Decoding the ethics code a practical guide for psychologists 4th edition fisher test bank 1

Decoding the Ethics Code A Practical Guide for Psychologists 4th

Edition Fisher

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Chapter 7: Standards on Privacy and Confidentiality

Multiple Choice

1. Psychologists have a primary obligation and take reasonable precaution to protect:

a. confidential information

b. personal information

c. private information

d. privileged information

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: 4.01 Maintaining Confidentiality

Question Type: MC

2. The term reasonable precaution in Standard 4.01 recognizes the psychologist’s duty to recognize:

a. that confidentiality may be broken

b. the responsibility to be familiar with appropriate methods of protecting confidentiality

c. the responsibility to be familiar with appropriate methods of protecting confidentiality and that confidentiality may be broken

d. that privacy may be broken

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: 4.01 Maintaining Confidentiality

Question Type: MC

3. When psychologists use the internet or other electronic media, or use recording voice or images of clients, they may need:

a. legal assistance

b. technical assistance

c. consultative assistance

d. professional assistance

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Use of the Internet and Other Electronic Media

Question Type: MC

4. Confidentiality of psychotherapy notes can be maintained by all the following procedures, except:

a. to store in locked file cabinets

b. to store in locked car trunk

c. to store in computer files on desktop

d. to store in password-protected computer files

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Assessment and Psychotherapy Records

Question Type: MC

5. Practitioners and scientists who work with personal health information should become familiar with the requirements of:

a. FERPA

b. Privacy Practices

c. HIPAA

d. IDEA

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Implications of HIPAA for Practice and Research

Question Type: MC

6. Dr. Stevens works in a small health care practice providing psychological services. As it is anticipated that Dr. Stevens will handle personal health information, he will be required to complete all of the following, except:

a. formally trained in HIPAA

b. sign a confidentiality form

c. sign a privacy form

d. ensure that emails and faxes used to communicate such information will be marked confidential.

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Small Group Practices

Question Type: MC

7. The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA) protects the privacy of student education records for schools that receive government funds. These rights are extended to:

a. parents

b. students

c. grandparents

d. parents and then transferred to students at age 18, or after leaving high school

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Implications of FERPA for Psychologists Working in Schools

Question Type: MC

8. Psychologists _________ with persons, the ________ limits of confidentiality and ____________ uses of the information generated through their psychological activities.

a. discuss, relevant, foreseeable

b. discuss, appropriate, known

c. talk, relevant, foreseeable

d. talk, appropriate, known

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: 4.02 Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality

Question Type: MC

9. Limits may be placed on the extent to which private information acquired during psychological services can be kept confidential. Some limits include all of the following, except:

a. to report suspected child abuse

b. to protect from imminent self-harm

c. upon request from an attorney

d. lawful military investigations

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: 4.02 Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality

Question Type: MC

10. Psychologists are required to discuss with their clients the limits of confidentiality. This discussion should occur with:

a. all clients

b. parents

c. legal guardians

d. children

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Children and Persons Legally Incapable of Consent

Question Type: MC

11. In the military, there is ____ psychologist–client confidentiality in the traditional sense.

a. some

b. little

c. no

d. absolute

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Military

Question Type: MC

12. Under Standard 4.02b, the psychologist should discuss the limits of confidentiality with the client:

a. at the beginning of therapy

b. at the onset of therapy, unless not feasible

c. at the end of therapy

d. at the intake

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Standard 4.02b

Question Type: MC

13. Dr. Stevens offer telepsychology services to clients in a very rural area of the state. Standard 4.02c requires Dr. Stevens to inform his telepsychology clients the _________ to privacy and limits of confidentiality.

a. risks

b. limits

c. danger

d. boundaries

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Standard 4.02c

Question Type: MC

14. Psychologists who use audio, visual, or digital recordings of voices or images to provide services to individuals must obtain permission from all such persons or their legal representatives ________ recording.

a. after

b. before

c. during

d. when

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: 4.03 Recording

Question Type: MC

15. Dr. Ames provides psychoeducational reports for disability services in a small private university. She has completed and turned in her report. Her report includes a diagnosis, basis for diagnosis and recommended interventions required for her client to be successful in the classroom. Her report also included a long section related to the marital strife between her client’s divorced parents. Dr. Ames may be in violation of:

a. Standard 4.02

b. Standard 4.03

c. Standard 4.04a

d. Standard 4.04b

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: 4.04 Minimizing Intrusions on Privacy

Question Type: MC

16. Psychologists may discuss confidential information:

a. never

b. for professional purposes

c. for personal purposes

d. for any purpose

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Standard 4.04b

Question Type: MC

17. Under the HIPAA Privacy Rule, psychologists working in independent practice, group practices, or systems of health care are permitted to share personal health information ____________.

a. externally

b. internally

c. externally and internally

d. never

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Implications of HIPAA (Standard 4.04b)

Question Type: MC

18. Psychologists may disclose confidential information with _____________ consent of the organizational client, individual client, or another legally authorized person on behalf of the client.

a. written

b. oral

c. appropriate

d. reasonable

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: 4.05 Disclosures

Question Type: MC

19. Dr. Green has just received a request from her client to release confidential information. Dr. Green is concerned due to erratic behavior of her client that this may be a spur of the moment decision and that if she releases the information it may substantially harm her client. Dr. Green may:

a. decline to release the information

b. agree to release the information

c. refuse to release the information

d. submit to release the information

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Declining Requests

Question Type: MC

20. Standard 4.05b is ______________ rather than __________ in relation to the psychologist’s decision to disclose confidential information.

a. mandatory, permissive

b. permissive, mandatory

c. obligatory, permissive

d. obligatory, mandatory

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: PHI Compiled for Legal or Administrative Actions

Question Type: MC

21. Dr. Black has just been informed by his client that the client intends to harm his neighbor. The client has been angry over the way his neighbor treats him. Dr. Black need to do all of the following, except:

a. assess his client’s potential for violence

b. document his decisions about dangerousness

c. check his state law if he has a duty-to-protect

d. immediately call the police

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Duty-to-Protect Laws

Question Type: MC

22. Standard 4.06 permits discussion of confidential information with colleagues ________ consent of clients.

a. without

b. with

c. after

Fisher, Decoding the Ethics Code, 4e

d. before

Ans: A

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: 4.06 Consultations

Question Type: MC

23. Under Standard 4.07, psychologists may disclose personal information about their clients if:

a. they change the names

b. use their names and tell the client later

c. tell the client and then use their names

d. take reasonable steps to disguise the client

Ans: D

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: 4.07 Use of Confidential Information for Didactic or Other Purposes

Question Type: MC

24. Psychologists should engage parents and children in discussion about the nature and rationale for confidentiality and disclosure policies. This can be done through a:

a. consent group

b. consent talk

c. consent conference

d. consent writing

Ans: C

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Consent Conference

Question Type: MC

25. Dr. White has written a book related to her research in a small southern town. Although she attempted to disguise the personal information in the book, citizens of the small town have been able to identify who is in her book. Dr. White may be in violation of:

a. Standard 4.01

b. Standard 4.07

c. Standard 4.02

d. Standard 4.05

Ans: B

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: 4.07 Use of Confidential Information for Didactic or Other Purposes

Question Type: MC

True/False

1. Protecting the confidentiality of voice or image recordings of clients does not require any special technical advice or assistance

Ans: False

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Audio, Video or Digital Recordings of Voices or Images

Question Type: TF

2 Psychologists are required to take reasonable precautions to maintain confidentiality.

Ans: True

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: 4.01 Maintaining Confidentiality

Question Type: TF

3. Use of encrypted data transmission, password-protected data storage and firewall techniques are not sufficient under Standard 4.01 to maintain confidentiality.

Ans: False

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Use of the Internet and Other Electronic Media

Question Type: TF

4. Under Standard 4.02 psychologists are required to discuss with their clients the limits of confidentiality.

Ans: True

Cognitive Domain: 4.02 Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality

Answer Location: Knowledge

Question Type: TF

5. Under Standard 4.02a psychologists are not required to explain the limits of confidentiality to those clients who are legally incapable of giving informed consent.

Ans: False

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Children and Persons Legally Incapable of Consent

Question Type: TF

6. Permission must be obtained before recording audio, visual, or digital recordings by service providers and researchers.

Ans: False

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: 4.03 Recording

Question Type: TF

7. Psychologists may disclose confidential information with the appropriate consent of the organization client, individual client, or another legally authorized person on behalf of the client.

Ans: True

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: 4.05 Disclosures

Question Type: TF

8. Psychologists are not permitted to refuse to release confidential information when a request has been made by the client.

Ans: False

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Declining Requests

Question Type: TF

9. All states have a “duty-to-protect” law, which requires all psychologists to warn third parties of the prospect of harm by a client.

Ans: False

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: “Duty-to-Protect” Laws

Question Type: TF

10. Standard 4.06 prohibits psychologists from consulting with colleagues related to clients, as it might breach confidentiality.

Ans: False

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: 4.06 Consultations

Question Type: TF

Short Answer

1. Discuss the methods that psychologists may use to protect the confidentiality when psychologists record clients’ voice or image.

Ans: A good answer will include the following:

 Store recordings in a safe location or use passwords to protect computer access

 Distort voice recordings

 Mask faces in visual images

 Destroy recordings

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Audio, Video, or Digital Recordings of Voices or Images

Question Type: SA

2. What steps should psychologists take to maintain the confidentiality of psychotherapy notes?

Ans: A good answer will include:

 Storing therapy notes or client records in locked file cabinet

 Use password protected computer files

 With HMO confirm client permission for sharing with third party

 Obtain signed HIPAA authorizations

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Assessment and Psychotherapy Records

Question Type: SA

3. What is FERPA and how does it relate to psychologists working in schools?

Ans: A good answer will include:

 Definition of FERPA

 Rights to parents

 Rights to students

 When educational records may or may not be released

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Implications of FERPA for Psychologists Working in Schools

Question Type: SA

4. What is the difference between confidential information and privileged information?

Ans: A good answer will include:

 Definition of confidential information

 Definition of privilege information

 Understanding of who controls privilege information and in what context

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Privileged Communications, Subpoenas and Court Orders

Question Type: SA

5. What steps must researchers following to ensure confidentiality of their data?

Ans: A good answer will include:

 Using participant codes on all data collection

 Maintaining records linking codes to personal identifiers in a secure file and destroy when no longer needed

 Limit access to personally identifiable information

 Separate consent forms from coded material

 Ensure that recruitment and research procedures to not inadvertently reveal confidential information

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Research

Question Type: SA

Essay

1. Explain “Duty-to-Protect” laws.

Ans: A good answer will include:

 History of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California

 Requirements under duty-to-protect

 State laws regarding duty-to-protect

 Psychologists decision-making in duty-to-warn

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: “Duty-to-Protect” Laws

Question Type: ESS

2. Current proposed reforms would encourage mental health professionals to report clients to law enforcement for inclusion in the National Instant Criminal Background Check System. What are the ethical issues both pro and con for psychologists submitting to this reform?

Ans: A good answer will include:

 Become familiar with state laws

 Consider duty-to-protect law versus confidentiality

 The probabilistic nature of predicting violent behavior

 Potential for stigma

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Disclosure of Client/Patient Possession of Firearms

Question Type: ESS

3. Psychologists working with adolescents may be facing with learning of risky behavior engaged in by their clients. Discuss the pros and cons of disclosure of this information to the clients’ parents.

Ans: A good answer will include:

 Nonsuicidal self-injury as a public health problem

 Whether to disclose self-injurious behavior to school officials, medical practitioners, or family members

 Understand competencies necessary

 Understanding of nonsuicidal behavior

 Familiar with how gender and culture influence

 When self-injury involves atypical areas of the body

 Recognize when medical attention is necessary

 Recognizing low risk of lethality

 Parental response to disclosure

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Need to Know: Disclosure in Response to Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents and Young Adults

Question Type: ESS

4. Discuss the limits of confidentiality, reasons for limits and who it pertains to. Include in your answer how to address limits of confidentiality as related to those legally incapable of consent.

Ans: A good answer will include:

 Legal, institutional, or professional obligations that place limits on confidentiality

 When psychologists are legally required to breach confidentiality, i.e. reporting child abuse

 Consequence of such disclosure on clients and therapeutic relationship

 Requirement to discuss limits of confidentiality with clients

 Requirement for discuss includes those not able to give consent

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: 4.02 Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality

Question Type: ESS

5. Dr. Jones has been working with a 14-year female for a few months. The adolescent has just revealed that she has been engaging in self-injurious behavior, cutting, for the past month. The client also revealed that her parents are unaware of her behavior. Discuss the ethical dilemma that Dr. Jones must address, and steps she might consider in deciding whether and how to disclose confidential information.

Ans: A good answer will include:

 That the behavior places the client at risk

 Disclosures can lead to physical protection and may increase parental monitoring

 Recognition that parental reaction may not be therapeutic and must be considered before disclosure

 Discussion of the four steps to consider: assess and clinically address risk behaviors; consider options if client is unable or unwilling to terminate or reduce behaviors; prepare client for disclosure; disclosing information to parents

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Disclosing Confidential Information in Response to Client/Patient Risk Behavior

Question Type: ESS