Cultural Anthropology The Human Challenge 14th Edition Haviland
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Chapter 5 – Language and Communication
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A system of communication using sounds, gestures, or marks that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of share rules is called a(n)
a. signal set
b. language.
c. code.
d. linguistic system
e. analogue.
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: Chapter Introduction
OBJ: 1 MSC: New
2. Which of the following is not a signal?
a. Coughs from cold
b. Winking from pleasure
c. Screams from fear
d. Crying from sadness
e. Sneezing from sickness
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Chapter Introduction
OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
3. What are the long-term goals of the Chantek Project?
a. To free all primates from zoos and labs and return them to the wild
b. For Chantek and other enculturated apes to live in culture-based preserves instead of zoos or research centers.
c. To teach all primates how to use American Sign Language
d. To begin teaching primates how to write
e. To work with Chantek so that they can collect and write down original gorilla language
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Linguistic Research and the Nature of Language
OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
4. Chantek is a(n)
a. orangutan.
b. gorilla.
c. bonobo.
d. chimpanzee
e. gibbon.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: Linguistic Research and the Nature of Language
OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
5. Chantek was able to do all of the following except:
a. use deception
b. create complex meanings.
c. communicate through verbal words
d. use displaced reference.
e. use code switching
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Linguistic Research and the Nature of Language
OBJ: 1 MSC: New
6. The central and most highly developed human system of communication is
a. kinesics
b. proxemics.
c. body language.
d. pheromones.
e. language.
ANS: E DIF: Conceptual REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 1 MSC: New
7. The roots of linguistics, the modern scientific study of language, go back a long way to the works of ancient grammarians in _____, more than 2,000 years ago.
a. South Asia
b. Central Asia
c. North Africa
d. Australia
e. Scandinavia
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
8. The systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language is called
a. grammar
b. morphology.
c. linguistics
d. phonetics.
e. phonemes
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: New
9. Phonology is the
a. modern scientific study of all aspects of language.
b. systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language.
c. study of language sounds
d. study of the patterns and rules by which words are arranged.
e. the entire formal structure of a language, including morphology and syntax
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: New
10. While the phonologist is making an inventory of permissible sounds in a language, the _____ is deciphering the groups or combinations of sounds that have meaning, or that are actually used to convey information.
a. phoneticist
b. morphologist
c. grammaticist
d. glottochronologist
e. consultant
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
11. The entire formal structure of a language consisting of all observations about its meaningful units of sounds and the rules or principles of making phrases and sentences is called its
a. syntax.
b. form classes.
c. morphology
d. phonology.
e. grammar
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
12. The development of different languages from a single ancestral language is called
a. descriptive linguistics
b. historical linguistics.
c. language subgroups.
d. linguistic divergence
e. linguistic nationalism.
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: Historical Linguistics
13. Which of the following would be an acceptable research topic in the field of historical linguistics?
a. Whether or not the speakers of Apache and Navajo once spoke a common language
b. Whether or not Apache and Navajo speakers use the same body language to signal gender differences
c. Whether or not Apache and Navajo speakers organize their languages using the same syntactical structures
d. All the features of a given language as it is spoken at a particular point in time
e. Frame substitution to investigate the syntax of a particular language
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
14. A language family is a group of languages
a. that all have the same core vocabulary
b. that are subordinate to a dominant language.
c. that all have the same syntax
d. that use the same number of sounds.
e. that are descended from a single ancestral language.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
15. Which of the following statements about the English language is incorrect?
a. English belongs to the Indo-European language family.
b. English belongs to the Germanic language subgroup.
c. English is one of the many languages that diverged from an ancient unified language called Proto-Indo-European.
d. English is a “daughter” language.
e. English has historically suffered a narrowing and loss of meaning
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: Historical Linguistics
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
16. Approximately how many languages are spoken today?
a. 12,000
b. 10,000
c. 6,000
d. 3,000
e. 1,750
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
17. In France, a committee exists that has the job of eliminating subversive foreign influences in the form of words borrowed from other languages. English is a major offender (as in le bluejeans or le hamburger). This is an example of
a. cultural conservatism.
b. linguistic ethnocentrism
c. linguistic parochialism.
d. linguistic nationalism.
e. ethnolinguistics.
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
18. Which of the following statements is not an example of linguistic nationalism?
a. You are a Spanish-speaking person in the U.S., but want your children to use English so they will fit in more easily with the surrounding society.
b. A national committee in France declares that certain widely used terms will no longer be allowed to appear in public print because they are not French.
c. You live in Scotland and are so alarmed by the rapid decline in the number of people speaking Gaelic that you start a school in which all subjects are taught in Gaelic.
d. The southern part of India declares itself a separate country called Tamiland (the land of the people who speak Tamil) in defiance of India’s declaration of Hindi as the national language
e. A country previously colonized by the British passes a law requiring everyone to speak the native tongue; English is banned because of its association with colonial domination.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
19. Professor Greymorning worked on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming to help revitalize which Native American language?
a. Nez Perce
b. Blackfoot
c. Arapaho
d. Zuni
e. Assiniboine
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: New
20. As a way of revitalizing Arapaho, Professor Greymorning did all of the following except:
a. developed an Arapaho-only university.
b. translated a new dictionary of Arapaho
c. translated the Disney film Bambi into Arapaho.
d. developed a new methodology of language acquisition
e. modeled teaching Arapaho through new methodology.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: New
21. The influence of a person’s class status on what pronunciation he/she uses, a speaker’s choice of more complicated vocabulary and grammar when he/she is speaking to a professional audience, and the influence of language on culture are all concerns of
a. descriptive linguistics.
b. historical linguistics.
c. sociolinguistics
d. linguistic nationalism.
e. displacement
ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
22. Although language may be studied as an independent system, it is also important to look at in terms of what it tells us about society and culture. Whatever its phonemes, syntax, and history, language is a dynamic, adaptive system that facilitates the speaker’s survival and gives clues about what is significant in his/her life. When we focus on the relationship between language and culture of those who speak it and how they inform each other, we are doing
a. ethnolinguistics.
b. descriptive linguistics
c. historical linguistics.
d. glottochronology.
e. frame substitution.
ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
23. The term _____ is usually used to refer to varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible.
a. dialect
b. language subgroup
c. language family
d. accent
e. regionalism
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
24. A Scottish butler in an English mansion says to the lady of the house, “You may wish to stay inside today, Madam; it’s quite cold outside.” But when he goes back to his own cottage he is likely to say to his wife in broad Scots, “Shut the door and get inside, Maggie, you’ll freeze your buns off.” In linguistics, this is an example of
a. code switching.
b. class consciousness
c. glottochronology.
d. phonological analysis.
e. linguistic nationalism
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
25. Native speakers of the Lakota language were amused when they saw the movie Dances with Wolves because
a. the writers got it all wrong.
b. the language did not fit the people group.
c. the language was all male oriented.
d. the language was all female oriented.
e. the language was all spoken as if the actors were children
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
26. The American anthropologist Edward Sapir and his student, Benjamin Whorf, drawing on his experience with the language of the Hopi Indians, developed a full-fledged theory now known as the theory of
a. cultural relativity
b. linguistic relativity.
c. code switching.
d. linguistic nationalism
e. phenomenology.
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: Beyond Words: The Gesture–Call System
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
27. In the 1930s and ’40s, Edward Sapir and _____investigated the idea that language, by providing habitual grooves of expression, predisposes people to see the world in a certain way.
a. Leslie White
b. Franz Boas
c. Benjamin Lee Whorf
d. Peter Woolfson
e. Bill Haviland
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: Beyond Words: The Gesture–Call System
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
28. Humankind’s repertoire of body language is enormous. We are capable of making more than _____ facial expressions.
a. 1,500
b. 10,000
c. 7,000
d. 4,000
e. 3,500
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: The Origins of Language
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
29. Which of the following statements about kinesics is correct?
a. Kinesics refers to the system of extralinguistic noises that accompany spoken language.
b. Kinesics research has demonstrated that gender signals communicated through posture are biologically based rather than learned.
c. Cross-cultural research indicates that the body language used when people are greeting each other is similar all over the world.
d. All cultures have the same gestures for “yes” and “no.”
e. Anthropologists paid more attention to nonverbal communication prior to the 1950s.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: The Origins of Language
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
30. Edward Hall designated four categories of proxemically relevant spaces. Which of the following is incorrect?
a. Intimate (0-18 inches)
b. Social-consultative (4-12 feet)
c. Conventional (7-10 feet)
d. Public distance (12 feet and beyond)
e. Personal-casual (1.5-4 feet)
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: The Origins of Language
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
31. _____ is the cross-cultural study of humankind’s perception and use of space.
a. Kinesics
b. Phonetics
c. Proxemics
d. Syntax
e. Ethnology
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: The Origins of Language
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
32. Paralanguage includes not only the way that people say things but also a variety of extralinguistic noises called
a. phonemes.
b. kinesics.
c. vocalizations.
d. substitution frames.
e. syntax
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: From Speech to Writing
OBJ: 3 MSC: Pickup
33. A language in which the sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of its pronunciation and meaning is called a
a. paralinguistic language.
b. tonal language.
c. linguistic subfamily
d. dialect.
e. displacement
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: From Speech to Writing
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup
34. Which of the following is a traditional telecommunication system?
a. Whispered speech
b. Hummed speech
c. Danced talk
d. Cried speech
e. Whistled speech
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: From Speech to Writing
OBJ: 4 MSC: New
35. Displacement refers to the concept of being able to refer to things that are
a. not there
b. visibly there.
c. in the process of being moved
d. both symbolic and realistic.
e. arbitrary and changing.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: From Speech to Writing
OBJ: 4 MSC: New
36. Which of the following are of greatest importance in human speech?
a. Mouth palate and trachea
b. Epiglottis and mouth palate
c. Trachea and larynx
d. Epiglottis and trachea
e. Larynx and epiglottis
ANS: E DIF: Applied
REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup
37. A series of symbols representing sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order is called
a(n)
a. language.
b. dialect.
c. tonal language
d. gesture.
e. alphabet
ANS: E DIF: Factual
REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup
38. Most of the alphabets in use today descended from the
a. Egyptians
b. Greeks.
c. Phoenicians.
d. Romans.
e. Anglo Saxons.
ANS: C DIF: Factual
REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup
39. Approximately how many adults worldwide cannot read or write?
a. 93 million
b. 250 million
c. 300 million
d. 775 million
e. 1 billion
ANS: D DIF: Factual
REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup
40. United Nations declared the period from 2003 to 2012 as the _____ Decade.
a. Technology
b. Communication
c. Paralanguage
d. Illiteracy
e. Literacy
ANS: E DIF: Factual
REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup
1. Humans are programmed for language.
ANS: T REF: Chapter Introduction
MSC: New
2. Chantek was a gorilla who learned American Sign Language.
OBJ: 1
ANS: F REF: Linguistic Research and the Nature of Language
OBJ: 1 MSC: Pickup
3. Descriptive linguistics of the analysis of a language and its component parts.
ANS: T REF: Historical Linguistics
MSC: New
4. The study of language sounds is grammar.
ANS: F REF: Historical Linguistics
MSC: New
OBJ: 2
OBJ: 2
5. Linguistic nationalism refers to the establishment of a nation where everyone speaks only one language.
ANS: F REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 2 MSC: Pickup
6. Over the past 500 years, about half of the world’s 12,000 languages have become extinct.
ANS: T REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 2 MSC: New
7. Anthropologists predict that by the year 2100, there will only be about 100 languages in the world.
ANS: F REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 2 MSC: New
8. Anthropologists believe there is a cultural value in preserving languages.
ANS: T REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: New
9. Lakota is a language that uses gendered speech.
ANS: T REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: New
10. Arapaho is a Native American indigenous language.
ANS: T REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
OBJ: 5 MSC: New
11. Ethnolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the cultural setting in which it is used.
ANS: T REF: Beyond Words: The Gesture–Call System
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
12. Code switching refers to the tendency of people who speak more than one language to confuse which language they are currently speaking in as they converse with others.
ANS: F REF: Beyond Words: The Gesture–Call System
OBJ: 5 MSC: Pickup
13 All languages recognize a stable set of colors.
ANS: F REF: Beyond Words: The Gesture–Call System
OBJ: 5 MSC: New
14. Passive bilingualism is when someone comprehends more than one language but is only able to express him/herself in one of them.
ANS: T REF: Telecommunication: From Talking Drums to Whistled Speech
OBJ: 3 MSC: New
15. The study of nonverbal signals is called proxemics.
ANS: F REF: The Origins of Language OBJ: 3 MSC: New
16. Edward Sapir is the first anthropologist to do research in proxemics.
ANS: F REF: The Origins of Language OBJ: 3 MSC: New
17. English is a tonal language.
ANS: F REF: From Speech to Writing OBJ: 4 MSC: New
18. It takes many years of practice for people to master the muscular movements needed to produce the precise sounds of any particular language.
ANS: T REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World
OBJ: 4 MSC: Pickup
19. The mobile phone is a fast method of communicating, even in remote rural areas of the world.
ANS: T REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World OBJ: 6 MSC: Pickup
20. The earliest known alphabet was Egyptian hieroglyphics about 5,000 years ago.
ANS: T REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World OBJ: 4 MSC: New
SHORT ANSWER
1. Define language.
ANS: Will vary REF: Chapter Introduction
2. What is a signal, and how is it used in language?
ANS: Will vary REF: Chapter Introduction
3. What does the Chantek Project illustrate about language?
MSC: New
MSC: New
ANS: Will vary REF: Linguistic Research and the Nature of Language
4. Describe each of the components of language.
ANS: Will vary REF: Historical Linguistics
5. When did Europeans begin to study language?
ANS: Will vary REF: Historical Linguistics
6. Why do anthropologists study language?
ANS: Will vary REF: Historical Linguistics
MSC: New
MSC: New
MSC: Pickup
MSC: Pickup
7. How was anthropological linguistics applied to language development among the Arapaho?
ANS: Will vary REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
8. Why is it important to preserve the Arapaho language?
ANS: Will vary REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
9. What is the relationship between culture and linguistic nationalism?
ANS: Will vary REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
10. Define sociolinguistics, and give an example of this specialty.
ANS: Will vary REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings
MSC: Pickup
MSC: Pickup
MSC: New
MSC: New
11. What is ethnolinguistics?
ANS: Will vary REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings MSC: Pickup
12. What is code switching? Give an example from your own life to illustrate this concept.
ANS: Will vary REF: Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings MSC: New
13. What is proxemics?
ANS: Will vary REF: The Origins of Language MSC: Pickup
14. Give two examples of nonverbal communication.
ANS: Will vary REF: The Origins of Language MSC: New
15. Describe the origin and meaning of linguistic relativity.
ANS: Will vary REF: Beyond Words: The Gesture–Call System MSC: New
16. Is English a tonal language? Describe why or why not.
ANS: Will vary REF: From Speech to Writing MSC: New
17. Describe two different types of traditional telecommunication.
ANS: Will vary REF: From Speech to Writing MSC: New
18. What is the role of biology in human speech?
ANS: Will vary REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World MSC: Pickup
19. What is the origin of the alphabet?
ANS: Will vary REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World MSC: New
20. Why is telecommunication important in our world today?
ANS: Will vary REF: Literacy and Modern Telecommunication in Our Globalizing World MSC: New
ESSAY
1. Would it be accurate to claim language as a distinguishing feature of H. sapiens? Why or why not? What evidence exists for the uniqueness or non-uniqueness of human language?
ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup
2. How is language linked to gender? Use examples from the text and add some of your own.
ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup
3. What is linguistic nationalism? Should the United States encourage and support the use of minority languages within its borders? Alternatively, is making English the official language of the U.S. a good idea?
ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup
4. How important is it to preserve languages?
ANS: Will vary MSC: New
5. Discuss the process of linguistic divergence. What cultural forces are behind this process?
ANS: Will vary MSC: New
6. What is sociolinguistics? Propose two sociolinguistic projects that you think would be interesting to do on a university campus.
ANS: Will vary MSC: New
7. Explain and critique the theory of linguistic relativity.
ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup
8. Most linguists classify AAVE as a dialect of English. Explain.
ANS: Will vary MSC: New
9. What is paralanguage? Discuss and provide examples.
ANS: Will vary MSC: New
10. Discuss the relationship of body language to understanding a culture and its various beliefs and values.
ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup
11. Discuss the point of view that language mirrors or reflects, rather than determines, cultural reality. Provide examples to support that view.
ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup
12. Explain the gesture-call system, including body language and paralanguage.
ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup
13. Discuss the importance of modern telecommunication and illiteracy in our globalizing world.
ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup
14. Although thousands of languages have existed in only spoken form, many have long been documented in one form of writing or another. Discuss the emergence and development of writing systems.
ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup
15. Discuss anthropologists’ theories regarding the origin of language.
ANS: Will vary MSC: Pickup
16. How did writing emerge as a system of communication? What impact did this have on our world?
ANS: Will vary MSC: New