Branching City : Strategic Report

DS[10] w1482663 Jessmine Bath

Strategic Repor t Branching Systems

Contents

01.0 Introduction 02.0 Design Development 02.1 Design Studio Brief 02.2 Project Intent 02.3 Site Analysis

03.0 Legislative Framework 03.1 Legislative Frameworks 03.2 Master Planning 03.4 Building Regulations 03.5 Sustainable Development

04.0 Project Management 04.1 Stakeholder Analysis 0 4 . 2 P r o j e c t Te a m 04.3 Programme Delivery

05.0 Procurement & Cost 05.1 Procurement Strategy 05.2 Finance 05.3 Cost 0 5 . 4 Va l u e

06.0 Conclusion

[1]

01.0

Introduction

[2]

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

Satellite Imagery: Google Maps [Accessed January 2020] A look at Auroville from above, making visible the dense forest the development has conceived.

[3]

DS[10]

AUROVILLE

DS10 believe that architecture should be

The site is located in Auroville a concept

With the site being located in India, there

joyful and that architects should think

based on human unity and sustainable

is an analysis of the legislative frameworks

like makers and act like entrepreneurs.

living, in an area of 2 000 hectares,

surrounding the master planning exercises

The studio follows a work-flow based

envisaged as a self-contained township,

to resurrect Auroville, combined with UK

on

a

physical

digital

model

with four major functional zones with the

regulations, to achieve a more in depth

with

digital

following programmatic intent: economic,

study of factors governing the projects

tools, for analysis, formal generation and

residential, cultural and institutional areas,

intent.

fabrication.

with provision for green belt areas weaved

experimentation,

and tested

into its fabric, and encompassing its area, Valuing a combination of conceptual

at the centre a Peace Area to reconnect

bravery matched with architectural reality,

all zoned areas. From a development

and seek an architecture of playfulness

management

perspective

and beauty which responds intelligently to

planning

Auroville

its environment, and sits within the wider

unique approach, therefore within this

cultural and environmental context.

report

a

for

the

master

emphasises

comprehensive

analysis

a

of

these differences will be highlighted to Technology is only useful if it is helping to

make visible the pioneering practices of

save the planet.

Auroville, and how the implementation of the forest branching master plan connects to Auroville’s aims.

01.0_Introduction

[4]

KEW GARDEN OAK Photography: Author [2019] Image Sampling, photography of an oak tree at Kew Gardens, native to England.

Abstracting the density in the trees branching formation, demonstrated through scaled circles based on tonal value.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[5]

02.0

Design Development

[6]

BRIEF 01 Students

BRIEF 02 formal

Students will find a site that they can visit

arrangement and operation of plants

and that they feel they can improve upon

in

in sustainable terms.

their

will

look

ecosystems

at

the

through

study

trips to Kew Gardens as well as natural photography and drawings. These studies

This could be an empty housing block

will be informed by their parametric

that could be massively improved in

models and creatively expressed through

terms of occupation density or solar gain

their physical models.

or converting to community living, it could be a mining operation that works

Through rigorous physical and digital

in an unsustainable arena like cement

experiments you will explore the physical

manufacture that could be re-purposed

and assembly potentials of the material

into community housing or even a coal

to find novel applications, structures

factory chimney that could be re-purposed

and

into a solar chimney to make electricity.

geometry

and

combining

these

experiments with the research into plants to understand the systems at place that organise and hold together plants and make them operate as living processes.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[7]

The inspiration for this body of work

The oak tree inspired this research project,

exists in the complex formations found

having looked up at the branching

in tree branching. It is fascinating to

network holding up the canopy, its

observe the geometry formed and the

patterns became fascinating, igniting a

rationale for this. Achieving a heightened

consideration towards the mathematical

aerodynamic system, to the positioning of

algorithms governing its form.

the branching, with optimal solar gain.

The initial translation of the branching The branching can be seen as fractal,

system to diagrams and physical models,

with each branch migrating into two or

saw the network being abstracted as

more as it moves through space. The

to simplify the complex geometries to

thickness of the trunk, with Leonardo Da

understand key factors governing its form.

Vinci’s deduction, equalling the sum of all branches thickness at a particular distance

The exploration led to a computational

from the initial tree trunk. These analyses

based process achieving a more accurate

have been taken forward, to create a

translation

structurally ergonomic design, forming

branching systems. Physical modelling

from its environment, and taking into

tasks where undertaken alongside digital

consideration what presently exists on-

modelling to produce a catalogue of

site.

branching formations.

of

the

complexities

of

Sources: Abarim Publications. (2015). Kochâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Snowflake Or Triangle: Proof Of Infinity Around Limit. < h t t p : / / w w w. a b a r i m - p u b l i c a t i o n s . c o m / KochProof.html#.VOvx_i7SQ8I> Mandelbrot, B. B. (1983). The fractal geometry of nature.

02.1_Design Studio Brief

Wei, D., Liu, Q., Zhang, H. et al. (2013). Boxcovering algorithm for fractal dimension of weighted networks. Sci Rep 3, 3049. <https:// doi.org/10.1038/srep03049>

[8]

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[9]

02.1_Design Studio Brief

[10]

Sources: Balfour, Lady Eve. (1943). The Living Soil. Soil Association Ltd, 2006.

Fukuoka, Masanobu. (1978). The One-Straw Revolution. Rodale Press.

Kumar, Satish. (2013). Soil, Soul, Society : A New Trinity for Our Time. Leaping Hare Press McDonough, William; Braungart, Michael.

(2002). Cradle To Cradle: Remaking The Way We Make Things. North Point Press, New York.

More, Sir Thomas. (1516). Utopia. Penguin Books 1984, London.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[11]

02.2 Project Intent Within the anthropocentric age, human

The

positioning

of

is

The pathways meander through the forest,

connection to nature diminishes, our

completely re-thought, as 3m wide blocks

allowing for cycle and pedestrian routes,

relationship becomes that which perceives

must house a complex of varying intent.

connecting the city.

natural systems as a separate entity to

The circulation space, for example, is

ourselves. Seen in our regulated cities,

placed on the exterior of the modules,

Positioning of housing, schools, hospitals,

compartmentalizing the soil and the

making a space, often hidden or regarded

offices, shops, are stacked upon one

human, with tarmac engulfing the city.

as mere amenity, into a celebrated

another, with offset stacking to provide

The only opportunities allowing the soil

architectural

terraces,

to breathe are cramped / pruned gardens,

can move through the forest canopy re-

densely populated (30m tall maximum)

found attached to individual houses,

establishing a connection to our natural

structure, and ensuring sun light is able to

and, the grass covered parks with little

environment.

the

pass through the architecture to maintain

opportunity for any other species to thrive.

ethos of the project, where as little

light reaching all parts of the existing

disruption to the existing forest is made.

forest. Additionally, the height limitation

feature,

Whilst,

programme

where

residents

maintaining

BRANCHING CITY searches to reconnect

of

30m

breaking

was

up

an

considered

otherwise

to

provide

human habitation with that of the forest.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;We cannot isolate one part of life from

viewing platforms of the forest, whilst not

To achieve this, master-planning exercises

anotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

overreaching the canopy ensuring the

based on the location of existing trees,

Masanobu Fukuoka

design is not oppressive to the forest.

allowing a densely populated forest to coexist with the city.

02.2_Project Intent

[12]

BRANCHING CITY Master Plan

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[13]

https://vimeo.com/429508317

02.2_Project Intent

[14]

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[15]

https://vimeo.com/433945379

02.2_Project Intent

[16]

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[17] Satellite Imagery: Google Maps [Accessed January 2020] A look at Auroville from above, making visible the dense forest the development has conceived.

Imagery ©2020 Maxar Technologies, TerraMetrics, Imagery ©2020 CNES / Airbus, Landsat / Copernicus, Maxar Technologies, Map data ©2020

500 m

02.3 Site Analysis The site exists in an area of 2 000 hectares, envisaged as a self-contained township, with four major functional zones with the following programmatic intent: economic, residential, cultural and institutional areas, with provision for green belt areas weaved into its fabric, and encompassing its area, at the centre a Peace Area to reconnect all zoned areas. From a development management

perspective

planning

Auroville

for

the

master

emphasises

a

unique approach, therefore within this report The vision behind Auroville’s afforestation efforts is to recreate the indigenous forest known as the ‘Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest’.

A forest in which a large percentage of its species have medicinal properties documented in the local traditional health care systems.

a

comprehensive

analysis

of

these differences will be highlighted to make visible the pioneering practices of Auroville, and how the implementation of the forest branching master plan connects to Auroville’s aims.

Sources: CO2 Earth. Daily CO2. Available at < https:// www.co2.earth/daily-co2> Global Forest Watch. Available at: <https:// www.globalforestwatch.org/> Global Mean CO2 Mixing Ratios (ppm): Observations. Available at < https://data.giss. nasa.gov/modelforce/ghgases/Fig1A.ext.txt> Government of Puducherry website. Available at <https://www.py.gov.in/knowpuducherry/ history.html> Suvrat Kher. (Nov, 2009). Mapping India: Land Degradation and Desertification. Available at <http://suvratk.blogspot.com/2009/11/ mapping-india-land-degradation-and.html> Space Applications Centre, India Space Research Organisation, Government of India.

Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India (Based on IRS AWiFS data of 2011-13 and 2003-05). Available at <https://www.sac.gov.in/ SACSITE/Desertification_Atlas_2016_SAC_ISRO. pdf> Mapping Information, OpenStreetMap. Available at: <https://www.openstreetmap. org/#map=5/54.910/-3.432> NASA. Global Climate Change : Vital Signs of the Planet : Carbon Dioxide. Available at:<https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/> NASA. Video: Super HD view of global carbon dioxide. Available at <https://climate.nasa.gov/ climate_resources/142/video-super-hd-viewof-global-carbon-dioxide/>

02.3_Site Analysis

[18]

AUROVILLE Through vigorous site analysis, looking at the usage of the land and environmental conditions

[i.e.

forested

land

and

watershed], the most appropriate site location within Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s complex was determined.

The site location was then analysed at a more detailed scale, looking at the specific location of trees to establish a suitable master plan based on branching systems.

Important forested land Watershed Private land Farm land Temple land Existing villages

Buildings Roads Existing tree cover Existing water bodies Topography

Site location

Sources: Auroville city area - Land Suitability and Land Use proposal. [Feb 16, 2016]. Available at <https://www.auroville.org/contents/3954> [Accessed January 2020] Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[19]

02.3_Site Analysis

[20]

MASTER PLANNING PROCESS

1. Forest Density

The density of the tree canopy was first analysed on site, through digital softwareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s [rhino / grasshopper], to understand the existing site conditions and design accordingly.

2. Point Placement

Once the density was understood, the tree placement and point placement was undertaken. With the points positioned in the void spaces between the trees.

3. Point-Cloud

Between the points paths are connected, creating a network weaving through the forest fabric to find the less dense spaces.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[21]

4. Wanted Path

Outlining voronoi studies, the wanted path for the branching system acts to determine the direction of the branching curves.

5. Potential Paths

The varying branch formations, based on a point system containing between 10004000 points.

6. Branching Master Plan

The chosen branching route for dwellings to populate.

02.3_Site Analysis

[22]

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[23]

03.0

Legislative Framework

[24]

03.1 Legislative Frameworks

UK National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) Social Objectives

Economic Objectives

-Supporting community development

-Providing a responsive development to

applications to be in accordance with

-Provisions for varied housing types, to

enhance the current economy

the development plan, including local

ensure all community member needs are

-Supporting

and neighbourhood plans, development

met

productivity and innovation

strategies produced by local authorities,

-Accessibility

or elected parties in correlation with the

provided

Planning Law

-Requiring

planning

permission

support

and

services

terms

of

-Through implementation of thoughtful

infrastructure provisions

Sustainable Development

Environmental Objectives

-A brief outline of sustainable development

-Protecting natural, build and historic

objectives as outlined in the NPPF, with

environment

the objective aiming to meet current

-Improvement of biodiversity

needs whilst enabling future needs to be

-Mitigating

met, without compromising the overall

pollution is minimised, natural resources

development strategy

are not exhausted and climate change is

sustainable

in

land use with coordination with necessary

planning location

-The

growth,

development

goals

can be compartmentalized into three

negative

practices,

to

taken into consideration -Low carbon economy

categories, giving a brief overview of what the goals of the UK legislative framework entails:

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

Sources: National Planning Policy Framework. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government.

Available at: <https://www.gov.UK/guidance/ housing-optional-technical-standards>

[25]

Land Acquisition

UNESCO Convention 1972

The present Act: Right to Fair Compensation

Indian Laws

and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013

-1977 India ratified UNESCO Convention with regards to Cultural and Natural

Enactment

:

Aug-Sep

2013;

Heritage

Commencement: 01 January 2014 -Laws present which are relevant to the Eminent Domain:

Auroville proposal are as follows:

-State acquires the right to ownership of

1. Biological Diversity Act, 2002

private or common land

2. Environmental Protection Act, 1986

-Implies right of state to claim property

“Municipal authority” defined.—In this

for state use

Act the expression “municipal authority” includes

-If undertaken must be for ‘Public Utility’

A municipal corporation or a body of

or ‘Public Purpose’

municipal commissioners constituted by, or under the pro -

-Eminent domain denies right of masses

Visions of, any law or enactment for the

to common property

time being in force.

-Constitution of India provides the right to every owner to state there case before being deprived of his right to his property

Sources: The Government Building Act, {1899}. Government of India. Available at:<https://www.india.gov.in/ gsearch?s=building+regulations&op=Search>

03.1_Legislative Frameworks

Town and Country Planning Department Puducherry. Available at:https://cdn.s3waas.gov. in/s3ddb30680a691d157187ee1cf9e896d03/ uploads/2018/03/2018030910.pdf>

[26]

Auroville Forest

03.2 Master Planning

Auroville Founders

Auroville Foundation Act

Within an anthropocentric age, notable

Planning Team of the Auroville Founda-

In 1988, the Government of India passed

figures Sri Aurobindo and Mirra Alfassa

tion

the Auroville Foundation Act, an impor-

(the Mother) diagnosed our contempo-

tant milestone in the development of

rary paradigm as an evolutionary crisis,

Chief Architect of Auroville : Mr. Roger

Auroville. The Act has provided statutory

to be resolved through a manifestation of

Anger

support in preparing the Master Plan.

a universal consciousness, translated into human unity and a unified relationship

Urban Advisor : Shri G. Dattatri

with the earth. Envisaged as a township with an ultimate population of 50 000,

Town and Country Planning Organisation,

currently the population stands at a total

Government of India, Chief Planner : Shri

of 2814 residents, with international ori-

D.S. Meshram, Shri J.B. Kshirsagar and

gins of over 35 nationalities.

Shri M.L. Chotani

Master Plan Preparation:

Government of India

(Auroville Foundation + Town and Coun-

Government of Tamil Nadu

try Planning Organisation + the Union Ministry of Urban Development and

Government of Puducherry

Poverty Alleviation) UNESCO (passing five Resolution at its Residents Assembly of Auroville

General Conferences to express its support to the establishment and promotion of Auroville)

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

Sources: Auroville Master Plan. Available at: https://www. auroville.info/ACUR/master plan/index.htm

[27]

Auroville Foundation

Governing Board

Advisory Council

Former Special Secretar y Chairman for Government of India

Dr. Kireet Joshi

Dr. Kireet Joshi

Former Governor of Rajasthan, Former Union Minister Dr. D.P. Chattopadhyaya (renowned scholar)

Member of Parliament Former High Commissioner of India to UK

Chairman

Environmental Economist Prof. Norman Myers

Chairman, Sar vodaya Shramdan Movement of Sri Lanka Dr. A.T. Ariyaratne

Dr. L.M Singh

KingNoted Educationalist & Writer Former Secretar y General of Lok Sabha Dr. Subhash C. Kashyap

Chief Architect of Auroville & Member of Club of Budapest Mr. Roger Anger

Maharaja of Puri Mr. Dibya Singh

Long-time Associate of Auroville Mrs. Jyoti Madhok

IAS (Ex-officio), Director (UNESCO Unit) Ministr y of Human Resource Development Mr. D.P. Singh

IAS (Ex-officio), Joint Secretar y & Financial Advisor to Ministr y of Human Resource Dev. Mr. Sanjay Narayen

03.2_Master Planning

Dr. Mar y E.

[28]

Development of the Auroville Master Plan As per guidelines outlined by the Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation (UDPFI), through the Institute of Town Planners of India (ITPI) and published via the Ministry of Urban Development.

Planning Stages are as follows: 1. Perspective Master Plan Initial

broad

Government

plan, of

based

India

upon

planning

policies, and land use guidelines, from transportation to scale of amenities.

2. Development Plan Building upon the Perspective Master Plan, the developed plan aims to focus upon reviewing in detail the logistics of

the

plan.

Through

providing

greater information and data, whilst collaborating with community bodies.

3. Annual Plan (Implementation Plan) The Annual Plan, working from the Development plan

with

Plan,

is

information

a

detailed regarding

ongoing and new developments to be implemented during the financial year.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[29] 1 9 6 8 A u r o v i l l e ’s I n a u g u r a t i o n 5000 people 124 nationalities Placing a hand full of earth at Auroville’s

90

19

19

80

70 19

19

60

centre [Matrimandir]

1 9 6 6 A u r o v i l l e ’s E n d o r s e m e n t

1988 Auroville Foundation Act

Unanimous endorsement at the General

Government of India Act no. 54, dated

Conference of UNESCO

September 1988

Auroville Master plan On 28th February 1968 Auroville was

the

conceived, a township project intending

Government of India and the Director of

to unite. The main aims of Auroville’s

Town and Country Planning (Tamil Nadu)

development is to bridge the gap between

being present. The plan was conceived by

‘urban’ and ‘rural’ areas, to create a plan

Auroville working groups, with assistance

in which both can work symbiotically. With

from the Town and Country Planning

high urbanisation trends seen in India, the

Organisation of the Indian Ministry. In

implementation of a different methodology

order to ensure all residents of Auroville

of town planning is imperative to improve

could participate in the plan the approved

the

Master Plan is available to all on the

unsustainable

paradigm

currently

available. Auroville aims to take care of its

Urban

Development

Department

website.

natural environment, having grown much of the current forest land, creating dense beautiful forestry populating much of Auroville.

The

Master

Plan

for

Auroville

was

approved by the Government of India (HRD Ministry) at a meeting held in New Delhi (14/02/2001) with representatives of

03.2_Master Planning

Sources: Auroville Master Plan. Available at: https://www. auroville.info/ACUR/master plan/index.htm

[30]

Aerial Map of Auroville, Savitri Bhavan [available at <http://savitribhavan.org/savitribhavan-map/>}

Existing Scenario : Development & Annual Plans â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;There should be somewhere upon earth a

Four Principal Zones:

place that no nation could claim as its sole property, a place where all human being

Residential Zone

of goodwill, sincere in their aspiration,

International Zone

could live freely as citizens of the world,

Industrial Zone

obeying one single authority, that of the

Cultural Zone

supreme Truthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; The Mother (Mirra Alfassa) Site

This section of the master plan goes on

The site, located 6km north of Puducherry

to explain the population demographic of

and 160km south of Chennai, on the south-

Auroville, and analyses the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s qualities

eastern coast of India, intends to manifest

and constraints.

human unity, offering itself as an open

Leading to the section outlining the

experiment for an evolving humanity.

economic strategy of Auroville, explaining

The initial state of the site was desertified

the regeneration of land at the heart

land, barren with little vegetation (See

of its development, with introduction

Figure 00). The land with its topography

of manufacturing sectors of modern

and climatic characteristics provided a

equipment,

set of constraints for its development,

construction which focuses on use of

normally considered unsuitable for urban

renewable

development, but in the case of Auroville

building materials.

agricultural

energy

and

sectors

and

appropriate

seen as an opportunity. With densely populated areas surrounding the site,

Outlined in figure 01 is a breakdown of

the regeneration of the land, through

the institutions / projects existing within

agriculture, water harvesting, building

Auroville.

technologies etc. acts as a benefit to local residents of Puducherry.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[31]

Annadana

A u rov i l l e Buildin g C e n tre

Hall of C ulture

South Asian network, protection of genetic

AVB C - Fe r ro ce me n t

Indian arts and cultural activities

resources in India and South Asia

Research and training in ferrocement technology

K alamitr a

Aureka

AVB C - E ar th

Cultural

Research and manufacturing of windmills

Construction, research and training in

promotion of dance, exhibitions, concerts

and metal products

earth construction and manufacturing of

and theatre, both Indian and Western

programmes

for

artists,

AURAM equipment Auroville Archives

AVB C - A rch ite cture

Palmy r a

Collection and storage of archival material

Innovative design and construction of

Reclamation of water and degraded lands,

related to Auroville

built environment

tank rehabilitation and soil conservation, afforestation, documentation and training

A u r o v i l l e â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s F u t u r e Integrated

urban

Centre

planning

and

city

networking

Centre for Scientific Research

for

Development

for

Physical Education

Pitch an dikulam

Physical education for youth of Auroville

Bio-Resource Centre for Medicinal herbs

and surrounding villagers and village

and plants, tree nurseries

oriented programmes

CSR - Main Training

S r i A uro bin do In te rn atio nal I nsti t u te

centre

protection management

for

through and

environmental refrigerant

renewable

energy

solutions

Ce n t re

of

In dian

Studie s

an d

Re s e a rc h in In dian C ulture

Research

Library and resource centre on Indian

covering philosophical, educational and

culture

psychological dimensions

CSR - Biogas Research, development and manufacturing

H a r ve s t

of biogas technology

Promotion

of

CSR - Water & Sanitation

aquaculture,

organic

Low maintenance wastewater treatment

environmental

systems, root zone treatment plants

groundwater studies and environmental monitoring

[Figure 01]

Sources: Auroville Master Plan. Available at: https://www. auroville.info/ACUR/master plan/index.htm 03.2_Master Planning

of E ducatio n al Re se arch (SAI I ER)

water

harvesting,

agriculture

education,

and

including

in

integral

education,

[32]

03.3 Building Regulations Development Promotion Regulations

The regulations specified in the master plan for Auroville cover four areas,

Zoning and development Permissible Land Use

promotion regulations:

the

d. Master Plan means the Master Plan

a. All developments in the Master Plan

sub-

of Auroville formulated by the Residents

Area shall conform to these regulations.

section (1) of section 10 of the Auroville

Assembly as per clause 19 (2) of the

Foundation Act 1988.

Auroville Foundation Act and approved

b. No land, premises or buildings shall

by the Governing Board to ensure the

be changed or put to any use not in

development of Auroville as planned.

conformity with zoning regulations which

a.

Auroville

Foundation

b.

Foundation established

Development

is

means under

defined

and

are to be seen as part of these regulations.

understood as the carrying out of building, engineering, mining or other activities in,

e. Prescribed Authority means the authority

over or under the land, or the making

decided by the Auroville Foundation for

of any material change in the use of any

operation and implementation of Master

building or land.

Plan including Development Promotion Regulations.

c. Residents Assembly shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in the Auroville

f. F.A.R. (Floor Area Ratio) means total

Foundation Act, 1988.

floor area on all floors divided by the total site area multiplied by 100.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[33]

Procedure For Development

a. Any person intending to carry out

c.

Development

proposals

development on any land shall make

considered only if the development is:

considering

a written proposal to the prescribed

i. In conformity with the requirements of

received, may:

authority with such plans and particulars

these regulations.

i.

as may be required.

ii. In conformity with the applicable

modifications

building

necessary or

rules/regulations

will

or

be

other

d.

The

prescribed

Approve

feedback

the as

authority, that

may

after be

proposal

with

may

considered

be

such

b. No person shall commence or carry

provisions of the National Building Code

ii. Return the proposal for re-submission

out any development unless he or she has

as may be specified.

with additional particulars, or

received the written approval from the

iii.

prescribed authority.

environmentally appropriate as may be

Effectively

eco-friendly

and

iii. Refuse approval giving reasons for such refusal.

decided in each case.

To form a coherent approach to legislative frameworks, the UK regulations have been implemented, due to accessibility to relative documents.

03.3_Building Regulations

Sources: Auroville Master Plan. Available at: https://www. auroville.info/ACUR/master plan/index.htm

[34]

Par t M4[2] Categor y 2 : Accessible & Adaptable Dwellings

Education Facility

Part M as part of UK building regulations,

Further to outlining the dimensions for an

was referred to, ensuring accessible access

approved ramp, the document presents

for the design approaching education

a graph [figure 02] representing the

facilities and common parts of branching

correlation between the gradient of ramp

city.

and maximum length of ramp flight.

Page 12 of the Approved Document

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Flights within a communal approach route

M

have a minimum clear width of 1200mmâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

states

the

regulatory

guidelines,

explaining the compliance requirements

[in accordance with Part M].

for approach routes.

As shown in the adjacent diagram, the The Document refers to clear opening

approach route is a width of 2000mm

width

localised

exceeding the minimum clear width for

direction

communal approach zones.

[850mm],

obstruction

or

removing change

of

proceeding 2m length, and communal approach zones with a minimum clear width of 1200mm or 1050mm [where localised obstructions exist].

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

Sources: The Building Regulations 2020, Access to and use of buildings, Approved Document. {e.d. 2016]. HM Government. Available at < https://www.gov.UK/government/publications/ access-to-and-use-of-buildings-approveddocument-m>

2000mm

13000mm

4000mm

2000mm

2000mm

[35]

2000mm

2200mm 2200mm

2200mm 2200mm 1100mm

03.3_Building Regulations

[36]

1.5m

1m 10m

1m

12m

1m

15m

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[37]

Private Dwelling

‘Flights within a private approach route have a minimum clear width of 900mm’ [in accordance with Part M].

Therefore as shown in the adjacent diagram, the approach route is a width of 1500mm exceeding the minimum clear width.

Additionally, the gradient of the ramp is based on the clear space surrounding the dwelling, which can be a length of

[Figure 02]

between 10-15m as per guidelines, with a rise of 1m.

‘Every landing is a minimum 1200mm long, clear of any door swing’ [in accordance with Part M].

As detailed, the provisions for accessibility follow the landing provisions, exceeding the minimum of 1200mm long and reaching 4000mm.

03.3_Building Regulations

Sources: The Building Regulations 2020, Access to and use of buildings, Approved Document. {e.d. 2016]. HM Government. Available at < https://www.gov.UK/government/publications/ access-to-and-use-of-buildings-approveddocument-m>

[38] Wheelchair Adaptable Bathroom

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The

bathroom

provides

a

minimum

1500mm clear turning circleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; [In accordance with Part M].

As

outlined

in

Part

M,

[figure

00]

demonstrates provisions for a wheelchair adaptable bathroom within the dwellings of

branching

city.

Provisions

include

1500mm turning circle, 450mm clearance around wc, 350mm clearance around basin and 1500x800mm shower area.

Additionally,

to

bathroom

provisions,

access to the bathroom is considered in accordance with Part M. Ensuring clear width of the door meets standards, and

1500mm

1200mm

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

1500mm

350mm 350mm

450mm 450mm

800mm 1500mm

1800mm

1500mm

850mm

corridor widths meet guidance.

[39]

1500mm 850mm

750mm

1500mm

800mm

1200mm

Wheelchair Adaptable Bedroom

As per Part M clear access zones are specified to meet wheelchair accessible guidelines.

This includes clear access route from door way to window being a minimum of 750mm. Providing a turning circle of

1500mm

diameter

for

wheelchair

manoeuvring.

Clearance from door swing is negated in the plan of a typical branching city dwelling as a sliding door is placed.

Additional considerations to corridors as per diagram 2.3, demonstrating minimum widths of between 900-1200mm.

03.3_Building Regulations

[40]

Approved Document B :

Fire Safety

Vo l u m e 1 - D w e l l i n g s

As stated in Approved Document B,

As shown in the diagram on the adjacent

‘Blocks of flats with a top storey more than

page, the placement of sprinklers in

11m above ground level (see Diagram

based on the diameter at which the

D6) should be fitted with a sprinkler system

water reaches. Once diameter around

throughout the building in accordance

the sprinkler head was diagrammatically

with Appendix E.’

deduced, the positioning of the sprinklers followed a methodology as to align to

Therefore, with dwellings in branching city

interior walls, and sit equidistant from

reaching a maximum height above ground

each sprinkler head.

of 30m, sprinklers become necessary to allow for.

Further provisions of fire strategy are to be taken in the planning of branching

Also outlined in Part B, is the provision for

city, with fire resistance of doors and walls

sprinklers being negated in common parts

based on methodologies of fire safety as

areas which are ‘fire sterile’

outlined in Approved Document B.

‘Sprinklers should be provided within the

Additionally to fire resistance, escape

individual flats, they do not need to be

routes are important to provide safe

provided in the common areas such as

dwellings within branching city. Hence

stairs, corridors or landings when these

staircases exist at the exterior of dwellings,

areas are fire sterile.’

acting as satisfactory fire escape routes.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

Sources: The Building Regulations 2010, Approved Document B : Fire Safety. {e.d. 2019]. HM Government. Available at < https://www.gov.

UK/government/publications/access-to-anduse-of-buildings-approved-document-m>

[41]

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

03.3_Building Regulations

EQ

EQ EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

EQ

[42]

03.3 Sustainable Development As outlined in the NPPF the following 3 objectives are mentioned to make clear the overarching objectives for sustainable development.

a) an economic objective

b) a social objective

c) an environmental objective

Helping

economy

Supporting vibrant healthy communities,

Protecting and enhancing our natural

through supporting growth, innovation

ensuring sufficient number and range of

environment,

helping

and improved productivity, identifying and

homes, meeting needs of present and

biodiversity,

minimising

coordinating infrastructure provisions.

future generations.

pollution.

In accordance with the NPPF, branching

The

city looks to in-cooperate economic

sustainable

the

criteria of this objective most sufficiently,

objectives

varying dwelling sizes in branching city,

as the premise of the project is based

the implementation of robust sewage

with

interconnected

on forest protection, and possibility for

infrastructure, route systems, opportunities

based on number of inhabitants. With

enhancement of the natural environment

for expansion of the city through the

the connectivity of the modules, this

within the cities of the future. Additionally

forests fabric, and the improvement of

gives relative ease to future inhabitants

to master planning exercises to weave

human settlement organisation as per

of branching city whom may need to

around the forest, the project is positive

Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s philosophies.

alter the arrangement of the dwelling

to the natural environment in materiality,

blocks. Additionally, as shown through

with inspiration for Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building

implementation of Part M, dwellings,

centre [AVBC}, the choice for materials

services

follows

to

strengthen

of

the

sustainability

through

implementation

of

objectives

modules

and

social exists

being

communal

based in

spaces

in

to

improve

waster

and

Environmentally branching city fits the

appropriate

practices

with

branching city have the opportunity to

sustainable intent, from bamboo weaving

be wheelchair accessible, making the

to hemp insulation.

proposal socially inclusive.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

Sources: National Planning Policy Framework. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government.

Available at: <https://www.gov.UK/guidance/ housing-optional-technical-standards>

[43]

Auroville Sustainable Objectives

-Mixed

densities,

referring

to

the

Village Settlements

introduction of varying land use, allowing

-Encroaching urban development often

for dense tree cover, connecting the rural

affecting valuable agricultural land

/ natural to the urban / human -Urbanisation -Auroville is arranged with an optimised

surrounding

village

settlements causing ‘islands of poverty’

mix of densities, from its central point (the

Matrimandir),

the

surrounding

-The

dissociation

between

village

programme is a combination of urban

and urban developments, with village

forms and amenities, then surrounded by

settlements bearing no improvement in

the Green Belt, a fertile zone utilized for

housing, sanitation or quality of life, even

research purposes in the food production,

with close proximity to urbanised areas

forestry management, soil conservation, and water / waste management Tr e n d s i n U r b a n G r o w t h -Intent to maintain a clear and transparent

As outlined on Auroville’s website, urban

socio-economic framework, based on

growth can be seen as undesirable when

the clear direction set out by Auroville’s

the following effects come to fruition:

founders -Degraded Urban Areas

Auroville

Building

Centre

-International and national bodies being

( AV B C )

in favour of urbanisation, as an engine of

The Auroville Building Centre is an

development

organisation

designed

to

ensure

appropriate building technologies and

-Development leading to unsustainable

architecture practices are implemented

practices regarding the use of limited

within Auroville. A huge focus of AVBC

natural resources

is

rammed

earth

construction

and

ferrocement, with training and teaching

-Hence planners must aim to establish a

facilities within the centre. The group

symbiotic relation between the urban and

works with international bodies to inform

rural landscapes

and conduct training in these building technologies, these organisations include : International Ferrocement Information Centre (IFIC) (Bangkok), University of Grenoble (France).

03.4_Sustainable Development

[45]

04.0

Project Management

[46]

04.1 Stakeholder Analysis

The

stakeholders

associated

with

branching city exist at global and local scales,

due

Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

to

the

existing

association master

plan.

with The

stakeholders diagram demonstrates the complex relationship between varying impacting or impacted bodies whom would hypothetically be involved in the resurrection of branching city.

The key objectives of branching city can be simplified to three points, reforestation & preservation, permaculture farming and housing. The alleviating problems being tackled can be categorised as follows, desertification, deforestation, air pollution, poverty, biophobia, animal displacement, flooding, food scarcity and agriculture pollution. Therefore, it can be deduced that the problems facing humanity and the planet in the anthropocentric age transcend human suffering and exist in the non-human, hence the stakeholders diagram makes provision for non-human entities effected by the architectural proposal.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[47]

04.1_Stakeholder Analysis

[48]

INVESTING BODIES

Government of India

NGOs

Ministr y of Agriculture

National Biodiversity Authority

Similarly to the arrangement of Auroville it

Connecting desertification, deforestation,

Sharing similar intent to the animal welfare

is likely that funding for the project would

food scarcity and agricultural pollution.

board and ministry of environment &

need to come not only from governmental

forest.

organisations but also non-governmental

Ministr y of Housing & Pover ty Alleviation

organisations,

including

charities

and

Institute of Forest Management

other notable organisations with similarly

More inclined to negating the effects

climatic and humanitarian intent. With this

Ministr y of Rural Development

of deforestation, however within this

in mind the following three NGOs have

Connected to poverty, deforestation, and

paradigm

include

been considered as likely funding parties

flooding

desertification, animal displacement and

willing to contribute to the resurrection of

agriculture pollution, with slash & burn

branching city.

Ministry

of

Environment

&

associating

factors

agricultural practices depleting forests.

Forest

- UNESCO

Associating desertification, deforestation,

Wildlife Institute

air

animal

Sharing similar intent to the animal welfare

displacement, flooding and agricultural

board and ministry of environment &

pollution.

forest.

pollution,

biophobia,

- Conserve

- Environmentalist Foundation of India

Animal Welfare Board

Indian

Council

Similarly to the ministry of environment &

Research & Education

forest, the animal welfare board connects

Again with the intents of previously

to the same problems however is more

mentioned

heavily invested in animal displacement.

research

&

of

government education

Forestry

bodies, forest

the

council

are less inclined to managing forestry Central Pollution Control Board

practices and reforesting, although would

With connection to many of the problems

be interested in branching city in-terms of

outlined, the central pollution control

educational opportunities for inhabitants

board

and visitors.

focuses

on

polluting

bodies,

therefore making branching city a proposal aligning with aims of reducing human pollution through re-thinking methods of construction and living, whilst improving air quality through re-forestation,

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[49]

I N H A B I TA N T S

Human

Non-human

Families

Soil

Including a wide rage of age ranges,

Often

architectural

Branching city protects the fabric of the

branching city sits in a similar demographic

proposals, soil sits at the forefront of

forest, working to maintain a healthy tree

to Auroville, with a diverse age range.

branching city, with the initial idea for the

cover spanning the city.

Race and nationalities coming together to

project stemming from soil desertification

coexist in harmony with humanity and the

instigated by deforestation. Therefore,

Native Animal Species

natural environment.

with

branching

As the forest becomes a substantial part of

city, a new model for cities is formed,

branching city, native animal species are

Land Owners

demonstrating a means to allow soil the

able to coexist within a human settlement.

Through site studies in becomes clear that

space to breath and flourish, with resilient

As to not disturb the flight patterns of

there are existing land owners within the

natural systems able to reach a point of

native birds the maximum height for the

Auroville township, therefore effects of

balance.

stacked dwellings only reaches a point

E x i s t i n g Tr e e C o v e r disregarded

the

in

construction

of

the construction of branching city must be considered from their perspective.

exceeding the height of the canopy and Air

central branching points, minimising the

Air is a key inhabitant of the environment,

opposing nature of the architecture.

Farmers

with forest preservation being a key

Farming lands nearby to the proposed site

element to branching city, air quality in

are considered. In terms of the construction

this re-imagined city becomes balanced

process aiming to minimise negative

by the diversity of tree species, animals

effect,

and humans, coexisting and breathing.

i.e.

transporting

construction

materials posing the problem of blocking routes.

Water In a monsoon climate water exists in excess,

Local Community With

the

neighbouring

during these times flooding becomes township

of

a possibility for disaster. However, with

Puducherry, local community may be

branching cities master planning exercise

effected in terms of a new wave of visitors

aiming to leave as little footprint on the

to branching city, most likely effecting

forest as possible, there is a great deal

the local economy positively, although

of soil left uncovered, meaning flooding

may be perceived by some community

becomes much less of an issue, compared

members as a nuisance or imposition on

with the water-run off produced from

local infrastructure.

concrete paved streets typical of modern cities.

04.1_Stakeholder Analysis

[50]

0 4 . 2 P r o j e c t Te a m

Branching Cities scale motivates a project

Consultants

C o n s t r u c t i o n Te a m

team with numerous consultants to assist in more detailed design stages, ensuring

With

multiple

programmatic

intent

Due to the scale of the project, construction

the resurrection of the city is as per

[private dwellings, communal dwellings,

is likely to not only fall under the role of

regulations, and exceeding the minimum

education facilities, services, amenities]

contracting firms, but also to unskilled

for regulatory factors aligning with the

as part of branching city, a number of

labourers, most likely residents / visitors

ethos of the project.

consultants would be necessary for the

to Auroville. Additionally, as Auroville

project to become fully detailed, meeting

has achieved the means of creating

All parties involved in the construction

regulations to get to a point of practical

sustainable communities, the resources

of branching city would need to follow

completion.

/ institutions on site would join roles

regulations as per CDM 2015, when following UK guidelines.

Architects Role

As

the

project,

principle

architects

for

the

principals. Especially due to extensive

infrastructural, due to the project taking

knowledge on existing site conditions, the

on the form of a city, the organisation

method of construction should align with

towards this would need to be extensive.

already acquired information.

In

conjunction

with

infrastructure, Local Suppliers are an important means

project

intent of the project, therefore much

to achieving the sustainable goals of

programme, liaising with the client body

deliberation on how to achieve the most

branching city. With reduced polluting

and consultants to respond to varying

environmentally

of

factors, in terms of less distance for

implementation challenges throughout

construction,

services

transporting materials for construction,

the projects work stages. This includes

would be necessary.

transcend

responsibilities

Substantial consulting bodies would be

sustainability plays a huge role in the

would

the

designer

of construction and assist with design

works

of

conscious

materiality

means

and

matched with sustainable felling practices.

collaborating information given by the multitude of consultants involved in the

Furthermore,

with

the

materiality

of

project, and translating this information

branching city being timber / bamboo,

to drawings.

the fire strategy and fire resistance means are massively important in achieving a

Once on site the principal contractor will take much of the responsibility of the project. Although it is likely for the architect to have a guiding role throughout practical completion stages, in terms of further detailing or advising on site issues or building regulations.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

safe and cohesive design.

[51]

Branching City Auroville Client Body Agent

D e s i g n Te a m

CDM Coordinator

C o n s t r u c t i o n Te a m

[Principal Designer]

Principal Contractor

Architect

Sub Contractor

[Consultants]

Local Suppliers

Structural Engineer

Unskilled Labourers

Mechanical Engineer

Services Engineer

Environmental Engineer

Sustainability Consultant

Facade Consultant

Fire Consultant

Acoustician

Breeam Consultant

Planning Consultant

04.2_Project Team

[52]

0

1

2

3

4

5

RIBA Plan of Work 2020

The RIBA Plan of Work organises the process of briefing, designing, delivering, maintaining, operating and using a building into eight stages. It is a framework for all disciplines on construction projects and should be used solely as guidance for the preparation of detailed professional services and building contracts.

Strategic Definition

Preparation and Briefing

Concept Design

Spatial Coordination

Technical Design

Manufacturing and Construction Handover

Stage Boundaries:

Stage Outcome

The best means of achieving the Client Requirements confirmed

Stages 0-4 will generally be undertaken one after the other.

Stages 4 and 5 will overlap in the Project Programme for most projects.

Stage 5 commences when the contractor takes possession of the site and finishes at Practical Completion.

Stage 6 starts with the handover of the building to the client immediately after Practical Completion and finishes at the end of the Defects Liability Period.

Stage 7 starts concurrently with Stage 6 and lasts for the life of the building.

Planning Note: Planning Applications are generally submitted at the end of Stage 3 and should only be submitted earlier when the threshold of information required has been met. If a Planning Application is made during Stage 3, a midstage gateway should be determined and it should be clear to the project team which tasks and deliverables will be required.

See Overview guidance.

Procurement: The RIBA Plan of Work is procurement neutral – See Overview guidance for a detailed description of how each stage might be adjusted to accommodate the requirements of the Procurement Strategy.

ER

Employer’s Requirements

CP

Contractor’s Proposals

at the end of the stage

Prepare Client Requirements

during the stage

Develop Business Case for feasible options including review of Project Risks and Project Budget

Project Strategies might include: – Conservation (if applicable) – Cost – Fire Safety – Health and Safety – Inclusive Design – Planning – Plan for Use – Procurement – Sustainability See RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview for detailed guidance on Project Strategies

Core Statutory Processes

Ratify option that best delivers Client Requirements

Project Brief approved by the client and confirmed that it can be accommodated on the site

Prepare Project Brief including Project Outcomes and Sustainability Outcomes, Quality Aspirations and Spatial Requirements Undertake Feasibility Studies Agree Project Budget

Architectural Concept approved by the client and aligned to the Project Brief

Architectural and engineering information Spatially Coordinated

The brief remains “live” during Stage 2 and is derogated in response to the Architectural Concept

Agree Project Brief Derogations

Source Site Information including Site Surveys

Undertake Site Appraisals

Prepare Project Programme

Undertake Design Reviews with client and Project Stakeholders

Prepare Project Execution Plan

Prepare stage Design Programme

Undertake Design Studies, Engineering Analysis and Cost Exercises to test Architectural Concept resulting in Spatially Coordinated design aligned to updated Cost Plan, Project Strategies and Outline Specification Initiate Change Control Procedures Prepare stage Design Programme

No design team required for Stages 0 and 1. Client advisers may be appointed to the client team to provide strategic advice and design thinking before Stage 2 commences.

Strategic appraisal of Planning considerations

Planning Building Regulations Health and Safety (CDM)

All design information required to manufacture and construct the project completed Stage 4 will overlap with Stage 5 on most projects

Prepare Architectural Concept incorporating Strategic Engineering requirements and aligned to Cost Plan, Project Strategies and Outline Specification

Review Feedback from previous projects

during the stage:

Develop architectural and engineering technical design Prepare and coordinate design team Building Systems information Prepare and integrate specialist subcontractor Building Systems information Prepare stage Design Programme

Rectify defects

Resolve Site Queries as required

Complete initial Aftercare tasks including light touch Post Occupancy Evaluation

Building handover tasks bridge Stages 5 and 6 as set out in the Plan for Use Strategy

Submit Building Regulations Application

Carry out Construction Phase Plan

Discharge precommencement Planning Conditions

Comply with Planning Conditions related to construction

ER

Pre-contract services agreement

Implement Facilities Management and Asset Management Undertake Post Occupancy Evaluation of building performance in use Verify Project Outcomes including Sustainability Outcomes

Comply with Planning Conditions as required

Adaptation of a building (at the end of its useful life) triggers a new Stage 0

Comply with Planning Conditions as required

Prepare Construction Phase Plan Submit form F10 to HSE if applicable Tender

Appoint design team

Undertake review of Project Performance

Inspect Construction Quality

Prepare and submit Planning Application

Appoint client team

Hand over building in line with Plan for Use Strategy

Undertake seasonal Commissioning

Undertake Commissioning of building

Building used, operated and maintained efficiently

Stage 7 starts concurrently with Stage 6 and lasts for the life of the building

Monitor progress against Construction Programme

Review design against Building Regulations

ER CP

Appoint contractor

CP

Appoint contractor

CP

Appoint contractor

Appoint contractor

Appoint Facilities Management and Asset Management teams, and strategic advisers as needed

Appoint contractor

Contractor-led

ER

Preferred bidder

Client Requirements

Project Brief

Project Brief Derogations

Signed off Stage Report

Manufacturing Information

Business Case

Feasibility Studies

Signed off Stage Report

Project Strategies

Construction Information

Site Information

Project Strategies Outline Specification

Updated Outline Specification

Final Specifications

Project Budget Project Programme

Cost Plan

Procurement Strategy

Updated Cost Plan Planning Application

Residual Project Strategies Building Regulations Application

Responsibility Matrix

Core RIBA Plan of Work terms are defined in the RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview glossary and set in Bold Type.

‘The RIBA Plan of Work organises the

Based upon the guidelines, as per RIBA

process of briefing, designing, delivering,

2020 document [as shown above], an

maintaining,

a

abstraction of the work flow has been

building into eight stages. It is a framework

translated to my own academic year.

for all disciplines on construction projects

Demonstrating correlations between the

and should be used solely as guidance for

stages of work under taken by myself and

the preparation of detailed professional

the stages outlined by the RIBA.

using

services and building contracts.’

To demonstrate, a programmatic diagram The RIBA Plan of Work 2020 outlines 8

has been produced, compartmentalizing

work stages, reflecting upon the phasing

the processes throughout this academic

of design from briefing to conceptualising

year to achieve a finalised design.

and to a final physicality.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

Practical Completion certificate including Defects List

Feedback on Project Performance

Feedback from Post Occupancy Evaluation

Final Certificate

Updated Building Manual including Health and Safety File and Fire Safety Information as necessary

Feedback from light touch Post Occupancy Evaluation

Asset Information

Further guidance and detailed stage descriptions are included in the RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview.

04.3 Programme Delivery

and

Building Manual including Health and Safety File and Fire Safety Information

If Verified Construction Information is required, verification tasks must be defined

Information Requirements

operating

Manufacture Building Systems and construct building

Agree route to Building Regulations compliance

Management Contract Construction Management

at the end of the stage

Finalise Site Logistics

Obtain pre-application Planning Advice

Option: submit outline Planning Application

Building handed over, Aftercare initiated and Building Contract concluded

There is no design work in Stage 5 other than responding to Site Queries

Initiate collation of health and safety Pre-construction Information

Traditional

Information Exchanges

Manufacturing, construction and Commissioning completed

Source pre-application Planning Advice

Design & Build 1 Stage Design & Build 2 Stage

Use

Prepare Building Manual Specialist subcontractor designs are prepared and reviewed during Stage 4

See Planning Note for guidance on submitting a Planning Application earlier than at end of Stage 3

Procurement Route

7

Projects span from Stage 1 to Stage 6; the outcome of Stage 0 may be the decision to initiate a project and Stage 7 covers the ongoing use of the building.

If the outcome determines that a building is the best means of achieving the Client Requirements, the client proceeds to Stage 1

Core Tasks

6

© RIBA 2020

May

April

March

February

January

December

November

October

24/09

02/10

15/10

22/10

29/10

05/11

12/11

19/11

27/11

03/12

10/12

15/12

21/12

07/01

14/01

21/01

28/01

04/02

11/02

18/02

25/02

04/03

11/03

18/03

26/03

02/04

14/04

22/04

29/04

06/05

15/05

18/05

20/05

04.3_Programme Delivery FINALISED PORTFOLIO

STRUCTURAL / DETAILED DESIGN

BUILDING MATERIALS

S TAGE 3 : S PATIA L CO O R DINAT IO N INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN

FINALISED DESIGN CONCEPT

DESIGN ITERATIONS

MASTER PLANNING EXERCISE

STAGE 2 : CO NCE PT DE S IGN

SITE SPECIFIC ANALYSIS

DESIGN CONCEPT ESTABLISHMENT

ESTABLISHED RESEARCH AREA

FORMATION OF DETAILED SCRIPTING

STAGE 1: PR EPAR ATION & BR IEF

PHYSICAL & DIGITAL MODELLING

COLLABORATION OF RESEARCH

DETAILED RESEARCH OF BRANCHING SYSTEMS

NATURAL SYSTEMS GEOMETRY RESEARCH

STUDIO BRIEF

[53]

S TAGE 4 : T E CHNIC A L DE S I G N

[54]

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[55]

05.0

Procurement & Cost

[56]

05.1 Procurement Strategy

The RIBA Plan of Work outlines the

In essence the basis for procurement

procurement stages, categorising them

strategy is based on cost, time and quality.

into:

Although, these a simplified factors with

1. Traditional

a more in depth list of determining

2. Design & Build 1 Stage

elements:

3. Design & Build 2 Stage

-Cost Certainty

4. Management Contract

-Competitive Fee

5. Contractor-led

-Client Responsibility -Flexible Design

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

These categories of procurement are

-Time Certainty

them translated to work stages, detailing

-Construction Time

the time scale for appointment of client

-Quality of Construction

team to design team and finally, the

-Quality of Design

appointment of contractor.

-Project Scale [Responsibility / Risk]

Procurement routes are project specific,

To

establishing a route most suitable based

procurement method for the resurrection

on the type of proposal and the balance

of branching city, all procurement methods

of advantages to disadvantages.

have been analysed.

determine

the

most

suitable

[57]

TRADITIONAL

DESIGN + BUILD

MANAGEMENT

Traditional procurement is the most commonly

Design + Build, sees the role of the architect

This procurement method sees the client

used procurement method. The approach is as

attenuated, and the contractors responsibilities

appointing a managing coordinator at early

follows: with tender documentation [drawings,

increase.

stages of the design process.

schedules] being completed by the consulting

appointed by the client, is the both design and

body.

construct the project.

The

main

contractors

role,

as

The management contracting defines the employment

of

principal

contractors

and

The architects, and other consultants would be

There is a contraction of roles, seeing the

subcontractors and early stages of the project,

selected by the client. Once tender packages

contractor obtaining the role of designer. With

meaning

are completed the drawings are communicated

agreed upon time and cost implemented by the

construction can be made in conjunction with

to contractors. Contracting agents submit

client.

the design process as completed by architects

tenders, leading to their appointment, with

assessment

of

risk

defined

by

and other consulting bodies.

leading factors determining the choice based

It is likely for the project to require further

upon principals of cost, time and quality.

consulting, therefore the client / contractor

A D VA N TA G E S

would

With earlier collaboration between design

Proceeding the appointment of contractors, construction

commences,

with

appoint

these

roles

to

specialist

consultants or design teams, where required.

design

team, specialist consultants and contractors, the overall design is able to reach a state

consultants [architects] maintaining an involved

A D VA N TA G E S

of cohesion is faster time. Leading to the

role in the project, and on site. The architects

For the client, time and cost would be benefited,

commencement of construction in faster time,

role becomes that of an inspector, reviewer, and

with time being lessened due to non-delayed

with packages going out to construction prior

producer of necessary details / amendments to

construction, although dependant on scale of

to tender.

drawings. Acting as the construction contract

design intent. Cost becomes more certain for

administrator, liaising with client, contractor,

the client, as the contractor understands the

D I S A D VA N TA G E S

and other consulting bodies.

details of the design and construction.

Inflating cost is the greatest risk, as cost is established at later stages. It becomes important

A D VA N TA G E S

D I S A D VA N TA G E S

With the presence of the architect from design

Quality

to construction, the initial design intent is more

procurement projects, as the design may be

feasible to maintain. Additionally quality would

compromised in order to sustain cost and

be improved, as the principal designer exists on

time. Most frequently this method becomes

site reviewing works, ensuring construction is

advantageous on infrastructure projects, in

completed to standard.

which design less involved.

D I S A D VA N TA G E S Due

to

contractors

being

appointed

proceeding the production of tender packages, the construction time is uncertain. Also, with detailed tender drawings being produced prior to contract establishment the time can be increased.

05.1_Procurement Strategy

often

suffers

for the client to maintain involvement in the in

design

+

build

project to ensure cost does not exceed what is expected.

[58]

Contract Profile

MANAGEMENT/

COST

DESIGN + BUILD To establish the procurement route for

In terms of cost the most valued criteria

branching city, analysis of the proposals

for branching city would be overall value

Based upon the contract profile analysis, it

ethos in terms of cost, quality and time

for money. This is due to the ethos of the

seems most fitting to propose a contract

was undertaken [please see adjacent

proposal aiming for a cohesive design,

with both management, and design +

diagram].

with

build procurement routes.

an

environmentally

conscious

approach, leading to low cost becoming not the aim but still desired. With the use

Design + build procurement in proposed

of local materials and traditional methods

due to characteristics of the project being

of construction combined with modern

fluid in terms of roles of contractor and

methods, the cost implication would be

designer. The project would follow the

uncertain.

initial path of overall master plan, leading to opportunities for client based design alterations throughout the course of

TIME

construction. Management procurement Due to the scale of the project it is likely

is proposed as the scale of the project

for the time to span over many years,

compels a need for overall management

with relative phasing stages. Therefore

bodies to organise the various sections of

the overall completion of branching city

the master plan design.

would be a substantial amount of time, although it is still ideal for the earliest possible start upon site.

QUALITY

With a combination of human-centric cohesion

and

ecologically

thoughtful

design, the project aims to achieve the highest possible level of quality.

Ensuring as little maintenance as possible is necessary for residents, and quality during the build facilitates a process inclined to methodically work, meaning less disruption on site, in extension less disruption to the existing forest.

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[59]

C2

C1

C3

Q3

T1

Q2

T2

Q1

COST

TIME

QUALITY

05.1_Procurement Strategy

T3

C1

Lowest Capital Expenditure

1

2

3

4

5

C2

Cost Certainty

1

2

3

4

5

C3

O v e r a l l Va l u e f o r M o n e y

1

2

3

4

5

T1

Earliest Star t on Site

1

2

3

4

5

T2

Contract Certainty

1

2

3

4

5

T3

Shor test Contract Period

1

2

3

4

5

Q1

Highest Quality Design

1

2

3

4

5

Q2

Client Led Design

1

2

3

4

5

Q3

Contractor Led Design

1

2

3

4

5

[60]

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[61]

05.2 Finance

Introduction

due to branching city being located in Auroville, a self-sustaining community of

Financing

branching

be

sorts, resources existing in the immediate

established in a similar manner to that

vicinity of the site will be utilised. This

of Auroville. To organise an outline for

includes the Auroville Building Centre,

financing

budget

which specialises in both education of

plan would need to be proposed, with

sustainable construction methods and

the responsibility falling to the master

practicing these methods upon the site of

plan design team, primary stakeholders

Auroville. Therefore with assistance from

and notable members of the Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

these existing Auroville organisations,

planning organisation. To establish a more

with substantial resources, the amount of

detailed budget an analysis of the types

funding needed for construction will be

of construction processes to be used

reduced.

strategy

an

city

would

initial

would be necessary, including traditional construction approaches characterised by

Risk Associated with Funds

vernacular architecture, combined with modern methods of construction and

Risks associated with the resurrection of

master planning. Additionally to analysis

the project can be categorised as follows:

of construction, acquisition of funds is likely to take time within the governmental

1. Uncontrollable Risk

organisations and NGOs likely to fund the

Characterised by unknown events caused

project.

on site for example. Although, due to the already populated site, the risk is lessened

Acquisition of Funds

as there has already been extensive analysis of the land, mitigating risk

Outlined in the stakeholder analysis is

associated with unknown site conditions.

the parties involved in the fruition of branching city. This includes governmental

2. Speculative Risk

organisations with aligning ideologies,

Referring to

whom would be inclined to offer funds to

contractual roles exceeding the roles

assist in the erection of the project. Also,

outlined in the agreed contract. However,

NGO groups, previously involved in the

in the case of branching city, it seems

fabrication of Auroville would be apart of

likely for these risks to be lessened with

branching cities funding. Of course, due

the introduction of contractual assistance

to

from Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building centre.

05.2_Finance

the risks associated with

[62]

05.3 Cost

To establish a detailed cost estimation,

In terms of material acquirement, with

a quantity surveyor would need to be

locally sourced timber / bamboo products

appointed. Leading to the establishment

being the most substantial part of the

of a cost plan, based on the cost of

build, cost should be attenuated.

a concentrated block of dwellings in branching city, and translating this to the

To minimise cost implications a phasing

overall area available for construction

system

based

and

allowing for funds to be in-cooperated

appropriate land availability as part of

through this process, giving more time to

Aurovilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s complex.

achieve sufficient funds for completion,

on

acquired

funding

would

need

to

undertaken,

whilst instigating a timely start on site.

Due to the scale and complexity of branching city, cost would need to be

Overall due to the multi programmatic

compartmentalised to the study of the

design of branching city, an extensive cost

individual dwelling. Proceeding to the cost

evaluation is an important factor in ensure

implications associated with structural

there is not an exponential growth of cost.

loads based on stacking height.

A proposed cost evaluation can be determined as follows: -Feasibility Study -Material Study -Detailed Design -Tender Evaluation -Contract Evaluation

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[63]

0 5 . 4 Va l u e

Valuation of a project is governed by

E N V I R O N M E N TA L

SOCIAL

ideologies and implications to stakeholders

The most prominent value imposed by the

In keeping with the social ideologies

that the project imposes. The value of

master plan and proposal of branching

of Auroville, branching city promotes

branching city can be determined by two

city, is its environmentally conscious

social cohesion. The city acts an a social

predominant factors: environmental and

approach. The system the project is based

condenser, with overlapping systems of

social.

on not only takes inspiration from natural

programme, intertwined with routes and

systems to determine its formation, but

infrastructure,

Value management [VM] initiates an

proceeds to achieve a sustainable living

often found in our cities or places of

overall value assigned to the project

environment, which sees natural methods

dwelling. The dismissal of hierarchy, allows

based on key factors as follows:

of sewage treatment utilised, permaculture

for a vibrant international community to

-Cost [an understanding of the initial cost

growing, and the utilisation of local

dwell in branching city, connecting to the

implications when evaluating the effect

natural materials for construction [timber

already prosperous living in Auroville,

this may have on future maintenance or

/ bamboo]. The stakeholder groups, as

housing over 5000 people at this time.

disruption to construction]

previously mentioned, already advocate

Also, with the self-sufficiency of the

environmental

approach,

proposal, cohesion amongst settlers of the

associated problems likely arise]

therefore would demonstrate support for

city is to be expected, as the coordination

-Function [looking at the performance

a project such as branching city, aiming

of infrastructure and growing regions

of the proposal, and its value from the

to re-think how we live in cities, and

would be under the management of the

perspective of stakeholders]

determining an alterer city paradigm,

population of branching city, combined

intertwined with the forest physically and

with guidance from the existing groups of

through systems of infrastructure.

Auroville.

a multitude of factors, based on the

-Programme

[outlining

possible

time

Value engineering [VE} sees the value of a project, and aims to analyse how to achieve the most value for money [VfM].

This looks at finding an optimum balance between construction cost and overall quality of production.

05.3_Cost_05.4_Value

design

/

dismissing

a

hierarchy

[64]

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

[65]

06.0 Conclusion

Branching City re-thinks the paradigm

Through considerations taken from RIBA

Overall this strategic report has enabled

of the city, seeing the master plan for

work standards, it was an intuitive study

myself to contemplate the project through

architectural intent weaving through the

to perceive the organisation of this year of

a realistic eye, understanding exterior

fabric of an existing forest.

MArch study in terms of RIBA work stages,

effects governing how the project could

demonstrating to myself the correlations

be constructed and constraints often

found.

applicable to architectural design when

The large scale project has been extremely interesting to contemplate in terms of

designing outside of the educational

legislative consideration, national planning

Procurement for the project was most

constructs, stakeholder analysis

and

enlightening, as the scale of branching

funding / valuation estimation, Through

city gave certain levels of difficulty in

this brief outline of possible routes to

understanding the most viable routes

see branching city come to fruition, it has

for procurement. Upon deductions lead

been insightful to determine the effects of

by diagrammatic analysis, it became

legislative frameworks upon design.

comprehensively clearer the roles of cost, time and quality in the ethos / strategy of

On

reflection

of

the

stakeholders

analysis, it was interesting to determine

branching city. Leading to a procurement strategy being deduced.

the categories [Government Agencies, NGOs, Human and Non-Human], most

Leading

from

procurement

not worthy non-human, which through

finance

and

contemplation made more clear effects of

relative

factors

design on wider inhabitants of our planet,.

proposal of branching city. To understand

cost to

strategy,

management consider

for

were the

the value the proposal holds, from the eye of the stakeholder, was interesting in terms of appreciating the project from varying perspectives, bringing to light factors governing the plausibility of the proposal achieving sufficient funding, leading to the erection of branching city.

paradigm.

[66]

Strategic Report_Branching Systems

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