MCH 2020- Master of Collective Housing- Final Work (portfolio)- Juan Felipe Quiñonez.

A COLLECTIVE HOUSING MANUAL

Compilation of the work made on the MCH 2020.

Juan Felipe Quiñonez.

1

2

A COLLECTIVE HOUSING MANUAL

Final work developed for the Master of Advance Studies in Collective Housing in 2020.

This manual is the result of a compilation of my personal work during the whole master’s study in collaborartion with different classmates, all quaoted respectively on each project.

The edition and narrative of the book are the outcomes of a personal reflection of this period.

Some of the original drawings were redrawn and adapted to show a homogenous narrative.

3

4

CONTENT 0. Some initial tools

PAG.08

1. The floor plan

PAG.18

2. A method

PAG.28

3. The projects (Part One)

PAG.32

3. The projects (Part Two) 4. Cases studies

PAG.50

EXTRA

PAG.89

Preliminary conceptual approaches to the housing design.

An exploration of housing floor plans in unusual conditions.

A systematic approach to the housing projects based on the method 9x9.

A reflection on the approach to the housing at various scales and specific situations.

PAG.70

Explorations on energy sustainability and construction technology.

Some Manifestos.

5

FOREWORD

6

The architectural world is a very complex system of typologies, approaches, and ideas. Among this system, I have always felt identified with the idea of collective memory.

The collective memory is the result of studies of precedents and historical architectural referents. I think that is necessary for the development of the architecture to keep improving the collective ideas and adapting them to a contemporary context and environment. Nothing is created from the none.

During this exploration, I have been particularly attracted to the study of housing projects, as Le Corbusier once said in L´ Esprit Nouveau (Towards an architecture) the architect has to focus on improving the living conditions of the people, therefore housing.

As I result of my last studies, reflections and motivations I did this book or compilation of the knowledge absorb from the different professionals and professors who were involved during the master’s lectures and workshops.

I bring this catalog as a way of showing their ideas and methodologies developed on practical exercises by us. The intention is to bring some examples of approaches and concepts to proceed with the design of collective housing.

With this manifesto, I wanted to do my personal apport to the collective memory and allow architects and readers to keep improving these ideas and adding more information to this small part of a huge and complex system that we all architects find so passionate.

Special acknowledgments to the MCH administrative team, to my colleagues and classmates, and to my family to allow this enrichens and wonderful experience despite the complicated situation of the pandemic which will mark our human history.

10 Nov 2020.

7

0 Some initial tools

Preliminary conceptual approaches to the housing design.

8

The abstract ideas as the ďŹ rst approach to housing.

This section seeks to address the idea of concepts that allow an approach to housing. Some of the concepts directly linked to housing with seek an aninitial initialexploration exploration directly linked to housing with the idea of exploring newpossibilities possibilitiesthat thatallow allow an the idea of exploring new approach beyond it isit the ulbeyond the thetraditional traditionalone, one,since since is the tra-saturated ultra-saturatedconventional conventionalmodel modelthat thathas has not not allowed us totoprogress initiatives in the of theofhouprogresswith withnew new initiatives in field the ďŹ eld the sing. housing.

In this way, various concepts are explored, some more orthodox than seek to awaken a newa intethanothers othersbutbutthat that seek to awaken new rest in theinpossibilities that canthat be covered approachtoa interest the possibilities can beto covered topic as complicated housing due its deeply approach a topic as as complicated as tohousing duerooted to its and daily relationship us. deeply rooted and dailywith relationship with us.

The results results are are varied, varied,some somewith witha utopian tendency, however, they basis, whose chatheyconstitute constitutea theoretical a theoretical basis, whose racteristics couldcould lead lead to projects once they contexcharacteristics to projects oncearethey are tualized and materialize in architectural parties.parties. contextualized and materialize in architectural 9

0.1 The Diagram

User 1

The athlete

A City Co-housing

Workshop leeded Amann,Canovas, Canovas,Maruri Maruri Workshop leeded:by:Amann, (temperaturas (Temperaturasextremas) extremas) Work Team: team: Liu Lu, Juan Juan J.J. Sánchez, Sánchez, Juan Juan Barrionuevo, C. Barrionuevo, Juan E. Duque, Juan F. Quiñonez.

Juan E. Duque.

User 2

The children

EXPLORING THE BRAVE NEW WORLD OF LIVING TOGHETHER_ THE XXI CENTURY COMUNES & THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PLANET.

To imagine new requirements on housing.

The first step was to image an uncommon user, in order to shape an specific situation and space with a variable of needs which are not the usual of the average of housing users.

User 3

The Autist

To shape the collectiviness.

The collective atmosphere.

In order to define the collectiveness and relation between the users, we look for a way to translate it into a diagram, the outcome was a continuous floor plan were the circulations get expanded when it meets the particular spaces of each user.

User 4

The Chef

Sliding the collective space.

In order to translate the floor plan into a tridimensional space, the idea was to start carving a model and shaping possible collective spaces trying to recreate the diagram atmospheres with a create a vertical continuity.

User 5

The animal´s lover

A collective continuity.

10

Floor plan conceptual diagram.

(Reference: Koolhaas, Diagram for the Netherlands embassy in Berlin)

Section diagram of the concept..

11

Carving spaces Carving thethe spaces

The process was driven by a concept which was needing an architectural answer, in order to find The process was driven by a concept which was needing an architectural answer, in order to find it, model fabrication was the best way to explored the different circumstances along inside the it, model fabrication was the best way to explored the different circumstances along inside the building.

However, the most important process to translate it into the section, where the building.

However, the most important process was towas translate it into the section, where the remaining mass or negative was transformed into a series of dorms with similar modulation. on remaining mass or negative was transformed into a series of dorms with similar modulation. on the other hand, the voids were the exploration of the collectiveness of a co-housing situation, the other hand, the voids were the exploration of the collectiveness of a co-housing situation, where spontaneous atmospheres take place. where moremore spontaneous atmospheres start tostart taketoplace.

Process diagrams..

12

Contextualized section..

13

0.2 The Concept

Home 2 share (the future affordable housing)

Workshop leeded by: Jacob Van Rijs, Ignacio Borrego Work Team: Mariana Sandoval, María J. Rodriguez de Vera, Steven Jacovic, Audrey Aumara

“FORGET HOME RENTAL BY THE DAY MONTH AS YOU KNOW IT. HOME2SHARE IS JUST LIKE HAVING YOUR OWN CAR HOUSE IN MADRID. JUST GRAB A HOME2SHARE. ALL YOU NEED IS ONE APP. FIND OUT WHAT IT MEANS TO BE.”(subtracted from car2go)

A new way of co-housing living in the city without owning a house. No more lack of space. No more extra space that you do not use. No more extra rooms to pay for sporadic use. No more problems of space when guests or family are coming.

No more problems when organizing a big dinner or a party at home.

The app.

An intangible idea.

The business model Aſter understanding the concept, the idea was to convert it into a business approach, by using the famous idea of tinder, in our case the plan was to decide the arrangement and division of the shared space between cohabitants. We wanted to use the idea of the original app for joining together people but in this case matching them by their interests, hobbies, and affinities, which would facilitate the relations between the cohabitants by making it easier for them to find people to share the collective space.

Conceptual images..

14

The collective atrio The match space

The expandable area Temporary grow

Structure.

Dwelligns.

External circulation.

15

A catalog of “match”

The section.

Expandible section

To add temporary extra space

An expanded situation..

The idea of the temporary renting space is done here by plug-ins with different uses that can be added to a simple an basic unit, this addition could be done by shorts or long periods of time depending on the necessities at moment or circumstance.

The system to achieve this will be prefab modules than can be will be added into a fixed structure, with a bolted system in order to been easily attached and dittached for reusing it.

16

The oor plan Thetypical shareflthe plan To share the plan.

Basic Units Variable 1 (4x3m)

Variable 2 (2x3m)

17

1 The floor plan

An exploration of housing floor plans in unusual conditions.

18

Workshop leeded by: Hrvoje Njiric, Esperanza Campaña.

Work team: Miguel Valle, María J. Brito, Juan F. Quiñonez.

19

1.

Design process.

The Thick Plan.

To reach the demanding circumstance, the solution was to develop an L shape, with this situation, we are able to create and inter void or patio to bring light into de interior and also to create a space for the circulation placement and maintaining a minimum width of three meters into the faรงade allowing more units to arrange longitudinally.

Isonometric drawing..

9.99

23.49

3.02

9.99

3.10

3.13

20

48.34

Typical floor plan..

2.

Design process.

The Tight Plan.

To reach the limits of space between façade without affecting privacy.

In order to explore the limits of thinness, the idea was to take advantage of a duplex disposition, placing a corridor for every 3 floors and arranging it on top of the units, by this way the access is the shallowest part while the complementary floor becomes wider. The disposition on a section is like a Tetris with T modules stacked.

Isonometric drawing..

First typical floor plan.

3.81

Second typical floor plan.

5.20

Third typical floor plan.

53.52

21

The Irregular Contours.

To become fully efficient, the main operation was to create a fissure in the middle which allow us to create a permeable urban sensation and get a ground floor which is not interrupting the pedestrian flow. On the other hand, using the whole perimeter with minimal units for co-housing and placing the collective activities facing the interior public fissure..

3.

Design process.

Isonometric drawing..

22

9.80

6.50

4.30 5.89

2.23

5.95

12.04

8.05

4.30

27.20

Typical floor plan..

23

The Geometrized Plan.

The ďŹ rst steps were to ďŹ nd a triangular grid suitable for housing and the dimensions of the domestic spaces. The result was a diamond pattern with a major diagonal of 3.2 meters by a minor diagonal of 2.4m with this module was to deďŹ ne the shapes of the apartments. In order to avoid the close angles of the triangle corners, this space is used by an exterior balcony. At the interior of the shape, the idea was to place a collective plaza which distributes to the access of the dwellings, passing through a transitional patio space, which belongs to each unit.

Isonometric drawing..

24

4.

Design process.

1 .9 4

First typical floor plan.

25 .59

6

2.9

12.61

3.81

16.50

3.45

Second typical floor plan. .38

13 2

7.6

1

7.7

Typical floor plan..

36.57

25

5.

Design process.

The Petrified Plan..

TTo solve the project the main concern was to maintain intact the existing building, but also to break the idea of the petrified situation by adding flexibility. The result is pieces of furniture with all the services included, each piece is placed in the middle of the space but without following the alignments of the existing building, the piece of furniture forms a cross on the floor plans which divides the multiple-use spaces.

Isonometric drawing..

32.65 13.72

23.11

9.84

8.90

10.27

26.68

26

Typical floor plan..

6.

Design process.

The reversible plan.

As the original ideas of the open plan, in this exploration, the purpose is based into reach maximum spatial exibility; just deďŹ ning ducts for the pipes and installations and establish some stripes for the serving spaces.

The rest should be deďŹ ned by the user. On the interior, the main idea is to use movable partitions and walls in order to allow the user to create a variety of spatial conditions depending on their needs.

Isonometric drawing..

6.81

3.19

5.20

0.80

0.80

11.75

15.80

6.00

34.80

Typical floor plan..

27

A method A systematic approach to the housing projects based on the model 9x91.

28

1. A method of design developed

by Prof.Dietmar Eberle.

Workshop leeded by: Dietmar Eberle.

Juan F. QuiĂąonez.

An Urban approach.

The Master plan

Urban Location.

A sequence of courtyards

Volumetric axonometric of the architectural idea.

29

2.2 Structure

Workshop leeded by: Dietmar Eberle.

Workshop leeded by: Dietmar Eberle.

Juan F. Quiñonez.

A universal structure. >100 YEARS. “STRUCTURE IS A SYSTEM THAT ORGANIZES A LIMITED NUMBER OF ELEMENTS ACCORDING TO CLEAR RULES(...).STRUCTURE IS GRANTED A FUNDAMENTAL POWER OF ORDER, OFETEN WITH TIMELESS VALIDITY” (EBERLE, D. PAG:118. 9X9).

Un-programatic.

The idea is to generate a structure composed mainly on cores and ducts. Avoiding short spans and inconvenient columns. The spans between 6-9 meters allows a diversity of functions and a uninterrupted space. On ground floor the spans became wider in order to have a clear permeability.

The result is generic structure which will allow a variety different programmatic uses and functions along its long lifetime.

Structural Floor plan.

30

2.3 The envelope Workshop leeded by: Dietmar Eberle.

Workshop leeded by: Dietmar Eberle.

Juan F.team: Quiñonez.

Work Steven Jacovic.

<50 YEARS. “WALL, DRESSING, WINDING,WEAVING KNOTTING- THE SOCIAL AND CUALTURAL ASPECTS CANNOT BE OVERLOOKED” (SEMPER, G. PAG:204. QUOTED ON 9X9).

The envelope as semper did could be compared with textiles. In this case an element of protection, however it also reflects a desire, driven by the architectural space, the context, the climate circumstances and the trends of the social era at that moment.

Along the structure life time this element would be changed unless a couple of time, that’s why it should be designed to facilitate the future dismantled and replacement of materials.

Facade isonometric drawing.

Wall section detail.

31

3 The projects (Part one) A reflection on the approach to the housing at various scales and specific situations.

32

MȭFTQ@AKDÊGNTRD reconfigurable

TRD

@ÊSDBSNMHBÊNQÊDMUHQNMLDMS@KÊPT@KHSX

natural light in all spaces @ÊFDNLDSQHBÊNQÊRO@SH@KÊPT@KHSX ÊÊ

�uid space �loor plan @ÊSXONKNFHB@KÊNQÊOQNFQ@LL@SHBÊPT@KHSX Ê

reconfigurable @ÊSDBSNMHBÊNQÊDMUHQNMLDMS@KÊPT@KHSX

natural light in all spaces

�loor plan

@ÊFDNLDSQHBÊNQÊRO@SH@KÊPT@KHSX Ê

di�erent scales-layers @ÊSXONKNFHB@KÊNQÊOQNFQ@LL@SHBÊPT@KHSX Ê

reprogrammable

M- Scale

To intervene on existing infrastructures.

The idea in these medium-scale explorations is to present the panorama of the current city from a responsible and sustainable point of view. Through two projects, solutions are being sought for infrastructures @ÊFDNLDSQHBÊNQÊRO@SH@KÊPT@KHSX Ê that have been devalued over the years, but whose value remains latent in the memory of the city.

The first case through densifying the residual spaces of the city, in this case, the roof of a subway station, and in @ÊSXONKNFHB@KÊNQÊOQNFQ@LL@SHBÊPT@KHSX Ê the second case through using an existing iconic building giving it a new image by transforming its program �loorand plan and use. . In both cases, the idea of housing as a pillar of the growth of the city plays a fundamental role.

@ÊSDBSNMHBÊNQÊDMUHQNMLDMS@KÊPT@KHSX Ê

transitional or intermediate spaces

di�erent scales-layers reprogrammable

@ÊSDBSNMHBÊNQÊDMUHQNMLDMS@KÊPT@KHSX Ê

33

3.1 Fontana Mix An Urban Hybrid Prototype

Workshop Judith Leclerc (COLLLECLERC).

Workshopleeded leededby:by:Jaime JaimeColl, Coll, Judith LeClerc (COLLLECLERC) Team: Anagnostopoulou, Juan Team:Álvaro ÁlvaroPedrayes, Predayes,Vasiliki Vasiliki Anagnostopoulou . F. Quiñonez.

A SUPERPOSITION OF HOUSING LANDSCAPES (Vila de Gracia, Barcelona)

The fontana mix idea.

/QNSNSXODR

John Cage composed Fontana Mix1 in 1958, consisting of the superposition and combination of 10 sheets of paper and 12 transparencies creating A SOUND LANDSCAPE with their interpretation. A composition indeterminate of its performance.

The main concept of the exploration is consisting in the insertion of a previously developed prototype on top of the Fontana metro station, in the Gracia neighborhood of Barcelona, for the consequent development of a residential hybrid project, a superposition of housing landscapes.

The site is part of the ATRI (Inclusive Resettlement Tactical Accommodation) program of the Barcelona City Council which consists of locating plots or buildings that have not exhausted their permitted buildable area. (Extracted from the Workshop Syllabus).

SeventhStorie floor.

Seventh

Sixthstorie floor.

Sixth

The answer (Stacking typologies).

34

/QNSNSXODR

The interior volume of the house is the result of stacking prefabricated boxes; three boxes, three dimensions, three ways of living. We are based on previously developed prototypes, which are based on 3 reference projects that, through a 90º rotation of the distribution at each level, allow us to take advantage of the lower decks as a space for collective appropriation. The boxes are connected in all directions, sometimes by stairs on the facade, sometimes by a platform or even a bridge; all within the volume, naturally ventilated and illuminated.

Fiſth storie floor.

Fiſth

M-Scale

Axonometric view of the fourth floor.

35

The Prototypes.

Reinterpreting the precedents. The Collective Cave.(The Mix)

Axonometric Analisys of the architect´s projects

Prototype based in: Naked House/ Shigeru ban.

+++

+ 36

Prototype based in: N House/ Sou Fujimoto

The New floor plans

Prototype based in: Sea Ranch / Charles Moore.

++ +

+ =

Axonometric drawing of seventh floor.

Diagram of the program distribution.

37

The elongation of the city.

An aerial ground floor By not having a conventional ground floor, it is intended to extend the city and the public space with a ramp to the upper floor, which will not only be the main entrance to the houses, but also a space with a public program (co-working)

The collective space This space seeks to be the meeting point for residents and where community activities take place, that is why a flexible and adaptable space is proposed for the correct appropriation of user

Carrer Carrer Gran Gran de de Grácia Grácia

Ground floor plan. (metro entry)

RHSD ÊHMÊ!@Q

ÊLDSQNÊRS@

@ÊLDSQNÊRS@

or plan G Ê.TQÊL@HMÊ NMCÊKDUDK GNVÊSNÊCD@KÊ Ê2D@Ê1@MBGÊ @BDÊSNÊHMSQN

F Ê!XÊAQD@J

TQÊSGDÊKHLHSRÊ MBDRÊ@MCÊ@Ê?MNM DLOSXÊRHSD ÊHMÊ!@Q

@MCÊUDQSHB@K Ê ADÊNMÊSNOÊNEÊSGDÊ%NMS@M@ÊLDSQNÊRS@

LLDÊHMÊSGDÊ DMÊE@z@CDRÊE@BHMFÊ2NTSG Ê.TQÊL@HMÊ Public Co-working floor plan. (The aerial ground floor) QÊSGDÊLNUD

38 @ANTSÊUDMSHK@SHNM Ê@ANTSÊGNVÊSNÊCD@KÊ Ê@ANTSÊUDMSHK@SHNM Ê@ANTSÊGNVÊSNÊCD@KÊ Ê@ÊBG@MFHMFÊ DÊ@ÊBG@MFHMFÊ

Communal floor plan (The collective space)

Third Floor Plan.

Service and structural bearing ducts

Components exploded

Louvered roof

Suspended cables structure hanging from the roof structural crown

Louvered facade

Transfer Truss

Metro Station

Fourth Floor Plan

Third Floor Plan.

Service and structural bearing ducts

Components exploded

Louvered roof

Suspended cables structure hanging from the roof structural crown

Louvered facade

Transfer Truss

Metro Station

Third Floor Plan.

Fourth Floor Plan

Service and structuralaxonometric bearing Exploded drawing. ducts

39

The mixing result.

During Summer

During Winter

Facade perspective views 40

Thermodynamic behavior diagrams.

Final project section.

41

Workshop leeded by: Allison Brooks, Alejandro De Miguel..

Team: Juan J. Sánchez, Mariana Sandoval, Meggy Katharoupoulou, Juan F. Quiñonez.

42

Project isonometric view.

43

Hanging

Concept diagrams.

ME CO TRO LO N

SP O FAC RTS CO ILITIE LO N S

TOURI ST INFORM CENTR ATION E

CER

CAN

IAS RE

COL E

TOS

FERN CULT AN GOM EZ CEN URAL TRE

Re design 90´s.

Urban concept figure-ground diagram.

The underground elements Connecting the network

Back to basics.

The new proposal.

44

Section with the program scheme.

Landing

A´

A

45

Circulation Diagram.

46

A´

A

47

The inside

Section A-A´.

A new perspective of Towers Colón

The project then will be divided into two elements, the institution with flying gardens and the flats. The levels connection with the city (underground & overground) will relate directly to the public element; we have 5 di program scattered around them, the main concept is to reinforce the connection with the elements that already e them we will get people in our public plaza; the organization of our levels also has to do with an idea of destinat the lowest level is the final destination, Thermal baths taking advantage of the natural thermodynamics are place after this a sports facility is divided in the slabs making people move through our hanging plazas, connections crown of the institution we have the flying gardens, following the idea of decomposition and anti gravity we plac slabs so that the experience is like moving through different areas and not just walking around the same garden

For the private part we have the existing two towers, the first thing we did was to take them back to their orig residential, cleaning the façade and pulling out some of the 90´s additions, we end up with a sawed slab that ha Each building will have a different typologies, for one of them we thought of having a fixed apartment typol would then be a free plan, with movable walls that go through a railing system following the idea of the reticu we allow the user to configure the space and personalize as he wants. For the façade we thought of several differe transparency in horizontal and vertical all along the building, the latter in addition to the outter skin composed a game of composition, we will have several degrees of privacy and views from and to the flats. Having the mos rods in the upper part against the most transparent level of glazing, when you reach the lower levels the densit will diminish and the frostiness in the glazing will be greater.

48

hat thathave havea adirect direct fferent ifferentlevels levelswith with ist, bybyenhancing exist, enhancing on meaning tion meaningthat that d edininthe thelast lastlevel level sand andboxes. boxes.AsAsa a ecethem theminindifferent different . ns.

nal idea ginal ideaofofbeing being ngs angsfrom fromthe thetop. top. ogy, logy,the theother otherone one ar slab, ular slab,with withthis this nt enttransitions transitionsofof ofofrods rodswill willcreate create tstdense densepiece pieceofof ytyofofvertical verticalrods rods

The hanging promenade

Perspective of the undreground levels 49

3 The projects (Part 2) A reďŹ&#x201A;ection on how to approach The projects (Part two) housing at various scales and situations.

50

L. -17.6 m

GROUP 2

L, XL Scale

An Urban manifestation In this second part, the projects go beyond the architectural element and respond to the context, now the answer has to be an urban level, a manifestation, at this scale architecture must be understood as the result of the necessities of the city, since it will have an important impact on it. The hierarchy becomes the mass and its occupation in the urban fabric, but not the program or the architectural idea.

51

Workshop leeded by: Andrea Deplazes, Fernando Altozano.

Team: Simona Vega, Manuel Muñoz, Juan F. Quiñonez.

52

Perspective section view.

53

Photographs collage.

An Urban Promenade

TOOL 4.

TOOL 3.

TOOL 5.

TOOL 1.

TOOL 2.

The Urban Tol box of circunstances

54

Take the distinct urban layouts or general spatial behaviors to create a toolbox of urban situations that together can describe the cities diversity and therefore balance.

This toolbox represents a serie of urban actions among diďŹ&#x20AC;erent historical situations of the city in which we tried to understand the evolving procedure of the tissue.

TOOL 4.

Tool 1. Densification of the perimeter

Aditive

Aditive

Urban morphologhies analisys diagram.

Location 1

Aditive/substractions

Aditive/substractions

In between/leſt over

TOOL 5.

Urban section.

0

Location figure-ground diagram.

32

Tool 2. Filling the interior void

Location 2 TOOL 1.

Aditive

Aditive

In between/leſt over

Aditive

Urban morphologhies analisys diagram.

Urban section.

0

32

Location figure-ground diagram.

Tool 3. De-densifying

Location 3 TOOL 4.

Aditive

Aditive

Urban morphologhies analisys diagram.

Urban section.

0 TOOL 5.

32

Aditive

In between/leſt over

Location figure-ground diagram.

55

56

Ground floor plan.

57

Typical floor plan.

58

TOOL 2.

The result is a hybrid housing project, the master plan of the housing project is the answer that oďŹ&#x20AC;ers the most favorable solution to the city, and its balance. In this way, the house inside becomes the result of the required form. The typologies taken to the extreme seek to be delegated on the one hand to distance themselves as much as possible from the other blocks and on the other side to be deep to continue the urban alignment. Finally, the tower is nothing more than the result of maximizing the idea of slimness.

The dwellings.

Pushing them to the limits 3.10 3.10

2.02 2.02

5.00 5.00

5.00 5.00

12.00 12.00

6.00

6.00

5.20

Dwelling typologies floor plans.

1. Tower Floorplan

2.00

2.00

6.50

6.50

20.40 20.40

9.00 9.00

5.20

2. Corner Floorplan(The brigde Typo)

5.00

1.05

5.00

1.05

3. Slab Floorplan

4.50

4.50

4. Detached Floorplan

59

3.4 The park as an urban expansion The Ecological District

Workshop Peribáñez.

Workshopleeded leededby:by:José JoséMaría MaríaEzquiaga,Gemma Ezquiaga, Team: Simona Vega, Manuel Muñoz, Juan F. Quiñonez.

Gemma Peribáñez Ayala,Valentina Mion.

Team: Elisa Cecconi, María José Cachau, Alejandro Maldonado.

Campamento,Latina (Madrid)

A New Campamento district.

The New Campamento District is located southeast of the city of Madrid, and constitutes the most important piece to complete this area of the city, whit almost 200 Ha. The district has to be a fine-grained, mixed and lively place, at the same time it has the potential for a globally exemplary sustainable project that takes limited resources into account.

Close to the New Campamento District, a large green area of around 1,700 hectares called Casa de Campo, are expected to be fully integrated in the city, which invite for leisure and sports use.

A Green Urban District.

The project takes as its starting point three circumstances in this area of the city: the presence of a large exit highway (A5); the idea periphery and entrance to the city; the contiguous presence of a large park and natural reservoir (Casa de Campo).

Based on these particular circumstances, the concept was a development that would allow the green context of the environment to continue and branch out. To achieve this, the first thing that was done was to determine where the clumps of trees are and try to determine a pattern that would allow them to connect.

The result is a series of irregularly shaped fingers that cross the A5 motorway, introducing the park to the consolidated city. On the other hand, in the center, there is a large linear park whose topography will muffle the noise from the highway 60

61

Madrid Figure-Ground 62

Layering to understand

A morphological analysis of the Southwest of Madrid

Figure-Ground+ Streets

Green Areas+ Forests

63

Campamento.

The Extremadura highway (A5) is the backbone of the neighborhoods that extend to the southwest of Madrid, in the district of Latina: BatĂĄn, Puerta del Ă ngel, Aluche, Campamento, Cuatro Vientos. They have all grown around this main road. Looking back we can establish a chronology of its transformation. Much of this territory belonged to the municipalities of Carabanchel Alto and Bajo, until its deďŹ nitive annexation to the city of Madrid in 1948. It was a place of pasture and agricultural use that was urbanizing at the rate that marked the growth of the city. And also the infrastructures.

Natural roads gradually gave way to streets, railways, and highways. At the other end remains the natural border of Casa de Campo.

Further away from the city, the barracks proliferated, arising around a powder keg in the mid-19th century. The military settlements gave their name to the Campamento neighborhood.

64

Figure-ground diagram .

DENSITY (Hab/Ha) Density (hab/hec).

0

50

100

Ciudad de Madrid

150

200

250

55,2

300

350

Average surface of dwellings (m2).

Population.

POPULATION 01/01/2019

0

134.881

01. Centro

119.379

240,9 03. Re�ro

03. Re�ro

220,304. Salamanca

146.148

03. Re�ro

04. Salamanca

274,2 05.

Chamar�n

145.865

04. Salamanca

160,8

06. Tetuán

300,1 07. Chamberí

07. Chamberí

301,0 08. Fuencarral-El Pardo

08. Fuencarral-El Pardo

10,5

09. Moncloa-Aravaca

26,2

10. La�na

95,2

11. Carabanchel

246.021

238.154

11. Carabanchel

253.040

12. Usera

139.501

12. Usera

183,7 13. Puente de Vallecas

13. Puente de Vallecas

160,9

14. Moratalaz

156,7

15. Ciudad Lineal

14. Moratalaz

16. Hortaleza

70,5

17. Villaverde 22,2

19. Vicálvaro

21,0

20. San Blas-Canillejas

216.270 188.267

16. Hortaleza

148.883 110.436

18. Villa de Vallecas 19. Vicálvaro

21. Barajas

48.972

11. Carabanchel 12. Usera 13. Puente de Vallecas 14. Moratalaz 15. Ciudad Lineal 16. Hortaleza 17. Villaverde

20. San Blas - Canillejas 21. Barajas

Campamento

Las Águilas

10. La�na

19. Vicálvaro 158.166

11,9

Sección de ac�vidad económica Economical activities.

09. Moncloa-Aravaca

18. Villa de Vallecas

72.126

20. San Blas-Canillejas 72,3

21. Barajas

94.609

17. Villaverde

76,4

18. Villa de Vallecas

234.770

15. Ciudad Lineal

192,4

07. Chamberí 08. Fuencarral-El Pardo

119.423

10. La�na

185,2

200

06. Tetuán

139.448

09. Moncloa-Aravaca

150

05. Chamar�n

157.937

06. Tetuán

100

02. Arganzuela

02. Arganzuela

05. Chamar�n

50

01. Centro

153.830

02.

Arganzuela 268,7

01. Centro

Superficie media (m2) de las viviendas

Libres VPO Usadas Superficie media (m2) de las viviendas(La�na) Average surface of dwellings (m2).

107. Las Águilas

Cuatro Vientos

106. Cuatro Vientos

Campamento

105. Campamento

Aluche

104. Aluche

Lucero

103. Lucero

Puerta del Ángel

102. Puerta del Ángel 101. Los Cármenes

Los Cármenes 0% Agricultura y pesca

20% Industria

40%

60%

Construcción

80% Servicios

100%

Agricultura y pesca

Industria

Construcción

Servicios

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

No consta

65

Public Facilities

Existing Green Areas.

Proposed Green ďŹ ngers.

Sustainable Mobility

Built vs Gren Areas.

Proposed densities.

66

+

Boundaries zoom.

Jumping the barriers.

Linear park bridges

67

The grid meets the park

The Super Block

Parcel Subdivision

+ Green

Urban

Traditional urban

New urban tissue ring shaped

Concept diagram.

Permeability The blocks or building plots are adapted to the perimeter of the parks and seek to replicate the concept of superblocks to reduce the use of wheeled vehicles, prioritizing public transport, bicycles, and pedestrian circulation.

The types of buildings seek to avoid closed spaces that break continuity. The scale of the master plan avoids massive buildings that generate problems of segregation and decontextualization of the volumetric perception.

It also seeks to promote the social mix by mixing a percentage of social protection housing with private development.

Finally, in the interiors of the superblocks, a characterization with particular uses that respond to the equipment and immediate facilities is intended.

68

Type A

Architectural development parameters.

Type B

Architectural development parameters.

Type C

69

4 Cases studies

Explorations in energy sustainability and construction technology.

70

To go beyond.

In this second part, the projects go beyond the architectural element and respond to the context, now the answer has to be an urban level, a manifestation, at this scale architecture must be understood as the result of the necessities of the city, since it will have an important impact on it. The hierarchy becomes the mass and its occupation in the urban fabric, but not the program or the architectural idea.

71

4.1. Energy & Sustainability A thermodynamic labyrinth Utopia.

Workshop Workshopleeded leededby:by:Javier JavierGarcía-Germán García-Germán.

Team: Juan F. Quiñonez.

Team:Juan JuanC.C.Barrionuevo, Barrionuevo,Juan JuanE. E.Duque, Duque.

Thermodynamic design strategies.

The case study explores the design opportunities which the field of thermodynamics and ecology is opening to architecture, and specifically to the field of collective housing. From a practical and project-oriented stand point, the focus is in connecting thermodynamics and ecology to architecture with the objective of finding potential design strategies which bridge the void between quantitative and qualitative approaches.

The first part explores the territorial dimension of architecture, learning the connections between territorial manipulation and climate modification. The second part will start working on the connections between the human body and an elemental architectural room. The third part will explore the architectural connections between this room and outdoor climate. Aſter these ideas have been assimilated, the conclusion will continue with a collective housing design project to test how these ideas can be implemented.

72

Architectural development parameters.

73

The territory.

Agricultural Oasis.

The highlight of the area is its agricultural capacity in the middle of the desert, despite the very low water precipitation of the area, the inhabitants have developed an a vernacular system to collect the water from the local dunes and from the river during the rainy seasons by storing into an underground system of canals which avoid the evaporation of it, and allows to the bottom part of the valley to have the possibility of growing agricultural crops.

74

Ait Khojman, Errachidia, Marocco.

The Vernacular Architecture.

Understanding the thermal mat.

Before starting to design is important to understand the local techniques. By analyzing the Ksar, and the mat building typology of it, we understand that the main goal of it is to create shadowed spaces in which a series of tunnels which carries the cold air combined with the internal patios of the dwelling creates a continuous crosswind ďŹ&#x201A;ow to refresh the spaces..

The tunnels + patios system.

The cross-ventilation by suction.

75

The Ksar Thermodinamical System 2.0

Taking the lessons from the vernacular architecture.

The tunnel performance

76

The Patio performance

Proposed room.

The New System Performance in deep.

Earth temperature temperature 20Earth C 20 C Source Source

Earth temperature temperature 18Earth C 18 C Source Source

Water Water mirror mirror

31 C 31 C Evaporative Evaporative cooling cooling

34 C 34 C

20 C 20 C

38 38CC

Body Body

Exterior Exterior temperature temperature

2424 CC

Body Body

Source Source 36 C 36 C

Sun Rays Sun Rays Source

28 C 28 C

Patio temperature Patio temperature

Vegetation Vegetation

35 C 35 C 31 C 31 C

Water Water mirror mirror

33 C 33 C

Exterior Exterior temperature temperature

Water Water mirror mirror

Exterior temperature Exterior temperature 38 C

Summer day

Water Water mirror mirror

20 C 20 C

3838 CC

23 C 23 C

Adobe wall Adobe wall

Source

Sink Sink Thermal inertia Thermal inertia

Thermodinamical analisis Thermodinamical analisis Summer night

Exterior temperature temperature 24Exterior C

Summer night

24 C

Air flow Air flow Source 24Source C 24 C

Earth temperature temperature 12Earth C 12 C Source Source

Water mirror Water mirror Evaporative cooling

Evaporative cooling

Earth temperature

temperature 18Earth C 18 C Source

38 C

Air flow Air flow Source 38Source C 38 C

Exterior Exterior temperature temperature

Water Water mirror mirror

Water mirror Water mirror Evaporative cooling

Sink Sink Thermal inertia Thermal inertia

Thermodinamical analisis Thermodinamical analisis Summer day

Water mirror Water mirror Vegetation Vegetation

22 C 22 C 18 C 18 C

Adobe wall Adobe wall

Source

Source

CO2 CO2 heating heating

Adobe wall Adobe wall

Sink Sink inertia Thermal Thermal inertia

Evaporative cooling

Earth temperature

temperature 20Earth C 20 C Source

Patio temperature Patio temperature

24C 24C

38 38CC

37 C 37 C

Sun Rays Sun Rays Source

16 C 16 C

Water mirror Water mirror

Adobe wall Adobe wall

Sink Sink inertia Thermal Thermal inertia

Source 36Source C 36 C

Source

Evaporative Evaporative cooling cooling

37 C 37 C

Earth temperature temperature 12Earth C 12 C Source Source

20 C 20 C 18 C 18 C

10 C 10 C

Exterior Exterior temperature temperature 16 C

7C 7C

16 C

Body Body Source

Exterior Exterior temperature temperature 3C

3C

Body Body Source

36 C Source 36 C 18 C 18 C

Sun Rays Source Sun Rays

36Source C 36 C 9C 9C

Source

Patio invernadero Patio 24 C invernadero

24 C

Adobe wall Adobe wall

Sink Thermal Sink inertia Thermal inertia

Adobe wall Adobe wall

Exterior Exterior temperature temperature 16 C

21 C 21 C

Earth temperature

Source

Thermodinamical analisis Thermodinamical analisis Winter day

Sink Thermal Sink inertia Thermal inertia

Source

13 C 13 C 11 C 11 C

16 C

15 C 15 C 12Earth C temperature Source 12 C

Bonfire Source Bonfire

Patio invernadero Patio invernadero 13C

13C

23 C 23 C 19 C 19 C

Winter day

Water Water mirror mirror

18 C 18 C

CO2 CO2 heating heating

Exterior Exterior temperature temperature

Adobe wall AdobeSink wall

Thermal inertia Sink Thermal inertia

Exterior temperature Exterior temperature 16 C

16 C

Exterior Exterior temperature temperature 3C

12 C 12 C

3C

4C 4C Earth temperature

12Earth C temperature Source 12 C

Source

Thermodinamical analisis

Thermodinamical analisis Winter night Winter night

Adobe wall

Adobe wall Sink Thermal inertia Sink Thermal inertia

Exterior temperature Exterior temperature 3C

3C

77

The Labyrinth The proposed unit arises from the thermodynamical analysis of the typology of the Ksar. In this case, the streets of the Ksar function as wind tunnels that enter the houses and are expelled through the inner courtyard of each unit. Aſter having understood this process we found it interesting to think of a street where the air can circulate and generate fresh spaces. To achieve this, it was necessary to provide a source of heat that induces the air to circulate.

In this way, we design a narrow labyrinthine that culminates in a hot patio. Through ought this circulation, niches are generated that allow different activities to happen. Water and plants are added to cool the air that enters.

The final proposal takes on the characteristics of the unit but generating a more complex framework by crossing different paths. We disposed of hot patios of different dimensions and height to which different paths arrive.

Along these routes, the niches appear some more private and others shared. The proposal aims to be a utopian oasis in the desert in which to be thermally comfortable and to generate an atmosphere of relaxation, stay, and meeting points.

78

Utopian Oasis The result of a reinterpretation of the thermodynamics of the Morocco vernacular architecture

79

4.2 4.2 4.2Construction Construction Construction&&& Technology Technology Technology Re-Locate Re-Locate Re-Locate Re-Industrialized Re-Industrialized Re-Industrialized Re-Conceptualized Re-Conceptualized Re-Conceptualized

Workshop Ignacio Fernández Solla.

Workshop Workshop Workshop leeded leeded leeded by:by:by: Ignacio Ignacio Ignacio Fernandez Fernandez Fernandez Solla.

Solla.

Solla.

Team: María J.Rodriguez Rodríguez de Vera, María Ramos, Team: Team: Team: María María María J.J.Rodriguez Rodriguez dede de Vera, Vera, Vera, María María María M.M.M. Ramos, Ramos, Ramos, Juan F.Sanchéz.

Quiñonez.

Michael Michael Michael Sanchéz.

Sanchéz.

Re-Novating Re-Novating Re-Novatingisisisnot not notenough. enough. enough.

The The The idea idea idea ofofof this this this case case case study study study isisis tototo reach reach reach the the the limits limits limits ofofof the the the concept concept conceptofofofrenovation. renovation. renovation.InInInthis this thisparticular particular particularcase case casethe the the challenge challenge challenge isisto istoto relocate relocate relocate a awhole awhole whole building building building into into into anan an opposite opposite opposite circumstance, circumstance, circumstance, not not not only only only speaking speaking speaking climatologically climatologically climatologically but but but also also also onon onthe the theconstruction construction constructiontechniques techniques techniquesand and andlocal local localtechnologies. technologies. technologies.

The The The result result result has has has tototo reach reach reach the the the same same same impact impact impact asas as the the the original original original building building buildingbybybykeeping keeping keepingthe the themain main mainidea idea ideaofofofthe the thearchitectural architectural architectural design design design and and and the the the urban urban urban concepts concepts concepts involved. involved. involved.

The The Thetechnical technical technicalchallenges. challenges. challenges.

The The Thebuilding building buildingwas was wasre-thought, re-thought, re-thought,focusing focusing focusingonon onthree three threemain main main goals. goals. goals.The The Thefirst first firstone one onewas was wasthe the thestructure, structure, structure,which which whichitsits itsmain main main idea idea idea was was was tototo clear clear clear the the the ground ground ground floor floor floor ininin order order order tototo place place place the the the upper upper upper floors floors floors onon on top top top ofofof anan an existing existing existing building. building. building.

Second, Second, Second, the the the construction construction constructiontechniques techniques techniqueswhich which whichwas was wasdesired desired desiredtototobebe be industrialized industrialized industrialized and and and prefabricated prefabricated prefabricated ininorder inorder order tototo save save save time time time and and and costs. costs. costs.

The The The third third third one one one the the the facade facade facade which which which was was was necessary necessary necessary tototo bebe be re-elaborated re-elaborated re-elaborated ininin order order order tototo respond respond respond properly properly properly tototo the the the new new new climate climate climate conditions.. conditions.. conditions..

80

Tower Toweronon onthe the theTing Ting Ting Tower Wingårdh Wingårdh Wingårdh Arkitektkontor Arkitektkontor Arkitektkontor Örnsköldsvik, Örnsköldsvik, Örnsköldsvik, Sweden Sweden Sweden

81

82

The main strategy The principal focus of the project is on controlling the characteristics of tropical humid weather like the one on the island. To reach that the building has to maximize the passive weather control strategies like cross ventilation.

In order to produce this airďŹ&#x201A;ow, the core was displaced from the center to convert this space into a big ventilation courtyard and locating the main structural cores on the lateral facades.

Ă&#x2013;rnskĂśldsvik, Sweden

The Basics One core + One hat + Balconies

One hole

Two cores

+ Ventilation

- Moment

Cebu, Phillipines

Sweden

Phillipines

One main core composed of reinforced concrete from which a branch of load baring walls is acting as cantilevered truss in order to receives the loads of the slabs.

Two reinforced concrete cores from which is placed a big platform of transfer trusses, and also from where the cantilevered prefab modules are attached 83

84

The ThePrefabrication Prefabrication Each Eachdwelling dwellingisiscomposed composedofof88modules modules2,5x7,5 2,5x7,5mminin order to be easily transported by truck from order to be easily transported by truck from the the port. port.

Once Once the the structural structural modules modules arrive arrive atat the the place. place. The The finishing finishingand andisolations isolationsare areadded, added,so soonce onceplaced placedon onthe the building buildingthe theonly onlyremaining remainingpart partwill willbe bethe thefaçade façadeand and the thefurniture furniture 85

1.

The idea is to design a system of industrialization for the building process. In order to achieve it, the main strategy is the prefabrication of modules. Because of the heavy weight of the reinforced concrete the more suitable are the steel ones.

We design here a system of pieces and joints to make the faster as possible the ensemble of the structure and then the adding of the ďŹ nishes. The idea was to reduce the time of work and to bring more sustainable materials. Which in future could be recycled.

2.

Finishing assembly One hole

3.

One hole 86

Balcony assembly

Facade construction

Ventilated facade system.

Prefabricated assembly parts

6.

5.

4.

1.

11.

12.

3.

1.

2.

10.

9.

10.

1. Perforated aluminum panels 2. GFRC panels 1.50 x 0.50 x 400mm 3. Aluminum cladding frames 4. Gypsum panels 5. Windows 6. Steel framing for gypsum panels 7. Rock wool 8. Module main steel structure

9. Modular balcony system 10. Perforated aluminum panels with steel framing 11. Tiles on waterprooďŹ ng membrane 12. 1â&#x20AC;? thk. cement board

87

88

Extra

Some manifestos (by Juan F. QuiĂąonez).

89

PRODUCT YEAR TRANSPORTATION DATA OBLIGATED IMPROVE AI DISEASE

90

TRANSPORTED TOWARDS A DYSTOPIA A MANIFESTO FOR THE PRESENT Phenomenon capable of change living patrons Product extracted of every individual capable of reach an internet connection. : 2020, a period of time selected by the randomness for life-changing events.

Distorted concept of the life final goal.

“Divide and rule” Process to make changes on a superficial way, without modifying the core of the status quo.

The mechanism or system that allows connecting a physical place to another physical place. “what matters is not what people believe the rhetoric but that they feel obligated to repeat it” (Koolhaas,1995) Is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur in a Random,however it looks that randomness has preference for the low numbers.

Everything that has a price attached to it, sometimes the buyer is the same fabricator of the product.

A product that involves the subjective concept of new in it, Action to make or become better, is a verb constantly used in product marketing Uncontrolled artificial intelligence led by the automatic interaction of data.Its principal capacity is the ability of self-learning and improving.

When the real situation is different from what you thought it was.

“We were making sandcastles. Now we swim in the sea that swept them away” (Koolhaas,pg:971) By the year 2020 we are being witnesses on the fragility of our system. The uncertainty for the future is rising on the horizon, this stability is weaker than we thought and can . Nowadays nobody kwon what to be prey of unexpected and suddenly expect or how to plan the future. Is this situation a product of a coincidence in the ? We must remember that the feeling of uncertainty is a good tool to produce chaos.

Fear is the best way to control. Separate and isolate people are easiest to rule. All the humans granted. need a feeling of security. The dream of a ? Everything is always resolve around the economy.

Who is going to granted us this Governments used to be the biggest economies whoever not longer. Big companies are assuming this role, innovation and technology is been driven by its investments. What type of innovation? New innovative technologies with the slogan of being the solution for improve our our felling. In companies we should trust. lives.

The . The last dream come true on the technology field. A massive process of information in a minimum of time. Fed constantly by data. Data that is delivery by the whole world populabase. that in its basic structure is just a huge compilation of human tion The BIG translated into statistics. Is data produced the randomness of our behavior free will? A popular proverb says: “Most of human discoveries has been made by accident” ? Is this disease just a result of the probabilities?

Randomness is the result of 2020 has been called , and its been the main justification for a . We apparently live in freedom however this is a subjective , communication is associated with concept depending on the point of view. freedom, more knowledge spread, more conversations and more globalized thoughts. The . However, the is not a freedom has a price obligated to pay, that payment is our right, is a product not accessible to everyone it does not belong to us anymore. “No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Art.17.2) .

Freedom of movement and freedom of choice are the fundamentals of has been our manifestation of freedom; However, we have not realized that. Liberty is expressed on a single action, choosing from where to go and where to arrive.

However, this freedom is starting to be taken out of our hands, without noticing it, the beginning of a transformation that now days has been accelerated by the disease-situation. Daily we are leaving our decisions to an , we are giving it our right of choice while at the same time the property of our data. Freedom of choice requires time. Spending time

thinking is not efficient. Efficiency is easy. Easier things are comfortable. Comfort is happiness.

*Koolhaas, R.,Mau, B.(1995) S,M,L,XL. New York: Monacelli Press. *United nations Assembly(1948) Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Paris.

91

92

When something changes never would be again the same. We have finally solved the environmental problem, but it has been more expensive than we thought.

Nowadays we have achieved what we wanted. Sustainable cities, the equilibrium between consumption and production. You would say that we finally achieve happiness, although is hard to forget the past.

Our air quality is perfect, the spread of the cities has stopped, the car has been changed for public transportation. The increasing emigration of cities from rural areas has shiſted. Our food is better, the agricultural has become more organic, fertilizing products have been taken out of the market, they no longer exist.

Our ecological footprint has dramatically been reduced. However, we are not happy, some people are trying to hide their sadness by justifying their actions. Others just want to forget what happened at any cost, It is common to hear on the street people saying: The end justifies the means.

“I do not know with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.” – Albert Einstein, in an interview with Alfred Werner, Liberal Judaism 16 (April-May 1949).

Back days, we were oſten thinking about the end, we were living in a survivalist mode, the tension between countries was daily life bread, and the boom of the nuclear war was always a latent danger. Our biggest enemy was human nature. By that time the people were always saying: Those who forget their own history are condemned to repeat it. However, history is not always repeated in the same way.

Since the 20th century, some books started to appear, warning us into what was to come. Some of them were: The limits to growth (1972), warning us that the exponential growth of our economies and population were not long term sustainable.

The Collapse of Complex Societies (1990) Joseph Tainter, was warning us about our lineal model capitalism, based on consumerism and programed obsolescence, promoting the acquisition of an eternal number of goods and services, driving society into a collapse.

Finally, the day comes, our destiny was there, we were falling towards it, however, we were trying to put it off as much it possible. The first signal arrived, we reach a negative number in the energy returned ratio, the energy required for taking an oil barrel was bigger than the profitable energy produce by that oil barrel.

However, the economy could not stop, the growth was needed, but the renewables energy resources were not enough. This was the point when we reach our darkest moments. We moved back to old energy resources, we started the overexploitation of our coal mines.

TO BE CONTINUED ...

A PREDITED COLLAPSE PART I

93

Meanwhile, the carbon was replacing the oil, but something strange was happening, the production was not enough the global demand, the local papers used to say to us: "global reserves were not enough for the global demand". On the other hand, renewable energies were not exploited as fast as they should have been. The catastrophe was inevitable. The problems of the intensive coal exploitation started to increase, an increase of cancer patients, heavy metal poisoning. But the worst was to come, the lack of food. By these days, for each joule of food produced we needed to consume between 5 and 15 joules of energy, this situation led us to a drastic reduction in the production. the prices of food started to increase, of course, big companies took advantage of this situation. A lot of people started to die. We were facing our end.

Because of the reduction of the population, we reach an artificial equilibrium, Although the real problem was not the population but the economical model.

Renewable energies are increasing at a record rate, now we have more efficient hydroelectric dams, we are almost achieving atomic fusion, but our consumerist is also increasing at an uncontrollable rate as our wellness has improved. Nobody wants to change this linear economy model so our solution has become the space exploration and mining, we are extracting the energy from other planets as a solution. Everything has returned to its normality, nothing has changed.

Since the oil started to be scarce, the cities started to change.

Agriculture was the main field needing innovations, mostly pesticides and fertilizers were oil-based, so the model was no longer sustainable, this led to more biological agriculture, nevertheless sacrificing its efficiency. This cause-effect phenomenon also increased the need for more people on the farmland, more jobs were produced and the migration to the cities was reduced.

On the other hand, the spread city model or garden city was no longer feasible, most cars were still dependent on gasoline and electric cars were incrementing its prices because of the growing demand. This situation was liquidating the long distances and low-density cities made people rethink about densifying.

A PREDITED COLLAPSE PART II

94

95

COMMENTS

96

Book edited and designed by Juan Felipe QuiĂąonez Jaramillo.

The drawing are intellectual property of MCH 2020 and Juan Felipe QuiĂąonez.

Contact: jfq9@hotmail.com Printed in Madrid , November 2020 97

A MANUAL 98