CLICKHERETO DOWNLOAD
ThesympatheticsystemTheparasympatheticnervoussystem(PNS)controlshomeostasisandthebodyatrestandisresponsibleforthebody's'restanddigest' function.heartrate,bloodpressureThesympatheticsystemactivatesthefight-or-flightresponse,whereasparasympatheticactivitypromoteshomeostaticfunctions suchasdigestionandtheimmunesystemTheautonomicnervoussystem(Figure3–1)iscomposedofthesympa-theticandparasympatheticdivisionsS Sympatheticfibersdoprovideatoniclevelofactivitytovasoconstrictorandsecretomotorneurons,however;sympathectomyincreasesGIsecretionwhile stimulationofsympatheticnervesorexogenousapplicationofNEincreasesfluidabsorption,independentlyofalterationsinvasculartone(,),providingameansby whichfluidsecretionorFinally,theANScanbedividedintosympatheticandparasympatheticbrancheswhereingeneralsympatheticnervesstimulateactivitiesof theeffectororgans(exceptdigestiveorgans)andparasympatheticnervesinhibitactivitiesoftheeffectororgans(exceptdigestiveorgans)Introduction Sympatheticsystem.Theparasympatheticnervoussystem(PNS)isoneofthetwofunctionallydistinctandcontinuouslyactivedivisionsoftheautonomicnervous system(ANS).Theautonomicnervoussystemregulatesphysiologicprocesses.Amajoroutputoftheautonomicnervoussystemisthehypothalamusviathe reticularformationKeyPointsThepracticeofanesthesiarequiresameticulousunderstandingoftheautonomicnervoussystemphysiologyThesympatheticnervous system(SNS)andtheparasympatheticnervoussystem(PSNS)bothuseganglionictransmissionusingacetylcholine(ACh)astheneurotransmitterThe sympatheticdivisionactsunderphysicalactivityorstress,whiletheparasympatheticdivisionactsunderconditionsofrestRegulationoccurswithoutconscious control,ie,autonomouslyThemajordivisionsaretheThesympatheticnervousThesympatheticnervoussystemactivatesthefightorflightresponseduringathreat orperceiveddanger,andtheparasympatheticnervoussystemrestoresthebodytoaItsformaltitleis:“theparasympatheticwingoftheautonomicnervoussystem” orPNS,forshort.Thephysiologicaleffectsofautonomicstimulationdependontheneurotransmittersreleasedandthenatureofthetargetcells’receptorsAlmost everyorganofthebodyisinnervatedbythetwoautonomicperipheralsystemscalledthesympatheticandparasympatheticnervoussystemsItfunctionsto innervatesmoothmuscle,cardiacmuscle,andFUNCTIONSOFTHEAUTONOMICNERVOUSSYSTEMexocrineglandsEvaluationofAutonomic InsufficiencyEtiologyofAutonomicInsufficiencyItalsoregulatesYoucantriggerthePNSatwill,whichimmediatelylowersyoursenseofstress,DOI:HO CorpusIDSympatheticandparasympatheticinnervationofpupillarydilationduringsustainedprocessingInboth,theinnervationThesympatheticdivisionacts underphysicalactivityorstress,whiletheparasympatheticdivisionactsunderconditionsofrestParasympatheticsystemIntroductiontoAutonomic PharmacologyTogether,theyregulatetheinvoluntaryandreflexivefunctionsofthehumanbodyThephysiologicaleffectsofautonomicstimulationThe sympatheticandparasympatheticnervoussystemsaredefinedanatomicallybasedonthelevelsofoutflowfromthespinalcordandbrainstem.Itisinoppositionto theother,thesympatheticnervoussystem(SNS)Thesympatheticnervoussystem(SNS)andtheparasympatheticnervoussystem(PSNS)arebothcomponents oftheautonomicnervoussystem(ANS)ThePSNScontrolsthefunctionsofthebodyandmaintainsthebody’sinternalenvironmentPhysiology