Sociology in Our Times 9th Edition Diana Test Bank

CHAPTER 3 - SOCIALIZATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Discusstheextenttowhichpeoplewouldbecomehumanbeingswithoutadequatesocialization.

2. CompareCharlesHortonCooley’s“looking-glassself”withGeorgeHerbertMead’sinsightson “role-taking”andthe“generalizedother.”

3. Contrastfunctionalistandconflicttheorists’perspectivesontherolesthatfamiliesplayinthe socializationprocess.

4. Describehowschoolssocializechildreninbothformalandinformalways.

5. Statetherolethatpeergroupsandmediaplayinsocializationnowandpredictthepartthatthese agentswillplayinthefuture.

6. Identifywaysinwhichgendersocializationandracial/ethnicsocializationoccurinyourschooland community.

7. Discussthestagesinthelifecourseanddemonstratewhytheprocessofsocializationis importantineachstage.

8. Distinguishbetweenvoluntaryandinvoluntaryresocialization,andgiveexamplesofeach.

MULTIPLE CHOICE SECTION

1. Ateenageboy,nervousbecauseheisabouttogooutonhisfirstdate,receivesadvice fromhisoldersisterabouthowtoact.Thisisanexampleof__________.

a. self-representation

b. acculturation

c. socialization

d. assimilation

Answer: c Page:64 LO:1 TYPE:Applied

SOURCE:Pickup

2. __________isthelifelongprocessofsocialinteractionthroughwhichindividualsacquire aself-identityandthephysical,mental,andsocialskillsneededforsurvivalinsociety.

a. Acculturation

b. Socialization

c. Assimilation

d. Self-representation

Answer: b Page:65 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual

3. Whichofthesestatementsaboutsocializationis false?

SOURCE:Pickup

a. Socializationinvolvesbothformalandinformalprocesses.

b. Socializationenablesustoadapttonewenvironments.

c. Socializationiscompletebythetimewereachlatemiddle-age.

d. Socializationisessentialforanindividualtoliveinsociety.

Answer: c Page:64 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New 4. Whyissocializationsuchanimportantprocessforhumanbeings?

a. Unlikeotheranimals,humanshavenobiologicaldrives.

b. Humanbeingsarenotcapableofinformallearningprocesses.

c. Humanbeingshaveaninstinctiveknowledgeofsocietythatistriggeredby socialization.

d. Achievingfullhumanpotentialrequiresinteractionwithothers.

Answer: d Page:66 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New 5. Whichofthesestatementsabouttheimportanceofsocializationforsocietyis false?

a. Ifasocietyissmallenough,socializationisnotessentialtosocialstability.

b. Membersofasocietymustbesocializedtosupporttheexistingsocialstructure.

c. Socializationenablessocietytoreproduceitselfbypassingculturefromone generationtothenext.

d. Withoutsocializationhumansocietycouldnotsurvive.

Answer: a Page:65 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New 6. Socializationisessentialforthesurvivalandstabilityofsociety.Thisstatementreflects theperspectiveonsocializationandsociety.

a. conflicttheory

b. postmodern

c. functionalist

d. symbolicinteractionist

Answer: c Page:65 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New 7. Inthe“natureversusnurture”debateregardingsocialization,the“nature”component refersto__________.

a. culturaltradition

b. heredity

c. contactwithothers

d. socialenvironment

Answer: b Page:67 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup 8. Inthe“natureversusnurture”argumentregardingsocialization,the“nurture”component refersto__________.

a. socialenvironment

b. contactwithothers

c. culturaltradition

d. heredity

Answer: a Page:67 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

9. __________isthesystematicstudyofhowbiologyaffectssocialbehaviorandasserts thatnature,intheformofourgeneticmakeup,isamajorfactorinshapinghuman behavior.

a. Psychophysiology

b. Geneticanalysis

c. Sociobiology

d. Cybernation

Answer: c Page:67 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

10.

__________focusonhowhumansdesigntheirowncultureandtransmititfrom generationtogenerationthroughsocialization.Bycontrast,__________assertthat nature,intheformofourgeneticmakeup,isamajorfactorinshapinghumanbehavior.

a. Psychologists/sociologists

b. Sociologists/sociobiologists

c. Sociobiologists/psychologists

d. Sociobiologists/sociologists

Answer: b Page:67 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

11. __________pioneeredsociobiology,arguingthatgeneticinheritanceunderliesmany formsofsocialbehaviorincludingwarandpeace,envyandconcernforothers,and competitionandcooperation.

a. SigmundFreud

b. LawrenceKohlberg

c. JeanPiaget

d. EdwardWilson

Answer: d Page:67 LO:1 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:Modified

12. Whichofthesestatementsisthebestexplanationoftherelativeinfluenceofbiological andsocialfactorsinhumandevelopment?

a. Biologicalprinciplesexplainallformsofhumanbehavior.

b. Thereishardlyanyhumanbehaviorthatisinfluencedbybiologicalfactors.

c. Heredityprovidesthebasicmaterialoutofwhichsocialinteractionshapes humancharacteristics.

d. Itisclearthatbiologicalprincipleshavefargreaterabilitytoexplainhuman behaviorthandoessocialinteraction.

Answer: c Page:67 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

13. Childrenwhosebiologicalandemotionalneedsaremetinsettingscharacterizedby affection,warmth,andclosenessseetheworld__________.

a. asanon-trustworthyandabusiveplace

b. withsuspicionandfear

c. asasafeandcomfortableplace

d. asahostileplace

Answer: c Page:67 LO:1 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:Pickup

14. Inaseriesoflaboratoryexperiments,psychologistsHarryandMargaretHarlow attemptedtodemonstrate__________.

a. theeffectsofsocialisolationonnonhumanprimatesraisedwithoutcontactwith othersoftheirownspecies

b. thathumandevelopmentoccursinthreestagesthatreflectdifferentlevelsofthe personality

c. howconflictsthatcoincidewithmajorchangesinaperson’ssocialenvironment canberesolvedinapositivemanner

d. thatcognitivedevelopmentoccursinstagesthataresignificantlydifferentfor humanandnonhumanprimates.

Answer: a Page:67 LO:1 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:Modified

15.

SociologistKingsleyDaviswasinterestedinthecaseofAnna,achildwhowaskeptinan attic-likeroominhergrandfather’shouse,because__________.

a. hewasstudyingtheparentinghabitsofyoung,unmarriedmothers

b. hewantedtoknowmoreaboutwhathappenswhenachildisraisedinisolation

c. hewasattemptingtodeterminehowchildrendevelopageneralizedother

d. hewasinterestedintheimpactofsexualabuseonlaterhumanbehavior

Answer: b Page:68 LO:1 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:Modified

16. ThecasesofAnnaandGeniearepresentedinthetextinordertoillustratethepointthat

a. evennegativeabusivesocializationwillhelpanindividualachievetheirpotential.

b. socializationisessentialfornormalhumandevelopment.

c. themostneglectedchildrencanstillbesaidtohavebeensocialized.

d. thenegativeeffectsofsocialisolationcanbeovercomewiththeproper treatment.

Answer: b Page:68 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

17.

ThecaseofGenie,aneglectedandabusedchild,illustratesthat

a. withpropertherapy,childrenwhohavebeenisolatedcaneventuallybecomefully developedandindependent.

b. childrenwhohaveexperiencedextremeisolationdonotlivelongenoughto reachadulthood.

c. itisnotpossibleforchildrenwhoexperienceextremesocialisolationandneglect toeverachievetheirfullhumanpotential.

d. isolatedchildrenactuallyrecovermorequicklyfromcognitivedamagethan physicaldamage.

Answer: c Page:68 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual

18. Whatisthemostfrequentformofchildmaltreatment?

a. physicalabuse

b. emotionalabuse

c. criminalsexualassault

SOURCE:Modified

Socialization

d. neglect

Answer: d Page:68 LO:1 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:Pickup

19.

Thebasicassumptioninthepsychoanalyticapproachof__________isthathuman behaviorandpersonalityoriginatefromunconsciousforceswithintheindividual.

a. GeorgeHerbertMead’s

b. CharlesHortonCooley’s

c. JeanPiaget’s

d. SigmundFreud’s

Answer: d Page:69 LO:1 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:Modified

20.

AccordingtopsychologistSigmundFreud,humandevelopmentoccursinthree statesthatreflectdifferentlevelsofthepersonality.Whichofthefollowingis not one ofthestates?

a. id

b. superego

c. libido

d. ego

Answer: c Page:69 LO:1 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:Pickup

21.

AccordingtopsychologistSigmundFreud,humandevelopmentoccursinthreestates thatreflectdifferentlevelsofthepersonality.The__________isthecomponentof personalitythatincludesalloftheindividual'sbasicbiologicaldrivesandneedsthat demandimmediategratification.

a. id

b. ego

c. superego

d. libido

Answer: a Page:69 LO:1 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:Conceptual

22.

WithinFreud’sframeworkforunderstandinghumandevelopment,the__________isthe rational,reality-orientedcomponentofpersonalitythatimposesrestrictionsontheinnate pleasure-seekingdrivesofindividuals.

a. id

b. ego

c. superego

d. libido

Answer: b Page:70 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

23.

AccordingtoFreud,the__________isexpressedinrecognitionofparentalcontroland laterofthedemandsofsociety.

a. id

b. ego

c. superego

d. libido

Answer: c Page:70 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

24. RachelleandLuisreallywantanewsportsutilityvehicle,buthaverecentlyhadtheirfirst child.LuissaystoRachellethatthecarwillhavetowaituntilsometimewhentheyhave moreresources.Hisattitudeisanillustrationofthe__________.

a. libido

b. ego

c. id

d. superego

Answer: b Page:70 LO:1 TYPE:Applied SOURCE:Modified

25. AccordingtoFreud,awell-adjustedindividualsuccessfullymanagestheopposingforces ofthe__________andthe__________.

a. psychicimpulse/ego

b. id/ego

c. ego/superego

d. id/superego

Answer:d Page:70 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

26. PsychologistJeanPiagetwasapioneerinthefieldof__________,whichexploreshow people’sabilitytothinkandprocessinformationchangesovertime.

a. psychoanalysis

b. psychosocialdevelopment

c. cognitivedevelopment

d. symbolicinteractionism

Answer: c Page:70 LO:1 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:Modified

27. Piagetbelievedthatineachstageofhumandevelopment(frombirththrough adolescence),children'sactivitiesaregovernedbytheir__________.

a. individualpsyches

b. perceptionoftheworldaroundthem

c. socialization

d. interactionswithothers

Answer: b Page:70 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

28. WhichoftheseisthecorrectsequenceofpsychologistJeanPiaget’sstagesofcognitive development?

a. preoperational,sensorimotor,formaloperational,andconcreteoperational

b. concreteoperational,preoperational,formaloperational,andsensorimotor

c. preoperational,formaloperational,concreteoperational,andsensorimotor

d. sensorimotor,preoperational,concreteoperational,andformaloperational

Answer: d Page:71 LO:1

29. AccordingtoPiaget,inthe__________stage,childrenareunabletoengageinsymbolic thoughtoruselanguage.

a. sensorimotor

b. formaloperational

c. preoperational

d. concreteoperational

Answer: a Page:71 LO:1

30. AccordingtopsychologistJeanPiaget,towardtheendofthesecondyearoflife,children begintousewordsasmentalsymbolsandtoformmentalimages.Hereferredtothisas the__________stage.

a. concreteoperational

b. preoperational

c. sensorimotor

d. formaloperational

Answer: b Page:71 LO:1

31.

PsychologistJeanPiagetshowedchildrentwoidenticalglassesfilledwiththesame amountofwater.Afterthechildrenagreedthatbothglassesheldthesameamountof water,Piagetpouredthewaterfromoneglassintoataller,narrowerglassandthen askedthemabouttheamountsofwaterineachglass.Tylerthoughtthatthetallerglass heldmorewaterbecausethewaterlinewashigherthanintheshorter,widerglass.This isanindicationthatTylerisinthe__________stageofdevelopment.

a. sensorimotor

b. concreteoperational

c. preoperational

d. formaloperational

Answer: c Page:71 LO:1 TYPE:Applied

SOURCE:Modified

32.

PsychologistJeanPiagetshowedchildrentwoidenticalglassesfilledwiththesame amountofwater.Afterthechildrenagreedthatbothglassesheldthesameamountof water,Piagetpouredthewaterfromoneglassintoataller,narrowerglassandthen askedthemabouttheamountsofwaterineachglass.Tamaranotedthatbothcontainers stillhadthesameamountofwater,eventhoughtheyweredifferentshapesandsizes. ThiswouldindicatethatTamaraisinthe__________stageofcognitivedevelopment.

a. sensorimotor

b. concreteoperational

c. formaloperational

d. preoperational

Answer: b Page:71 LO:1 TYPE:Applied

SOURCE:Modified

33.

InpsychologistJeanPiaget'stheory,bythe__________stage,adolescentsareableto engageinhighlyabstractthoughtandunderstandplaces,things,andeventstheyhave neverseen.Theycanthinkaboutthefutureandevaluatedifferentoptionsorcoursesof

action.

a. sensorimotor

b. preoperational

c. formaloperational

d. concreteoperational

Answer: c Page:71 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

34. Whichoftheseis not oneofthecriticismsofPiaget’sframeworkforunderstanding cognitivedevelopment?

a. Piaget’sapproachdoesnotaccountforindividualdifferencesamongchildren.

b. Piaget’sstagesofcognitivedevelopmentdonotapplyequallywellcrossculturally.

c. ThestagesofcognitivedevelopmentnotedbyPiagetdonottakedifferencesin gendersocializationintoaccount.

d. TheworkofPiagetislargelyareconfigurationoftheearlierworkofSigmund Freud.

Answer: d Page:71 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

35.

InpsychologistLawrenceKohlberg’stheory,duringthe__________level,childrenview evilbehaviorasthatwhichislikelytobepunished,andgoodbehaviorasobedienceand avoidanceofunwantedconsequences.

a. conventional

b. subconventional

c. postconventional

d. preconventional

Answer: d Page:71 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

36.

WhichofthestagesinthetheoryofpsychologistLawrenceKohlbergis not reachedby mostadults?

a. preconventional

b. conventional

c. postconventional

d. subconventional

Answer: c Page:71 LO:1 TYPE:Applied SOURCE:New

37.

AccordingtoKohlberg’sframeworkofmoraldevelopment,mostadultsaregovernedby concernforhowtheyareviewedbyothersandwhetherornottheywillbepunishedfor theirbehavior.Thisistermedthe__________levelofmoraldevelopment.

a. subconventional

b. conventional

c. postconventional

d. preconventional

Answer: b Page:71 LO:1 TYPE:Applied

SOURCE:New

Socialization

38. AccordingtopsychologistCarolGilligan,thekeyweaknessofLawrenceKohlberg's modelwasthatit

a. underestimatedhumanpotentialforimmorality.

b. wasbasedononlymalerespondents.

c. ignoredkeysocialpsychologicalinsights.

d. overemphasizedthesubconsciousmind.

Answer: b Page:72 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

39. PsychologistCarolGilliganconcludedthatwomenandmenoftenhavedivergentviews onmoralitybasedondifferencesin__________andlifeexperiences.

a. socialclass

b. education

c. religion

d. socialization

Answer: d Page:72 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

40.

PsychologistCarolGilliganbelievesthatwomenandmenoftenhavedivergentviewson morality.Shearguedthatmenaremoreconcernedwith__________,whilewomenare likelytoconsiderthe__________involvedinthesituation.

a. lawandorder/socialrelationships

b. socialskills/socialnorms

c. socialrelationships/ethics

d. themselves/feelingsofothers

Answer: a Page:72 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

41. Accordingto__________wecannotformasenseofselfwithoutintensesocial interactionwithothers.

a. psychoanalysts

b. sociologists

c. psychologists

d. sociobiologists

Answer: b Page:73 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

42. __________isthetermforthesumtotalofperceptionsandfeelingsthatanindividual hasofbeingadistinctanduniqueperson(asenseofwhoandwhatoneis).

a. Personality

b. Psyche

c. Self

d. Individuation

Answer: c Page:73 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

43. Accordingtothesociologicalperspective,fourcomponentsmakeupourself-concept. Whichofthefollowingis not oneofthecomponentsofourself-concept?

a. physicalself

b. creativeself

c. activeself

d. socialself

Answer: b Page:73 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

44. Whichofthesestatementsaboutthe“self”orself-conceptis false?

a. One’ssenseofselfisnotpresentatbirth.

b. Inearlychildhoodone’sfocusisonthephysicalandactiveself.

c. Self-conceptisthebasisforcommunicationwithothers.

d. Self-conceptisfixedinchildhoodandunchangingafter.

Answer: d Page:73 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

45.

Accordingto__________,wedonotknowwhoweareuntilweseeourselvesaswe believethatothersseeus.Thisperspectivehelpsusunderstandhowourself-identityis developedthroughourcontactwithothers.

a. functionalists

b. conflicttheorists

c. symbolicinteractionists

d. postmodernists

Answer: c Page:73 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

46.

AccordingtosociologistCharlesHortonCooley,the__________referstothewayin whichaperson’ssenseofselfisderivedfromtheperceptionsofothers.

a. subconscious

b. looking-glassself

c. processofrole-taking

d. significantother

Answer: b Page:73 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

47. Whichoftheseis not astepintheprocessofthe looking-glass self?

a. Weimaginehowourpersonalityandappearancelooktoothers.

b. Weimaginehowothersjudgethepersonalityandappearancewepresent.

c. Weevaluatetheattitudesthatweperceivefromothersintermsoftheir correctness.

d. Wedevelopaself-conceptbasedonourperceptionoftheattitudesofothers.

Answer: c Page:73 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

48.

GeorgeHerbertMeadbreaksdownthedevelopmentoftheselfintothreestages.Which oftheseis not oneofthem?

a. preparatory

b. conventional

c. play

d. game

Socialization

Answer: b Page:74 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

49. AccordingtosociologistGeorgeHerbertMead,__________referstotheprocessby whichapersonmentallyassumestheroleofanotherpersonorgroupinorderto understandtheworldfromthatperson'sorgroup’spointofview.

a. role-exploration

b. role-assumption

c. role-taking

d. role-searching

Answer: c Page:74 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

50. SociologistGeorgeHerbertMeadcoinedtheterm__________othersforthosepersons whosecare,affection,andapprovalareespeciallydesiredandwhoaremostimportantin thedevelopmentoftheself.

a. significant

b. perceived

c. generalized

d. primary

Answer: a Page:74 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

51. Aaron’sfootballcoachisaveryimportantinfluenceinhislife.ManyofAaron’sactions areattemptstowintheapprovalofhiscoach.SociologistGeorgeHerbertMeadwould suggestthatthecoachisoneofAaron’s__________

a. generalizedothers

b. secondarygroupmembers

c. significantothers

d. referencegroupmembers

Answer: c Page:74 LO:2 TYPE:Applied SOURCE:Modified

52. Sociologist__________dividedtheselfintothe"I"andthe"me."

a. CharlesHortonCooley

b. ErikErikson

c. NeilSmelser

d. GeorgeHerbertMead

Answer: d Page:74 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

53. The"I"isthe__________elementoftheselfandrepresentsthespontaneousand uniquetraitsofeachperson.

a. subjective

b. objective

c. imaginary

d. neutral Answer: a Page:74 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

54. The"me"isthe__________elementoftheself,whichiscomposedoftheinternalized attitudesanddemandsofothermembersofsocietyandtheindividual’sawarenessof thosedemands.

a. imaginary

b. subjective

c. objective

d. neutral

Answer: c Page:74 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

55. AccordingtosociologistGeorgeHerbertMead,inthe__________stageofselfdevelopment,interactionslackmeaningandchildrenlargelyimitatethepeoplearound them.

a. play

b. preparatory

c. game

d. assimilation

Answer: b Page:74 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

56. Coryisfouryearsofage.HelovestodressuplikeBatmanandpretendtosaveGotham CityfromThePenguin.AccordingtosociologistGeorgeHerbertMead’stheory,heisin the__________stageofself-development.

a. preparatory

b. assimilation

c. play

d. game

Answer: c Page:74 LO:2 TYPE:Applied SOURCE:Pickup

57. IntheframeworkpresentedbysociologistGeorgeHerbertMead,whenyoungchildren joinT-ballteamsandbegintolearntoplaybaseballtheyareenteringthe__________ stageofself-development.

a. preparatory

b. play

c. assimilation

d. game

Answer: d Page:75 LO:2 TYPE:Applied SOURCE:Pickup

58. SociologistGeorgeHerbertMead’sconceptofthe__________otherreferstothechild’s awarenessofthedemandsandexpectationsofthesocietyasawholeorofthechild’s subculture.

a. generalized

b. perceived

c. secondary

d. significant

Answer: a Page:75 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

59. Fromacontemporary__________perspective,childrenareactiveandcreativeagents, notjustpassiverecipientsofthesocializationprocess.Fromthisview,childrenconstruct theirownpeerculturebyborrowingfromadultculture.

a. postmodernist

b. functionalist

c. symbolicinteractionist

d. conflict

Answer: c Page:76 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

60. SociologistWilliamCorsarostatesthat__________isastablesetofactivitiesor routines,artifacts,values,andconcernsthatchildrenproduceandshare,andthat emergesthroughinteractionaschildren“borrow”fromtheadultculture.

a. peerculture

b. universalsociety

c. socialculture

d. transitionalsociety

Answer: a Page:76 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

61. TheresearchofsociologistWilliamCorsarosuggeststhatthe__________isthemost significantarenainwhichchildrenandyoungpeopleacquireculturalknowledge.

a. peergroup

b. massmedia

c. family

d. school

Answer: a Page:76 LO:2 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:Pickup

62. __________isthetermforthepersons,groups,orinstitutionsthatteachuswhatwe needtoknowinordertoparticipateinsociety.

a. Interactionforum

b. Agentofsocialization

c. Socialreference

d. Significantother

Answer: b Page:76 LO:3 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:Modified

63. Weareexposedtomany__________throughoutourlifetime.Accordingtothetext,the mostpervasiveonesinchildhoodincludethefamily,theschool,peergroups,andthe massmedia.

a. totalinstitutions

b. moralstructures

c. agentsofsocialization

d. countergroups

Answer: c Page:76 LO:3 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

64. Accordingtothetext,the__________isthemostimportantagentofsocializationinall societies.

a. school

b. peergroup

c. family

d. massmedia

Answer: c Page:76 LO:3

65. Theoristsusinga__________perspectiveemphasizethatfamiliesareimportantfor societybecausetheyaretheprimarysourcefortheprocreationandsocializationof children.

a. conflict

b. symbolicinteractionist

c. postmodern

d. functionalist

Answer: d Page:77 LO:3

66. __________theoristsemphasizethatsocializationreaffirmsandreproducestheclass structureinthenextgenerationratherthanchallengingtheconditionsthatpresentlyexist.

a. Conflict

b. Postmodern

c. Functionalist

d. Symbolicinteractionist

Answer: a Page:77

67. __________theoristsemphasizethatthefamilyisthesourceofourspecificsocial positioninsociety.

a. Postmodern

b. Functionalist

c. Conflict

d. Symbolicinteractionist

Answer: c Page:77 LO:3

68. Froma__________perspective,schoolsareresponsibleforteachingstudentstobe productivemembersofsociety,thetransmissionofculture,socialcontrolandpersonal development,andtheselection,training,andplacementofindividualsintodifferentlevels insociety.

a. functionalist

b. conflict

c. postmodern

d. symbolicinteractionist

Answer: a Page:77 LO:4

69. __________theoristsassertthatstudentshavedifferentexperiencesintheschool

70.

systemdependingontheirsocialclass,theirracial/ethnicbackground,theneighborhood inwhichtheylive,andtheirsex/gender.

a. Postmodern

b. Conflict

c. Symbolicinteractionist

d. Functionalist

Answer: b Page:78 LO:4 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

AccordingtosociologistsSamuelBowlesandHerbertGintis,muchofwhathappensin schoolamountstoteachingchildrentobeneat,tobeontime,tobequiet,towaittheir turn,andtoremainattentivetotheirwork.Theytermthisthe__________.

a. disciplinescenario

b. authoritarianagenda

c. hiddencurriculum

d. mediaprogram

Answer: c Page:78 LO:4 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

71. A__________isagroupofpeoplewhoarelinkedbycommoninterests,equalsocial position,and(usually)similarage.

a. referencegroup

b. peergroup

c. socialgroup

d. primarygroup

Answer: b Page:78 LO:5 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

72. Whatisitthatsetspeergroupsapartfromschoolsandfamiliesasagentsof socialization?

a. Peergroupstendtobelargerthanmostfamilies

b. Unlikeschoolsandfamilies,peergroupsaresourcesofinformalsocialization.

c. Peergroupsaremorelikelytoteachculturalnormsthanarefamiliesorschools.

d. Unlikeschoolsandfamilies,peergroupallowchildrenadegreeoffreedomfrom authority.

Answer: d Page:79 LO:5 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

73. Youarestudyingforanimportantexam.Threeofyourfriendsconvinceyoutogoout drinkingalthoughyourreallyfeellikeyoushouldstudy.Thesociologicaltermforwhat youhaveexperiencedis__________.

a. anticipatorystrain

b. anomie

c. peerpressure.

d. interactionalstrain

Answer: c Page:79 LO:5 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

74.

Thetermthatmaybeusedinclusivelytorefertotelevision,radio,movies,Internet,

Twitter,Facebook,andvideogamesis__________.

a. cyberspace

b. media

c. socialmedia

d. newtechnologies

Answer: b Page:79 LO:5 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

75. Whichoftheseisnotoneofthesocializingfunctionsofthemediadiscussedinthetext?

a. providingtheemotionalsupportlackinginmanyfamilies

b. introducingustoawidevarietyofpeople

c. providinganarrayofviewpointsoncurrentissues

d. makingusawareofproductsandservices

Answer: a Page:79 LO:5 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

76. ResearchindicatesthatchildrenintheU.S.ages8to18spendanaverageof __________aweekusingentertainmentmedia.

a. 10hours

b. 26hours

c. 41hours

d. 53hours

Answer: d Page:79 LO:5 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:New

77. Whichofthesestatementsabouttheuseofmediabydifferentracial/ethnicgroupsis true?

a. Whitechildrenmediaonadailybasismoreoftenthanchildrenofother racial/ethnicgroups.

b. Blackchildrenaretheleastlikelyofanygrouptousemediaonadailybasis.

c. Latinochildrenaretheleastlikelyofanyracial/ethnicgrouptousedailymedia.

d. AfricanAmericanandLatinochildrenspendmoretimewithmediathandowhite non-Latinochildren.

Answer: d Page:79 LO:5 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:New

78. Sociologistsusetheterm__________forthespecificmessagesandpracticesthatteach whatitmeanstobefemaleormaleinaspecificgrouporsociety.

a. sexualdevelopment

b. gendersocialization

c. culturalacquisition

d. developmentalpsychology

Answer: b Page:80 LO:6 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

79. Throughoutchildhoodandadolescence,boysandgirlstypicallyareassigneddifferent householdchoresandgivendifferentprivileges(suchashowlatetheymaystayoutat night).Thisisanexampleof__________.

Socialization

a. sexualdevelopment

b. gendersocialization

c. culturalacquisition

d. developmentalpsychology

Answer: b Page:80 LO:6 TYPE:Applied

SOURCE:Modified

80. InastudyofAfricanAmericanfamilies,sociologistJaniceHale-Bensonfound that

a. childrenaretaughttothinkofgenderstrictlyin"male-female"termsandvery conventionalroles.

b. bothdaughtersandsonsaresocializedtowardautonomy,independence, self-confidence,andnurturanceofchildren.

c. childrenhad"othermothers"whoplayedanimportantroleintheirsocialization.

d. gendersocializationfollowedthesamepatternasinwhite,middle-classfamilies.

Answer: b Page:80 LO:6 TYPE:Applied

81. Whichofthesestatementsaboutracialsocializationis false?

SOURCE:Modified

a. Themostimportantaspectsofracialidentityarelearnedwithinone’sfamily.

b. Racialsocializationinvolvesdirectstatementsandindirectactivities.

c. Racialattitudesmustbetaughtintentionally,usingdirectmessages.

d. Ethnicvaluesandattitudesbegantosolidifywithinchildrenasearlyasage4.

Answer: c Page:81 LO:6 TYPE:Applied

SOURCE:Modified 82. Ayoungwomandecidesthatshewantstobecomeaprofessionalbasketballplayer.She joinsherschoolbasketballteam,readsarticlesaboutthebestbasketballplayers,and attendsbasketballcamps.Thisisanexampleof__________.

a. resocializationsocialization

b. occupationalsocialization

c. anticipatorysocialization

d. ariteofpassage

Answer: c Page:82 LO:7 TYPE:Applied

83. Whichoftheseis not anexampleofariteofpassage?

a. anannualdinnerhonoringallretiringemployees

b. a quinceañera

c. aweeklyreligiousservice

d. awedding

SOURCE:Modified

SOURCE:New 84. __________arethemostlikelytoemphasizethatduringinfancyandearlychildhood, familysupportandguidancearecrucialtoachild’sdevelopingself-concept

Answer: c Page:82 LO:7 TYPE:Applied

a. Conflicttheorists

b. Functionalists

c. Symbolicinteractionists

d. Postmoderntheorists

Answer: c Page:82 LO:7 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

85. Thesignificantdifferentbetweenchildhoodsocializationandadultsocializationis

a. thereismuchlesstolearnduringadulthood.

b. childhoodsocializationisfairlycomplete,thereislittleleftforadulthood.

c. familyismoreinvolvedinadultsocializationthaninchildhoodsocialization.

d. adultsocializationinvolvesgreaterfreedomofchoicethandoeschildhood socialization.

Answer: d Page:83 LO:7 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

86. __________istheprocessoflearninganewanddifferentsetofattitudes,values,and behaviorsfromthoseinone'sbackgroundandpreviousexperience.Itmaybevoluntary orinvoluntary.

a. Socialreevaluation

b. Resocialization

c. Valueclarification

d. Socialdevaluation

Answer: b Page:85 LO:8 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

87. A(n)__________isaplacewherepeopleareisolatedfromtherestofsocietyforaset periodoftimeandcomeunderthecontroloftheofficialswhoruntheinstitutions.

a. bureaucraticinstitution

b. socialinstitution

c. totalinstitution

d. universalinstitution

Answer: c Page:86 LO:8 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup 88. Joehasdecidedtojoinamonastery.Atthismonasterytherewillbesilenceforeight hoursadayandfastfromfoodonaregularbasis.Joewillexperience______ resocialization.

a. voluntary

b. involuntary

c. forced

d. anticipatory

Answer:a Page:86 LO:8 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Pickup

89. Thefirststepintheresocializationprocessisoftena__________inwhichindividuals arestrippedoftheirformerselvesbybeingdeniedprivacyandbeingassigned institutionalclothing.

a. desocializationpattern

b. resocializingprocess

c. degradationceremony

d. devaluationritual

Socialization

Answer:c Page:86 LO:8 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

90. Whichoftheseis not anexampleofatotalinstitution?

a. auniversityresidencehall

b. amonastery

c. basictrainingforthemilitary

d. aprison

Answer:a Page:87 LO:8 TYPE:Applied SOURCE:New

TRUE-FALSE SECTION

1. Thesocializationprocessyieldsthesameoutcomesinallsocieties.

Answer: False Page:66 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

Rejoinder:Thetechniquesinvolvedinteachingbeliefs,values,andrulesforbehaviorare similareverywhere,butthecontentthatistaughtvariesfromsocietytosociety. Socializationleadstodifferentspecificoutcomesdependingonwhereittakesplace

2.

Biologicalinheritanceismoreimportantthansocialinteractioninestablishingan individual’shumannature.

Answer: False Page:67 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

Rejoinder: Everyhumanbeingistheproductofbiology,society,andpersonal experiences.Thereislittleornogeneralagreementonwhichaspectismostimportant.

3.

Thereishardlyanyhumanbehaviorthatisnotinfluencedbysocialinteraction.

Answer: True Page:67 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

4.

Themostfrequentformofchildmaltreatmentisneglectratherthanphysicalabuse.

Answer: True Page:68 LO:1 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:New

5.

Freud’spsychoanalytictheoryofhumandevelopmentwasaproductoftheVictorianera andhaslittleornorelevanceforunderstandinghumandevelopmenttoday.

Answer: False Page:70 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

Rejoinder: AlthoughFreud’stheorywasinfluencedbythecultureoftheVictorianeraand hasbeenharshlycriticizedtoday,hisargumentthatchildhoodexperienceshavea profoundeffectonhumandevelopmentisstillrelevantandhasshapedmanycurrent mentalhealthapproaches.

6.

ApplyingtheframeworkforcognitivedevelopmentcreatedbyJeanPiaget,itispossible forachildtobeinseveralstagesatthesametime,dependingontheirindividual personalities.

Answer: False Page:71 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

7.

Rejoinder: Piagetstressedthatchildrenmustmasterthetasksateachstageinhis sequenceofdevelopmentbeforetheycansuccessfullymoveontothenext.

Piaget’sstagesofcognitivedevelopmentinhumansapplyequallywellacrosscultures becausehedevelopedthemusingresearchongroupsthroughouttheworld.

Answer: False Page:71 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

Rejoinder: AweaknessnotedinPiaget’sframeworkisthatitdoesnotaccountforcrossculturaldifferences.

8.

Thereisgeneralagreementthatchildrenareincapableofsophisticatedlevelsofmoral reasoning.

Answer: False Page:72 LO:1 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

Rejoinder: IncontrasttotheperspectiveofKohlberg,othersarguethatwhensimpler questionsareasked,orwhenobservedinnaturalsettingschildrenarecapableof sophisticatedlevelsofmoralreasoning.

9.

ResearchsubsequenttotheworkofCarolGilligan,directlycomparingmen’sand women’sstylesofmoralreasoning,hasconsistentlysupportedherassertionofdifferent styles.

Answer: False Page:72 LO:1 TYPE:Factual SOURCE:New

Rejoinder: Someresearchershavenotfoundthatwomenaremorecompassionatethan men.

10.

Fromasociologicalperspective,wecannotformasenseofselforpersonalidentity withoutintensesocialcontactwithothers.

Answer: True Page:73 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:Modified

11.

AccordingtothesymbolicinteractionistperspectivesofsociologistsCooleyandMead, oursenseofselfispermanentlyfixedoncewereachadulthood.

Answer: False Page:73 LO:2 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New

Rejoinder: AccordingtosymbolicinteractionistsCooleyandMead,oursenseofself dependsonhowweinterpretwhatotherssayanddo;consequently,oursenseofselfis notpermanentlyfixed;itisalwaysdevelopingasweinteractwithothersinsociety. 12. Thefamilyisthemostimportantagentofsocializationinallsocieties.

Answer:True Page:76 LO:3 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New 13. Therearedifferentpatternsofsocializationthatarecorrelatedwithfamiliesofdifferent socialclasses.

Answer:True Page:77 LO:3 TYPE:Conceptual SOURCE:New 14. Generally,studieshavefoundthatputtingpre-schoolchildreninday-careandpreschool programshasanegativeimpactontheiracademicperformance.