b= 49 c= 5 d= 13 r = .27 APA: LO 1.2 160. Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her history test, all she can remember is French! Shalissa’s memory is suffering from _____________. a) cue-dependent forgetting b) proactive interference Correct. Shalissa’s memory is suffering from proactive interference. c) decay d) retroactive interference Incorrect. Shalissa’s memory is suffering from proactive interference as old information is knocking out the new.

Retroactive interference is the reverse.

ANS: b, p. 241, A, LO=6.10, (3) SG % correct 69 a= 1 b= 69 c= 0 d= 28 r = .29 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 161. _________________ is the tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the retrieval of newer, more recently learned material. a) Cue-dependent forgetting b) Proactive interference

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Correct. Proactive interference is the tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the retrieval of newer, more recently learned material. c) Decay d) Retroactive interference Incorrect. Retroactive interference is the tendency for new or recently learned material to interfere with the retrieval of older material.

ANS: b, p. 241, F, LO=6.10, (1) % correct 54 a= 1 b= 54 c= 0 d= 45 r = .43 % correct 68 a= 0 b= 68 c= 0 d= 32 r = .57 APA: LO 1.2 162. Jessica took psychology in the fall semester and is now taking sociology. Several of the concepts are similar, and Jessica finds that she sometimes has trouble recalling some of the major psychological theorists. She keeps getting them confused with sociological theorists. Jessica’s problem is most likely due to _______________. a) decoding failure b) retroactive interference Correct. In retroactive interference, new information interferes with older information. c) proactive interference Incorrect. In proactive interference, older information interferes with newer information, but in this example the situation is reversed. d) Toronto syndrome ANS: b, p. 241, A, LO=6.10, (3) % correct 62 a= 2 b= 62 c= 35 d= 0 r = .21 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 163. Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when_________. a) older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information b) newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information Correct. Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information. c) information is not attended to and fails to be encoded d) information that is not accessed decays from the storage system over time Incorrect. Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information. Decay refers to the information fading on its own.

ANS: b, p. 241, C, LO=6.10, (2) % correct 70 a= 30 b= 70 c= 0 d= 0 r = .48 APA: LO 1.2 164. Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her French test, all she can remember is history! Shalissa’s memory is suffering from ____________. a) cue-dependent forgetting b) proactive interference Incorrect. In proactive interference, old information interferes with new. In Shalissa’s situation, the new information (history) is interfering with the old (French), which is called retroactive interference. c) decay d) retroactive interference Correct. Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with old.

ANS: d, p. 241, A, LO=6.10, (3) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 165. When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information, this is called ______________. a) cue-dependent forgetting b) proactive interference Incorrect. In proactive interference, old information interferes with new. c) decay

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d) retroactive interference Correct. In retroactive interference, new information interferes with old.

ANS: d, p. 241, F, LO=6.10, (1) % correct 68 a= 1 b= 31 c= 0 d= 68 r = .20 APA: LO 1.2

Memory and the Brain: The Physical Aspects of Memory Learning Objective 6.11 - How and where are memories formed in the brain?

166. Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the _____________. a) cerebellum b) prefrontal lobes of the cortex Correct. Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the prefrontal lobes of the cortex. c) hippocampus Incorrect. Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the prefrontal lobes of the cortex. The hippocampus is involved in processing thoughts. d) amygdala ANS: b, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (1) % correct 58 a= 7 b= 58 c= 30 d= 5 r = .24 APA: LO 1.2 167. Short-term memories appear to be localized in the _________________. a) occipital lobe b) cingulate gyrus Incorrect. Short-term memories appear to be stored in the prefrontal lobes. This area might be involved but not as the storage area. c) amygdala d) prefrontal lobes Correct. Short-term memories appear to be stored in the prefrontal lobes.

ANS: d, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (1) APA: LO 1.2 168. Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the _____________. a) cerebellum Correct. Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the cerebellum. b) prefrontal and temporal lobes of the cortex c) hippocampus Incorrect. Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the cerebellum. The hippocampus is involved in other memory systems. d) amygdala ANS: a, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (1) % correct 25 a= 25 b= 14 c= 35 d= 25 r = .40 APA: LO 1.2 169. Which of the following statements is TRUE? a) All memories are stored in one place in the brain.

Incorrect. Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories. Many sites are active depending on the specific task. b) Memories are randomly distributed throughout the brain. c) Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories.

Correct. Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories. d) Almost all memories are primarily stored in the brain stem.

ANS: c, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (2) APA: LO 1.2

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170. Mateo is 70 years old and had a stroke last year. He is now unable to remember how to get to and return from his new doctors office using a specific route. What brain structure was potentially damaged by Mateo’s stroke? a) his amygdala Incorrect. While the amygdala may be related to fear-based memories, the best answer to this question is the hippocampus. b) his hypothalamus c) his hippocampus Correct. Research has found that the hippocampus is essential in the formation and encoding of new memories. d) his cerebellum ANS: C, p. 242, A, LO=6.11, (2) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 171. A man known as H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his ____________. a) cortex and medulla b) cerebellum and pons c) hippocampus Correct. H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his hippocampus. d) hypothalamus and thalamus Incorrect. H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his hippocampus. The hypothalamus is concerned with motivation and the thalamus with sensation.

ANS: c, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (2) % correct 92 a= 0 b= 0 c= 92 d= 8 r = .19 % correct 84 a= 3 b= 7 c= 84 d= 4 r = .38 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 172. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer ______. a) pay attention to specific stimuli b) retrieve memories Incorrect. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer form new memories. In these cases, older memories are still available. c) form new memories Correct. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer form new memories. d) make sense of memories ANS: c, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (2) SG % correct 92 a= 1 b=6 c= 92 d= 1 r = .37 APA: LO 1.2 173. H. M., a famous amnesiac, gave researchers solid information that the ______________ was important in storing new long-term memories. a) hippocampus Correct. The role of the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories was first made apparent in the case of H. M. b) amygdala Incorrect. The amygdala is involved in emotion and memory. However, the role of the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories was first made apparent in H.M.’s case. c) frontal lobes d) cerebellum ANS: a, p. 242, A, LO=6.11, (2) % correct 68 a= 68 b= 10 c= 15 d= 7 r = .21 % correct 93 a= 93 b= 4 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19 APA: LO 1.2 174. A patient’s chart indicates he just had surgery to remove his hippocampus as a result of a tumor. What change do you anticipate in the patient after the operation? a) The patient will not be able to process colors.

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b) The patient will have problems experiencing hunger. c) The patient will not be able to remember new information.

Correct. Damage to the hippocampus results in long-term memory problems. d) The patient will not be able to perform tasks such as block designs.

Incorrect. The patient will not be able to remember new information because the hippocampus is crucial in storing information in long-term memory.

ANS: c, p. 242, A, LO=6.11, (3) % correct 96 a= 0 b= 0 c= 96 d= 4 r = .19 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4; APA: LO 3.1 175. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could ______. a) no longer form new explicit memories b) read the same magazine over and over and not realize that he was reading it over and over c) still form procedural memories Incorrect. All of these choices are correct. d) All of these choices are correct Correct. All of these choices are correct.

ANS: d, p. 242, A, LO=6.11, (3) % correct 79 a= 12 b= 4 c= 4 d= 79 r = .29 APA: LO 1.2 176. ______________ appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. If it is removed, the ability to store anything new is completely lost. a) The cerebellum b) The prefrontal and temporal lobes of the cortex c) The hippocampus Correct. The hippocampus is responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. d) The amygdala Incorrect. The hippocampus is responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. The amygdala is related to emotional processing.

ANS: c, p. 242, F, LO=6.11, (1) APA: LO 1.2 Learning Objective 6.12 - How does amnesia occur?

177. When a person’s ____________is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new memories, results. a) hippocampus Correct. When a person’s hippocampus is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia results. b) prefrontal lobe c) amygdala d) cerebellum Incorrect. When a person’s hippocampus is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia results. The cerebellum’s loss would interfere with the formation of conditioned responses.

ANS: a, p. 244, F, LO=6.12, (2) APA: LO 1.2 178. Malcolm, aged 35, is severely depressed. Because of this he is given electroconvulsive therapy. After treatment, he is sent home and does much better. However, his TV-watching behavior is strange. Malcolm thinks that last year’s episodes of his favorite series are new. Malcolm is showing signs of ______________. a) anterograde amnesia Incorrect. Malcolm is showing signs of retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia would entail his not remembering older memories. However, he does do that. b) retrograde amnesia Correct. Malcolm is showing signs of retrograde amnesia, which is the loss of past memories. c) childhood amnesia

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d) senile dementia ANS: b, pp. 243-244, A, LO=6.12, (3) % correct 68 a= 30 b= 68 c= 0 d= 1 APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4

r = .32

179. If ____________is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, __________ is like pushing the “save” key and having the document disappear instead of being stored. a) anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia Incorrect. If retrograde amnesia is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, anterograde amnesia is like pushing the “save” key and having the document disappear instead. b) retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia Correct. If retrograde amnesia is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, anterograde amnesia is like pushing the “save” key and having the document disappear instead. c) adolescent amnesia, conductive amnesia d) procedural amnesia, implicit amnesia ANS: b, pp. 241-242, C, LO=6.12, (3) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 180. Work with electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) for severe depression suggests that consolidation ___________. a) only takes a short time Incorrect. Work with ECT for severe depression suggests that consolidation may take years to complete. b) may take months to complete c) may take years to complete Correct. Work with ECT for severe depression suggests that consolidation may take years to be complete. d) may take weeks to complete ANS: c, pp. 243-244, C, LO=6.12, (2) APA: LO 1.2 181. Malcolm, aged 35, is severely depressed. Because of this he is given electroconvulsive shock therapy. After treatment, he is sent home and does much better. However, his TV-watching behavior is strange. Which is the most likely behavior pattern? a) Malcolm does not remember that he has a TV. Incorrect. ECT would not interfere with very long-term memories such as the purchase of a TV set more than three years ago. b) Malcolm does not remember any episodes of shows going back 25 years. c) Malcolm thinks that last year’s episodes of his favorite series are new.

Correct. Studies show that ECT can disrupt memory consolidation for memories created as long as three years prior to the therapy. d) Malcolm can no longer understand long sentences if they occur in the dialogue.

ANS: c, pp. 243-244, A, LO=6.12, (3) APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 182. Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as ________. a) mild is to severe b) severe is to mild c) remembering old is to learning new Correct. Retrograde amnesia deals with not being able to get old information out of storage. d) remembering new is to learning old Incorrect. Anterograde amnesia occurs when new long-term memories cannot be formed.

ANS: C, pp. 243-244, C, LO=6.12, (2) APA: LO 1.2 183. People with dementia typically have a memory problem known as ____________. a) amygdaloid amnesia b) inferograde amnesia c) retrograde amnesia Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

Incorrect. The type of memory problem that people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s, typically have is called anterograde amnesia. They cannot form new memories. d) anterograde amnesia Correct. The type of memory problem that people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s, typically have is called anterograde amnesia.

ANS: d, p. 244, F, LO=6.12, (1) % correct 46 a= 4 b= 7 c= 43 d= 46 r = .20 APA: LO 1.2 184. Loss of memory from the point of injury or illness forward is called _________________ . a. anterograde amnesia Correct. Loss of memory from the point of illness or injury forward is called anterograde amnesia. b. retrograde amnesia Incorrect. Loss of memory from the point of illness or injury forward is called anterograde amnesia. c. consolidation d. infantile amnesia ANS: a, p. 244, F, LO=6.12, (1) APA: LO 1.2 185. Which of these is an example of what has been called infantile amnesia? a) Betty, age 25, can recall only good memories of what happened when she was 4 to 5 years old. b) Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old.

Correct. Infantile amnesia refers to the tendency to not remember things that happened before the age of 3. c) When faced with a horrible stressor, some people return to an earlier stage of development, such as infancy, for the comfort that it provides. d) Despite the fact that Alice, age 35, played the piano from ages 3 through 13, she has very little ability to do so now.

Incorrect. Infantile amnesia doesn’t refer to skills; rather, it refers to the tendency to not remember things that happened before the age of 3.

ANS: b, p. 244, A, LO=6.12, (3) SG APA: LO 1.2; APA: LO 4.4 Learning Objective 6.13 – What are the facts about Alzheimer’s disease?

186. Alzheimer’s disease accounts for between ____ and _____ percent of all dementia cases in the United States. a. 50-70 b. 60-80 c. 70-90 d. 90-95 ANS: b, p. 246, F, LO=6.13, (1) APA: LO 1.2 187. Which of the following is the proper sequence of symptom development in most cases of Alzheimer’s disease? a. Anterograde amnesia followed by retrograde amnesia b. Retrograde amnesia followed by proactive amnesia c. Retroactive amnesia followed by anterograde amnesia d. Retrograde amnesia followed by aneterograde amnesia ANS: a, p. 246, F, LO=6.13, (1) APA: LO 1.2 188. The breakdown of which of the following seems to be responsible for the impaired ability to form new memories? a. Gama-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) in the hypothalamus b. Leptin in the pancreas c. Serotonin in the amygdala Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

d. Acetylcholine in the hippocampus ANS: d, p. 246, F, LO=6.13, (2) APA: LO 1.2

TRUE OR FALSE 1. Iconic memory is the visual sensory memory, in which an afterimage or icon will be held in neural form for about .50 to 2.00 seconds.

ANS: F, p. 218, LO=6.2 APA: LO 1.2 2. Iconic memory allows the eye to fuse the images from each tiny movement of the eye into a smooth, continuous pattern.

ANS: T, p. 218, LO=6.2 APA: LO 1.2 3. Iconic memory allows us to remember the beginnings of sentences long enough to have meaningful conversations.

ANS: F, p. 219, LO=6.2 APA: LO 1.2 4. Echoic memory is the auditory form of sensory memory, which takes the form of an echo that lasts for up to 1.5 seconds.

ANS: F, p. 219, LO=6.2 APA: LO 1.2 5. Short-term memory is where information is held while it is conscious and being used.

ANS: T, p. 219, LO=6.3 APA: LO 1.2 6. Short-term memory is where information is held before conscious use of the material and is unlimited in capacity.

ANS: F, p. 219, LO=6.3 APA: LO 1.2 7. One task useful in testing short-term memory capacity is the digit-span test.

ANS: T, p. 221, LO=6.3 APA: LO 1.2 8. Short-term memory can hold about 12 plus or minus 2 bits of information.

ANS: F, p. 221, LO=6.3 APA: LO 1.2 9. Elaborative rehearsal is defined as the rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory.

ANS: F, p. 223-224, LO 6.4 APA: LO 1.2 10. Elaborative rehearsal is a way of transferring information from short-term memory into long-term memory by making that information meaningful in some way.

ANS: T, pp. 223-224, LO=6.4 APA: LO 1.2 11. Declarative memory can be divided into semantic memory and episodic memory.

ANS: T, p. 225, LO=6.5 APA: LO 1.2 12. Declarative memory can be divided into short-term memory and working memory.

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ANS: F, p. 225, LO=6.5 APA: LO 1.2 13. Episodic memory consists of personal facts and memories of one’s personal history.

ANS: T, p. 225-226, LO=6.5 APA: LO 1.2 14. Recall is a type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” out of memory with few or no cues.

ANS: T, p. 230, LO=6.7 APA: LO 1.2 15. Recognition is the ability to match information with stored images or facts.

ANS: T, p. 230, LO=6.7 APA: LO 1.2 16. Recognition is typically harder than recall.

ANS: F, p. 230, LO=6.7 APA: LO 1.2 17. Loftus has found that eyewitness memory is extremely reliable and doesn’t change over time.

ANS: F, p. 232-233, LO=6.7 APA: LO 1.2 18. Constructive processing is the process of altering memories of the past so that they are more positive.

ANS: F, p. 235, LO=6.8 APA: LO 1.2 19. Loftus and others have found that people constantly update and revise their memories of events, adding information to a memory that occurred later even when that information is in error.

ANS: T, p. 235-236, LO 6.8 APA: LO 1.2 20. Hindsight bias is the process of altering memories of the past so that they are more in line with accurate information that is learned later—the Monday morning quarterback effect.

ANS: T, pp. 235-236, LO=6.8 APA: LO 1.2 21. The misinformation effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked misleading questions or given misleading information to incorporate that information into their memories for a particular event.

ANS: T, p. 236, LO=6.8 APA: LO 1.2 22. The constructive processing effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked misleading questions or given misleading information to incorporate that information into their memories for a particular event.

ANS: F, p. 235, LO=6.8 APA: LO 1.2 23. Hypnosis enhances the confidence people have in their memories, regardless of their accuracy or inaccuracy.

ANS: T, p. 236-237, LO=6.9 APA: LO 1.2 24. Memories retrieved while under hypnosis are no more accurate than memories retrieved while not under hypnosis, but persons who retrieve memories under hypnosis are far more reluctant to change their answers even when told that they may be wrong.

ANS: T, p. 236-237, LO=6.9 APA: LO 1.2

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