Building Science 2 Community Library Lighting System

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [BLD 61303 / ARC 3413] Project 2 INTEGRATION PROJECT

Name: Lai Jia Yi ID: 0315957 Tutor: Mr.Rizal

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Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objective 3 1.2 Project Description 1.3 Site Analysis

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1.4 Floor Plans

5-7

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2.0 Lighting 2.1 Daylight Factor Analysis 2.1.1

Main Foyer

8-11

2.1.1.1 The Effective methods of glare control and prevention

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2.1.2 Stacks Corner13-14 2.1.2.1 The sustainability issue of books.

2.1.3 Reading Room

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15-17

2.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis 2.2.1 Stacks corner 18-21 2.2.2 Reading Room

21-24

2.2.2.1 The effective methods of maintaining visual comfort.

2.3 PSALI 2.3.1 Stacks corner 25 2.3.2 Reading Room

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3.0 Reference 27

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24-25

1.0

Introduction

1.1 Objective

This primary objective if this object is aims to integrate the principles of lighting requirement into the design of suggested context, which requires to build an urban infill library in Petaling Street. Other than encompasses on daylighting system to the library, artificial system and the implement of PSALI design strategies is also something have to look into. The objective of the projects is also to show understanding of lighting system in order to solve design problems in relation to sustainability issues.

1.2 Project Description No longer silent, futsy and reserve for solitary study, the urban infill library design to blends with the vibrant characteristic of the community in Jalan Tun Hs Lee, where people are encourage to collect, preserves and share the distinct memory and heritage of Petaling Street. The proposed library is nurtured by the belief that everybody has a story to tell, it records, archives and celebrates the unique sense of the spot. A living archive that acts as the activated site for engagement with a collection by reintegrating object curation with the idiosyncratic habits of living to create a dynamic archive.

The orientation of the building facades are positioning right towards the east and west facing to the sun. Hence it became essentially important to induce careful consideration of the lights amount to be induced to the building. The main feature of the library is the inducement of sunlight into the internal corridor,that acts as a strong figure that holds the potential to change how architecture is seen and experience, in contrast with the overloaded beauties throughout Petaling Street. By providing a direct link to the dynamic and perpetually evolving patterns of outdoor illumination, the daylights would affects the visual stimulation and productive environment to the occupants in library, at the same time reducing the building energy cost.

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1.3 Site Analysis

Figure 1.3.1 shows the sunpath on June 01, 8.00am.

Figure 1.3.2 shows the sunpath on June 01, 12.00pm.

Figure 1.3.3 shows the sunpath on June 01, 6.00pm.

Figure 1.3.4 shows the surrounding context which would affects the sun shades and noise intensity of the proposed library.

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1.4 Floor Plans

Figure 1.3.1 shows the ground floor plan of infill library in Tun Hs Lee Street.

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Figure 1.3.1 shows the first floor plan of infill library in Tun Hs Lee Street.

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Figure 1.3.1 shows the second floor plan of infill library in Tun Hs Lee Street.

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2.0

Lighting

2.1 Daylight Factor Analysis Daylight Factor is a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoor relative to the illumination present outdoors at the same time under overcast skies.

DF=

Ei (indoor illuminance at a given point) Eo (outdoor illuminance)

x 100%

Where, Ei = Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plane Eo= The unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance, average daylight level in Malaysia (EH) is assumed to be 32000 lux.

A standard sky is assumed to give a minimum level of illuminance on the ground.

Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark

DF (%) >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Large (including thermal and glare problem) Good Fair Poor

Table 2.1.1 shows the daylight factors and distribution (Department of standards Malaysia, 2007)

Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 20,000 lux 1000-2000 lux <200 lux 400 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky Typical overcast day, midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Sunrise or sunset on clear day Fully overcast, sunset or sunrise Extreme darkest storm clouds, sunset or sunrise Table 2.1.2 shows the natural illumination calculation.

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2.1.1 Main Foyer

Table 2.1.1.1 shows the ground floor plan layout of main foyer.

The Main Foyer is located at the ground floor, extending all the way to the roof level. Despite of using as a gathering space, it is also use as an indoor courtyard area.

Floor Area ( m

2

154

)

Area of surface exposed to sunlight (skylight roof cover) ( m

2

)

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57.8

57.8 154

Daylight Factor, DF

x 100%

=37.53% x 0.1 =3.75% E external = 20,000 lux (illuminance at a given point, Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky) DF =

3.75= Ei

Ei (indoor illuminance at a given point) Eo (outdoor illuminance) Ei (indoor illuminance at a given point) 20000

x 100%

x 100%

= 750 lux

The main foyer has a daylight factor of 3.75% and natural illumination of 750lux. Based on the requirements of MS 1525 shown in table 2.1.1, this space has a bright natural daylighting as it is within the range of 3-6%. During the daytime where shades are illuminated by the entire blue sky, it will generate a lower illuminance of 750 lux. Based on the daylight evaluation table, the illuminance characteristic in this space falls under the category of medium accurate visual activity. However, it has exceeded the requirement of MS 1525, which requires the illumination level of a minimum number of 100 lux.

As result, it has higher possibility to cause daylight excess in the space, which occurs when the maximum acceptable illuminance threshold for a space is considered to be some multiplier of the target illuminance, typically 10x. However in this case, it is a potential daylight glare.

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Diagram 2.1.1.2: The brightest daylight level contour highlighted on the plan indicates the location of main foyer, and also its relationship to the surrounding space.

Diagram 2.1.1.3: Shows the sectional perspective of proposed library and the indication of main foyer highlighted in yellow.

The translucent surface of glass panel has the ability to capture direct coverage of sunlight for most of the time, which allows maximum amount of light to diffuse into the space. (Based on diagram 2.1.1.2) However, it is observed that the daylight factor remains at the place where glass panel skylight is placed, which is located in the center top of the building. It is because that sun path coming from East West direction has been blocked by the roof components of the building itself, hence, only the sunlight which comes directly from top would be able to transit into the space, which makes it a strategic by not interrupting the space other than internal courtyard.

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2.1.1.1 The effective methods of glare control and prevention Good lighting design practice either diffuses the light to reduce the luminance or shields the source from view. To counter with the issue of excessive daylight, I would propose the uses of diffusing media on the skylight exposed to daylight output.

1. Installing louvers on glass panel skylight

Source: ("Roofs: a design focus. José Jurado Egea. Topics [T]tectonica-online", 2016) Photo 2.1.1.2 shows the use of louvers on the roof.

Source: ("Roofs: a design focus. José Jurado Egea. Topics [T]tectonica-online", 2016) Diagram 2.1.1.3 shows the use of louvers to control amount of daylight diffuse to the space.

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2. Integration of trees in the Main Foyer (Interior Courtyard)

Diagram 2.1.1.4 shows the use of natural element like foliage in the internal courtyard.

2.1.2 Stacks Corner

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Table 2.1.2.1 shows the Corner.

first floor plan layout of Stacks

The Stacks Corner is enclosed room sunlight on West time. The sunlight is room due to the use faรงade.

located at the first floor, an which exposed to the direction during evening able to diffuse into the of glass panel on West

Floor Area ( m

2

90.88

)

Area of surface exposed to sunlight (glass panels wall) ( m

2

20.40

)

20.40 90.88

Daylight Factor, DF

x 100%

=22.45% x 0.1 =2.24% E external = 20,000 lux (illuminance at a given point, Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky) DF =

2.24= Ei

Ei (indoor illuminance at a given point) Eo (outdoor illuminance) Ei (indoor illuminance at a given point) 20000

x 100%

x 100%

= 448 lux

The stacks corner has a daylight factor of 2.24% and natural illumination of 448lux. Based on the requirements of MS 1525 shown in table 2.1.1, this space has a fair natural daylighting as it is within the range of 1-3%. During the daytime where shades are illuminated by the entire blue sky, it will generate a lower illuminance of 448 lux. Based on the daylight evaluation table, the illuminance characteristic in this space falls under the category of rough visual activity which only requires rougher work like handling objects. Finding books in the book corner does not require further accuracy beyond than that. Hence, it fulfill the MS 1525 requirement for libraries book stack category, where the illumination should be at a range of 300-500 lux.

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Table 2.1.2.1 shows the room illumination of libraries book stack area according to MS 1525 (centre).

Diagram 2.1.1.4 shows daylight factor contour of Stacks Corner.

However, due to its faรงade orientation which fixes towards the West side, it means that the day lighting will most likely only be available during evening time of a day. Hence, it is necessary to implement artificial light fixture to ensure that the space is well-lit all the time.

2.1.2.1 The sustainability issue of books.

Diagram 2.1.2.2 shows the section of Stacks Corner.

The corridor that is placed before the Stacks Corner are arranged as a buffer zone to prevent direct sunlight to diffuse on it. It is to prevent the exposure of lights under the hot sun for a long interval of time that would possibly spoil the books.

2.1.3 Reading Room

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Table 2.1.2.1 shows the

ground floor plan layout of Reading Room.

Table 2.1.2.2 shows the section of Reading Room.

The Reading Room is located at the ground floor, an enclosed room which exposed to the sunlight on East direction in the morning. The sunlight is able to diffuse into the room due to the use of glass panel on West faรงade.

Floor Area ( m

2

41.00

)

Area of surface exposed to sunlight (glass

10.20 16

panels wall) ( m

2

)

10 .2 0 41.0

Daylight Factor, DF

x 100%

=24.87% x 0.1 =2.49% E external = 20,000 lux (illuminance at a given point, Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky) DF =

2.49= Ei

Ei (indoor illuminance at a given point) Eo (outdoor illuminance) Ei (indoor illuminance at a given point) 20000

x 100%

x 100%

= 498 lux

The Reading Room has a daylight factor of 2.49% and natural illumination of 498lux. Based on the requirements of MS 1525 shown in table 2.1.1, this space has a fair natural daylighting as it is within the range of 1-3%. During the daytime where shades are illuminated by the entire blue sky, it will generate a lower illuminance of 498 lux. Based on the daylight evaluation table, the illuminance characteristic in this space falls under the category of rough visual activity which only requires rougher work like handling objects. Reading books in the place requires more visual accuracy, hence it becomes necessary to integrate artificial light to maintain the illumination in the space. However, it managed to fulfill the MS 1525 requirement for libraries reading room category, where the illumination should be at a range of 300-500 lux.

Table 2.1.2.2 shows the room illumination of libraries reading room area according to MS 1525 (centre).

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Diagram 2.1.2.3 shows daylight factor contour of Reading Room.

However, due to its faรงade orientation which fixes towards the East side, it means that the day lighting will most likely only be available in the morning. Hence, it is necessary to implement artificial light fixture to ensure that the space is well-lit all the time.

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2.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis Artificial light sources are other source of light which developed to compensate for or assist the natural light. In the case of proposed library, there is some space which is fully utilized as an enclosed space and it makes natural lighting not applicable within the space. Hence, it is necessary to induce permanent supplementary of artificial lighting in some area. Normally the spaces that requires the installment of artificial light is the place for utility purpose. It is because that these spaces need to ensure a clear span of visual activity so that it would not obstruct the activity going on in the space.

In the proposed library, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve chose to install artificial light at places which requires high concentration of visual activity, such as the space where bookshelves were place and the study room.

2.2.1Stacks corner

Table 2.2.1.1 shows the first floor plan layout of stacks corner.

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Although the Stacks corner is exposed to West sun at certain time of the day, but it is still not sufficient enough for maintain illumination up to every corner of the room especially the space which offsets further away from the window. Hence, light fixture becomes a necessary to be integrated and coordinated so that the lighting levels do not change abruptly.

Fixture Properties Type of fixture Type of light bulb

Material of fixture Product Brand and Code Nominal Life (hours) Wattage Range (W) CRI Color Temperature, K Color Designation Mounting

LED Standard Linear Strips Lighting fixture

22DP LED Straight & Narrow Extruded Aluminum housing 22-DP 50,000 hours at 70% lumen output Available in 3000K, 35000K or 4000K â&#x2030;¤ 85 4000K Household Fluorescent (bluish white) Suspended.

The light fixture selected is the integration of LED light fixture, which allows freedom to experiment design without exceeding ever decreasing energy budgets. The use of suspended light fixture is also suitable for the installment at book stacks area as it does not obstruct the view to the books at the same time providing high aesthetic uniformity.

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Lumens Method Calculation Locations Room Dimension, (m) Total Floor Area, A ( m

2

)

Height of the ceiling, (m) Type of lighting fixtures Luminious flux of lighting, F/lm Height of luminaires, m Height of Working Plane, m Mounting Height, H/Hm Standard illumination Required according to MS1525 (Shelves, book stack), E Reflectance Factor

Room Index, RI (K)

Stacks corner L= 13.77m W=6.6m 90.88 3.0 LED Strips suspended light fixture 6000lm 2.8 0.8 3.0-0.2-0.8 = 2.0 400 lux Ceiling: White Plaster Ceiling 0.7 Wall: Wood Panel wall 0.2 Floor: Laminated woodblock Floor 0.2

( LxW ) ( L+W ) x hm (13.77 x 6.6) ( 13.77+ 6.6 ) x 2.0

Utilization Factor Maintenance Factor/MF Number of fittings required, N

= 2.23

0.6 (based on utilization factor table) 0.8 (Standard) N=

ExA F x UF x MF 400 x 90.88

= 6000 x 0.6 x 0.8 =14.62 = 15bulbs Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) SHR =

=

√

1 A x m N H

√

1 90.88 x 2.0 15

= 1.23 1.23 =

S 2.0

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S= 2.46

Fitting Layout

Fitting Required along 13.77m and 6.6m wall.

13.77 2.46

= 5.59

6.6 2.46

= 2.68

â&#x2030;&#x2C6; 5- 6 rows â&#x2030;&#x2C6; 2- 3 rows Therefore, 5 x 3 = 15 lamps x-Spacing required for 13.77m is 13.55/5= 2.71m y-Spacing required for 6.6m is 6.6/3= 2.2m

Diagram 2.2.1.2 shows the lighting analysis of artificial light in Stacks corner.

It is noticed that the amount of lighting factors maintained in the range of 320 to 440 and above, which reaches the amount required as listed in MS 1525.

2.2.2 Reading Room

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Table 2.2.3.1 shows the

Ground floor plan layout of Reading Room.

The reading room is placed at the East faรงade of the building. Due to the existence of foliage which blocks out the sun path diffuses to the space, the building is considered to be dim.

Fixture Properties Type of fixture Type of light bulb

LED Pendant Lighting fixture

Kopel Pendant Lighting Collection Lighting Distribution

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Material of fixture Product Brand and Code Nominal Life (hours) Wattage Range (W) CRI Color Temperature, K Color Designation Mounting

Hand Spun from aluminum and finished in brown E27 LED lamp 50,000 hours at 70% lumen output Available in 3000K â&#x2030;¤ 80 3500K Warm white Metal ceiling canopy and flex

The light fixture selected is the integration of LED light fixture, which allows freedom to experiment design without exceeding ever decreasing energy budgets. The extension of light fixture from the ceiling level keeps the source of illumination close to the working plane, making it a suitable choice for reading room.

Lumens Method Calculation Locations Room Dimension, (m) Total Floor Area, A ( m

2

)

Height of the ceiling, (m) Type of lighting fixtures Luminious flux of lighting, F/lm Height of luminaires, m Height of Working Plane, m Mounting Height, H/Hm Standard illumination Required according to MS1525 (Reading room), E Reflectance Factor

Room Index, RI (K)

Reading Room (Ground level) L= 10m W=4.1m 41.0 3.25 LED Pendant Lighting fixture 4000lm 2.8 0.8 3.25-0.45-0.8 = 2.0 400 lux Ceiling: White Plaster Ceiling 0.7 Wall: Wood Panel wall 0.2 Floor: Laminated woodblock Floor 0.2

(LxW ) ( L+W ) x hm

(10 x 4.1) ( 10.0+ 4.1 ) x 2.0

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= 1.45

Utilization Factor Maintenance Factor/MF Number of fittings required, N

0.6 (based on utilization factor table) 0.8 (Standard) N=

ExA F x UF x MF 400 x 41.0

= 4000 x 0.6 x 0.8 =8.54 = 9 bulbs Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) SHR =

=

√

1 A x m N H

√

1 41.0 x 2.0 9

= 1.067 1.067 = Fitting Layout

S 2.0

S= 2.13 Fitting Required along 10.0m and 4.1m wall.

10.0 2.13

= 4.69

4.1 2.13

= 1.92

≈ 4- 5 rows ≈ 1-2 rows Therefore, 5 x 2 = 10 lamps ( more than 9 bulbs) x-Spacing required for 10.0m is 10.0/5= 2.0m y-Spacing required for 4.1m is 4.1/2= 2.05m

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Diagram 2.2.3.2 shows the lighting analysis of artificial light in Reading Room.

It is noticed that the amount of lighting factors maintained in the range of 320 to 440 lux and above, which reaches the amount required as listed in MS 1525. However, the corner side of the room has barely achieved the amount of 230, which might causes visual discomfort to the occupants due to insufficient of light.

There are several ways which could be used to solve the issue.

2.2.2.1 The effective methods of maintaining visual comfort 1. Include wall lighting fixture to maintain the illumination in the corner of the space.

Photo 2.2.4.1 shows the wall mounted lighting fixture.

2. Using glass panels or Louvre panels to increase the permeability of the space so that light from the adjacent side of the room can diffuse into the reading room to brighten up the space.

Photo 2.2.4.2 shows the glass and Louvre panels.

2.3 PSALI & Lighting Fiting Layout 26

2.3.1 Stacks Corner

Table 2.3.1.1 shows the reflected ceiling first floor plan layout of stacks corner.

There are in total amount of 15 light fittings used to illuminate the book stack of 90.88m^2 in order to achieve the basic requirement of 400lux per written in MS1525.

As shown in the contour analysis, the only row which has obtain sufficient illumination from natural lighting is the side sits nearest to the glass panel. The artificial lighting is introduced to aid in illuminating the space during the time when the sun sits on East direction and gloomy days when natural lighting is not sufficient to cater with the requirement as per listed in MS 1525. The 15 fixtures is controlled by 3 switches, SW 1, SW2 and SW3. Hence during the brightest portion of the day, only SW3 needs to be turn on. When the daylight level drops, SW2 can be switch on to aid with the light illumination of SW3. Only at night or very dark day, it would be necessary to turn on the light fixture in row SW1.

2.3.2 Reading room

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Table 2.3.2.1 shows the reflected ceiling ground floor plan layout of reading room.

There are in total amount of 10 light fittings used to illuminate the book stack of 41.0 m

2

in order to

achieve the basic requirement of 400lux per written in MS1525.

As shown in the contour analysis (Diagram 2.2.2.2 ), the only row which has obtain sufficient illumination from natural lighting is the side sits nearest to the glass panel. The artificial lighting is introduced to aid in illuminating the space during the time when the sun sits on West direction and gloomy days when natural lighting is not sufficient to cater with the requirement as per listed in MS 1525. The 10 fixtures is controlled by 2 switches, SW 1 and SW2. During the brightest portion of the day, only SW1 needs to be turn on. When the daylight level drops, SW2 can be switch on to aid with the light illumination of SW2.

At night or very dark day, it would be necessary to turn on the light fixture in row SW1 and SW2.

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3.0 Reference Daylighting | WBDG Whole Building Design Guide. (2016). Wbdg.org. Retrieved 30 November 2016, from http://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting Roofs: a design focus. JosĂŠ Jurado Egea. Topics [T]tectonica-online. (2016). Tectonica-online.com.

Retrieved 29 November 2016, from http://www.tectonica-online.com/topics/roofs/design-focusjose-jurado-egea/34/ Benya, J. (2016). Controlling Glare. Architectural Lighting. Retrieved 30 November 2016, from http://www.archlighting.com/projects/controlling-glare_o Designing for natural and artificial - lighting. (1986) (1st ed.). Garston, Watford.

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