I-e- Ipsshäv

45 h-À-j-§-fn-eqsS .......

tIc-f- B-À-«v ethgvkv A-tkmkntbj-³- I-e- Ipsshäv A-`n-am-\-I-c-am-b- 45þ-mw- hm-À-jn-I- BtLmj-§-fpsS \n-d-hn-em-Wv. H-cp- {]-hm-kn- kw-L-S-\sb kw-_-Ôn-¨n-St¯mfwC-Xv H-cp- -sNdn-b- h-kvXp-Xb-Ã-. Ipsshäv a-e-bm-fn- kaq-l-¯n-Â\n-c-´-c-am-bn- \-S¯n-b- {]-h-À-¯-\-§-fpsS A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Âe-`n-¨- kzo-Im-cy-X-bm-Wv I-esb hy-X-kvX-am-¡p-¶-Xv. CuA-h-kc-¯n-Â- {]-hm-k-s¯¡p-dn-¨pw- A-Xnsâ hn-hn-[Im-e-L-«-§-fnse ]-cn-Wm-a-§sf¡p-dn-¨pw- Nn-e- h-kvXp-X-I-Ä]-cntim[n-¡mw-.

{]-hm-kw- a-\ptjymÂ-¸-¯nap-X-Â- Xp-S-§n-b-Xm-Wv.

-sa¨s¸«- Ir-jn-bn-S-§-Ä-tXSn-bp-Å- bm-{X-, kvYn-c-hm-k¯n-\v

A-\p-Iq-e-am-bIm-em-h-kvY-bp-Å- kvY-e-§-Ä-tXSn-bp-Å- At\zj-Ww-, \-ÃP-e-e-`y-X-bp-Å- Xm-gvh--c-I-fnte¡p-Å- {]-bm-Ww- Xp-S-§n-bB-Zy-Im-e- {]-hm-k§-fpsS N-cn-{Xw- -tcJs¸Sp-¯s¸«n-cn-¡p-¶p-. -tIc-fs¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-St¯mf-hpw- {]-hm-kw- \q-äm-ïp-I-Ä-¡v ap-¼p-Xs¶ B-cw-`n-¨n-cp-¶p-. atejy-, kntem¬- ap-X-em-bcm-P-y§-fnte¡m-Wv -tIc-f-¯n-Â- \n-¶p-ap-Å- -sXmgn-Â-tXSn-bp-Å- bm-{X-I-Ä-. Iq-SmsX a-äp- hntZi- cm-Py-§-fnte¡pwC-´y-bpsS a-äv {]tZi-§-fnte¡pwhn-Zym-`m-k¯n-\pw-sXmgn-en-\p-am-bn- -tIc-fo-b-ÀIp-Sntbdn-.

1950-I-fn-Â- Xs¶ {IqtUmbn-ensâ I-ïp-]n-Sn-¯t¯m-sS a-²y-]q-Àthjy-³- cm-Py-§-fnte¡p-Å- {]-hm-kw- Xp-S-§n-. F-¶m-Â- 1970 I-fn-em-Wv C-Xv A-`q-X-]q-À-h-am-bn- h-f-cp-I-bpw-s]-t{Sm -tUmf-dp-I-fpsS h-³tXmXn-ep-Å- h-À-²-\- aq-e-ap-Åk¼-¶-X-bpsS \n-d-hn-Â- Cu- cm-Py-§-fn-Â- h-³tXmXn-ep-Åhn-I-k {]-h-À-¯-\-§-Ä- Xp-S-§p-I-bpw- e-£-¡-W-¡n-\m-fp-I-Äa-²y-]q-Àthjy-³- cm-Py-§-fn-Â- -sXmgn-Â- -tXSp-I-bpw- -sNbvX-Xv. F-Ãm- -sXmgn-Â- -taJ-bn-epw- B-fp-Isf A-h-iy-am-bn- h-cn-I-bpwA-Xnsem-s¡¯s¶ a-e-bm-fn-I-Ä-¡v h-À-²n-¨- ]-cn-K-W-\e-`n-¡p-I-bpw-sN¿p-¶p-. C-Xn-\v hy-Xy-kvXIm-c-W-§-fp-ïv. km-am-\yhn-Zym-`ym-kwkm-À-Æ-{Xn-I-am-bne-`n-¡p-¶p- F-¶-XpIq-SmsX -sa¨s¸«km-aq-ln-I- Po-hn-X\n-e-hm-c-¯n-ÂPo-hn-¡p-¶- B-fp-I-Ä- F-¶- X-e-¯n-epw- -s]mXp- kzo-Im-cy-Xe-`n-¨p-. C-Xv C-¶pw- Xp-S-À-¶p- -sIm-tïbn-cn-¡p-¶p-.

F-¶m-Â- {]-hm-khpw- C-Xnt\mS-\p-_-Ôn-¨p-Å- Ip-Sntbä-hpwA-Sp-¯- Im-e-¯m-bn-. hy-Xy-kvX- ]-cn-h-À-¯-\-¯n-\v hnt[b-am-bns¡mïn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. K-Ä-^v cm-Py-§-fnse

B-À-. \m-K-\m-Y-³-

-sXmgn-Â- e-`y-XXt±io-b-cm-b- B-fp-I-Ähn-Zym-`ym-kw- -t\Sn- h-cm-³Xp-S-§n-btXm-sS Xm-c-Xtay\Ip-d-ªp- Xp-S-§n-bn-«p-ïpv. h-en-b- -tXmXn-Â- Cucm-Py-§-fn-Â- -tPmen- -sN¿p-¶C-´y-³- -sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä-¡v, hn-Z-Kv²- A-hn-Z-Kv²-taJ-e-I-fn-epw- G-ItZiwHtc -t]m-se -sXmgn-Â\-ãs¸Sp-¶- A-h-kvY- h-À-²n-¨p- h-cp-¶p-. C-Xv ]-et¸mgpwIp-d-ª- tkh-\- -thX-\- hy-h-kvY-Ifn-Â- -sXmgnseSp-¡m-³\n-À-_-Ôn-X-cm-¡p-¶- kvYn-Xn-bn-Â- F-¯n-¡p-¶p- Asæn-ÂC-Xv \n-cm-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-À- \m-«nte¡p- Xn-cnsI F-¯p-¶p-. Ip-d-ª- -thX-\- hy-h-kvY-I-Ä- kzo-I-cn-¡m-³- D-¯tc´y-³kw-kvYm-\-§-fn-Â- \n-¶pw- h-cp-¶p- F-¶p-Å-Xpw- H-cph-kvXp-X-bm-Wv. F-¶m-Â- C-Xnt\m-sSm¸w- ]p-Xn-b- {]-hm-k -taJ-e-bm-bn- bqtdm¸v D-Äs¸-sSbp-Å- cm-Py-§-Ä- -tImhn-Uv a-lm-am-cn-bpsS Im-e-¯n-\v -tijw- H-cp- ]m-Sv -sXmgn-e-h-kc-§-fp-am-bn- apt¶m«p- h-cp-¶p- F-¶p-Å-Xv {it²b-hpw- {]-Xo-£-¡v h-I- \-Â-Ip-¶-Xp-am-Wv. CtXm-sSm¸wXs¶ \yq-kn-em-âv, B-kv-t{Sen-b-, Atacn-¡-, Im-\-U- Xp-S-§n-b Nn-e- B-{^n-¡-³- cm-Py-§-fn-eq-Ä-¸sS -sXmgn-Â- A-h-kc-§-ÄG-ä-¡p-d-¨n-eqsSbm-W-¦n-epw- Iq-Sn- h-cp-¶p-.

-taÂ- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¨X-c-¯n-ep-Å{]-hm-k§-fn-eqsS hn-hn-[cm-P-y§-fnse¯p-¶a-e-bm-fn-I-Ä- kz-´wkw-kvIm-cs¯ kw-c-£n-¡p-hm-\pwam-Xr-`m-jsbbpw- I-em{]-h-À-¯-\-§tfbpw

-t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- {i-an-¨psImïn-cn-¡pw-. A-Xnsâ {]-Xn-^-e-\w- a-äv F-Ãm- K-Ä-^v cm-Py-§-fn-epsa¶t]m-se Ipsshän-epw- CtX e-£y-§tfm-sSbp-Å- {]-h-À-¯-\-§-ÄB-Zy-Im-e-¯p- Xs¶ Xp-S-§n-bn-cp-¶p-. -tIc-f- B-À-«v ethgvkv A-tkmÊntbj-³- I-e- Ipsshäv 1978Â- a-X-\n-ct]£]ptcmK-a-\m-i-b-§-Ä- a-\-Ên-Â- kq-£n-¨- H-cp- Iq-«w-sNdp-¸-¡m-À- -tNÀ-¶v Cu- kw-L-S-\- cq-]o-I-cn-¨-Xv. Xp-S-À-¶v kp-{]-kn-²- Im-Yn-I- N-{I-h-À-¯n-bpw- -tIc-f-¯nse ]ptcmK-a-\{]-kvYm-\-§-fpsS h-àm-hp-am-bn-cp-¶- \-½sf hn-«p-]n-cn-ª-s{]m^-. hn-.kmw-_-in-hsâ I-Ym-{]-kw-K-]-cn-]m-Sntbm-sSbm-Wv I-e-bpsS {]-h-À-¯-\-§-Ä-¡v Xp-S-¡w- Ip-dn-¨-Xv. Xp-S-À-¶v 1979 Ipssh¯v -tZio-b- Zn-\t¯mS-\p-_-Ôn-¨v hn-hn-[I-emkmw-kvIm-cn-I- ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-Ä- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨psImïv -s]mXpcw-K-¯v kPo-h-am-bnI-S-¶p- h-¶p-. kw-L-S-\-bpsS kvYm-]-I-t\Xm-¡-fn-Â- B-cpwXs¶ Ct¸mÄIpsshän-Â- C-Ã-. 1981 Im-e-L-«-§-fn-ÂI-e-bpsS kPo-h{]-h-À-¯-I-cmsb¯n-b- h-cn-Â- kn-. Ir-jvW-³- am-{X-am-Wv Ct¸mÄ- Ipsshän-Â- D-Å-Xv.

1990se Ipsshäv- C-dm-Jv bp-²- Im-e-L-«-¯n-\v ap-³-]pv -tIc-f-¯n-Â- \n-¶pw- Ipsshäv kµ-À-in-¨- ]ptcmK-a-\{]-kvYm-\-¯nsâ kap-¶-X- -t\Xm-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶- kJm-¡-ÄG-.-sI.Pn-, C-¼n-¨n-_m-h-, C-.-sI \m-b-\m-À- Xp-S-§n-b-h-cm-Wv I-eIpsshän-\v C-¶v Im-Wp-¶- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- kp-i-à-am-b_-lp-P-\- ]-¦m-fn-¯-ap-Å- kw-L-S-\m- kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-\v

A-Sn-¯-d- ]m-In-b-Xv. 1990se A-[n-\nthi- Im-e-¯v I-e-bpsS {]-h-À-¯-I-cp-Ä-¸sSbp-Å- {]-hm-kn-kaq-lw- kz-´w- \m-«nte¡v ]-em-b-\w- -sN¿p-I-bpw- bp-²m-\-´-cw- `q-cn-]-£w- B-fp-I-fpwXn-cns¨¯p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. 1993-Â- -sP.B-Â-_-À-«v I-¬-ho-\-dm-bA-Uv-tlmIv I-½n-än- \n-e-hn-Â- h-cn-I-bpw- {]-h-À-¯-\-§-Ä]p-\-cm-cw-`n-¡p-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-.

-sXm®q-dp-I-fn-Â- I-e Ipsshäv B-cw-`-n-¨- ]-cn-]m-Sn-bm-Wv ku-P-\y- am-Xr-`m-jm- ]-T-\- ]-cn-]m-Sn-. 1990 Ifn I-e- CuB-i-b-hp-am-bn- apt¶m«p-h-cn-I-bpw- bp-²m-\-´-cw- Ipsshänse C-´y-³- kvIq-fp-I-fn-Â- a-e-bm-fw- ]m-Ty-hn-j-b-a-Ãm-¯-Xn-\m-Â-tIc-fo-b-cm-b- Ip-«n-Isf a-e-bm-f- `m-j-bpw- -tIc-fo-bkw-kvIm-c-hpw- ]-cn-N-bs¸Sp-¯p-hm-³- Xo-cp-am-\n-¨-Xv -tIc-fo-bkaq-lw- kÀ-Æm-ß-\m- kzo-I-cn-¨p-. Xp-S-À-¶v 1996- Â- Cu- ]-²-XnIq-Sp-X-Â- hn-]p-e-am-¡-³- Xo-cp-am-\n-¡p-I-bpw- A-Xnsâ A-Sn-kvYm-\-¯n-Â- Ipssh¯nse hn-hn-[- kmw-kvIm-cn-I\m-b-I-·m-cpw- kw-L-S-\-I-fpw- D-Äs¸«- am-Xr-`m-jm- kan-Xn-bpsS -t\Xr-X-z-¯n-Â- `m-jm- ]-T-\- ]-²-Xn- Xp-S-À-¶p-. -tIc-f- kÀ-¡m-Àcq-]o-I-cn-¨- -tIc-f- `m-jm- an-j-³- 2017- ap-X-Â- G-Io-Ir-Xkz-`m-ht¯m-sS -temIsa§p-ap-Å- a-e-bm-fn-I-Ä{]tbmP-\s¸Sp-¶- co-Xn-bn-Â- kn-e-_-Êpw- ]-co£-I-fpwD-Ä-¸-Sp-¯n- hn-]p-e-am-bn- apt¶m«p- -t]mIp-¶p- F-¶-Xn-Â- I-eIpsshän-\pw- A-`n-am-\n-¡mw-. I-etbm-sSm¸w- a-äpkw-L-S-\-I-fpw- `m-jm- an-j-³- {]-h-À-¯-\-§-fp-am-bn- kPo-h-am-bncwK-¯p-ïv.

Ipsshäv a-e-bm-fn- kaq-l-¯n-Â- ]ptcmK-a-\- B-i-b-§-fn-ÂA-[n-jvTn-X-am-b- kw-L-S-\m- -t_m[w- h-f-À¯p-hm-³{]-b-Xv\n-¡p-¶tXm-sSm¸w- I-em kmw-kvIm-cn-I{]-h-À-¯-\-§-fn-epw- I-e- h-fsc kPo-h-am-bn- C-Ss]Sp-¶p-.

Ipsshäv a-e-bm-fn- kaq-l-¯nsâ F-Ãm- X-e-§-fn-ep-ap-ÅIr-Xy-am-b- ]-cntÑZw-, Pm-Xn-, a-X- {]mtZin-I]-cntW\-§-Ä-¡-¸p-dw- I-e-bpsS Aw-K-§-fm-bn- D-ïv F-¶p-Å-Xv hn-hn-[-§-fm-b- -tIc-f- kÀ-¡m-cnsâ {]-hm-kn- ku-lr-Z]-²-Xn-I-Ä- Ir-Xy-am-bn- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I-bpw- \nt£]]-²-Xn-I-fn-Â- Aw-K-§-Ä- B-Im-\p-Å- -t{]mÕm-l-\-hpw\-Â-Im-dp-ïv. {]-hm-kn- kp-c-£m- -s]³-j-³-, {]-hm-kn- Un-hn-U-âv -s]³-j-³- ]-²-Xn-I-fn-Â- ]-c-am-h-[n- Ipsshäv a-e-bm-fn-Isf Aw-K-§-fm-¡m-\p-Å- {]-h-À-¯-\-§-fpw- I-e-bpsS -taJ-emHm-^o-kp-I-Ä- -tI{µo-I-cn-¨v \-S-¶p- h-cp-¶p-.

A-`n-am-\-I-c-am-Wv.

Ipsshänse F-Ãm- P-\-hm-k -taJ-e-I-fn-ep-Å- \q-dnte-sd bq-Wn-äp-Ifn-eqsS ]-Xn-\-¿m-bn-ct¯mfw- h-cp-¶- Aw-K-§-fpw- 4 -taJ-em- I-½n-än- Hm-^n-kp-I-fqw- I-e-bpsS {]-h-À-¯-\-§-ÄkPo-h-am-¡p-¶p-. _-lp-am-\s¸«- C-´y-³- Fw-_-Ên-bn-Â{]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- I-e-, Ipsshänse \n-b-a-]-cn-[n-¡p-Ån-Â\n-¶m-Wv \m-fn-Xp-hsc {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶-Xv.

-tImhn-Uv \m-fp-I-fpsS `o-I-c-X-bn-Â- a-cp-¶pw- `-£-W-hp-ap-Ä-¸sS -temIv U-u-¬- -taJ-e-I-fn-Â- F-¯n-¡p-hm-³- I-e-bpsS \n-kzm-À-°- {]-h-À-¯-I-À-¡v I-gn-ªp- F-¶p-Å-Xpw- kao-]-Im-eN-cn-{Xw- -tcJs¸Sp-¯p-¶p-. bm-{Xm-hn-am-\-§-Ä\ntcm[n-¡s¸«n-cp-¶- CtX Im-e-¯p- Xs¶ Ipsshäv F-b-Àthbvkp-am-bn- kl-I-cn-¨v h-fsc Ir-Xy-Xtbm-sS ]t¯mfw- Nm-À-«-À- hn-am-\-§-Ä- GÀs¸Sp-¯m-³- I-gn-ªpF-¶p-ÅXpw- H-cp-]m-Sv {]-hm-kn-I-Ä-¡v B-i-zm-kam-bn- F-¶-XpwF-Sp-¯p- ]-dtbï-Xm-Wv.

Po-h-Im-cp-Wy- cw-K-¯v Fw-_-Ên- kl-I-c-Wt¯m-sS hn-hn-[{]-h-À-¯-\-§-Ä- I-e-bpsS cq-]o-I-c-W- Im-e-L-«w- ap-X-Â\n-À-_m-[w- Xp-S-cp-¶p-. I-e-bpsS Aw-K-am-bn-cns¡ Ipsshäntem \m-«ntem -sh¨v a-c-W-a-S-bp-¶- Aw-K-§-fpsS _-Ôp-¡-Ä-¡v I-e- Im-em-Im-e-§-fn-Â- ]p-Xp-¡n- \n-Ý-bn-¡p-¶- -t£a-\n-[nIr-Xy-am-bn- \-Â-Ip-¶p-. AtX-t]m-se Kp-cp-X-c- -tcmK-§-fm-ÂIpsshän-Â- -tPmen- -sN¿m-³- I-gn-bm-¯- A-h-kvY-bn-Â\m-«nte¡v kvYn-c-hm-k¯n-\m-bn- -t]mIp-¶- Aw-K-§-Ä-¡v Nn-In-Õm- klm-b-am-bn- H-cp- \n-Ýn-X- Xp-I- \-Â-Ip-¶p-ïv.

I-e-bpsS \m-«nse {]-h-À-¯-\-§-Ä- -t{ImUo-I-cn-¡p-hm-³Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw- -tI{µo-I-cn-¨v {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶p-. Hmtcm h-À-j-hpw- {S-kväv A-hm-À-Uv I-½n-än- \n-Ý-bn-¡-p¶- GsX¦n-epwH-cp- kmw-kvIm-cn-I- km-ln-Xy- -taJ-e-bnse {]-ap-J-À-¡v I-e{S-kväv A-hm-À-Uv \-Â-In- h-cp-¶p-. Iq-SmsX km-¼-¯n-I-am-bn]nt¶m¡w- \n-Â-¡p-¶- ]-¯mw- ¢m-Ên-Â- D-¶-X- hn-P-bw- -t\Sp-¶G-ä-hpw- Ip-d-ª-Xv 28 hn-Zym-À-°n-I-Ä-¡v I-e- {S-kväv Ftâmhv-saâv A-hm-À-Uv \-Â-Ip-¶p-.

45-mw- h-À-js¯ {]-h-À-¯-\-§-fpsS `m-K-am-bn- _-Ôs¸«v H-cp- h-À-j-¡m-ew\o-ïp- \n-Â-¡p-¶hn-hn-[{]-h-À-¯-\-§-fm-Wv Cu- h-À-jwA-ct§dp-¶-Xv. Ipsshäv a-e-bm-fnkaq-l-¯nsâ kv]-µ-\-§-Äs¡m¸w{]-h-À-¯n-¡p-¶- I-eIpsshäv ]p-Xn-bam-\-§-fnte¡v h-f-cp-I-bm-Wv. \-ap-¡v H-¶m-bn- \n-Â-¡mw....... C-´y-bpsS a-X-\n-ct]£-XD-b-À-¯n-¸n-Sn-¡mw-, B-À-. \m-K-\m-Y-³-

("C-¶v' A-S-bm-fs¸Spt¼mÄ-)

I

a-g-bv¡pw- a-c-W-¯n-\p-an-S-bn-ÂA-\m-Y-amsbmcp- ]-I-Â-..

a-cn-¨-htc a-cn-¨-htc-sb¶v a-\p-jyt\mSv ]-Ãn-fn-¨v a-e-bn-d-§n-bpw- a-W-em-g-§-fm-ïp -sam-scmätbm«-am-Wv, i-zm-k-ta-sb³ i-zm-k-ta-sb¶- ]n-³-hn-fn-I-ÄHm-Ivkn-P-³- am-kvIn-\p- ]n-¶nse

]m-Xn- Iq-¼n-b- I-®p-I-fntebv-s¡mcp`q-an-¡-d-¡w- -t]m-se -sN-s¶mSp-§p-¶p-!

Ii

-sImÃv -sIm-söv ap-dn-hp-Xn-À-¯p

]m-bp-¶- kvam-c-I-§-Ä-..

Xo- Xp-¸n-b- -tXm¡n-³-Ip-g-ep-ItfmSp-

-tNÀ-¶p-\n-¶v kq-{X-¯nsemcpskÂ-^nsbSp-¡mw-; bp-²m-\-´-cw-,

-s\©p- ]n-f-À-¶pt]mb-htcmSv \-ap-¡-Xn-\v hn-et]i-Wwi-h-§-Ä-... (hm-KvZ-¯-as{X )!

Iii

A-\-´-cw- P-e-a-\m-Zn-bnse¶t]mÂ-...

a-c-§tf-sb³- a-cta-sb¶v

C-e-Itf-sb³- C-etb-sb¶v

-taL- K-À-`-¯n-Â- ho-ïpsamcp- a-g -ss¸X-en-³- -sIm©-ÂZ-zo-]v, Rms\¶t]mÂ-! ( A-im-´-at{X...)

C-¶v H-cp-]m-Sp- Xm-a-kn-¨p-... F-´p- ]-än-?

A-½-¡v h-¿m-¶p- -tXm¶p-¶p-. B-Zys¯ -t]m-seb-Ã- A-½h-fsc -sshIn-bm-Wv F-gpt¶Â-¡p-¶-Xv. AsX§s\bm-....

H-¶p- In-S-¡m-³- Xp-S-§n-bm-Â- Xp-S-§pw- N-hn-«pw- Ip-¯pw-.

F-Ãmw- I-gn-ªp- h-fsc -sshIn-bm-Wv "A-½-' D-d-§p-¶-Xv.

F-Ãmw- F-\n-¡v -thïn-bm-Wp- ]m-hw- kln-¡p-¶-Xv. A-{X-bv¡v C-ã-am-Wv Ft¶mSv F-¶v F-\n-¡-dn-bmw-. B-cpwA-Sp-¯nsæn-Â- Ft¶mSv H-cp-]m-Sp- Im-cy-§-Ä]-d-bm-dp-ïv. Rm-³- F-Ãmw- -tI«n-cn-¡pw-. \-Ã- c-kam-Wv A-½- ]-d-bp-¶- Im-cy-§-Ä- -tI«n-cn-¡m-³-....

A-½- ]-d-ªp- ]-d-ªp- F-\n-¡pw- -sImXn-bm-bn-, F-sâ A-½sbbpw- Fs¶ I-cp-Xtem-sS kv-t\ln-¡p-¶{]n-bs¸«- A-Ñt\bpw-, -tN«t\bpw- A-§s\ F-Ãm-htcbpwIm-Wm-³-.

A-§s\ Rm-³- h-cp-¶- Zn-h-kam-bn-. H-¶pw- ]-dtbï-, Fs´mcp- _-l-f-am-bn-cp-¶p- {]-kh-dq-an-Â-. ]m-hw- A-½-! H-cp-]m-Sv I-c-ªp-..... A-h-km-\w- X-f-À-¶p- -t]mbn-. At¸mÄH-cp- -tUmÎ-À- ]-d-bp-I-bm-Wv, "Ip-g-¸-an-Ã- F-Ãmw- i-cn-bm-Ipw-" F-¶v. A-Xv -tI«t¸mÄ- F-\n-¡v Nn-cn- h-¶p-. Rm-³- X-eIp-¼n-«p- Nn-cn-¨p- Nn-cn-¨p- H-cp- h-gn-bm-bn-. ]ns¶ I-®v Xp-d-¶t¸mÄ- H-cp- -t\gvkv Fs¶ -t\m¡n- Nn-cn-¡p-¶p-. "lm-bv \-Ã- Nn-cn'. A-§s\ Rm-³- F-sâ A-½sb I-ïp-. A-½- I-c-bp-I-bm-Wv. ]t£ B- Np-ïn-Â- H-cp]p-©n-cn-bp-ïv. Im-e-§-fm-bn- F-\n-¡v -thïn- am-än- h-¨\-dp-]m-Â-]p-©n-cn-.

cm-a- tkXp-hn-Â- \n-¶v... ]p-g- ap-X-Â- ]p-g- hsc...

C-¶v a-\p-jysc kzm-[o-\n-¡p-¶- I-e-I-fn-Â- {]-ap-J- kvYm-\wkn-\n-a-¡v D-Å-Xm-Wv. kn-\n-a-bp-am-bn- _-Ôs¸«v GsX¦n-epw-taJ-e-I-fn-Â- {]-h-À-¯n-¡p-I- F-¶-Xv ]-e-cpsSbpw- -sNdp-¸-Im-ewap-X-Â- D-Å- e-£yw- B-bn- I-ïp-h-cp-¶p-. kn-\n-a- \-Â-Ip-¶h-en-b- {]-i-kvXn-bpw-, km-¼-¯o-I- -t\«-§-fpw-, hn-hn-[X-e-§-fn-Â- D-Å- kzm-[o-\-hp-am-Wv kn-\n-a-bnte¡v P-\-§sf h-en-¨-Sp-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. kn-\n-a-bpsS Cu- {]tXyI-X-I-Ä- Cu- I-emcq-]s¯ ]-e- Im-e-§-fn-Â- ]-e- cq-]-§-fn-Â- cm-{ão-b-am-bnD-]tbmKs¸Sp-¯m-\p-Å- Im-c-Ww- B-bn-«p-ïv.

a-e-bm-f- kn-\n-am- N-cn-{Xs¯ -s]mXp-hn-Â- hn-e-bn-cp-¯pt¼mÄXo-£vW-am-b- cm-{ão-b- kn-\n-a-I-fn-Â- Xp-S-§n- kaq-l-¯n-sâ am-ä-§-Ä-¡v A-\p-kcn-¨v P-\-§-Ä-¡v BtLmjn-¡m-³]m-I-¯n-\p-Å- \m-b-I- I-Ym-]m-{X-§sf kr-jv«n-¨v A-Xn-sshIm-cn-I-hpw- A-Xn- `m-hp-I-X-z-hpw- \n-d-ª- I-Ymkµ-À-`-§-fn-eqsS kw-`m-j-W-§-fn-eqsS h-f-À-¶pw- ]-cn-W-an-¨pwC-¶v ]p-Xn-b- cq-]- `m-h-§tfm-sS ]p-Xn-b- Im-e-¯nte¡p- F-¯n\n-Â-¡p-¶p-ïv Nn-esXÃmw-.

kn-\n-a-I-fnse kv{Xo- km-¶n-[y-§sf, I-Ym-]m-{X-§sf F-Sp-¯v ]-cntim[n-¨m-epw- kaq-l- a-\-kvYn-XntbmSv -tNÀ-¶p- \n-Â-¡p-¶hn-Im-k ]-cn-Wm-a-§-fpw- D-b-À-¨- Xm-gvN-I-fpw- \-½psS kn-\n-a-I-fn-Â- Ir-Xy-am-bn- A-S-bm-fs¸«p- In-S-¡p-¶p-ïv.

2022-þ23 Â- C-´y- bn-Â- `q-cn-]-£- h-À-Ko-b-XtbmSv h-e-Xp- ]-£cm-{ão-b- ho-£-W-§tfmSv -tNÀ-¶p- \n-Â-¡p-¶- kn-\n-a-I-Ädn-eo-kv -sN¿s¸«p-. 150 -tImSn- ap-X-Â- ap-S-¡n-Â- A-`ntjIv i-À-ac-N-\-bpw- kw-hn-[m-\-hpw- \n-À-h-ln-¨v 2022 HtÎm_-dn-Â- C-d-§n-bkn-\n-a-bm-Wv "cm-a-tkXp-'. Dr. B-cy-³- Ip-et{ijvT- F-¶I-Ym-]m-{Xw- B-bn- A-£-bv Ip-am-dpw-, Pm-I-z-en-³- -s^À-Wm-ï-kv kXy- -tZhv, \m-kÀ- F-¶n-h-c-S-§n-b- H-cp- h-en-b- Xm-c- \n-c-bm-Wv kn-\n-a-bn-Â- D-Å-Xv. I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fpsS -t]cp-I-fn-eqsS -t]mepwkn-\n-a- apt¶m«v h-bv¡p-¶- cm-{ão-bw- bmsXmcp- k-tµl-¯n-\pwC-S-bn-Ãm-¯-hn-[w- Ir-Xy-X- D-Å-Xm-¡m-³- kw-hn-[m-b-I-³-{i²n-¨n-«p-ïv. C-´y-¡pw- {io-e-¦-¡pw- C-S-bn-ep-Å- \n-À-an-X]m-e-am-Wv cm-a-tkXp- F-¶v bp-àn- hm-Zn- B-b- \m-b-I-³B-[p-\n-I- im-kv{X- kmt¦Xn-I- hn-Zy-bpsS ]n-³-_-et¯m-sS -sXfn-bn-¡pt¼mÄ- klm-bn-bm-bn- Nn-c-RvPo-hn-bm-b- l-\p-am-³a-\p-jy- cq-]-¯n-Â- F-¯p-¶p- F-¶-Xm-Wv I-Ym- Np-cp-¡w-. ka-Im-eo-\- C-´y-bpsS km-aq-ln-I- kmw-kvIm-cn-I- a-WvU-e-§ tfmSv Ir-Xy-am-bn- -tNÀ-¶p- \n-Â-¡pt¼mÄ- Xs¶ a-\p-jy]-£-¯p- \n-Â-¡p-¶-h-À-¡v H-cp- {]-Xym-i- bpsS -sNdpsh«w- B-bIm-cyw- Cu- kn-\n-a- km-¼-¯n-I- am-bn- H-cp- ]-cm-P-bw- B-bn-cp-¶pF-¶-Xv am-{Xw- B-Wv.

A-´m-cm-{ã- N-e-¨n-{X- -taf-bn-Â- Propaganda Film F-¶- -t]cv -tIÄ-¸n-¨p- C-´y-³- kn-\n-atemI-¯n-\p- B-I-am-\wA-h-a-Xn-¸p-ïm-¡n-b- kn-\n-a- bm-Wv "Im-ivao-cn- Files’, N-cn-{Xb-Ym-À-Yy-§sf X-§-fpsS Xm-ev]-cy-§-Ä-¡v A-\p-kcn-¨v ]p-\-À\n-À-an-¨v km-aq-ln-I- kv]-À-²- h-f-À-¯p-I- F-¶- Ir-Xy-am-be-£yw- apt¶m«v h-bv¡p-¶- Cu- kn-\n-a- bpsS c-N-\-bpwkw-hn-[m-\-hpw- \n-À-h-ln-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv hnthIv A-ántlm{Xnbm-Wv. an-Yp-³- N-{I-h-À-¯n-, A-\p-]wtJÀ-, ]-Ã-hn- -tPmjnC-§s\ h-en-b- Xm-c-§-Ä- Cu- Nn-{X-¯n-sâbpw- `m-K-am-bn-«p-ïv. Im-ivao-cn-Â- \n-¶pw- Ip-Sn-bn-d-¡s¸«- ]-WvUn-äp-I-fpsS I-Y-bm-Wv kn-\n-a- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv F-¦n-epw- H-cp- kaq-ls¯ F-Ãmco-Xn-bn-ep-ap-Å- Xn-·-I-fpsS ]-cym-bw- B-bn- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨p-sImïv kn-\n-a- {]-Xntema- cm-{ão-bs¯ {]-N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p-. 25 -tImSn-¡v \n-À-an-¨- Cu- kn-\n-a-¡v -tI{µ- kÀ-¡m-À- \n-Ip-Xn- C-f-hv {]-Jym-]n-¡p-I-bpw-, G-ItZiw- 350 -tImSn- cq-]-bpsS h-cp-am-\wCu- Nn-{Xw- D-ïm-¡p-I-bpwsNbvXp-.

Cu- kn-\n-a-I-fpsS Iq-«-¯nte¡p-Å- a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ -tNÀ-¶p\n-Â-¸m-Wv..1921 ]p-g- ap-X-Â- ]p-g- hsc F-¶- A-en- A-Iv_-À(cm-a-knw-l-³-) kn-\n-a-. hm-cn-bw- Ip-¶-¯p- Ip-ª-l-½-Zv lm-PnF-¶- N-cn-{X- ]p-cp-js\, a-e-_m-dn-sâ N-cn-{Xs¯ Ir-Xy-am-bA-P-ï- Itfm-sS ]p-\-À-\n-À-½n-¨v. ]p-Xn-b- N-cn-{X-kXy-§-fm-bnA-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶- asämcp- Propaganda Film am-{X-am-Wv ]p-g- ap-X-Â]p-g- hsc. N-cn-{Xw- B-h-À-¯n-¡pt¼mÄ- A-Xp- {]-l-k\wB-Ip-¶p- F-¶- X-X-z-¯n-sâ km-[q-I-c-Ww- -t]m-se a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ F-¡m-es¯bpw- an-I-¨- kn-\n-a-I-fn-Â- H-¶m-b1986 Â- ]p-d-¯n-d-§n-b- "A-½- A-dn-bm-³-' F-¶- -Pm¬- F-{_-lmwkn-\n-a-¡pw- ]p-g- ap-X-Â- ]p-g- htcbv¡pw- Nn-e- B-Ivkvan-I-§-fm-bkam-\-X-I-Ä- D-ïv. c-ïpw- P-\-§-fpsS I-¿n-Â- \n-¶v ]-Ww]n-cns¨Sp-¯p- \n-À-½n-¨-Xm-Wv, c-ïn-epw- -tPmbv am-Xyp- F-¶- \-S-³A-`n-\-bn-¨n-«p-ïv. F-¶m-Â- Cu- c-ïp- kn-\n-a-bpw- apt¶m«v h-bv¡p-¶-Xv H-cn-¡-epw- ka-c-k-s¸Sm-¯- c-ïp- cm-{ão-b- h-gn-Isfbm-Wv. A-½- A-dn-bm-³- am-\-ho-I-X-bpsS a-l-X-z-¯n-sâ IqsS -tNÀ-¶p-\n-Â-¡pt¼mÄ- ]p-g- ap-X-Â- ]p-g- hsc N-cn-{Xs¯ A-]-\n-À-an-Xn- \-S-¯n- a-\p-jy- a-\-Êp-I-fn-Â- -shdp-¸n-sâ, h-À-Ko-b-X-bpsS, kv]-À-[- bpsS ]p-Xn-b- am-\-§-Ä- kr-ãn-¡p-¶p-. Np-cp-¡-¯n-Â- kn-\n-a-bpsS cm-{ão-bw- F-¯n- \n-Â-¡p-¶-Xv cm-a-tkXp-hn-Â- \n-¶pw- ]p-g- ap-X-Â- ]p-g- hscbn-Â- B-Wv F-¶-Xm-Wv C-¶n-sâ bm-Ym-À-Yyw-. A-XpsImïv Xs¶ C-S-Xp]-£- ]ptcmK-a-\- ]-£t¯mSv -tNÀ-¶p-\n-Â-¡p-¶-h-cpsS h-en-bD-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w- Xn-cp-¯s¸«- -sXäp-I-Ä-¡v -t\-scbp-Å]-S-¸p-d-¸m-Sp-I-f-Ã- a-dn-¨v D-b-À-¶p- h-cp-¶- Cu- kmw-kvIm-cn-IZp-c-h-kvY-I-Ä-¡v F-Xnscbp-Å- i-à-am-b- {]-Xntcm[-hpw{]-Nm-c-W-§-fp-am-Wv. A-XpsImïv Xs¶ C-¶v H-cp- kaq-lwF-¶- co-Xn-bn-Â- a-\p-jy-³- -ssIh-cn-¨n-«p-Å- am-\-ho-Iaq-ey-§-fpsS D-b-À-¶- am-\-Z-WvU-§-Ä- D-]tbmKn-¨v C-¶-es¯ I-esb, km-ln-Xys¯, kn-\n-asb A-f-¡p-¶-Xv A-\p-Nn-X-am-bH-cp- {]-{In-b- B-Ipw-. ]-ïp-b-À-¶p- -tI«- kv{Xo- hn-cp-²-X-I-fpsS C-g-Io-dn-bp-Å- ]-cntim[-\-Isf¡m-Ä-, C-S-Xp-]-£- ]ptcmK-a-\]-£-¯p- \n-Â-¡p-¶-h-À- D-XvI-WvT-s¸-tSï-Xv cm-atkXp-hn-eqsS, Im-ivao-cn- files eqsS, ]p-g- ap-X-Â- ]p-g- hsc bn-eqsS \-ap-¡n-S-bnte¡v I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶- -shdp-¸n-sâ hntZzj-¯n-â- cm-{ão-bs¯¡p-dn-¨v Xs¶bm-Wv. C-cp-«v ap-dn-bnse C-Ãm-¯- I-dp-¯- ]q-¨sb X-¸n- \-S-¡p-¶-h-À- -t\-sc ap-³-]n-Â-shÅn- -shfn-¨-¯n-Â- \n-Â-¡p-¶- ]p-ensb Im-Wm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶A-h-kvY-¡v am-äw- htcï-Xp-ïv. Im-e-L-«w- B-h-iys¸Sp-¶G-ä-hpw- h-en-b- cm-{ão-b- kmw-kvIm-cn-I- {]-h-À-¯-\wA-Xp-Xs¶bm-Wv.

a-\p-jy-\pw{]-Xn-a-bpw-

H-cp-]m-Sv a-\p-jy-cp-Å- H-cp- \m-«n-Â- H-cp- h-en-b- {]-Xn-a-bpw- H-cpa-\p-jy-\p-ap-ïm-bn-cn-¶p- {]-Xn-a-bpsS D-b-c-am-Is« ]-cp-´p-Isf¡m-Ä- ap-I-fn-epw-. a-\p-jy-\m-Is« {]-Xn-a-bpsS Im-Â-]m-Z-§tfmfw- -t]mepw- G-XmB- Iq-\n- Ip-dp-In-b- cq-]w-. {]-Xn-a-bpsS Im-gv¨- -taL-]-c-¸p-Itfmfw- D-b-c-¯n-em-bn-cn-¶p-, a-\p-jy-sâ-tXm X-sâ Du-¶p- h-Sn- Ip-¯p-¶- a-®nte¡v Xm-gv¶-Xpw- A-Xv -sImïv Xs¶ A-h-À- X-½n-Â- I-ïn-«v Im-e-§-fm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-. F-¦n-epw- A-h-À- ]-c-kv]-cw- A-dn-ªp-.

D-b-c-§-fn-Â- \n-¶v Xmtg¡v -t\m¡m-\m-hmsX B-Ip-es¸«v {]-Xn-a- Hm-À-¯p-, At±lw- Xn-cns¨¯n-bn-ÃtÃm. Zqsc F-hnsS \nt¶m a-c-W- ho-«nse I-Sn- In-¨-Sn-bpsS K-Ôw- A-Xn-cq-£-am-bnF-¯n-bt¸mgm-Wv B- a-\p-jy-³- Du-¶p- h-Sn-bq-´n- ]m-ªp-t]mb-Xv. C-S-bv-s¡-t¸m-tgm "am-\n-jm-Z-' F-¶- hn-fn- D-b-À-¶p-tI«-Xv Hm-À-¯p- A-Xn-\v -tij-am-Wv A-hnsS H-cp- iq-ew- D-b-À-¶p-s]m§n-b-Xv. "C-Ã- h-cpw-' {]-Xn-a- Im-¯n-cp-¶p-. Im-¯n-cn-¸ns\mSp-hn-Â- X-sâ ]m-Z-§-Ä-¡-Sp-¯p- Du-¶p- h-SnX-«n-bt¸mÄ- {]-Xn-a- B-\-µw- -sImïv ]p-f-In-X-\m-bn-. a-\-Êv -sImïv B-enw-K-\w- -sNbvXp-.

H-cp-]m-Sv -tNmZy-§-fp-ïm-bn-cp-¶p- {]-Xn-a-¡v, a-\p-jy-\pw- H-cp-]m-Sv ]-d-bm-\p-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. a-c-W-Xm-WvU-h-§-fpsS C-S-bn-Â- \n-¶v Hm-Sn- h-¶- a-\p-jy-sâ a-\-Êv a-c-hn-¨p- -t]mbn-cp-¶p-. A-h-À-¡n-S-bn-Â- a-u-\w- hym-]n-¨p-.

-sXän-b-Xv F-hnsSbm-Wv, A-Ã- -sXäv ]-än-bn-cpt¶m c-ïv -t]cpwHm-À-¯p-.

a-u-\w- ]-S-À-¶p- I-b-dn- kzm-X-{´y-¯n-\v ap-I-fn-Â- h-e-I-Ä-s\bvXp- -sImïn-cp-¶p-. {]-Xn-a- X-sâ ]-cn-an-Xn-I-ÄA-\p-{K-l-am-bn- I-ïp- B-i-z-kn-¨p-. a-\p-jy-\m-Is« ]-ip-hn-sâ I-c-¨n-en-\-¸p-d-ap-Å- a-\p-jy-sâ a-c-W- -tcm[-\-§-fpwkXy-¯n-sâ Nn-X-bn-Â- \n-¶pb--cp-¶- ]p-I-bptaäv, GtXm a-{´wD-cp-hn-«v ]-e-Ip-dn- a-cn-¨p- ho-Wp-. {]-Xn-a- B- a-{´-¯n-\m-bnImtXmÀ-¯p- -tIÄ-¡m-\m-bn-Ã-.......

A-§s\ H-cp- \m-fn-em-Wv Zqsc ]p-I-bp-b-cp-¶-Xv {]-Xn-aD-b-c-§-fn-Â- \n-¶v I-ï-Xv. {]-Xn-I-cn-¡m-\m-hmsX h-¶t¸mÄA-a-À-j-hpw- a-dp-`m-K-¯p- B-i-zm-khpw- A-\p-`-hn-¨p-. At¸m-tg¡pw- -s]®p-S-Â- I-cn-bp-¶- K-Ôw- a-\p-jy-\n-Â- F-¯nI-gn-ªn-cp-¶p-. As¶mcp- \m-fn-Â- kXy-¯n-sâ hn-P-bs¯ -sh«nIo-dn-bt¸mÄ- -sX¡pw- h-S-¡pw- ]-Sn-ªm-dpw- Hm-Snsb¯n-b- AtX -thK-¯n-Â- A-hntS¡v ]m-ªp-. At¸m-tg¡pw- B- Nn-Xa-\p-jys\ -sh«n-¨p- F-cn-ªp- Xo-À-¶n-cp-¶p-. \n-cm-i-\m-bn- Xn-cn-¨ph-¶- a-\p-jy-³- kXyw- ho-ïpw- Nn-X-bn-Â- F-cn-ªp-t]mbtXmÀ-¯v C-Ss\©n-Â- -shSn-bp-ïtbäns«¶- -t]m-se D-ds¡ \n-e-hn-fn-¨p- ho-ïpw- a-cn-¨p- ho-Wp-. ]s£ C-¯-h-W- {]-Xn-a- B- a-{´w- D-ds¡ -tI«p-tl dmw-! -tl dmw-!

P-\m-e-bn-Â- Iq-Sn- -t\m¡pt¼mÄIm-gvN-I-fn-Â- ]p-I-a-d- \n-d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p-. a-§n-b- P-\m-e-¨n-Ãp-I-Ä- amtäïn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-.

A-Ise \n-¶p-ap-b-cp-¶- _m-¦v hn-fn-bn-ÂD-¨-a-Wn-bpsS ap-g-¡w- Rm-³- -tI«p-. \n-kvIm-c-¯-g-¼p-Å- -s\än-bn-Â- X-S-hpt¼mÄ-sh«n-¯n-f-§n-b- I-®m-Sn- hm-Xn-ep-I-Ä]-Xnsb F-\n-¡p- ap-¶n-Â- Xp-d-¡s¸«p-. Xp-d-¶n-«- hm-Xn-en-Â-¡q-Sn- Im-hnse I-cn-´n-cn-bpsS K-Ô-hpw- am-Xm-hn-sâ cq-]-¡q-«n-Â- \n-d-ªpI-¯n-b- -sagp-Ip-Xn-cn-I-fpw- I-S-¶p- h-¶p-. H-¸w- \n-dsb Nn-cn-bp-am-bn-, Im-Xp- \n-dsb h-f-bn-«- aq-¯p-½-bpw-...

A-¶v ]-I-ep-I-fn-Â- hm-Xn-ep-I-Ä- _-Ôn-¡s¸«n-cp-¶n-ÃP-\m-e-I-fpsS ]m-fn-I-Ä- kz-X-{´-cm-bn-cp-¶p-. -t\À-¯- Xn-c-Èo-e-I-Ä- cm-hn-\pw- ]-I-en-\pwHtc-t]m-se kz-´-am-bn-cp-¶pcm-{Xn-bpsS C-cp-fnte¡m-gp-¶- \n-im-K-Ôn-bpsS D-·m-ZwD-S-ep-I-fnte¡v kz-X-{´-am-bn- F-¯nt¨À-¶n-cp-¶p-. an-¶p-¶- Nq-«pshfn-¨-¯n-Â- ]-S-À-¶- an-¯p- -sNdn-bm-³- hn-P-\-X-bpsS hm-ßo-Iw- hm-bn-¡ms\mcp-§ncm-hn-sâ hn-c-kX-bn-Â- R-§-Ä- Nn-e-ÀH-cp- Xo-¸-´w- -sImfp-¯n-.. Xp-ey-Zp-xJn-X-À-.. a-Zy-cm-{X-¯nsemcp- ap-kÂ-am-³- cm-hn-\p- -sXäm-dn-Ã-, cm-hp-d-§m-dn-Ã-, cm-hm-Wv lr-Zyw- ! a-S-§n- -t]m-tIï-h-ftà \o-? Iq-S-Wtbï-h-Ä-?

I-Ån-sâ K-Ô-ap-Å- ]m-«n-sâ io-ep-I-Ä-t\À-¯- Xm-ft¯m-sS Xp-d-¶n-«hm-Xn-ep-I-Ä- kzo-I-cns¨¶nse¯n-¨n-cp-¶p-. a-b-§n-b- a-ª- -shfn-¨-¯n-Â- D-d-§n-b- -sXcp-hp-I-Äkz-X-{´-cpw- \n-kzm-À-°-cp-am-bn-cp-¶pF-sâ P-\m-e-bn-Â- Iq-SnRms\Ãmw- I-ïp- \n-¶n-cp-¶pC-¶v, aq-S-Â- ]-S-À-¶- an-gn-I-fn-ÂF-sâ I-®m-Sn- P-\-ep-I-Ä- a-ª-¸p- ]-S-À-¶pIm-gvN-I-fn-Â- \n-¶pw- Rm-³- kz-X-{´-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-.

]p-e-cn-bpsS -s\©-I-¯v -sImgn-ªp- In-S-¶-t\mhn-e-Isf IqsS¡q-«n-..

Du-Xns¡Sp-¯n-b- ]-cn-`-h-¯nsemcpNn-cm-Xn-sâ \m-fw- -tXSnsb¯n-..

]-Itemsâ N-Xn-bn-Â- ]n-cntbïn- h-¶I-®o-À- Xp-jm-c-hpw- -tNÀ-¶n-cp-¶p-..

C-cp-«n-Â- \-aps¡´p- `n-¶-Xsb-t¶mXnsbmcpi-e-`w- Nn-X-ens\ -sa-sà ]p-W-À-¶p-..

\-¼q-cn-¡p-«n-bp-am-bn- H-fnt¨mSn-..

C-WtNÀ-¶p- X-f-À-¶- \m-Ksam¶p- No-dn\osb´m- C-hnsS? C-hnsSbn-Sw- \n-\-¡n-Ã-!

]p-e-cn-bpsS -ssZÀ-Lys¯ \m-«y-§-fn-Â- Xn-cp-InkvYm-bn-X-z-¯n-\m-bv a-ämtcm BtIï-h-Ä- !

Xq-en-Im-X-{´w- a-\-x¸m-T-am-¡n-b-h-Ä-, -t\mhp-I-«sb D-cp-¡nsbSp-¯v am-bw- I-e-À-¯p-¶-h-Ä- !! -s]mbvap-Jw- -t]dp-¶-h-Ä-, asämcp-P-\p-Êv!!

AsX, Iq-S-Wtbï-h-fm-Wv! Rm-³- Ip-X-dntbmSn-..

A-a-À-¯n-¸n-Sn-¨- Xo-¸-´w- B-bp-sʯmsX -sI«-S-§n-.. hm-¡m-bpw- hm-Ä-¯-e-bm-bpw- Rm-³- F-gp-Xn- ap-gp-an-¨p-.. Asæn-epw- F-\ns¡´n-\m-Wo- I-cn-´n-cn- ?

F-sâ cm-{Xn-I-Ä-¡v Xs¶bm-Wv

]-I-ens\¡m-Ä- -shfn-¨w- Iq-Sp-X-Â-!

Po-hn-X-amw- bm-{X-bn-ÂFs¶ G-Im-In-bm-¡n-b- -s]m³-Xq-hte hn-[n-bpsS ]m-X-bn-Â- A-I-¶-Ise Hm-Sn-b-tXmgs\ \o- C-\n- Hm-À-½- am-{Xw-

IqsS h-cp-hm-\m-bv Iq-«pt]mIm-\m-bv C-\n- \o- Csö-Xm-Wv kXyw\mw- C-cn-¡m-dp-Å- ]p-fn-a-ct¨m«n-emX-\nsb Rm-³- Hm-À-¡p-¶p- \ns¶

XqshÅs¡mSntb´n- ap-ãn- Np-cp-«n\o- ap-g-¡ps¶mcm- ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw- F-³-I-À-®]-S-§-fn-Â- X-§n-\n-Â-¡pt¼mgm -tXmÀ-¡p-¶p- \o-bnsö- kXyw-

B- Ip-f-¡-S-hn-Â- G-I-\m-bn- -t]mbt¸mÄA-dn-ªn-Ã- \o- F-\nt¡mÀ-½- am-{Xw\o- X-¶- Hm-À-½-I-Ä- am-{Xw- a-Xnsb\n -s¡mcp- \q-dp- h-À-j-§-Ä- Po-hn-¡p-hm-³- .

Nn-In-Õm- cw-Ks¯

B-Zy-Im-e- kv{Xo A-S-bm-fs¸Sp-¯-ep-I-Ä

-tPm_n- -t__n-,\-gvkv,Ipsshäv tIc-f-¯n-Â-

-kv{Xo-I-Ä- F-´v -sImïm-Wv -sshZy‘-sXmgn-en-S-¯p-’ A-S-bm-fs¸Sp-¯s¸SmsX -t]mb-Xv F-¶At\zj-W-¯n-Â- N-cn-{X- ]p-kvX-I-§tfm,- tcJ-Itfm -t\m¡n-bm-Â- In-«p-¶- B-Zy- D-¯-cw- kv{Xo-I-Ä- -sshZyhr-¯n-bn-Â- ]p-cp-j-·mtc¡m-Ä- ]p-d-In-em-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶m-Wv.sshZyw- -sXmgn-Â- F-¶-Xnt\¡m-Ä-, Cu-i-z-c- A-\p-{K-lsa¶v I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-¶- H-cp- Im-e-¯p- ap-Jy-[m-c-bn-Â- kv{Xo- km-¶n-[y-hpw]-¦m-fn-¯-hpw- h-fsc Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-¶p-. kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡v ]-cn-io-en-¡m-³- A-\p-hm-Z-ap-Å- G-I- ¢n-\n-¡-Â- -sXmgn-Âan-Ussh^-dn- B-bn-cp-¶p-F-¶- kq-N-\-I-Ä- N-cn-{X-¯n-Â- \n-¶pwhm-bns¨Sp-¡mw-. an-Ussh^-dn- kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-epwin-ip-]-cn-]m-e-\-¯n-epw- A-h-À- an-I-hv ]p-e-À-¯n-bn-cp-¶p-.A-Xn-\ph-À-K- h-À-®- Im-e- -tZi- hy-Xym-k§-Ä- C-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-.

-sshZy-im-kv{X-¯nse kv{Xo-I-fpsS km-¶n-[yw- A-S-bm-f s¸Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ B-Zy- -tcJ-I-Ä- e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv ]p-cm-X-\{Ko-kn-Â- \n-¶m-Wv.F-¶m-Â- A-Xn-\p- apt¶bpw- B- km-¶n-[ywD-ïm-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡pw- F-¶p-Å-Xv -tIh-e- _p-²n-bn-Â- Xs¶ a-\-kn-em-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. Cu-Pn-]vXy-³- kw-kvIm-c-¯n-sâ B-Zy-Im-e- cm-P-hw-i-¯n-Â- -sadn-äv-]vXm-lvs\ ap-Jy- -sshZy-³F-¶v hntijn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw-. A-Xv -t]m-se -t{SmP-³- bp-²-¯n-\v ap-³-]v ]p-cm-X-\- {Ko-knse -tcmK-im-´n-¡m-c-\m-bn- -tlma-À- hn-h-cn-¨- hy-àn-bm-Wv A-Km-ao-Zp-. A-Km-ao-Zp-hns\¡p-dn-¨p-Å- hn-h-c-W-§-fn-Â- A-h-À- ]p-cp-jt\m kv{Xotbm F-¶p-Å-Xv ]-et¸mgpw- kw-i-b-am-Wv. Nn-et¸m-sgm-s¡ B- hn-h-c-W-§-Ä- A-h-À- H-cp- ]p-cp-j-³BsW¶m-Wv kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. A-hsc¡p-dn-¨p-Å- Nn-eNn-{X-§-fn-epw-, h-c-I-fn-epw- kv{Xo- i-co-c- {]-Ir-Xw- D-Å-Xv -sImïv am-{X-am-Wv A-h-À- kv{Xo- F-¶v I-cp-Xs¸Sp-¶-Xv.A-¡m-e-L-«-¯n-Â- C-¯-cw- H-cp- ]p-cp-j- -thjwNn-et¸mÄ- A-h-À-¡p- B-h-iy-am-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡pw-.

_n-.kn- \m-emw- \q-äm-ïn-Â- G-Y-³-kn-Â-, \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn- {]m-Îo-kv -sNbvX- B-Zys¯ h-\n-Xm- ^n-kn-jy-\m-bn-cp-¶p- AtámUn-kv.tdma-³- F-gp-¯p-Im-c-\m-b- Kym-e-kv Pq-en-b-kv -sslPo-³-kv X-³sd ‘^m-_v -se’ bn-Â- AtámUn-kv -s\¡p-dn-¨phn-h-cn-¡p-¶p-ïv. A-h-cpsS I-Y- ]-et¸mgpw- an-Ussz^-dnAsæn-Â- -saUn-kn-³- ]-cn-io-en-¡p-¶- kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡v H-cpam-Xr-I-bmtbm F-Xn-À-hm-Z-amtbm Hs¡ D-]tbmKn-¨v Im-Wp-¶p-ïv. N-cn-{X-¯n-Â- C-§ns\bp-Å- Nn-e- -tcJs¸Sp-¯-ep-I-ÄD-Åt¸mgpw- kv{Xo-bpsS H-cp- -sXmgn-Â- -taJ-e-bm-bn- -sshZy-hpw]-cn-N-c-W-hpw- I-S-¶p- h-cp-¶-Xv ]-Xnt\gmw- \q-äm-ïnsâ A-h-km-\-¯n-epw- ]-Xns\«mw- \q-äm-ïn-³sd Xp-S-¡-¯n-ep-am-Wv.

A-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ C-S-\m-gn-I-fn-eqsS I-S-¶p- -t]m-tIïn- h-¶Im-e-L-«-¯n-\p- apt¶ C-´y-bnse kv{Xo-I-fn-Â- an-¡-h-cpw-Xs¶ -sshZy-cw-K-hp-am-bn- _-Ôs¸«n-cp-¶p-. kp-{ip-X-kw-ln-X-bn-Â]-d-bp-¶- i-kv{X-{In-b- Im-ew- ap-X-Â- Xs¶ C-´y-³- kv{Xo-I-ÄNn-In-Õm- cw-K-¯v D-ïm-bn-cp-¶psh¶v -thWsa¦n-Â- ka-À-Yn-¡mw-. ]s£ ap-Jy-am-b- A-S-bm-fs¸Sp-¯-ep-I-Ä- Isï¯p-I{]-bm-kam-Wv. C-Xn-lm-k§-fpw- ]p-cm-W-§-fpw- im-k\-§-fpw- an-¡- Ip-e-§-fn-epw- kap-Zm-b-§-fn-epw- D-Å- kv{Xo-I-fn-ÂNn-esc¦n-epw- {]-kh-kw-_-Ô-am-b- Nn-In-Õ¡p- ]p-dsa hn-hn-[]-I-À-¨- hym-[n-I-fpsS Nn-In-Õbn-epw- hn-j-Nn-In-Õbn-epw\n-]p-W-cm-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶-Xn-\v [m-cm-fw- -sXfn-hp-I-Ä- Isï¯m-³I-gn-bpw-. AsXmcp-]s£ F-gp-Xs¸«- N-cn-{X-am-hn-Ã-; hmsamgnh-g-¡-§-fn-eqtSbpw-, {]-Io-À-¯-\-§-fn-eqtSbpw-, I-Y-I-fn-eqtSbpwB-hpw- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-³- I-gn-bp-¶-Xv. A-Sp-¯- Im-e-¯p- C-d-§n-b‘P-bv `ow-’ F-¶- Nn-{X-¯n-Â- `-À-¯m-hns\ ]m-¼p- ]n-Sn-¡m-³]-d-ªp- hn-Sp-¶-Xn-\p- apt¶ A-bm-Ä-¡v Nn-e- a-cp-¶p-I-Ä- \-Â-Inbm-{X-bm-¡p-¶- sk³-Kn-Wn- B- Nn-In-Õm- ]m-c-¼-cy- Xp-S-À-¨-bpsS D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. kv{Xo-I-fn-Â- Pm-Xn- a-X- hy-Xym-kan-ÃmsX Cu]m-c-¼-cyw- Xp-S-À-¶n-cp-¶p- F-¶-Xv bm-Ym-À-Yy-am-Wv. -tIc-f-¯nse ]m-c-¼-cy- Nn-In-Õm- k{¼-Zm-b-¯n-Â- Im-Wm-³- I-gn-bp-¶- H-cp-t]cm-Wv ‘-the-³- -shdn-bm-«v’ F-¶-Xv. -sshZyw- -sXmgn-em-bnkzo-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶- -the-³- kap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ Nn-In-Õm- co-XnA-dn-bs¸«n-cp-¶-Xv -the-³- -shdn-bm-«v F-¶m-Wv. Cu- k{¼-Zm-b-¯n-Â]p-cp-js\m¸w- kv{Xo-bv¡pw- A-h-Im-i-ap-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. A-Xv -t]m-se Xs¶ ]p-Åp-h- kap-Zm-b-¯n-epw- ]m-W-³kap-Zm-b-¯n-epw- A-§ns\ G-ItZiw- F-Ãm- kap-Zm-b-§-fn-epwD-Å- kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡p- hn-j- Nn-In-Õbn-epw- ]m-c-¼-cyNn-In-Õbn-epw- i-à-am-b- kzm-[o-\w- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶-Xv bm-Ym-À-Yy-am-Wv.

Nn-e-cpsS-sb¦n-epw- -t]cp-I-Ä- ]-d-bpt¼mgpw- ]q-À-W-am-b- ‘kv{Xo-sshZy-À-’ F-¶- A-S-bm-fs¸Sp-¯-ep-I-Ä- Np-cp-¡-am-Wv. -ssP\-a-X-¯nse k\ym-kn-\n- F-¶v hntijn-¸n-¡m-hp-¶]-Zvam-h-Xn- -sshZy-hn-im-c-Z-bmsW¶p- kq-N-\-I-Ä- D-ïv. _p-²-a-Xk-t¦X-§-fn-epw- bq-Wnthgvkn-än-I-fn-epw- -sshZyw- \-¶m-bnA-dn-bp-¶-, {]tbmKn-¨n-cp-¶- kv{Xo-Isf¸-än- ]-d-bp-¶p-ïv. AtimI-³sd im-k\-¯n-Â- {io-e-¦-bnte¡v -t]mIp-¶kw-L-an-{Xsb (AtimI-sâ ]p-{Xn-) -sshZy-¯n-ÂA-dn-hp-Å-h-fm-bm-Wv kq-Nn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. bp-²-§-Ä- \-S-¶n-cp-¶-thf-I-fn-Â- ap-dn-hv ]-än-bn-cp-¶- -t]mcm-fn-Isf ip-{iq-jn-¡m-\pwap-dn-hp-W-¡m-\pw- kv{Xo-Isf \ntbmKn-¨n-cp-¶-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw-. kw-L-Im-es¯ Nn-e- Ir-Xn-I-Ä- C-Xn-\p- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

F-¶m-Â-, -sIm-tfmWn-b-Â- Im-e-L-«-¯n-Â-, ka-kvX- -taJ-e-I-fn-epwA-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- \-S-¯n-b-Xn-eqsS `-c-W-Iq-SwHmtcmbn-S-§-fn-epw- \n-e-hn-ep-ïm-bn-cp-¶- Xt±io-b-am-bNn-In-Õm- k{¼-Zm-b-§tfbpw- co-Xn-Itfbpw- H-gn-hm-¡ns¡mïv ]p-Xn-b-k{¼-Zm-b-§sf B-hn-jv¡-cn-¨p-. C-Xv {]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-am-bpwA-\p-`-h-]-c-am-bpw- A-Xn-i-à-am-b- C-Ss]S-Â- B-bn-cp-¶p-. -tImf-\n-h-Â-¡-cn-¡s¸«-htbmSv, (a-\p-jy-\m-bm-epw-, {]-Ir-Xn-bnse atä-sXmcp- hn-j-b-am-bm-epw-) bmsXmcp- X-c-¯n-ep-Å- A-\p-I-¼tbm, hnt[b-X-ztam C-Ãm-Xn-cp-¶- `-c-W-Iq-Sw-, A-h-cpsS -t\«-§-Ä-¡m-bn\-S-¯n-b- C-¯-cw- C-Ss]S-ep-I-Ä- -tImf-\n-h-Â-¡-cn-¡s¸«- kaq-lwXn-cn-¨-dn-ªnsöp- am-{Xw-. A-§ns\ A-[n-Im-c-{]tbmK-¯n-\m-bpwA-Xn-³sd \n-e-\n-ev]n-\m-bpw- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¯- D-]-I-c-W-§-ÄIr-Xy-am-bn- D-]tbmKs¸Sp-¯m-³- I-gn-ªp- F-¶-bn-S-¯p\n-¶p-am-Wv C-´y-bnse B-[p-\n-I- (]m-Ým-Xy-) Nn-In-Õmk{¼-Zm-b-¯n-\v H-cp- ‘-s]mXp- ap-Jw-’ -ssIh-cp-¶-Xv. cm-{ão-b-am-bpw`-c-W-]-c-am-bpw- H-«-\-h-[n- hntbmPn-¸p-I-Ä- D-Å- Im-e-¯p-t]mepw- C-¯-cw- -s]mXp- kw-hn-[m-\-§sf \ntj[n-¡mt\m H-gn-hm-¡mt\m H-cp- kaq-l-¯n-\pw- I-gn-ªn-Ã-.C-´y-bn-ÂG-ä-hp-a-[n-Iw- I-ïp-h-¶n-cp-¶- ]-I-À-¨-hym-[n-Isfbpw-, a-äp-tcmK-§sfbpw- -t\cn-Sp-¶-Xn-\v C-¯-csamcp- -s]mXp- kw-hn-[m-\wB-h-iy-amsW¶- -t_m[w- kaq-l-¯n-Â- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¡m-³-sIm-tfmWn-b-Â- `-c-W- kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-\v -thK-¯n-Â- I-gn-ªp-.sIm-tfmWn-b-en-k¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bn- D-b-À-¶p- h-¶- CuA-[n-Im-c- kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv G-Io-Ir-X- kz-`m-h-¯nte¡v -sshZys¯bpw- ]-cn-N-c-W-hn-`m-Kt¯bpw- H-cp-an-¨p- -tNÀ-¯-Xv C-´y-bnse Ip-Spw-_- kw-hn-[m-\s¯ G-ä-hp-a-[n-Iw- _p-²n-ap-«n-¨H-cp- BtcmKy- {]-iv\-am-bn-cp-¶p- {]-kh-hpw- A-\p-_-Ô- hn-j-b-§-fpw-; AtXm-sSm¸-ap-ïm-Ip-¶- A-½-am-cptSbpw- \-h-Pm-Xin-ip-¡-fptSbpw- a-c-W-§-fpw-.F-{XsbÃmw- hn-Z-Kv[- tkh-\we-`n-¨m-epw- C-¡m-cy-¯n-Â- Pm-Xn- hy-Xym-kap-ïm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã-. \n-e-hn-ep-ïm-bn-cp-¶- BtcmKy-kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-\p- ]-cn-lm-cwIsï¯m-³- I-gn-bm-Xn-cp-¶- Cu- {]-iv\-¯n-\v D-Nn-X-am-ba-dp-]-Sn-bm-Wv B-[p-\n-I- -sshZyw- \-Â-In-b-Xv.AtXmSp-Iq-SnB-[p-\n-I- -sshZy-¯nt\mSp-Å- hn-ap-J-X- am-dp-I-bpw- A-Xns\ kzo-I-cn-¡m-\p-Å- a-\-kp-ïm-Ip-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-.

-tI{µo-Ir-X-a-Ãm-Xn-cp-¶- ]-e-hy-h-kvY-I-fpw- -tI{µo-I-cn-¡s¸«ph-¶- Cu- Im-e-L-«-¯n-em-Wv C-´y-bnse {]tXyIn-¨pw-tIc-f-¯nse kv{Xo-I-Ä- -sshZy-cw-Kt¯¡p- I-S-¶p- h-¶-Xv. C-Xns\ B-g-¯nte¡v klm-bn-¨- asämcp- L-S-I-am-bn-cp-¶p-tIc-f-¯n-ep-ïm-b- km-aq-ly- a-X- \-ho-I-c-W- {]-kvYm-\-§-Ä-. X-§-fpsS Ip-ªp-§-fpsS \n-c-´-c-am-b- A-kp-J-§sf¡p-dn-¨pwa-äpw- -thh-em-Xns¸«- -sXmgn-em-fn- kv{Xo-Isf {io-\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cpD-]tZin-¨-Xv C-¡m-e-b-f-hn-em-Wv. A-kp-J-§-Ä- H-gn-hm-¡m-\pw-, B-bp-Êp- \o-«n-¡n-«p-¶-Xn-\pw- {]m-À-°-\tbm h-gn-]mtSm -sIm«n-¸m-S-ep-Itfm am-{X-a-Ã- -thïsX¶pw- G-ä-hpw- A-Xym-h-iywhr-¯n-lo-\-am-b- Np-äp-]m-Sp-Isf C-Ãm-bva- -sN-t¿ï-Xm-Wv F-¶pwA-hsc -t_m[ys¸Sp-¯n-b-Xv At±l-am-Wv. -sXmgn-en-S-§-fn-Â\n-¶v -ssII-gp-ImsXbpw- -tZlw- \-\-bv¡msXbpw- -tNdpw-sNfn-bp-am-bn- Ip-ªp-§sf ]m-eq-«p-I- -t]mep-a-cpsX¶p- At±lwA-hsc -t_m[ys¸Sp-¯p-I-bp-ïm-bn-. AtXm-sSm¸w-, D-]tbmKn-¡p-¶-shÅ-¯n-sâ ip-Nn-X-z-hpw- Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶-bn-S-§-fnse ip-Nn-X-z-hpw{]m-[m-\y-a-À-ln-¡p-¶psh¶p- A-hsc -t_m[ys¸Sp-¯n-b-XpwAt±l-am-Wv. Kp-cp-hns\ ]n-´p-S-À-¶p-ïm-b- km-aq-ln-I- am-ä-§-Ä-tIc-f-¯nse kv{Xo-I-fpsS hy-àn- ip-Nn-X-z-¯n-epw- km-aq-ln-Iip-Nn-X-z-¯n-epw- am-ä-ap-ïm-¡n-b-Xm-bn- N-cn-{Xw- -shfn-hm-¡p-¶p-. 1880 -\ptij-am-Wv kv{Xo-I-fpsS -sshZy-cw-Kt¯¡p-Å- Xp-d-¶{]thi-\w- D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xv.

1885- Â-, kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡v -saUn-¡-Â- hn-Zym-`ym-khpw- kv-tImf-À-jn-¸pw\-Â-Ip-¶-Xn-\m-bn- I-u-ï-kv Hm-^v U-^-dn-³- ^-ïv kvYm-]n-¡s¸«p-. -tIc-f-¯nse BtcmKy- ]-cn-]m-e-\- km-l-N-cy-¯n-Â-, \m-b-ÀPm-Xn-bn-Âs¸«- \m-ev H-_vkvä-{Sn-Iv \-gvkp-am-À- A-h-cpsS ]-cn-io-e-\w]q-À-¯n-bm-¡n- {]-kh-Nn-In-Õbn-Â- ]s¦Sp-¡m-³- Xp-S-§n-b- 1871 ap-X-Â- kv{Xo-Isf BtcmKy -{]-h-À-¯-I-cm-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡m-³Xp-S-§n-. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse `-c-W- kw-hn-[m-\w- -sIm-tfmWn-b-Â`-c-Wt¯mSv -tNÀ-¶p- \n-¶n-cp-¶p- F-¶-Xv -sImïm-Wv am-ä-¯n-sâ Xp-S-¡- Im-ew- ap-X-Â- Xs¶ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡v B-[p-\n-I- -sshZy-¯ntâbpw-, Nn-In-Â-k {]tbmK-¯n-tâbpw- `m-K-am-Im-³- I-gn-ª-Xv. 1895 Â- -tImgnt¡mSv `m-K-¯p- B-cw-`n-¨- B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-Â- kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡pw- Ip-«n-I-Ä-¡p-am-bn12 -s_Up-I-Ä- \o-¡n- h-¨v -sImïm-Wv h-S-¡-³- -tIc-f-¯nse kv{Xo-Isfbpw- B-[p-\n-I- B-ip-]-{XnNn-In-Â-k k{¼-Zm-b-¯nte¡pF-¯n-¨-Xv. 1837 Â- kzm-Xn- Xn-cp-\m-Ä- -ssX¡m-Sv B-cw-`n-¨B-ip-]-{Xn-bpw- kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡pw- Ip-«n-I-Ä-¡pw- {]tXyI- {i-²\-Â-Im-\p-X-Ip-¶- co-Xn-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p-. 1870 Â- {]-kh-kw-_-Ô-am-bIm-cy-§-Ä-¡p- {]tXyI- {i-²- \-Â-Ip-¶- co-Xn-bn-Â- I-zo-³hntÎmdn-b- Pq-_n-en- -sa-t½mdn-b-Â- B-ip-]-{Xn- -sImÃ-¯pwB-cw-`n-¨p-. A-hnsS \n-¶v am-Xrin-ip- -t£a- -tI{µ-§-fn-ÂBtcmKy-{]-h-À-¯-I-cm-bn- -tPmen- -sN¿m-³- kv{Xo-Isf tNÀ-¯p-. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-epw- kv{Xo-Isf an-Uvssh^m-bn]-cn-io-en-¸n-¡m-\p-Å- {i-a-§-Ä- \-S-¶p-.1892-Â- kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡m-bn{]tXyI- Un-kv-s]³-kdn-I-fpw- kvYm-]-\-§-fpw- a-«mt©cn-, F-d-Wm-Ip-fw-, Xr-iq-À- F-¶n-hn-S-§-fn-Â- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-.

1901- Â- -ssek³-kp-Å- 32 an-Ussh^p-am-cpw- kw-kvYm-\-saUn-¡-Â- Un-¸m-À-«v-sa³-dp-am-bn- A-^n-entbäv -sNbvX- 6 \-gvkp-am-cpw- Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-Â- km-\n-ä-dn- Un-¸m-À-«v-sa³-dp-am-bn_-Ôs¸«- F-«v h-\n-Xm- hm-Ivknt\ä-À-am-cpw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. ]s£ C-§ns\ B-cw-`n-¨- -tImgvkp-Itfm B-ip-]-{Xn-Itfm A-¶s¯ htcWy-h-À-¤-¯nse kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡m-bn- am-{Xw- am-änh-¨n-cp-¶p-. -tImgnt¡mSv ap-\n-kn-¸m-en-än-bn-Â- 1895 Â- kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡pw- Ip-«n-I-Ä-¡p-am-bn- B-cw-`n-¨-. B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-Â{_m-Ò-W-À-, \m-b-À-, bqtdm]y-·m-À- F-¶n-h-À-¡m-bn- {]tXyI-t»m¡p-I-fn-em-bn- hm-À-Up-I-fpsS H-cp- ]-c-¼-c-bm-bn-cp-¶pD-ïm-¡n-b-Xv. bptdjy-¡m-À-¡pw- a-äv Pm-Xn-¡m-À-¡pw- -thïn-bpw{]tXyI- hm-À-Up-I-Ä- D-ïm-¡n-. H-.]n-bpw- H-cp- Un-kv-s]³-kdn-bpwsk]vän-Iv -sjUv, Hm-¸tdj-³- dqw-, F-¶n-h-bpw- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. hntÎmdn-b- cm-Ún-bpsS h-{P-Pq-_n-en-bpsS kvam-c-I-am-bn-s]mXp- k_vkv{In-]vj-\p-I-fn-Â- \n-¶m-Wv C-Xv \n-À-½n-¨-Xv 34,079 -cq] sNe-hn-Â- cm-Pm- cm-a-kzm-an- ap-X-en-bm-À- 10,000 cq-]- C-Xn-sâ \n-À-½m-W-¯n-\m-bn- \-Â-In-. Im-en-¡-äv ap-\n-kn-¸-Â- I-u-¬-kn-epwa-e-_m-À- Un-kv{Sn-Îv -t_mÀ-Upw- 6000 cq-]- ho-Xw- \-Â-In-. _m-¡nXp-I- {io-a-Xn- amt{I, an-Ên-kv lm-¡-äv hn-eyw-, {io-a-Xn- -shÂ-jvkv F-¶o- aq-¶v kv{Xo-I-fpsS ]-cn-{i-a-¯n-eqsSbm-Wv Isï¯n-b-Xv. kÀ- khsse cm-a-kzm-an- ap-X-en-bm-À- F-¶m-bn-cp-¶p -BB-ip-]-{Xn-bpsS -t]cv. 1901 HtÎm_-dn-Â- -temÀ-UvA-¼n-¯n-ÂB-Wv B-ip-]-{Xn-bpsS X-d-¡-Ãn-«-Xv. ]n-¶o-Sv C-Xv ap-\n-kn-¸m-en-än-¡v -ssIam-dn-. G-{]n-en-Â- C-Xv -s]mXp-P-\-§-Ä-¡m-bn- Xp-d-¶psImSp-¯p-. 1904 B-ip-]-{Xn-bpsS Np-a-X-e-bp-Å- H-cp- -teUn- At¸m¯n-¡n-cnsb Np-a-X-es¸Sp-¯n-. ]t£ {_m-Ò-W-À-¡p-Å- hm-À-Uv h-fsc A-]q-À-h-am-bn- am-{Xta D-]tbmKn-¨n-cp-¶p-Åq-. 1905-Â- asämcphm-À-Uv ]-©-a-À-¡m-bn- \n-À-an-¨p-. 1906 – 07 Im-e-¯p- ]m-e-¡m-Sp`m-K-¯pw- kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡m-bn- B-ip-]-{Xn- B-cw-`n-¨p-. 1915 ÂB-bn-eyw- Xn-cp-\m-Ä- a-lm-cm-Pm-hv D-¶-X- Pm-Xn-bnse kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡m-bn- H-cp- B-ip-]-{Xn- Xp-d-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-. AtXka-bw]o-cptaSv `m-Ks¯ -sXmgn-em-fn-I-Ä-¡pw- kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡p-am-bn- H-cpB-ip-]-{Xn- kÀ- Sn-. am-[-h- dm-hp-hn-sâ {]-b-Xv\-^-e-am-bnD-ïm-bn-. 1938 ap-X-Â- am-Xr- in-ip- kw-c-£-W-hp-am-bn- _-Ôs¸«pXn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sâ {Km-a-{]tZi-§-fn-epw- B-ip-]-{Xn-I-ÄB-cw-`n-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-. CtXm-sSm¸w- Xs¶ an-Ussh^-dn-tImgvkv ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw- ]-cn-io-e-\w- -sImSp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-Åku-I-cy-§-Ä- B-cw-`n-¨p-. c-ïp- h-\n-Xm- -tUmÎ-À-am-cptSbpwan-Ussh^vkvtâbpw- ku-I-cy-§-Ä- G-À-¸m-Sm-¡n-b-XpwC-¡m-e-¯m-Wv.

]s¯m³-]-Xpw- C-cp-]-Xpw- \q-äm-ïp-I-fn-Â- `-c-W-Iq-Sw- B-cw-`n-¨A-[n-Im-c- {]tbmK-¯n-sâ {]mtbmKn-I-am-b- CuC-Ss]S-ep-I-fn-eqsSbm-Wv kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡m-bn- {]tXyIw- B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fpw-sXmgn-Â- A-h-kc-§-fpw- D-ïm-b-Xv. AtXm-sSm¸w- BtcmKy-]-T-\w-, hm-Ivknt\j-³-, F-¶n-hn-S-§-fn-Â- D-ïm-b- apt¶ä-hpw- A-dn-hpwkv{Xo-I-Ä-¡v Iq-Sp-X-Â- A-h-kc-§-Ä- (BtcmKy-kw-c-£-W-¯n-\pw-, -sXmgn-en-\pw-) \-Â-In-. A-Xnt\¡m-fp-]-cn- A-h-cpsS {]-b-Xv\-¯n-\pw-sXmgn-en-\pw- Aw-Ko-Im-cw- In-«m-³- Xp-S-§n-. A-h-cpsSt]cp-I-Ä- -tcJ-I-fn-Â- F-gp-Xnt¨À-¡m-³- Xp-S-§n-. kv{Xo-I-Ähn-Zym-`ym-kap-Å-h-cmsW¦n-Â- A-h-cpsS km-l-N-cy-§-Ä{]tXyIn-¨v A-h-cpsS Ip-«n-I-fpsS hn-Zym-`ym-k \n-e-hm-cw-sa¨s¸Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-Å- km-l-N-cyw- D-ïm-Ipw- F-¶- Xn-cn-¨-dn-hn-sâ, {]mtbmKn-I-X-bpsS ^-e-am-bm-Wv B-[p-\n-I- -sshZy-cw-Kt¯¡p-tIc-f-¯nse kv{Xo-I-Ä- I-S-¶p- h-¶-Xv. BtcmKyt¯bpwip-Nn-X-zt¯bpw- Ip-dn-¨p-Å- ]p-Xn-b- A-dn-hp-I-fpw- {]tbmKn-I]-cn-Úm-\-hpw- kv{Xo-I-Ä-¡v e-`n-¨t¸mÄ-, A-Xn-sâ Kp-W-^-e-§-ÄA-\p-`-hthZy-am-bt¸mÄ- B- A-dn-hv A-Sp-¯- X-e-ap-d-I-fnte¡pw]-I-cm-³-Xp-S-§n-. \n-e-hn-ep-ïm-bn-cp-¶- F-Xn-À-¸p-ItfbpwA-h-K-W-\-Itfbpw- -tXmÂ-¸n-¨v -sImïv C-´y-bn-Â- -s]mXp-hn-epw-tIc-f-¯n-Â- {]tXyIn-¨pw- h-\n-Xm- -tUmÎ-À-am-cpwBtcmKy-{]-h-À-¯-I-cpw- D-ïm-b-Xv C-¡m-e-b-f-hn-em-Wv. C-´y-bnse am-Xr- in-ip- a-c-W- \n-c-¡p-I-Ä- Ip-d-ª- B-Zy- kw-kvYm-\w- F-¶-t]cv e-`n-¡m-³- -tIc-f-¯n-\v I-gn-ª-Xpw-, -tIc-f-¯n-sâ k¼-Zv hy-h-kvY-bn-Â- i-à-am-b- am-äw- D-ïm-¡n-b- hntZi- km-¼-¯n-I-t{kmX-Êp-I-fpsS G-dn-b- ]-¦pw- kw-`m-h-\- -sN¿p-¶-h-cm-bnam-dm-³- -tIc-f-¯nse BtcmKy-{]-h-À-¯-I-À-¡v I-gn-ª-Xpw- Cuam-ä-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-Wv. G-Xp- {]-Xn-kÔn- L-«-¯n-epw{]-h-À-¯-\taJ-e-bpsS a-l-X-z-hpw- D-b-À-¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p-¶- (-t\gvkv en-\nsb-t¸mep-Å-h-À-) BtcmKy-{]-h-À-¯-I-cm-Im-³- I-gn-bp-¶-Xv -tIc-f-¯nse h-\n-X-I-Ä-¡p- -sXmgn-en-sâ a-l-X-z-hpw- -ta·-bpwA-dn-bp-¶-h-À- B-b-Xv -sImïv Xs¶bm-Wv.