AID, Architecture for Infectious Dieases

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AID Architecture for Infectious Diseases

Studio 3 Max Jizhe Han, Jack Seymour, Connor Forecast

The Covid-19 crisis has shown that governments need to prepare physical systems prior to future infectious diseases.

AID

How can a generative design method be used to configure an emergency hospital system, that can be deployed during an epidemic, which simultaneously isolates and is comfortable for patients?

Portfolio Sequence 1 Atelier Summary

2 Project Summary

3 Design Strategies

A summary of the CPU + AI ethos, year theme and studio design brief.

A summary of the key project themes, goals, and context.

The general design strategies which have informed our decision making.

4 AID System A detailed description of the AID emergency hospital system. This becomes before design testing because the system could be applied to any site in the UK.

6 Manchester Design Exploration Now we take the AID system and design method, and test them on a specific site in Manchester. This site was given to us in the atelier studio brief. This chapter documents this design testing.

5 Design Method A breakdown of how we will use generative design to apply the AID system to a site. At this point in the portfolio the system could still be applied to any UK site.

7 Manchester Final Configuration Detailed final drawings and analysis of the Manchester AID configuration.

Portfolio Contents A seamless, web version of the portfolio, can be found using the button below. If you don’t want to use the (better) online version, this pdf should work anyway:

= An Interactive Element

1 - Atelier Summary CPU + AI Atelier Brief Why Choose a Design Methodology?

Generative Design Introduction Designing Parameters + Measures

2 - Project Summary Project Situation + Goal Project Relevance The Covid-19 Outbreak 2020 Architectural Problems Reference Projects

3 - Design Strategies Design Strategies Summary Spatial Adjacency Summary Human Comfort Goals Structural Principles Programme Expansion Rate Structure Future Use

Online Portfolio

4 - AID System Structure Overview Two Core Systems Core Construction System Isolation Unit Modules ICU Modules Module Assembly Sequence Module HVAC System Additional Programme Modules Module Interface Podium System Podium Technical System

5 - Design Method Process Abstraction Diagram Design Parameters Four Circulation Strategies Subtraction Volume Design Measures Descriptive Geometry - Measures Lighting Analysis

6 - Manchester Design Exploration Design Space Exploration - Outputs The Design Space Design Space Exploration Overview Recognising Failures Extreme Design Space Exploration - Views Extreme Design Space Exploration - Sunlight Extreme Design Space Exploration - Unit Area % Extreme Design Space Exploration - Unit Total Design Space Exploration - Identifying trends Focussed Design Space Exploration Detailed Design Space Exploration Design Selection Design Adaptation + Development Design Adaptation - Module Allocation

7 - Manchester Final Configuration Site Iso Building Massing Building Circulation Ground Floor + Site Plan Typical Isolation Units Floor Plan Typical ICU Floor Plan ICU Modules Elevation Perspective Section Communal/Green Spaces Construction Sequence Construction System Resilience/Future Use Isolation Module Interior Kit of Parts Other Site Configurations

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Atelier Summary

CPU + AI Atelier Brief Why Choose a Design Methodology?

Generative Design Introduction Designing Parameters + Measures

CPU + AI Atelier Summary

CPU + AI Atelier Brief Year Theme

Studio 2 + 3 Brief

Perhaps the greatest opportunity for artificial intelligence in design practice today is its ability to leverage another, much older form of intelligence - natural intelligence.

Designers have always been inspired by the forms of nature, and their abilities to solve difficult problems in novel and beautiful ways. However, up to this point our inspiration from nature has been limited to ‘bio-mimicry’, or the reproduction of nature’s physical forms in new designs. Can we go a step further and actually design like nature?

We will discover that orchestrating such a human/machine design collaboration is actually quite difficult. Artificial and human intelligences work in very different ways, and in order to work together we will have to be much more explicit in how we describe our design concepts and intentions to the computer. However, if we succeed, this interaction will not only create new opportunities for design, but will make us more thoughtful, more responsible, and better human designers.

This term we will explore how we can use new technology to leverage nature’s design methods to Create new design workfows:

Our efforts will be focused on 1 of 3 distinct scales. These are Occupancy, Building and Neighbourhood.

1. Instead of designing objects, we will learn to design systems which encode the full range of possibilities of a particular design concept.

2. We will then learn methods for measuring and quantifying the performance of these systems so that each design can be evaluated automatically by the computer.

3. Finally, we will create automated evolutionary processes which will allow the computer to search through our design systems to find novel and high-performing designs.

Studio 1’s brief will be to use generative design to design a serpentine pavilion. Studio 2 + 3 will focus on one of three scales, taking the knowledge and research from studio 1 and applying it to a new design project.

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Occupancy: Mission Statement: Revolutionising Office Space Design. Programme: Office. Hashtags: enhance collaboration, flexibility, increase productivity, encourage innovation, enrich experience. Site: All Saint Library.

Building: Mission Statement: Sustainable Building Design Programme Options: Office Headquarters / University Building / Hotel - Residential Tower. Hashtags: environmentally sustainable, economically viable, healthy spaces, green strategy, daylight strategy, facade treatment, component based. Site: John Dalton East Neighbourhood: Mission Statement: The Smart(er) City hashtags: prototype, smart cities, urban design, human experience, human comfort, walkable cities. Site: Area between All Saints MMU Estate and Birley Fields Estate

AID

Generative Design Theory

Design Output Serpentine Pavilion

S1 Occupancy

Building

Urban

S2 S3 Studio 3 Submission

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CPU + AI Atelier Summary

Why Choose a Design Methodology?

Design methodologies are the systems and processes used to translate ideas/data into designs. In architecture the most talked about design methodology is Iterative design, which has been adopted heavily by companies like OMA, MVRDV and BIG. Establishing a consistent design methodology allows these companies to maintain quality without having

a distinct style. Every design company will have a slightly different methodology, but larger companies are more likely to formalise their own. Smaller practices are more likely to have an unwritten series of steps which they use to design.

Some of the key reasons to choose a design methodology are:

“Design Methodology is understood as a concrete course of action for the design of technical systems that derives its knowledge from design science and cognitive psychology, and from practical experience in different domains. It includes plans of action that link working steps and design phases according to content and organisation.�

(Pahl et al. 2007)

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Rigorously Improve design

Instil a Design Philosophy

Consistent Quality Control

Reduce Design Times

AID

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CPU + AI Atelier Summary

Generative Design Introduction Generative design is the process of using algorithms to rapidly iterate through designs through the definition of key design goals. The design goals a paramaterised and used create thousands of different design options with supplementary analysis. This leads to a more efficient process and design, and may discover options that were not possible using human methods. Though powerful, it is important to consider generative design as a tool - the final results are still to be weighed up and determined by the designer. The generative design my process may not be suitable for design processes involving abstract goals that cannot be quantified/parameterised.

Generative design has been used to inform opinions on complex design problems, these include; curved surface analysis, floor plan optimisation, material cost analysis and sequencing Generative design is and will continue to be used as a design, testing and evaluating tool, especially as projects increase in complexity. Deeper understanding of briefs and the build environment may open up more projects to the use of Generative design - leading to a more efficient environment.

Research and Data Parameters and Measures

Generate

Evaluate

Evolve

Design Solution An example from Autodesk using a generative design process to organise internal space spaces. Each option is a different mixture of parameters which is then tested against established design measures.

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CPU + AI Atelier Summary

CPU + AI Atelier Summary

Designing Parameters

Designing Measures

Design parameters are the variables which can change in order to alter the design outcome. In parametric design they need to be translated into a numeric value.

of the designer to control the bounds of the design space and then use a method to evaluate the population in order to produce a solution.

Clearly defined parameters set the boundaries of possibilities in which a species of results exist. In parametric design the design space is the ‘space’ which holds all the possible iterations of a given parametric model.

The parameters of the design space and evaluation are controlled by the designer. Some times the problem might be so complex that the inputs are not detailed enough, meaning the solution might not be accurate in reality.

In order for an algorithm to evaluate the species of results, measures are required to test the fitness against. The measures are controlled by the designer and are specific to the goal of the design. Measures can be divided into two categories: objectives and constraints.

The computer has no intuition at all — it cannot reason about design the way we can. Therefore, the computer can only explore the design space based on strict numeric measures that can be deterministically computed from the model, which might difficult for the designer to grasp.

The design space and measures are the control in generative design. It is these rules within which generative design takes place.

A generative design strategy will generate a population of solutions which are bound by the design space. It is the role

Max Z

Max X

Measure = Max X,Y,Z

Max Y

Max X

= Some Possible Results Within Design Space

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Max Z

Max Y

Result

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We will use what we have learned about GENERATIVE DESIGN in studio 1+2 and APPLY it in STUDIO 3

AID

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Project Summary

Project Situation + Goal Project Relevance The Covid-19 Outbreak 2020 Architectural Problems Reference Projects

ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEMS have been identified which are DIRECTLY CAUSED BY a future HEALTH EPIDEMIC in the UK.

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Project Summary

Project Situation + Goal

A system will be designed, manufactured and stored before an epidemic.

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An epidemic begins with it’s own unique characteristics.

AID

Generative design will be used to configure the system on a site.

A design outcome will be analysed, improved, detailed then assembled on site.

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Project Summary

Project Relevance Since Covid-19 outbreak in China this year, the subject of health epidemics has been at the forefront of the international conscience. Every major media outlet is reporting on the crisis every day and every government in the world is having to act. As we write this, we are 8 weeks into a national lock-down, which has made this project feel extremely poignant.

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Project Context

The Covid-19 Outbreak 2020 World Cumulative Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) cases: 18/05/2020 UK: Confirmed: 250,141 Deaths: 35,785 Recovered: 1,101 Existing: 213,255

Covid-19 Global Cases 5,000,000 Studio 2 Start!

4,618,821

Studio 3 Start!

4,500,000 4,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 311,847

500,000 0 21/01/20

28/01/20

04/02/20

11/02/20

18/02/20

25/02/20

03/03/20

10/03/20 Global cases

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17/03/20

24/03/20

Global deaths

31/03/20

07/04/20

14/04/20

21/04/20

28/04/20

05/05/20

AID

12/05/20

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Project Summary

Architectural Problems

1. Virus transmission.

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2. The UK could quickly exceed demand for ICU beds and isolation facilities.

AID

3. Emergency facilities have poor comfort levels for patients.

4. Emergency hospital structures can become redundant.

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Project Summary

Reference Projects Huoshenshan Hospital

Outbreak: Location Year: Construction: No. Beds:

CURA - Connected Units for Respiratory Ailments

Covid-19

Positives:

Bio-containment

Wuhan, China

Modular

2020

Anteroom Access

Year:

No External View

Construction:

Modular + Prefab 800

Negatives:

No Natural Light Sterile Materials

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Outbreak:

AID

Location

No. Beds:

Covid-19

Positives:

Bio-containment

Turin, Italy

Moveable

2020

Existing Structure

Converted Container 2 per unit

Negatives:

Dense Beds Feel Sterile + Uncomfortable

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Architectural Problems:

1. Virus TRANSMISSION 2. Quickly exceed demand for ISOLATION UNITS 3. Poor COMFORT LEVELS for patients 4. REDUNDANT Emergency Hospital Structures

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Design Strategies

Design Strategies Summary Spatial Adjacency Summary Human Comfort Goals Structural Principles Programme Expansion Rate Structure Future Use

Design STRATEGIES have been created which directly ADDRESS the established architectural PROBLEMS

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Design Strategies

Design Strategies Summary

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Architectural Problems:

Architectural Goals:

1. Virus transmission

1. Minimise virus transmission

2. Quickly exceed demand for isolation units

2. Design a system that can be deployed quickly

3. Poor comfort levels for patients

3. Design isolation units with maximum comfort levels

4. Abandoned emergency hospital structures

4. Design a resilient construction system

AID

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Design Strategies

Additional Wings

Additional Wings

Spatial Adjacency Summary Once the virus outbreak begins, the system will be deployed in a short period of time. The podium of the building, the clinical and technology department, could facilitate up to 800 patients, which allows the building to add on more isolation and intensive care units as the situation develops. The patients circulation and staff circulation will not only be applied in plan but also vertically.

There will be 2 cores for both circulation.

In-patients Department (24 patients)

Critical Care Units (24 patients)

Engineering Facilities

Clinical and Technology Department (800 patients) Contaminated Circulation Clean Circulation

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Design Strategies

Human Comfort Goals Natural Light Bright natural light which is soft, warm and indirect for as much of the day as possible.

Minimal Noise

Ventilation and Temperature

Noise pollution should be

The air change rate should be a minimum

minimised from the outside and

of 10 and the temperature

within the building.

should be 24oC

Natural Materials + Colour

Stimulating Outside Views

Surface finishes should be natural,

Patients should have a visual connection

smooth tones mixed with vibrant

to the city in order to feel connected

stimulating colours for children.

to society

Connection to Green Space There should be the possibility of physical and visual access to green space

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Peters, T. (2017) Design for health: sustainable approaches to therapeutic architecture.

Nickl-Weller, C. and Nickl, H. (2013) Healing Architecture.

Broto, C. (2014) Innovative Hospital Design.

Department of Health (2013) ‘Isolation Facilities for Infectious Patients in Acute Settings.’

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Design Strategies

Structural Principles A standard, common structural system will be used in principle so that the frame and core can be used for a future programme when the epidemic is over. Almost all of the structure will be made out of Cross Laminated Timber. Cross Laminated Timber is an engineered timber product which is gaining in prominence and use throughout the world.

CLT consists of layers of sawn and glued planks, which are

orientated perpendicular to each other layer by layer. By joining layers of wood at perpendicular angles, structural rigidity for the panel is obtained in both directions, similar to plywood but with thicker layers. In this way, the panel has great tensile and compressive strength. CLT is an abundant and renewable material in the EU. Maximum panel dimensions of 13.5x2.95m.

Core For vertical circulation, services and fire exits.

Cross Laminated Timber

Frame Grid frame which is braced by the sheer walls of the core. On a grid which allows for standardised components.

Modules Completely isolated modules which house the isolation units. Can be inserted in to the frame and removed after epidemic is over.

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Design Strategies

Programme Expansion Rate By using modular elements constructed off site the project can be strategically sequenced so that it is in use while the building continues to grow, satisfying the developing need for a higher patient capacity.

DAY 30

DAY 10

DAY 50

IN USE SEQUENCED

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Design Strategies

Structure Future Use Once the infection cycle has come to end, the building will be able to be stripped back to the structural frame, re-clad and refit for a future use with a different programme.

STRIP TO FRAME

END OF USE

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RE-USE

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ISOLATE the virus using the appropriate spatial organisation BUILT QUICKLY AND EFFICIENTLY by designing for manufacture and assembly Use the identified PATIENT COMFORT level strategies Design a RESILIENT CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM using CLT which can be used after the epidemic has passed.

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AID

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AID System

Structure Overview Two Core Systems Core Construction System Isolation Unit Modules ICU Modules Module Assembly Sequence Module HVAC System Additional Programme Modules Module Interface Podium System Podium Technical System

The AID emergency hospital system has been designed to be DEPLOYED to any site in the UK.

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AID System

Structure Overview

Pre-cast Concrete Core

The structural system needs to be quickly deployable in order to effectively react to the pandemic. With this in mind almost all of the elements will be prefabricated and standardised, this means that the components will need to be fabricated and stored prior to an epidemic occurring. All of the structural elements will be made out of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) and pre-cast concrete.

The construction system has also been designed so that the primary structure and core can be used once for a new programme once the epidemic has passed.

CLT Panel Circulation

CLT ICU + Isolation Modules

CLT Primary Structural Frame

CLT Panel Podium

CLT Podium Structural Frame

Pre-cast Concrete Pile Foundations

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AID System

Two Core Systems

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Contaminated Core

Clean Core

This core configuration houses the vertical circulation for diagnosed patients, as well as any staff member who have not sanitised themselves.

The clean core is the contaminated core plus a sequence of rooms for people to go through in order to sanitise themselves prior to circulating vertically.

AID

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AID System

Core Construction System The walls for the contaminated core are made of precast concrete panels, which are identical for any AID configuration. The panels will be transported and assembled on site. The stairs will also be pre-cast in separate elements. To transform the contaminated core into a clean core, solid CLT panels are added to the concrete core. A hybrid of concrete and CLT is used in order for the configurations to achieves heights of over 12 stories. Which, without the concrete, would be the limit.

Click to replay video

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AID System

Isolation Unit Modules The isolation unit modules are for patients which need to be physically isolated from the public due to either having symptoms or are confirmed to have the virus. Patients will enter via the anteroom then stay isolated in the room for up to two weeks, depending on the characteristics of the virus.

The room is more similar to a bio-contained hotel room, within a hospital. All air handling is isolated to the room.

Meaning, both the patient is safe from contamination from other rooms, and the staff outside are kept safe. Isolation unit modules could house more than one bed if a couple or small family are needed to be accommodated.

Whole Module

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Remove Walls

AID

Air Handling System

Transfer Hatch

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AID System

Isolation Unit Modules

Isolate Module 38

AID

1 - Primary CLT Beam 2 - Viewing Window 3 - Transfer Hatch 4 - Ante Room 5 - Bathroom 6 - Air Handling Inlet 7 - Air Handling Outlet 8 - Desk 9 - Privacy Blind 38

AID System

ICU Modules The intensive care unit (ICU) modules are where patients will be brought when they need assistance with breathing.

Most patients will be on ventilators and will therefore need constant attention from nurses. For this reason the side of the module facing the corridor is open. The module is twice as dense as the isolation unit modules, with two beds. Each ICU module has it’s own air handling system. The room will have constant negative pressure meaning air shouldn’t escape from the module into the corridor.

Whole Module

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Remove Walls

AID

Air Handling System

Technical

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ICU Modules

Isolate Module 40

AID

1 - Primary CLT Beam 2 - Air Handling Duct 3 - Horizontal Ceiling Rack 4 - Respirator 5 - Respirator Monitor 6 - Surgical Lamp 7 - IV Fluid Bags 8 - Power Sockets 9 - IV Controller 10 - Suction Unit 11 - Surgical Bed 12 - Medical Gas + Oxygen Outlets 40

AID System

Module Assembly Sequence 1

CLT walls and base plate

Internal CLT Walls

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5

Acoustic + Thermal Insulation

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Light Internal Wall Finishes

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External Windows

Fibre Cement Facade System Panels

AID

HVAC System + HEPA Filter

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Natural Internal Floor Finishes

External Facing Waterproofing

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Wooden Sub-frame 41

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2

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Medical Facilities

Final Encasing + Transit Prep 41

AID System

Module HVAC System Based on our previous research from NHS guidelines the isolation and ICU modules need to have air changes of at least 10 per hour. Research from the CURA pods also illustrates that the modules need to “sanitise exhausts with an ozone filter or an absolute filter”. This needs to be accompanied by negative pressure which means that the air won’t escape the modules in an uncontrolled way. In our design each module has an air handling unit which has a heat exchanger, air conditioner, heating unit, electrostatic filter and a HEPA filter. The air intake and exhaust both happen directly through the facade of the modules.

160x160mm Duct

200x100mm Exhaust

300x200mm Intake

Cross Flow Heat Exchanger Air Conditioning Heating Unit Electrostatic Filter HEPA Filter

Facade Exhaust Air Outlet

Facade Air Intake

*HVAC exhaust and intake may be too close together

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CURA - Carlo Ratti Associati with Italo Rota (2020) ‘TECHNICAL DOSSIER - DRAFT.’

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AID System

Additional Programme Modules In addition to the ICU and isolation unit modules we have other programme types. These additional modules use the same components as the other modules, which increases manufacturing efficiency.

Office/Meeting Room

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Staff Communication Room + Testing Lab

AID

General Storage

Storage + Utility Room

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AID System

Module Interface LO LO CK CK

The modules will be slid into place along rails that are fixed to the beams of the structure. Once fully in position they can be locked in place. Services provided by the plant area of the main building + structure are plugged into the module.

RR ELEL EAEA

SE SE

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AID System

Podium System The podium is the base of the building, where the clinical and technology department, the staff and patient entrances, and the engineering facilities are situated. The podium will be unique to each site configuration so the system is panellised, rather than modular. The foundations are driven pre-cast concrete piles, which are set out on a 6x6m grid.

The beams for the CLT structure are the same as the rest of the building, but the columns are taller, giving a 4m floor to ceiling height.

Facade Panels are Attached Pre-fabricated, standardised facade panels are attached which seal and insulate the podium part of the building.

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AID

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Detailed AID System Design

Podium Technical System System

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AID

1 - 400mm Pre-cast Concrete Core Walls 2 - Configured Podium Internal System 3 - 8mm Non-slip Floor Finish 4 - 75mm Rigid Acoustic + Thermal Insulation 5 - 95mm CLT Floor Plate + Waterproofing Membrane 6 - 57mm CLT Ceiling Plate + White Ceiling Finish 7 - Pre-cast Concrete Ground Beam 8 - In-situ Concrete Pile Cap 9 - Steel Re-bar 10 - Pre-cast Concrete Pile Foundation 11 - 400mm CLT Beams 12 - Steel CLT-Concrete Bracket

13 - Steel CLT-CLT Flitch Plate 14 - 400mm CLT Columns 15 - Whole Solid Facade Panel 16 - Additional Fibre Cement Panels For Seams 17 - Facade Corner Panels 18 - 95mm CLT Facade Panel 19 - Aluminium Coping 20 - 200mm Acoustic + Thermal Insulation 21 - Facade Batons 22 - 8mm Fibre Cement Panels 23 - Glazing + Doors 46

The AID system can now be CONFIGURED to a specific site using a GENERATIVE DESIGN method

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Design Method

Process Abstraction Diagram Design Parameters Four Circulation Strategies Subtraction Volume Design Measures Descriptive Geometry - Measures Lighting Analysis

According to the generative design method, we need to design PARAMETERS AND MEASURES which will allow us to GENERATE design iterations which we can EVALUATE AND EVOLVE.

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Design Method

Process Abstraction Diagram

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Design Method

Design Parameters

1

2

3

DAY 5

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DAY 50

Grid Rotation

Subtraction volume

Core number

Core Position

Infection Data

Angle of rotation of grid, increments of 5-15 degrees

A volume to subtract the form from and produce a wider range of results

Between 2-5 cores to be positions on site

Position of cores on site

Data for the amount of people infected with the disease, plotted against complication rate as a way of determining the isolation to ICU unit ratio.

AID

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Design Method

Four Circulation Strategies

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Design Method

Subtraction Volume One of the parameters which informs the overall form is the generation of a subtraction volume. This means that any cell that falls within the volume will be removed from the algorithm. It is important to vary the overall form in this way in order to test if it makes a meaningful difference to the human comfort measures.

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Design Method

Design Measures 1

2

3

x

Circulation Area

Unit Area

Unit Numbers

‘Free’ Programme Area

Total circulation area

Total unit area

Total number of units

Where there in a 6x6m unit that doesn’t have access to an external view, these will be allocated as ‘free’ programme

x 3 2 1

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Ground Floor Free Area

Total Floors

Lighting Analysis

Distant View Analysis

GF plan designed after core positions have been set, a measure is made of GF not used.

Total number of floors

Radiance analysis to determine access to natural light

Rays cast from windows to determine whether they collide with surrounding buildings

AID

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Design Method

Descriptive Geometry - Measures

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Design Method

Lighting Analysis In our script we are able to run a detailed lighting analysis per iteration to gain a score of energy (radiation) received by the front face of each module’s facade. These are then averaged out to give us lighting value for the whole building. It is important for us to evaluate the lighting performance of the building because we want to maximise the amount of potential for natural light to increase human comfort.

- 500 kWh/m2

- 400 kWh/m2

- 300 kWh/m2

- 200 kWh/m2

- 100 kWh/m2

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These PARAMETERS will be used to GENERATE iterations for any UK site, the MEASURES will then be used to determine and compare the PERFORMANCE.

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Manchester Design Exploration

Design Space Exploration - Outputs The Design Space Design Space Exploration Overview Recognising Failures Extreme Design Space Exploration - Views Extreme Design Space Exploration - Sunlight Extreme Design Space Exploration - Unit Area % Extreme Design Space Exploration - Unit Total Design Space Exploration - Identifying trends Focussed Design Space Exploration Detailed Design Space Exploration Design Selection Design Adaptation + Development Design Adaptation - Module Allocation

This METHOD will now be TESTED on a site in central MANCHESTER, at the location of the John Dalton East Building on Oxford Road, which is soon to be demolished.

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Manchester Design Exploration

Design Space Exploration - Outputs

Above is the raw output of our design exploration. As in Studio 1, from this we are able to refine the selection and pick out individual iterations and identify trends. When selecting an output, you are presented with an image of a colour coded diagram showing the allocation of programmatic elements.

These factor into the empirical statics as shown in the graph. Outputs are shown in the image as well.

Modules

To explore these results yourself, follow this link:

Circulation

http://tt-acm.github.io/DesignExplorer/?ID=BL_3fj1DES

Core ‘Free’ programme

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Manchester Design Exploration

The Design Space By taking up to 5 parameter/measure data sets from the design explorer, we were able to plot the on a 3D graph as a way of visualising the relationship between iterations.

The animation to the right shows an example of a 3d graph that we have been able to generate comparing 1) Isolation area percentage 2) lighting performance 3) distant views percentage while also indicating the form strategy by colour, and the amount of units by size of the dot.

Monolithic Shortest Walk Blocks Site Lines

Size represents amount of units

Click to replay video

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Manchester Design Exploration

Design Space Exploration Overview Each sphere represents the performance of different design iterations. Using the graph it is possible to see trends with regards to the influence of different parameters. In the following pages will select, analyse and compare different iterations.

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Manchester Design Exploration

Design Space Exploration - Recognising Failures

It is key to remember that the process of automating design is not perfect, and when writing a script there will always be iterations that fail, and upon visual inspection, are not feasible. The first two images above are examples where the script has failed to manage the specific combination of inputs. The last image is an example where the script had not failed, but by viewing the image its clear that it is neither feasible nor desirable, in particular because of the height.

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Manchester Design Exploration

Extreme Design Space Exploration - Views INPUTS Form generation method: : Seed : Grid X movement (m) : Grid rotation angle : No of cores (Shortest path only) : Circulation X movement (m) (Site Lines Only) : [Subtraction Volume] Rotation Angle : [Subtraction Volume] Min Height (m) : [Subtraction Volume] Max Height (m) :

1 2 5 275 3 21 270 25 60

OUTPUTS TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA : TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA : % ISOLATION UNIT AREA : % CIRCULATION AREA : % FREE PROGRAMME AREA : DISTANT VIEWS % : SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2) : TOTAL FLOORS : FREE GF AREA (m2) :

13896 7380 52.6 27.9 9.6 55.7 236.9 15 2

INPUTS Form generation method: : Seed : Grid X movement (m) : Grid rotation angle : No of cores (Shortest path only) : Circulation X movement (m) (Site Lines Only) : [Subtraction Volume] Rotation Angle : [Subtraction Volume] Min Height (m) : [Subtraction Volume] Max Height (m) :

3 41 1 50 4 3 45 0 35

OUTPUTS TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA : TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA : % ISOLATION UNIT AREA : % CIRCULATION AREA : % FREE PROGRAMME AREA : DISTANT VIEWS % : SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2) : TOTAL FLOORS : FREE GF AREA (m2) :

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5616 2106 72.7 27.2 0 4.5 235.7 7 182

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Extreme Design Space Exploration - Sunlight INPUTS Form generation method: : Seed : Grid X movement (m) : Grid rotation angle : No of cores (Shortest path only) : Circulation X movement (m) (Site Lines Only) : [Subtraction Volume] Rotation Angle : [Subtraction Volume] Min Height (m) : [Subtraction Volume] Max Height (m) :

2 53 3 150 4 12 150 25 45

OUTPUTS TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA : TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA : % ISOLATION UNIT AREA : % CIRCULATION AREA : % FREE PROGRAMME AREA : DISTANT VIEWS % : SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2) : TOTAL FLOORS : FREE GF AREA (m2) :

8964 4104 68.6 31.4 0 22.5 273.9 12 362

INPUTS Form generation method: : Seed : Grid X movement (m) : Grid rotation angle : No of cores (Shortest path only) : Circulation X movement (m) (Site Lines Only) : [Subtraction Volume] Rotation Angle : [Subtraction Volume] Min Height (m) : [Subtraction Volume] Max Height (m) :

0 253 0 320 3 0 315 0 25

OUTPUTS TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA : TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA : % ISOLATION UNIT AREA : % CIRCULATION AREA : % FREE PROGRAMME AREA : DISTANT VIEWS % : SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2) : TOTAL FLOORS : FREE GF AREA (m2) :

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AID

4824 3294 36.9 25.2 18.9 6 189.9 7 74

68

Manchester Design Exploration

Extreme Design Space Exploration - Unit Area % INPUTS Form generation method: : Seed : Grid X movement (m) : Grid rotation angle : No of cores (Shortest path only) : Circulation X movement (m) (Site Lines Only) : [Subtraction Volume] Rotation Angle : [Subtraction Volume] Min Height (m) : [Subtraction Volume] Max Height (m) :

2 93 2 110 4 9 105 35 50

OUTPUTS TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA : TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA : % ISOLATION UNIT AREA : % CIRCULATION AREA : % FREE PROGRAMME AREA : DISTANT VIEWS % : SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2) : TOTAL FLOORS : FREE GF AREA (m2) :

15552 5184 75 25 0 33.8 232.7 14 362

INPUTS Form generation method: : Seed : Grid X movement (m) : Grid rotation angle : No of cores (Shortest path only) : Circulation X movement (m) (Site Lines Only) : [Subtraction Volume] Rotation Angle : [Subtraction Volume] Min Height (m) : [Subtraction Volume] Max Height (m) :

0 234 0 350 3 0 0 25 25

OUTPUTS TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA : TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA : % ISOLATION UNIT AREA : % CIRCULATION AREA : % FREE PROGRAMME AREA : DISTANT VIEWS % : SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2) : TOTAL FLOORS : FREE GF AREA (m2) :

69

AID

8316 8748 13.6 14.3 36.0 18.2 225.8 25 -34

69

Manchester Design Exploration

Extreme Design Space Exploration - Unit Total INPUTS Form generation method: : Seed : Grid X movement (m) : Grid rotation angle : No of cores (Shortest path only) : Circulation X movement (m) (Site Lines Only) : [Subtraction Volume] Rotation Angle : [Subtraction Volume] Min Height (m) : [Subtraction Volume] Max Height (m) :

2 93 2 110 4 9 105 35 50

OUTPUTS TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA : TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA : % ISOLATION UNIT AREA : % CIRCULATION AREA : % FREE PROGRAMME AREA : DISTANT VIEWS % : SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2) : TOTAL FLOORS : FREE GF AREA (m2) :

15552 5184 75 25 0 33.8 232.729503 14 362

INPUTS Form generation method: : Seed : Grid X movement (m) : Grid rotation angle : No of cores (Shortest path only) : Circulation X movement (m) (Site Lines Only) : [Subtraction Volume] Rotation Angle : [Subtraction Volume] Min Height (m) : [Subtraction Volume] Max Height (m) :

0 234 0 350 3 0 0 25 25

OUTPUTS TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA : TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA : % ISOLATION UNIT AREA : % CIRCULATION AREA : % FREE PROGRAMME AREA : DISTANT VIEWS % : SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2) : TOTAL FLOORS : FREE GF AREA (m2) :

70

AID

8316 8748 13.60424 14.310954 36.042403 18.2 225.774904 25 -34

70

Manchester Design Exploration

Design Space Exploration - Identifying trends

One of the benefits of running hundreds of iterations is to identify trends that could point to an optimised solution for a particular output. When focusing on the best performing iterations in terms of views, it is clear they correlate to certain grid rotation angles. This correlation can be seen in both the design explorer graph and 3D graph (middle).

Though there isn’t as much of a correlation, the grid rotation angle also has an effect on the lighting performance (far right)

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AID

71

Manchester Design Exploration

Focussed Design Space Exploration

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TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA: TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA: % ISOLATION UNIT AREA: % CIRCULATION AREA: % FREE PROGRAMME AREA: DISTANT VIEWS %: SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2): TOTAL FLOORS: FREE GF AREA (m2):

14472 11340 34.4 26.9 19.3 52.7 244.7 15 362

TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA: TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA: % ISOLATION UNIT AREA: % CIRCULATION AREA: % FREE PROGRAMME AREA: DISTANT VIEWS %: SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2): TOTAL FLOORS: FREE GF AREA (m2):

11700 9576 44.6 36.5 9.5 50.5 254.2 15 182

TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA: TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA: % ISOLATION UNIT AREA: % CIRCULATION AREA: % FREE PROGRAMME AREA: DISTANT VIEWS %: SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2): TOTAL FLOORS: FREE GF AREA (m2):

11880 4968 70.5 29.5 0 38.8 218.7 15 470

TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA: TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA: % ISOLATION UNIT AREA: % CIRCULATION AREA: % FREE PROGRAMME AREA: DISTANT VIEWS %: SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2): TOTAL FLOORS: FREE GF AREA (m2):

13320 5931 69.2 30.8 0 39.2 239 16 2

TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA: TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA: % ISOLATION UNIT AREA: % CIRCULATION AREA: % FREE PROGRAMME AREA: DISTANT VIEWS %: SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2): TOTAL FLOORS: FREE GF AREA (m2):

9828 5796 23.7 13.9 31.1 22.7 214 9 74

TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA: TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA: % ISOLATION UNIT AREA: % CIRCULATION AREA: % FREE PROGRAMME AREA: DISTANT VIEWS %: SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2): TOTAL FLOORS: FREE GF AREA (m2):

13896 7380 52.6 27.9 9.6 55.7 236.9 15 2

TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA: TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA: % ISOLATION UNIT AREA: % CIRCULATION AREA: % FREE PROGRAMME AREA: DISTANT VIEWS %: SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2): TOTAL FLOORS: FREE GF AREA (m2):

15552 5184 75 25 0 33.8 232.7 14 362

TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA: TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA: % ISOLATION UNIT AREA: % CIRCULATION AREA: % FREE PROGRAMME AREA: DISTANT VIEWS %: SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2): TOTAL FLOORS: FREE GF AREA (m2):

10044 5517 64.5 35.5 0 25.1 256.9 12 470

AID

72

Manchester Design Exploration

Detailed Design Space Exploration

Form generation method: 1 Seed: 179 Grid X movement (m): 2 Grid rotation angle: 85 No of cores (Shortest path only): 4 [Subtraction Volume] Rotation Angle: 90 [Subtraction Volume] Min Height (m): 5 [Subtraction Volume] Max Height (m): 60 TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA: TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA: % ISOLATION UNIT AREA: % CIRCULATION AREA: % FREE PROGRAMME AREA: DISTANT VIEWS %: SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2): TOTAL FLOORS: FREE GF AREA (m2):

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11700 9576 44.6 36.5 9.5 50.5 254.2 15 182

Form generation method: 2 Seed: 93 Grid X movement (m): 2 Grid rotation angle: 110 No of cores (Shortest path only): 4 Circulation X movement (m) (Site Lines Only): 9 [Subtraction Volume] Rotation Angle: 105 [Subtraction Volume] Min Height (m): 35 [Subtraction Volume] Max Height (m): 50

Form generation method: 3 Seed: 140 Grid X movement (m): 0 Grid rotation angle: 310 No of cores (Shortest path only): 3 Circulation X movement (m) (Site Lines Only): 24 [Subtraction Volume] Rotation Angle: 300 [Subtraction Volume] Min Height (m): 5 [Subtraction Volume] Max Height (m): 60

TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA: TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA: % ISOLATION UNIT AREA: % CIRCULATION AREA: % FREE PROGRAMME AREA: DISTANT VIEWS %: SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2): TOTAL FLOORS: FREE GF AREA (m2):

TOTAL ISOLATION UNIT AREA: TOTAL CIRCULATION AREA: % ISOLATION UNIT AREA: % CIRCULATION AREA: % FREE PROGRAMME AREA: DISTANT VIEWS %: SUNLIGHT RADIATION AVERAGE (KWh/m2): TOTAL FLOORS: FREE GF AREA (m2):

AID

15552 5184 75 25 0 33.8 232.7 14 362

13320 5931 69.2 30.8 0 39.2 239 16 2

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Manchester Design Exploration

Design Selection

SUNLIGHT

VIEWS

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AESTHETICS

74

Manchester Design Exploration

Design Adaptation + Development Generative Design Output

75

Cells + Cores

Ground Floor

Module Allocation

Communal Spaces

Cell allocations come as an output from the generative design process.

The plan for the ground floor is then designed around the cores without using an algorithm. This is done because of the complexity of the programme.

A combination of ICU and Isolation unit modules are then allocated to the cells. The modules are orientated towards the outside of the building, prioritising the most southern facing vector. Each module type has three facade variations.

Communal spaces are then designed in favourable positions around the building, positioned in places which are simultaneously evenly spread, and will create interesting internal spaces for patients and staff.

AID

75

Manchester Design Exploration

Design Adaptation - Module Allocation Once the maximum overall form is decided from the generative design process, the modules need to be allocated into the designated cells. This process is done using the data from a future epidemic. In this example video we show how the mix can be determined based on the characteristics of the epidemic and the time elapsed.

Click to replay video

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Within the bounds of the DESIGN SPACE created by our method, we have decided on ONE DESIGN ITERATION. We have then made the necessary ALTERATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS to further improve the design.

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7

Manchester Final Configuration

Site Iso Building Massing Building Circulation Ground Floor + Site Plan Typical Isolation Units Floor Plan Typical ICU Floor Plan ICU Modules Elevation Perspective Section Communal/Green Spaces Construction Sequence Construction System Resilience/Future Use Isolation Module Interior Kit of Parts Other Site Configurations

Manchester Final Configuration

Site Iso

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AID

80

Manchester Final Configuration

Building Massing

81

Ground Floor Programme

ICU + Isolation Modules

Clean + Contaminated Cores

Communal Areas

AID

81

Manchester Final Configuration

Building Circulation Having split circulation is one of the most desirable features for a hospital which has to deal with infectious diseases.

We address this by having two core types: a clean one and a contaminated one. In the Manchester design we have two of each core type. In the diagram to the right you can see the contaminated circulation in red, and the clean circulation in blue. The corridors for the typical floors (not the ground floor) can be regarded as contaminated, which means staff need to be in full PPE at all times. The routes shaded in blue are safe to occupy without PPE.

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AID

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Manchester Final Configuration

Ground Floor + Site Plan The ground floor will be the clinical and technology department, which is the hub of the building. It provides storage for PPE, blood and medicine for the whole building.

An IT hub will be located here to offer IT support and control. Main laboratory and CT suites could diagnose patients. Operating could be provided in the surgery suite, if necessary.

To prevent the leakage of polluted air, all the ventilation in the building will be done by mechanical ventilation with HVAC system. The level difference of the air pressure in different areas assures all polluted air will pass through the clean area, semi-polluted area, and polluted area according to a certain pressure gradient, then be collected by the centre air treatment unit or the HVAC system in each isolation units effectively filtered and disinfected Back to the outdoor.

Site

Ground Floor

3m 6m

Layout 12m

Circulation

Ventilation 84

N

AID

24m 84

Manchester Final Configuration

Typical Isolation Units Floor Plan The Isolation Units will be the main department of the building since the importance of keep patients isolated.

It will be formed of isolation units and suspected isolation units.

Iso Floor

Layout

3m 6m

Circulation 12m

Ventilation

N 85

AID

24m 85

Manchester Final Configuration

Typical ICU Floor Plan Intensive care patients will be accommodated in the ICU modules until they are out of danger. To help medical staff move between patients, the ICU floor been designed to be a open space.

ICU Floor

Layout

3m 6m

Circulation 12m

Ventilation

N 86

AID

24m 86

Manchester Final Configuration

ICU Modules Patients in intensive care will have respiratory problems and will therefore be on ventilators. This means they will need constant attention from healthcare professionals. ICU modules will be open to the corridor to allow for easy and convenient access. Each module will have it’s own air management system, which should minimise the amount of contamination from the patients to the corridor. Each module plugs in to an electrical, medical gas and oxygen supply from the central plant in the ground floor of the building.

Manchester Final Configuration

Elevation

3m 6m

12m

88

AID

24m

88

Manchester Final Configuration

Perspective Section

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AID

89

Manchester Final Configuration

Communal/Green Spaces In order to increase the level of patient and staff comfort, large communal spaces have been added to the programme. This is why the spaces have a lot of natural light, plants and good views of the wider city. These spaces can be used by patients and staff in full PPE (personal protective equipment). This space will be as contaminated as the rest of the hospital circulation, meaning air cannot leak into the city. With this in mind, the communal spaces are centrally ventilated using the buildings central HVAC system.

Manchester Final Configuration

Construction Sequence

Click to replay video

Full Resolution Video

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Manchester Final Configuration

Construction System Resilience/Future Use

END OF USE

STRIP TO FRAME

RE-USE

Click to replay video

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92

Manchester Final Configuration

Isolation Module Interior Patients are likely to stay in the isolation modules for up to two weeks. It is therefore important that their environment is comfortable. With this in mind we have designed the space using lots of light and natural materials. The floor to ceiling windows allow plenty of natural light to enter the space, as well as facilitating distant views beyond the local area.

Features which have been proven to enhance rehabilitation within healthcare environments.

Manchester Final Configuration

Kit of Parts

94

AID

1 - 41 x Concrete Core Blocks 2 - 24 x CLT Core Blocks 3 - 128 x ICU Modules 4 - 163 x Isolation Unit Modules 5 - 46 Additional Modules 6 - 64 x Red Module Side Panels 7 - 64 x White Module Side Panels

8 - 37 x Ground Floor Solid Facade Panels 9 - 13 x Ground Floor Door Facade Panels 10 - 18 x Ground Floor Corner Panels 11 - 1854 x (400x400x5600) CLT Beams 12 - 962 x (400x400x3200) CLT Columns 13 - 5676 x Steel Connections 14 - 98 x Pre-cast Concrete Pile

Foundations 15 - 196 x Pre-cast Concrete Ground Beam 16 - 640 x Unitised Timber Frame Panels 17 - 145 x Internal Partition Walls 18 - 863 x Square Internal Floor Panels 19 - 314 x Corner Internal Floor Panels 20 - 191 x Corner Internal Floor Panels 94

Manchester Final Configuration

Other Site Configurations

Belfast, Waterfront

Bristol, Queen Square

Liverpool, Stanley Park

Blocks Strategy 936 Modules

Site Lines Strategy 476 Modules

Monolithic Strategy 630 Modules

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Thank you

D

AID Architecture for Infectious Diseases