aq-¶vI-hn-X-I-Ä

I-S-Â-

\-aps¡mcp- I-S-ep-ïv, A-Xn-Â- ao-\p-ïv, ap-¯p-ïv ]-hn-g-¸p-äp-ïv.

-t]c-dn-bm-¯-htb-sdbp-ïv.

\-aps¡mcp- I-S-ep-ïv, A-Xn-Â- Im-dp-ïv, -tImfp-ïv, A-e-dn-¯n-a-À-¡pw- A-e-I-fp-ïv a-c-Ww- -t]me-Xn-\-Iw- \n-Ý-e-hpw-.

F-\ns¡mcp- I-S-ep-ïv

A-Xn-sâ a-u-\-¯n-\v

A-Ñ-sâ B-g-am-Wv; A-Sn-¯-«n-en-f-In-a-dn-bpw-

A-g-en-sâ Np-gn-Isf a-d-ho-in-bp-Ån-Â- X-g-¨ns«mSp-hn-ÂA-Ñ-\psamcp- I-S-em-bv ]-c-¶p-.

-then-' \-aps¡m-s¡ -then-I-fp-ïv X-fn-À-¡m-¯- -then-¡-¼p-I-fn-ÂIm-¡-I-Ä-,In-fn-I-Ä-sN-t¼m¯p-I-fn-Ãhn-Ir-Xn-¸ntÅÀ- Nm-Sm-dn-Ã-; -then-I-Ä- \-ap-¡p-Ån-em-Wv.

Im-Sv s]mcp-Xn- -t\Sn-bsXm-s¡bpwI-cp-Xn- -sh¡p-hm-\m-Iptam Ip-gn-bnseSp-¡pt¼mfp-X-Iptam Ip-cp-XnsImSp-¯-hscm-s¡bpwXn-cnsI-sb¯n-Spw- \n-sâ \m-i-¯n-\m-bn-..... hn-{i-an-Ãm-¯- ]-c-¡w- ]m-¨n-ep-I-Ähn-[ntbmSps]mcp-Xn-Ip-g-bp-¶-\m-fp-I-Ähn-e-a-Xn-¡m-\m-hm-¯-kv-t\l-§-Äho-Xw- -sh¨-I-ep-¶- _-Ô-§-Ä-.........

Im-«nse a-c-§-Ä\m-«nte¡v h-¶t¸mÄ\m-«nse -sh«wIm-«nte¡v -t]mbnIm-Sv \-ap-¡p-Ån-em-bn-.

-sISp-Xobn-ÂsemSp-§n-b-Po-hn-X-§-Äh-dp-Xn-bn-e-a-À-¶- ]-I-en-c-hp-I-Ä-sh´p-cp-In-b- X-e-bnsegp-¯p-I-ÄA-\m-Y-am-bn- Xo-À-¶-P-·-§-Ä- .....

X-gp-ImsXX-Ãns¡Sp-¯n-bssI¿p-I-Ä Xn-cnsIsb¯n-Sm-¯-]p-©n-cn-I-Ä H-ä-bv¡-e-bp-¶s]ä- h-b-dp-I-Ä h-än-h-c-ï-]mtYb-§-Ä-....

X-«n-bp-S-ª-a-cp-¶- X-cm-«p-I-Ä D-Sp-Xp-Wn-X-¸n-]n-S-bp-¶-cm-{Xn-I-Ä a-dp-Xp-Wn-bn-Ãm-X-e-bp-¶tIme-§-Ähn-et]in- -t`mKn-¨n-Sp-¶- Im-a-§-Ä- ........

B-ew-_-an-Ãm-¯-I-c-¨n-ep-I-ÄB-Uw-_-c-¯n-sâ ko-Â-¡m-c-§-ÄX-I-Às¯dn-bp-¶- Xn-cptijn-¸p-I-ÄD-S-¨p-hm-À-¡p-¶- kw-kvIm-c-§-Ä-.....

-s]mcp-Xn- -t\Sn-bsXm-s¡bpw-I-cp-Xn-sh¡m-\m-Iptam

Ip-gnbnseSp-¡pt¼mfp-X-Iptam

-sXcn-bmsX -t]mIp-¶-Xv

-a-g- -s]m«m-³- Xp-S-§p-¶I-cn-¼-Sw- h-en-¨p- -sI«n-bI-ï-¯nse -tXm«n-Âam-\-¯vI-®n-bpw- ]-c-epw\o-´m-\pw- I-fn-¡m-\pwIp-fn-¡m-\pw- C-d-§n-shÅw- -tIdn- -tIdn- h-¶p-sNfnshÅw-s]-tcS-¯nse Nm-W-I- -shÅwI-®o-cp-ho-Wv I-e-§n-b- -shÅw-shfp-¸n-\v Nt¯m-t\ Ip-fn-¸n-¨- -shÅw- hmse hmse h-cm-Â- ap-in- ItÃap-«nNp-Ån-I-¼v H-Sn-¨n-«- -t]m-se -s]mf-h-³Nn-d-Ip-Å-Xpw- Nn-d-In-Ãm-¯-Xp-am-b\m-\m-X-cw- -ssPh- Po-hn-Xwh-Ãy- h-c-¼nte¡v -s]m§n- Nm-Sn-bNn-¶-½-bpw- Zn-hm-I-c-\pwa-gsImïv -s]mÅn{]-W-bw- -sImïv I-¯n-sX§v I-ap-Iv Im-«p- -tN¼v ssIXh-Ån-]-S-¸v Im-«ps]m´-I-ÄIp-\n-ªpw- \n-h-À-¶pw-

Im-ä-¯m-Sn-bpw- a-d-¶v \n-Ât¡ Zn-hm-I-cs\ Xn-c-¡nX-e-¨p-a-Sp-am-bn- h-¶-h-À-s]S-en- I-g-¨t¸mÄNq-«pw- -sImXp-¼pw- -sI«n- h-¨Nq-c-ÂsIm«- Xm-¯p- h-¨v Np-½m-S-gn-¨p- A-c-bn-Â- -sI«nao-³- ]n-Sn-¡m-³- C-d-§n-shÅw- A-h-cnte¡v Ip-Xn-À-¶p- I-b-dn-s]m§n-b- -shÅ-¯n-ÂImse¯msX -ssI-s¿¯msX \n-e-In-«msX -s]m§n- In-S-¶- A-hsc ao-\p-I-Ä- -sXm«pA-h-À- ao-\ns\ -sXm«n-Ãao-\p-I-Ä- A-hsc D-½- h-¨pao-\ns\ A-h-À- D-½- h-¨n-ÃRm-³- I-ï- ao-³- F-hnsS

\o- I-ï- ao-³- F-hnsS

\o- I-ï- ao-\ns\ A-Ã- Rm-³- I-ï-Xv Rm-³- I-ï- ao-\ns\ A-Ã- \o- I-ï-Xv Rm-³- I-ï-Xpw- \o- I-ï-Xpwhy-Xy-kvX-am-b- Im-gvN-I-fpsS Xn-cn-hnse tImÀ-®n-b-bpsS Ip-Sp-¡p-I-fnse sXäm-¯- -sXmSm-¯sR«-ep-I-fm-Wv X-À-¡-§-Ä- ap-dp-InX-À-¡-§-Ä- ap-§nX-À-¡-§-Ä- -s]m§nX-À-¡-§-Ä- ap-g-§n-s]¿m-\n-cp-¶- a-g-bpw-s]bvX- a-g-bpwHm-e-¯p-¼-¯v \n-¶pwhn-SmsX Xq-§n-¡n-S-¶p_m-¡nsh¨- H-cn-Sn-an-¶-Â-shÅw- h-en-ªp-tXmSp-I-Ä- -s]mg-bnte¡p- -t]mbn-s]mg- B-dp-I-fnte¡v -t]mbnB-dp-I-Ä- \-Zn-bnte¡pw\-Zn-I-Ä- I-S-ente¡pw- -t]mbnI-c-bv¡v C-cp-¶- Ip-«-bpwNp-½m-SpwA-h-Im-in-I-Ä- C-ÃmsX A-Ita F-cn-ªp-e-ªp- kw-`m-j-Ww- \-S-¯n-b-Xv Im-Wm-³- C-S-bm-bn-. At±lwklnt¡ïn- h-¶- -sImSpw- {Iq-c-X-I-Ä- GsXm-s¡ hn-[-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶-dn-ªt¸mÄ- a-\-Êv a-c-hn-¨pt]mbn-.

H-cm-gv¨-bnte-sd¡m-ew- D-d-§mt\m a-e-aq-{X- hn-kÀ-P-\w-sN¿mt\m A-\p-h-Zn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-, -tImhn-Uv _m-[n-X-\m-Wv F-¶v ]-d-ªpsImïv hn-e-§psh¨v B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-Â- {]tXyIskÃn-Â- A-S-bv¡p-I-, ln-µn- Asæn-Â- C-w¥o-jv `m-j-I-Äam-{Xta D-]tbmKn-¡m-hp- F-¶- \n-_-Ô-\-I-Ä-, A-kp-J-§-Ä-sImïv A-h-i-bm-bn-cp-¶- A-½sb B-i-z-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v -t]mepw- a-e-bm-f-¯n-Â- kw-km-cn-¡m-³- A-\p-h-Zn-¡n-Ã- Xp-S-§n]-e-hn-[-¯n-ep-Å- a-\p-jy-X-z- c-ln-X-am-b- -sImSpw- ]o-T-\-§-ÄI-S-em-kv, ]p-kvX-Iw-, -t]\-, -s]³-kn-Â- F-¶o- h-kvXp-¡-ÄFs´¦n-epw- -ssIh-iw- I-ïm-Â- {Iq-c- a-À-±-\-am-bn-cn-¡pw- A-\p-`-hw-. B-h-iy-ap-Å- asäÃm- km-[-\-§-fpw- P-bn-en-Â- kp-e-`w- ]s£ \m-en-c-«n- hn-e- -sImSpt¡ïn- h-cpw-. A-§ns\ 28 am-kw- U.P bnse P-bn-en-Â- bm-X-\-I-Ä- kln-¨n-«m-Wv At±lw- Pm-ay-¯n-Â]p-d-¯n-d-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv l-{X- kw-`-hs¯ Ip-dn-¨v ]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-I-\m-b- At±lwkXy-k\v[--am-bn- dnt¸mÀ-«v -sNbvXp- F-¶-Xm-Wv.. A-h-cpsS I-®n-Â- B- a-\p-jy-³- -sNbvX- -sXäv. B. J. P. \-½psS cm-Py-¯n-sâ -tI{µ- `-c-Ww- -ssI¿m-fn-b- Im-ew- ap-X-Â- C-½m-Xn-cnkw-`-h-§-fpsSbpw- -sIme-]m-X-I-§-fpsSbpw- H-cp- h-en-b- ]-c-¼-cXs¶bp-ïv. D-¶-X- DtZymK-kvY-À-, I-em-Im-c-·m-À-, ]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-I-À-, Z-fn-Xv kap-Zm-b-Kw-§-Ä- F-¶p-Xp-S-§n- \n-c-h-[n- -t]c-S-§p-¶h-en-b- en-kväm-W-Xv. So-kvä- skX-Â-hm-Zv, B-À-. _n-. {io-Ip-am-ÀXp-S-§n- \n-c-h-[n- {]-K-Û- hy-àn-X-z-§-Ä- C-Xn-Â- Nn-e-Xv am-{Xw-. A-{I-am-kà-am-b- -ssI-t¿ä-§-Ä- \n-c-h-[n-bm-Wv. K-u-cn- et¦jv, -tKmhn-µv ]-³-kmsc, I-Â-_p-À-Kn-, [t_mÂ-I-À- Xp-S-§n- F-{X-t]-scbm-Wv h-I-h-cp-¯n-b-Xv. Hs¡ H-¶p-In-Â- A-{]o-b- kXywXp-d-¶p- ]-d-ª-Xn-\v Asæn-Â- ln-µp- h-À-¤o-b-X-¡v F-Xnsc {]-N-c-Ww- \-S-¯n- F-¶-Xn-\v, A-Xp-asæn-Â- D-¶-X- kvYm-\o-bsc ln-µp-X-z-hm-Zn-I-Ä- Dt±in-¨- co-Xn-bn-Â- _-lp-am-\n-¨n-Ã- F-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pwIm-c-Ww-. Cu- A-`n-ap-J-¯n-Â- Im-¸-³- D-d-¨- kz-c-¯n-Â- ]-d-bp-¶p-. "P-\-§-fpsS i-Ð-am-Wv Rm-³- {]-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. `-c-W]-£-¯n-sâ P R O A-Ã- Rm-³-'

Cu- km-aq-ly- km-l-N-cy-am-Wv "-sl-samIv' F-¶- -t]cv Hm-À-½n-¡m-³- C-S-h-cp-¯n-b-Xv. "-sl-samIv' F-¶- kky-¯n-sâ X-ïv N-X-¨p- ]n-gn-ªv H-cp- I-¸v Nm-dp- -sImïm-Wv B.C. 399 - Â-temIw- I-ï- a-lm-\m-b- Nn-´-I-³- skm{I-«o-kns\ A-¶s¯ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-Ä- h-[n-¨-Xv. A-¶pw -A-[n-Im-cn- h-À-¤w- ]-d-ª-Xv, `-c-W- h-À-¤-¯n-sâ -sNbvXn-Isf -tNmZyw- -sN¿p-¶p-, bp-hm-¡sf h-gnsXän-¡p-¶p- Fs¶m-s¡ B-bn-cp-¶p-.

]n-. B-À-. _m-_p- tkm{I-«o-kn-sâ in-£-W-co-Xn- B-¡q-«-À-¡v Xosc c-kn-¨n-Ã-. ]n-Â-¡m-e-¯p- tkm{I-«o-kv co-Xn- A-¶-dn-bs¸«n-cp-¶At±l-¯n-sâ k{¼-Zm-bw- F-hnsSbpw- F-gp-Xs]«n-cp-¶n-Ã-. H-cp-sSIvkväv ]p-kvX-I-¯n-sâ klm-bw- Iq-SmsX, -tNm-tZym¯-c-§sf B-{i-bn-¨psImïv hn-Zym-À-°n-I-Ä-¡v -t_m[-h-Â-¡-c-Wwkm-[y-am-¡p-I- F-¶-Xmbn-cp-¶p- At±l-¯n-sâ -ssien-. -tNmZy-§-Ähn-Zym-À-°n-I-Ä- -tNmZn-¡p-¶p- A-hsc D-¯-cw- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¡m-³klm-bn-¡p-¶p-. kw-i-bw- D-Zn-¡p-¶p- ho-ïpw- -tNmZy-§-Ä-tNmZn-¨psImïv kw-i-b- \n-hm-c-Ww- h-cp-¯n- hn-j-b-¯n-Âhy-à-X- h-cp-¯p-¶p-. D-Zm-l-c-W-§-Ä- C-§s\... \n-§-fpsS jq-tISp-h-¶m-Â- \n-§-Ä- F-´v -sN¿pw- \sÃmcp- jqta¡sd I-ïv dn-¸-b-À- -sN¿n-¡pw-. Fs´¦n-epw- im-co-cn-I- A-kz-kvY-X- -tXm¶n-bm-Â\mw- \sÃmcp- -tUmÎsdbtà At\zjn-¡p-. A-§s\ Hmtcm {]-iv\-§-Ä-¡pw- A-Xm-Xv hn-j-b-§-fn-Â- A-dn-hpw- I-gn-hp-ap-Åhy-àn-Isf kao-]n-¡-Ww-. CtX-t]m-se Xs¶ kaq-l-¯n-ÂD-ïm-Ip-¶- {]-iv\-§-Ä-¡v ]-cn-lm-cw- Im-Wp-¶-Xn-\v \-Ã`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cnsf I-ïp-]n-Sn-¡-Ww-. kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw- C-¯-cw- in-£-W-co-Xn- -taem-f-·m-À-¡v c-kn-¡p-I-bn-ÃsÃm.. -sNdp-¸-¡msc h-gnsXän-¡p-¶p- F-¶Ip-ä-amtcm]n-¨p- At±ls¯ -slam-Iv F-¶- hn-j-{Zm-h-Iw-sImSp-¯p- h-[n-¡p-¶p-.

]p-cm-X-\- {Ko-kn-Â- H-cp-X-c-¯n-ep-Å- {]m-Ir-X- P-\m-[n-]-XywD-cp-Xn-cn-ªp- h-¶n-cp-¶p-. AtXka-bw- A-Sn-a-hy-h-kvY-bpw- H-¸wXs¶ \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶p-. Dt±iw- aq-¶p- e-£t¯mf-am-bn-cp-¶ptkm{I-«o-kn-sâ Im-e-¯v {Ko-knse P-\-kw-Jy-, A-Xm-b-Xv 2400 h-À-j-§-Ä-¡v ap-³-]v. A-¶pw- Xn-csªSp-¸v k{¼-Zm-bw\-S-¸n-em-¡n-b- cm-Py-am-bn-cp-¶p- {Ko-kv. F-¶m-Â- P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS aq-¶nsem-t¶mfw- h-cp-¶ A-Sn-a-I-Ä-¡pw- A-{X-Xs¶ h-cp-¶kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡pw- -thm«-h-Im-iw- \ntj[n-¡s¸«n-cp-¶p-. kaq-l-¯n-sâ D-¶-X- -t{iWn-bn-ep-Å- Nn-e-À-¡v Nn-e- {]tXyI- ]-cn-K-W-\-I-Äh-Ish¨psImSp-¯n-cp-¶p-.

X-X-z-Nn-´-bpsS ]n-Xm-hm-b- tkm{I-«o-kns\ Ip-dn-¨v C-¶v -temIw- A-dn-bp-¶-Xv At±l-¯n-sâ ka-Im-eo-\-cm-bin-jy-·m-cn-Â- \n-¶pw- a-äp- Nn-´-I-·m-À- -tiJ-cn-¨A-dn-hp-I-fn-eqsSbp-am-Wv. At±l-¯n-sâ {]n-b- in-jy-\m-b¹mtäm B-Wv C-Xn-Â- kp-{]-[m-\- ]-¦v h-ln-¨-Xv.

C-´y- `-cn-¡p-¶- ^m-kn-kväp- kw-L- ]-cn-hm-Ài-àn-I-fpsS at\m`m-hw- C-¶pw- B.C. 399 - -se {]m-Ir-X- {Ko-¡v -taem-f-·m-cpsSXn-Â- \n-¶pw- H-«pw- Xs¶ hy-Xy-kvX-a-Ã-, H-cpIm-cy-¯n-Â- H-gn-¨v.. C-¶v ]-ïs¯ "sl-sam¡n-\v'... ]-I-cw"tXm¡m-Wv'... D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶-Xv F-¶p-am-{Xw-....